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Choudhary V, Choudhary M, Bollag WB. Exploring Skin Wound Healing Models and the Impact of Natural Lipids on the Healing Process. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3790. [PMID: 38612601 PMCID: PMC11011291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous wound healing is a complex biological process involving a series of well-coordinated events aimed at restoring skin integrity and function. Various experimental models have been developed to study the mechanisms underlying skin wound repair and to evaluate potential therapeutic interventions. This review explores the diverse array of skin wound healing models utilized in research, ranging from rodent excisional wounds to advanced tissue engineering constructs and microfluidic platforms. More importantly, the influence of lipids on the wound healing process is examined, emphasizing their role in enhancing barrier function restoration, modulating inflammation, promoting cell proliferation, and promoting remodeling. Lipids, such as phospholipids, sphingolipids, and ceramides, play crucial roles in membrane structure, cell signaling, and tissue repair. Understanding the interplay between lipids and the wound microenvironment provides valuable insights into the development of novel therapeutic strategies for promoting efficient wound healing and tissue regeneration. This review highlights the significance of investigating skin wound healing models and elucidating the intricate involvement of lipids in the healing process, offering potential avenues for improving clinical outcomes in wound management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Choudhary
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (V.C.)
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Mrunal Choudhary
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (V.C.)
| | - Wendy B. Bollag
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (V.C.)
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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2
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Lerner L, Babina M, Zuberbier T, Stevanovic K. Beyond Allergies-Updates on The Role of Mas-Related G-Protein-Coupled Receptor X2 in Chronic Urticaria and Atopic Dermatitis. Cells 2024; 13:220. [PMID: 38334612 PMCID: PMC10854933 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are an important part of the immune system, responding both to pathogens and toxins, but they also play an important role in allergic diseases, where recent data show that non-IgE-mediated activation is also of relevance, especially in chronic urticaria (CU) and atopic dermatitis (AD). Skin MCs express Mas-related G-protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2), a key protein in non-IgE-dependent MC degranulation, and its overactivity is one of the triggering factors for the above-mentioned diseases, making MRGPRX2 a potential therapeutic target. Reviewing the latest literature revealed our need to focus on the discovery of MRGPRX2 activators as well as the ongoing vast research towards finding specific MRGPRX2 inhibitors for potential therapeutic approaches. Most of these studies are in their preliminary stages, with one drug currently being investigated in a clinical trial. Future studies and improved model systems are needed to verify whether any of these inhibitors may have the potential to be the next therapeutic treatment for CU, AD, and other pseudo-allergic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liron Lerner
- Institute of Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (L.L.); (M.B.); (T.Z.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Allergology and Immunology, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Magda Babina
- Institute of Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (L.L.); (M.B.); (T.Z.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Allergology and Immunology, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Zuberbier
- Institute of Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (L.L.); (M.B.); (T.Z.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Allergology and Immunology, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katarina Stevanovic
- Institute of Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (L.L.); (M.B.); (T.Z.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Allergology and Immunology, 12203 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Faour S, Farahat M, Aijaz A, Jeschke MG. Fibrosis in burns: an overview of mechanisms and therapies. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C1545-C1557. [PMID: 37811732 PMCID: PMC10881229 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00254.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Scar development remains a common occurrence and a major healthcare challenge affecting the lives of millions of patients annually. Severe injuries to the skin, such as burns can lead to pathological wound healing patterns, often characterized by dermal fibrosis or excessive scarring, and chronic inflammation. The two most common forms of fibrotic diseases following burn trauma are hypertrophic scars (HSCs) and keloids, which severely impact the patient's quality of life. Although the cellular and molecular mechanisms are similar, HSC and keloids have several distinct differences. In this review, we discuss the different forms of fibrosis that occur postburn injury, emphasizing how the extent of burn influences scar development. Moreover, we highlight how a systemic response induced by a burn injury drives wound fibrosis, including both the role of the inflammatory response, as well as the fate of fibroblast during skin healing. Finally, we list potential therapeutics aimed at alleviating pathological scar formation. An understanding of the mechanisms of postburn fibrosis will allow us to effectively move studies from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Faour
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- TaARI, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mahmoud Farahat
- TaARI, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayesha Aijaz
- TaARI, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc G Jeschke
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- TaARI, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Hamilton General Hospital, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Mäenpää K, Ilves M, Zhao L, Alenius H, Sinkko H, Karisola P. Effects of Superficial Scratching and Engineered Nanomaterials on Skin Gene Profiles and Microbiota in SKH-1 Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15629. [PMID: 37958613 PMCID: PMC10649582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Scratching damages upper layers of the skin, breaks this first line of immune defence, and leads to inflammation response, which often also modifies the microbiota of the skin. Although the healing of incision wounds is well-described, there are fewer studies on superficial wounds. We used a simulated model of skin scratching to study changes in the host transcriptome, skin microbiota, and their relationship. Additionally, we examined the effect of nanosized ZnO, TiO2, and Ag on both intact and damaged skin. At 24 h after exposure, the number of neutrophils was increased, 396 genes were differentially expressed, and microbiota compositions changed between scratched and intact control skin. At 7 d, the skin was still colonised by gut-associated microbes, including Lachnospiraceae, present in the cage environment, while the transcriptomic responses decreased. To sum up, the nanomaterial exposures reduced the relative abundance of cutaneous microbes on healthy skin, but the effect of scratching was more significant for the transcriptome than the nanomaterial exposure both at 24 h and 7 d. We conclude that superficial skin scratching induces inflammatory cell accumulation and changes in gene expression especially at 24 h, while the changes in the microbiota last at least 7 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuunsäde Mäenpää
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (K.M.); (M.I.); (L.Z.); (H.A.); (H.S.)
| | - Marit Ilves
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (K.M.); (M.I.); (L.Z.); (H.A.); (H.S.)
| | - Lan Zhao
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (K.M.); (M.I.); (L.Z.); (H.A.); (H.S.)
| | - Harri Alenius
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (K.M.); (M.I.); (L.Z.); (H.A.); (H.S.)
- Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna Sinkko
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (K.M.); (M.I.); (L.Z.); (H.A.); (H.S.)
| | - Piia Karisola
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (K.M.); (M.I.); (L.Z.); (H.A.); (H.S.)
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5
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Ding JY, Sun L, Zhu ZH, Wu XC, Xu XL, Xiang YW. Nano drug delivery systems: a promising approach to scar prevention and treatment. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:268. [PMID: 37568194 PMCID: PMC10416511 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Scar formation is a common physiological process that occurs after injury, but in some cases, pathological scars can develop, leading to serious physiological and psychological effects. Unfortunately, there are currently no effective means to intervene in scar formation, and the structural features of scars and their unclear mechanisms make prevention and treatment even more challenging. However, the emergence of nanotechnology in drug delivery systems offers a promising avenue for the prevention and treatment of scars. Nanomaterials possess unique properties that make them well suited for addressing issues related to transdermal drug delivery, drug solubility, and controlled release. Herein, we summarize the recent progress made in the use of nanotechnology for the prevention and treatment of scars. We examine the mechanisms involved and the advantages offered by various types of nanomaterials. We also highlight the outstanding challenges and questions that need to be addressed to maximize the potential of nanotechnology in scar intervention. Overall, with further development, nanotechnology could significantly improve the prevention and treatment of pathological scars, providing a brighter outlook for those affected by this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ying Ding
- Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhi-Heng Zhu
- Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xi-Chen Wu
- Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Xu
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, PR China.
| | - Yan-Wei Xiang
- Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Zhao W, Zhang H, Liu R, Cui R. Advances in Immunomodulatory Mechanisms of Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Exosome on Immune Cells in Scar Formation. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:3643-3662. [PMID: 37427367 PMCID: PMC10327916 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s412717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological scars are the result of over-repair and excessive tissue proliferation of the skin injury. It may cause serious dysfunction, resulting in psychological and physiological burdens on the patients. Currently, mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes (MSC-Exo) displayed a promising therapeutic effect on wound repair and scar attenuation. But the regulatory mechanisms are opinions vary. In view of inflammation has long been proven as the initial factor of wound healing and scarring, and the unique immunomodulation mechanism of MSC-Exo, the utilization of MSC-Exo may be promising therapeutic for pathological scars. However, different immune cells function differently during wound repair and scar formation. The immunoregulatory mechanism of MSC-Exo would differ among different immune cells and molecules. Herein, this review gave a comprehensive summary of MSC-Exo immunomodulating different immune cells in wound healing and scar formation to provide basic theoretical references and therapeutic exploration of inflammatory wound healing and pathological scars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhao
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongtao Cui
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Short WD, Rae M, Lu T, Padon B, Prajapati TJ, Faruk F, Olutoye OO, Yu L, Bollyky P, Keswani SG, Balaji S. Endogenous Interleukin-10 Contributes to Wound Healing and Regulates Tissue Repair. J Surg Res 2023; 285:26-34. [PMID: 36640607 PMCID: PMC9993344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is essential in fetal regenerative wound healing and likewise promotes a regenerative phenotype in adult dermal wounds. However, the role of endogenous IL-10 in postnatal dermal wound healing is not well-established. We sought to determine the function of endogenous IL-10 in murine full thickness excisional wounds that are splinted to prevent contracture and mimic human patterns of wound closure. METHODS Full-thickness excisional wounds were made in wildtype (WT) and IL-10-/- mice on a C57BL/6J background (F/M, 8 wk old). In a subset of wounds, contraction was prevented by splinting with silicone stents (stenting) and maintaining a moist wound microenvironment using a semiocclusive dressing. Wounds were examined for re-epithelialization, granulation tissue deposition, and inflammatory cell infiltrate at day 7 and fibrosis and scarring at day 30 postwounding. RESULTS We observed no difference in wound healing rate between WT and IL-10-/- mice in either the stented or unstented group. At day 7, unstented IL-10-/- wounds had a larger granulation tissue area and more inflammatory infiltrate than their WT counterparts. However, we did observe more F4/80+ cell infiltrate in stented IL-10-/- wounds at day 7. At day 30, stented wounds had increased scar area and epithelial thickness compared to unstented wounds. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that endogenous IL-10 expression does not alter closure of full thickness excisional wounds when wound hydration and excessive contraction of murine skin are controlled. However, the loss of IL-10 leads to increased inflammatory cell infiltration and scarring. These new findings suggest that IL-10 contributes to the regulation of inflammation without compromising the healing response. These data combined with previous reports of increased rates of healing in IL-10-/- mice wounds not controlled for hydration and contraction suggest an important role for murine wound healing models used in research studies of molecular mechanisms that regulate healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walker D Short
- Laboratory for Regenerative Tissue Repair, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Meredith Rae
- Laboratory for Regenerative Tissue Repair, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Thomas Lu
- Laboratory for Regenerative Tissue Repair, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Benjamin Padon
- Laboratory for Regenerative Tissue Repair, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Tanuj J Prajapati
- Laboratory for Regenerative Tissue Repair, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Fayiz Faruk
- Laboratory for Regenerative Tissue Repair, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Oluyinka O Olutoye
- Laboratory for Regenerative Tissue Repair, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ling Yu
- Laboratory for Regenerative Tissue Repair, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Paul Bollyky
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford, California
| | - Sundeep G Keswani
- Laboratory for Regenerative Tissue Repair, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Swathi Balaji
- Laboratory for Regenerative Tissue Repair, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
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Brash DE, Goncalves LCP. Chemiexcitation: Mammalian Photochemistry in the Dark †. Photochem Photobiol 2023; 99:251-276. [PMID: 36681894 PMCID: PMC10065968 DOI: 10.1111/php.13781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Light is one way to excite an electron in biology. Another is chemiexcitation, birthing a reaction product in an electronically excited state rather than exciting from the ground state. Chemiexcited molecules, as in bioluminescence, can release more energy than ATP. Excited states also allow bond rearrangements forbidden in ground states. Molecules with low-lying unoccupied orbitals, abundant in biology, are particularly susceptible. In mammals, chemiexcitation was discovered to transfer energy from excited melanin, neurotransmitters, or hormones to DNA, creating the lethal and carcinogenic cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer. That process was initiated by nitric oxide and superoxide, radicals triggered by ultraviolet light or inflammation. Several poorly understood chronic diseases share two properties: inflammation generates those radicals across the tissue, and cells that die are those containing melanin or neuromelanin. Chemiexcitation may therefore be a pathogenic event in noise- and drug-induced deafness, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's; it may prevent macular degeneration early in life but turn pathogenic later. Beneficial evolutionary selection for excitable biomolecules may thus have conferred an Achilles heel. This review of recent findings on chemiexcitation in mammalian cells also describes the underlying physics, biochemistry, and potential pathogenesis, with the goal of making this interdisciplinary phenomenon accessible to researchers within each field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E. Brash
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8028, USA
| | - Leticia C. P. Goncalves
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA
- Institut de Chimie de Nice CNRS UMR7272, Université Côte d’Azur, 28 Avenue Valrose 06108 Nice, France
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9
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Alibardi L. Immunolocalization of
CD3
,
CD5
and
MHCII
in amputated tail and limb of the lizard
Podarcis muralis
marks a scarring healing program. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab Padova and Department of Biology University of Bologna Bologna Italy
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10
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Sarandy MM, Pelinsari SM, de Souza LM, Novaes RD, Zanuncio VV, Gonçalves RV. l-arginine and l-citrulline supplementation accelerates second intention wound healing in iNOS knockout mice. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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11
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Lee CC, Tsai CH, Chen CH, Yeh YC, Chung WH, Chen CB. An updated review of the immunological mechanisms of keloid scars. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1117630. [PMID: 37033989 PMCID: PMC10075205 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1117630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Keloid is a type of disfiguring pathological scarring unique to human skin. The disorder is characterized by excessive collagen deposition. Immune cell infiltration is a hallmark of both normal and pathological tissue repair. However, the immunopathological mechanisms of keloid remain unclear. Recent studies have uncovered the pivotal role of both innate and adaptive immunity in modulating the aberrant behavior of keloid fibroblasts. Several novel therapeutics attempting to restore regulation of the immune microenvironment have shown variable efficacy. We review the current understanding of keloid immunopathogenesis and highlight the potential roles of immune pathway-specific therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chun Lee
- 1 Department of Medical Education, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsuan Tsai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chieh Yeh
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Program in Molecular Medicine, College of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Chung
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Chang Gung Allergology Consortium, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China
- Whole-Genome Research Core Laboratory of Human Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Immune-Oncology Center of Excellence, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Bing Chen
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Chang Gung Allergology Consortium, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China
- Whole-Genome Research Core Laboratory of Human Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Immune-Oncology Center of Excellence, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Chun-Bing Chen, ;
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12
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Soliman AM, Barreda DR. Acute Inflammation in Tissue Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010641. [PMID: 36614083 PMCID: PMC9820461 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There are well-established links between acute inflammation and successful tissue repair across evolution. Innate immune reactions contribute significantly to pathogen clearance and activation of subsequent reparative events. A network of molecular and cellular regulators supports antimicrobial and tissue repair functions throughout the healing process. A delicate balance must be achieved between protection and the potential for collateral tissue damage associated with overt inflammation. In this review, we summarize the contributions of key cellular and molecular components to the acute inflammatory process and the effective and timely transition toward activation of tissue repair mechanisms. We further discuss how the disruption of inflammatory responses ultimately results in chronic non-healing injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amro M. Soliman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Daniel R. Barreda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(780)492-0375
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Research Progress on Therapeutic Effect and Mechanism of Propolis on Wound Healing. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5798941. [PMID: 35911156 PMCID: PMC9334088 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5798941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Propolis is a kind of reduct collected by bees from various plant sources. Because propolis is a mixture, it has a variety of biological activities, excellent anti-inflammatory and bactericidal effects. Especially in the treatment of infectious wounds, acute wounds, burns, and scalds and promoting wound healing, more and more scientists began to apply it to the research field of wound healing. The standard preparation of propolis combined with other compound components has a safer and less toxic effect in the treatment of trauma. In order to more effectively use propolis products in wound treatment. This paper reviews the effect and treatment mechanism of propolis on different types of wound healing, as well as the synergistic effect of propolis and other compounds, in order to provide ideas for the further exploration of the biological activity and pharmacological function of propolis in the future, as well as its in-depth development in the field of wound healing. It will also provide a theoretical reference for the further development and utilization of propolis.
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14
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Moura FBRDE, Ferreira BA, Muniz EH, Santos RA, Gomide JAL, Justino AB, Silva ACA, Dantas NO, Ribeiro DL, Araújo FA, Espindola FS, Tomiosso TC. TiO2 Nanocrystals and Annona crassiflora Polyphenols Used Alone or Mixed Impact Differently on Wound Repair. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20210230. [PMID: 35830083 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220210230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wounds treated with TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) show an improvement in healing time. However, little is known about the parameters that can contribute to this result. On the other hand, the treatment of wounds with polyphenols is widely known. These compounds are found in the peel of Annona crassiflora fruit and have antioxidant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we evaluated the healing effect of TiO2 nanocrystals (TiO2-NCs), polyphenolic fractions obtained from ethanolic extract of A. crassiflora fruit peel (PFAC) and mix (PFAC + TiO2-NCs) on the parameters of wound closure, inflammation, collagen deposition, metalloproteinase activity (MMPs) and angiogenesis. TiO2-NCs and PFAC have activity for wound healing, showed anti-inflammatory action and a shorter wound closure time. These treatments also contributed to increased collagen deposition, while only treatment with TiO2-NCs increased MMP-2 activity, parameters essential for the migration of keratinocytes and for complete restoration of the injured tissue. The combination of PFAC + TiO2-NCs reduced the effectiveness of individual treatments by intensifying the inflammatory process, in addition to delaying wound closure. We conclude that the interaction between the hydroxyl groups of PFAC polyphenols with TiO2-NCs may have contributed to difference in the healing activity of skin wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francyelle B R DE Moura
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Avenida Pará, 1720, Umuarama, 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.,Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Barão Geraldo, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Antonio Ferreira
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Avenida Pará, 1720, Umuarama, 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Elusca Helena Muniz
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Avenida Pará, 1720, Umuarama, 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Rinara A Santos
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Avenida Pará, 1720, Umuarama, 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - José Augusto L Gomide
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Rua Acre, 1004, Umuarama, 38405-319 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Allisson B Justino
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Rua Acre, 1004, Umuarama, 38405-319 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Anielle Christine A Silva
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Laboratório de Novos Nanoestruturados e Funcionais, Instituto de Física, Avenida Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Tabuleiro do Martins, 57072-900 Maceió, AL, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Programa de Pós-Graduação da Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia, Avenida Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Tabuleiro do Martins, 57072-970 Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Noelio O Dantas
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Laboratório de Novos Nanoestruturados e Funcionais, Instituto de Física, Avenida Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Tabuleiro do Martins, 57072-900 Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Daniele L Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Avenida Pará, 1720, Umuarama, 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernanda A Araújo
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Avenida Pará, 1720, Umuarama, 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Foued S Espindola
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Rua Acre, 1004, Umuarama, 38405-319 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Carla Tomiosso
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Avenida Pará, 1720, Umuarama, 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.,Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Barão Geraldo, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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15
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Nicotinamide Mononucleotide and Coenzyme Q10 Protects Fibroblast Senescence Induced by Particulate Matter Preconditioned Mast Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147539. [PMID: 35886889 PMCID: PMC9319393 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) pollutants impose a certain degree of destruction and toxicity to the skin. Mast cells in the skin dermis could be activated by PMs that diffuse across the blood vessel after being inhaled. Mast cell degranulation in the dermis provides a kind of inflammatory insult to local fibroblasts. In this study, we evaluated human dermal fibroblast responses to conditioned medium from KU812 cells primed with PM. We found that PM promoted the production of proinflammatory cytokines in mast cells and that the cell secretome induced reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production in dermal fibroblasts. Nicotinamide mononucleotide or coenzyme Q10 alleviated the generation of excessive ROS and mitochondrial ROS induced by the conditioned medium from PM-activated KU812 cells. PM-conditioned medium treatment increased the NF-κB expression in dermal fibroblasts, whereas NMN or Q10 inhibited p65 upregulation by PM. The reduced sirtuin 1 (SIRT 1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related Factor 2 (Nrf2) expression induced by PM-conditioned medium was reversed by NMN or Q10 in HDFs. Moreover, NMN or Q10 attenuated the expression of senescent β-galactosidase induced by PM-conditioned KU812 cell medium. These findings suggest that NMN or Q10 ameliorates PM-induced inflammation by improving the cellular oxidative status, suppressing proinflammatory NF-κB, and promoting the levels of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory regulators Nrf2 and SIRT1 in HDFs. The present observations help to understand the factors that affect HDFs in the dermal microenvironment and the therapeutic role of NMN and Q10 as suppressors of skin aging.
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16
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Ud-Din S, Bayat A. Controlling Inflammation Pre-Emptively or at the Time of Cutaneous Injury Optimises Outcome of Skin Scarring. Front Immunol 2022; 13:883239. [PMID: 35711461 PMCID: PMC9197255 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.883239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays an active role during the wound healing process. There is a direct association between the extent of injury as well as inflammation and the amount of subsequent cutaneous scarring. Evidence to date demonstrates that high levels of inflammation are associated with excessive dermal scarring and formation of abnormal pathological scars such as keloids and hypertrophic scars. In view of the multiple important cell types being involved in the inflammatory process and their influence on the extent of scar formation, many scar therapies should aim to target these cells in order to control inflammation and by association help improve scar outcome. However, most current treatment strategies for the management of a newly formed skin scar often adopt a watch-and-wait approach prior to commencing targeted anti-inflammatory therapy. Moreover, most of these therapies have been evaluated in the remodelling phase of wound healing and the evaluation of anti-inflammatory treatments at earlier stages of healing have not been fully explored and remain limited. Taken together, in order to minimise the risk of developing a poor scar outcome, it is clear that adopting an early intervention prior to skin injury would be optimal, however, the concept of pre-emptively priming the skin prior to injury has not yet been thoroughly evaluated. Therefore, the aim of this review was to evaluate the available literature regarding scar therapies that aim to target inflammation which are commenced prior to when a scar is formed or immediately after injury, with a particular focus on the role of pre-emptive priming of skin prior to injury in order to control inflammation for the prevention of poor scarring outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ud-Din
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ardeshir Bayat
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Medical Research Council - South Africa (MRC-SA) Wound Healing Unit, Division of Dermatology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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17
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Mu R, Campos de Souza S, Liao Z, Dong L, Wang C. Reprograming the immune niche for skin tissue regeneration - From cellular mechanisms to biomaterials applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 185:114298. [PMID: 35439569 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the rapid development of therapeutic approaches for skin repair, chronic wounds such as diabetic foot ulcers remain an unaddressed problem that affects millions of people worldwide. Increasing evidence has revealed the crucial and diverse roles of the immune cells in the development and repair of the skin tissue, prompting new research to focus on further understanding and modulating the local immune niche for comprehensive, 'perfect' regeneration. In this review, we first introduce how different immunocytes and certain stromal cells involved in innate and adaptive immunity coordinate to maintain the immune niche and tissue homeostasis, with emphasis on their specific roles in normal and pathological wound healing. We then discuss novel engineering approaches - particularly biomaterials systems and cellular therapies - to target different players of the immune niche, with three major aims to i) overcome 'under-healing', ii) avoid 'over-healing', and iii) promote functional restoration, including appendage development. Finally, we highlight how these strategies strive to manage chronic wounds and achieve full structural and functional skin recovery by creating desirable 'soil' through modulating the immune microenvironment.
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18
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Nguyen JQ, Sanjar F, Karna SLR, Fourcaudot AB, Wang LJ, Silliman DT, Lai Z, Chen Y, Leung KP. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Superficial and Deep Partial-Thickness Burn Wounds in Yorkshire vs Red Duroc Pigs. J Burn Care Res 2022; 43:1299-1311. [PMID: 35255138 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irac028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypertrophic scars are a common negative outcome of deep partial-thickness burn wounds resulting in increased dermal thickness, wound area contracture, and inflammation of the affected area. The red Duroc and Yorkshire porcine breeds are common large animal models for studying dermal wounds due to their structural similarities to human skin; however, the porcine transcriptomic profiles of dermal burn wounds and healing process are not well known. In response, a longitudinal transcriptomic comparative study was conducted comparing red Duroc and Yorkshire superficial and DPT burn wounds to their respective control uninjured tissue. Using next-generation RNA-sequencing, total RNAs were isolated from burn wound tissue harvested at 0, 3, 7, 15, 30, and 60 days post-burn and mRNA-seq and gene expression read counts were generated. Significant differentially expressed genes relative to uninjured tissue were defined and active biological processes were determined using gene set enrichment analyses. Additionally, collagen deposition, α-SMA protein concentration, epidermal and dermal thickness measurements, and wound area changes in response to burn injury were characterized. Overall, the red Duroc pigs, in response to both burn wound types, elicited a more robust and prolonged inflammatory immune response, fibroblast migration and proliferation as well as heightened levels of extracellular matrix modulation relative to respective burn types in the Yorkshire pigs. Collectively, the red Duroc deep partial-thickness burn wounds produce a greater degree of hypertrohic scar like response compared to Yorkshire DPT burn wounds. These findings will facilitate future porcine burn studies down-selecting treatment targets and determining effects of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Q Nguyen
- Division of Combat Wound Repair, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fatemeh Sanjar
- Division of Combat Wound Repair, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - S L Rajasekhar Karna
- Division of Combat Wound Repair, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrea B Fourcaudot
- Division of Combat Wound Repair, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Li-Ju Wang
- Greehey Childern's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas - Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - David T Silliman
- Division of Combat Wound Repair, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhao Lai
- Greehey Childern's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas - Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas - Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Yidong Chen
- Greehey Childern's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas - Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Texas - Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Kai P Leung
- Division of Combat Wound Repair, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
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19
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Abstract
Significance: Cutaneous scarring affects millions of patients worldwide and results in significant financial and psychosocial burdens. Given the immune system's intricate involvement in the initiation and progression of wound healing, it is no surprise that the scarring outcome can be affected by the actions of various immune cells and the cytokines and growth factors they produce. Understanding the role of T cells in regulating immune responses and directing the action of wound mesenchymal cells is essential to developing antifibrotic therapies to reduce the burden of scarring. Recent Advances: As the immune system is intimately involved in wound healing, much work has examined the impact of T cells and their cytokines on the final wound outcome. New innovative tools for studying T cells have resulted in more sophisticated immunophenotyping capabilities and the ability to examine effects of individual cytokines in the wound environment. Critical Issues: Despite continued advances in the study of specific immune cells and their effects on dermal fibrosis, minimal progress has been made to modulate immune responses to result in improved wound cosmesis. Future Directions: The actions of T cells represent potential pharmacologic targets that could lead to novel bioengineered or immunoengineered therapies to improve the lives of people with cutaneous scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walker D. Short
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Laboratory for Regenerative Tissue Repair, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Laboratory for Regenerative Tissue Repair, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sundeep G. Keswani
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Laboratory for Regenerative Tissue Repair, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA.,Correspondence: Laboratory for Regenerative Tissue Repair, Texas Children's Hospital, 6701 Fannin Street Suite 1210, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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20
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Moretti L, Stalfort J, Barker TH, Abebayehu D. The interplay of fibroblasts, the extracellular matrix, and inflammation in scar formation. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101530. [PMID: 34953859 PMCID: PMC8784641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Various forms of fibrosis, comprising tissue thickening and scarring, are involved in 40% of deaths across the world. Since the discovery of scarless functional healing in fetuses prior to a certain stage of development, scientists have attempted to replicate scarless wound healing in adults with little success. While the extracellular matrix (ECM), fibroblasts, and inflammatory mediators have been historically investigated as separate branches of biology, it has become increasingly necessary to consider them as parts of a complex and tightly regulated system that becomes dysregulated in fibrosis. With this new paradigm, revisiting fetal scarless wound healing provides a unique opportunity to better understand how this highly regulated system operates mechanistically. In the following review, we navigate the four stages of wound healing (hemostasis, inflammation, repair, and remodeling) against the backdrop of adult versus fetal wound healing, while also exploring the relationships between the ECM, effector cells, and signaling molecules. We conclude by singling out recent findings that offer promising leads to alter the dynamics between the ECM, fibroblasts, and inflammation to promote scarless healing. One factor that promises to be significant is fibroblast heterogeneity and how certain fibroblast subpopulations might be predisposed to scarless healing. Altogether, reconsidering fetal wound healing by examining the interplay of the various factors contributing to fibrosis provides new research directions that will hopefully help us better understand and address fibroproliferative diseases, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, systemic sclerosis, progressive kidney disease, and cardiovascular fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Moretti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jack Stalfort
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Thomas Harrison Barker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Daniel Abebayehu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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21
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Shahidi-Dadras M, Asadi Kani Z, Dadkhahfar S, Zartab H, Rakhshan A. The presence of mast cells in lichen planopilaris and discoid lupus erythematosus of the scalp; a quantitative study. J Cutan Pathol 2022; 49:448-453. [PMID: 35103345 DOI: 10.1111/cup.14207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histopathologic differentiation of Lichen planopilaris (LPP) and discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) as the two common causes of primary cicatricial alopecias remains challenging. METHOD We performed a histopathologic study on a case series of LPP and DLE specimens to investigate the number, distribution, and morphology of mast cells as indices for differentiation of these two entities. H & E investigation and Giemsa staining for the detection of mast cells was performed. RESULT A total of 74 cases comprising 50 cases of LPP and 24 cases of DLE, were assessed. The mean mast cell count and percentage were significantly higher in LPP group (P <0.001). Mean degranulated mast cell count and the mean intact mast cell count were also significantly higher in LPP patients (P <0.001). Most of the specimens, 58 (78.4%), showed both perifollicular and perivascular distribution of mast cells without significant diffrence between two groups. The morphology of mast cells was predominantly round-oval in 85.5%, predominantly fusiform in 13.5% with more frequent fusiform morphology in DLE group. CONCLUSION The mast cell count detected by Giemsa staining could assist pathologists in distinguishing between LPP and DLE. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zahra Asadi Kani
- Skin research center, Shahid Beheshti university of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Dadkhahfar
- Skin research center, Shahid Beheshti university of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Zartab
- Center for Research & Training in Skin Diseases & Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Dermatology, Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Azadeh Rakhshan
- Skin research center, Shahid Beheshti university of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of pathology, Shohada-e-Tajrish Educational Hospital, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Annese T, Tamma R, Bozza M, Zito A, Ribatti D. Autocrine/Paracrine Loop Between SCF +/c-Kit + Mast Cells Promotes Cutaneous Melanoma Progression. Front Immunol 2022; 13:794974. [PMID: 35140718 PMCID: PMC8818866 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.794974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Kit, or mast/stem cell growth factor receptor Kit, is a tyrosine kinase receptor structurally analogous to the colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) CSF-1/PDGF receptor Tyr-subfamily. It binds the cytokine KITLG/SCF to regulate cell survival and proliferation, hematopoiesis, stem cell maintenance, gametogenesis, mast cell development, migration and function, and it plays an essential role in melanogenesis. SCF and c-Kit are biologically active as membrane-bound and soluble forms. They can be expressed by tumor cells and cells of the microenvironment playing a crucial role in tumor development, progression, and relapses. To date, few investigations have concerned the role of SCF+/c-Kit+ mast cells in normal, premalignant, and malignant skin lesions that resemble steps of malignant melanoma progression. In this study, by immunolabeling reactions, we demonstrated that in melanoma lesions, SCF and c-Kit were expressed in mast cells and released by themselves, suggesting an autocrine/paracrine loop might be implicated in regulatory mechanisms of neoangiogenesis and tumor progression in human melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Annese
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Tamma
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Mariella Bozza
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Alfredo Zito
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
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23
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Franco-Valencia K, Nóbrega I, Cantaruti T, Barra A, Klein A, Azevedo-Jr G, Costa R, Carvalho C. Subcutaneous injection of an immunologically tolerated protein up to 5 days before skin injuries improves wound healing. Braz J Med Biol Res 2022; 55:e11735. [PMID: 35170683 PMCID: PMC8851940 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2021e11735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral tolerance blocks the development of specific immune responses to proteins ingested by the oral route. One of the first registries of oral tolerance showed that guinea pigs fed corn became refractory to hypersensitivity to corn proteins. Mice fed with chow containing corn are tolerant to zein, and parenteral injection of zein plus adjuvant blocks immunization to unrelated proteins injected concomitantly and reduces unspecific inflammation. Extensive and prolonged inflammatory infiltrate in the wound bed is one of the causes of pathological wound healing. Previous research shows that intraperitoneal injection of zein concomitant with skin injuries reduces the inflammatory infiltrate in the wound bed and improves wound healing. Herein, we tested if one subcutaneous injection of zein before skin injury improves wound healing. We also investigated how long the effects triggered by zein could improve skin wound healing. Mice fed zein received two excisional wounds on the interscapular skin under anesthesia. Zein plus Al(OH)3 was injected at the tail base at 10 min, or 3, 5, or 7 days before skin injuries. Wound healing was analyzed at days 7 and 40 after injury. Our results showed that a zein injection up to 5 days before skin injury reduced the inflammatory infiltrate, increased the number of T-cells in the wound bed, and improved the pattern of collagen deposition in the neodermis. These findings could promote the development of new strategies for the treatment and prevention of pathological healing using proteins normally found in the common diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - A. Barra
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - A. Klein
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | | | - R.A. Costa
- Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Brasil
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24
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Potekaev NN, Borzykh OB, Medvedev GV, Pushkin DV, Petrova MM, Petrov AV, Dmitrenko DV, Karpova EI, Demina OM, Shnayder NA. The Role of Extracellular Matrix in Skin Wound Healing. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10245947. [PMID: 34945243 PMCID: PMC8706213 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10245947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired wound healing is one of the unsolved problems of modern medicine, affecting patients’ quality of life and causing serious economic losses. Impaired wound healing can manifest itself in the form of chronic skin wounds or hypertrophic scars. Research on the biology and physiology of skin wound healing disorders is actively continuing, but, unfortunately, a single understanding has not been developed. The attention of clinicians to the biological and physiological aspects of wound healing in the skin is necessary for the search for new and effective methods of prevention and treatment of its consequences. In addition, it is important to update knowledge about genetic and non-genetic factors predisposing to impaired wound healing in order to identify risk levels and develop personalized strategies for managing such patients. Wound healing is a very complex process involving several overlapping stages and involving many factors. This thematic review focuses on the extracellular matrix of the skin, in particular its role in wound healing. The authors analyzed the results of fundamental research in recent years, finding promising potential for their transition into real clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai N. Potekaev
- Department of Skin Disease and Cosmetology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (N.N.P.); (E.I.K.); (O.M.D.)
| | - Olga B. Borzykh
- Shared Core Facilities “Molecular and Cell Technologies”, V. F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (M.M.P.); (A.V.P.); (D.V.D.)
- Correspondence: (O.B.B.); (N.A.S.); Tel.: +7-(812)-670-02-20-78-14 (N.A.S.)
| | - German V. Medvedev
- Department of Hand Surgery with Microsurgical Equipment, R. R. Vreden National Medical Research Centre for Traumatology and Orthopedics, 195427 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Denis V. Pushkin
- Medical Faculty, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Marina M. Petrova
- Shared Core Facilities “Molecular and Cell Technologies”, V. F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (M.M.P.); (A.V.P.); (D.V.D.)
| | - Artem V. Petrov
- Shared Core Facilities “Molecular and Cell Technologies”, V. F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (M.M.P.); (A.V.P.); (D.V.D.)
| | - Diana V. Dmitrenko
- Shared Core Facilities “Molecular and Cell Technologies”, V. F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (M.M.P.); (A.V.P.); (D.V.D.)
| | - Elena I. Karpova
- Department of Skin Disease and Cosmetology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (N.N.P.); (E.I.K.); (O.M.D.)
| | - Olga M. Demina
- Department of Skin Disease and Cosmetology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (N.N.P.); (E.I.K.); (O.M.D.)
| | - Natalia A. Shnayder
- Shared Core Facilities “Molecular and Cell Technologies”, V. F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (M.M.P.); (A.V.P.); (D.V.D.)
- Institute of Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology, Shared Core Facilities, V. M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology, 192019 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: (O.B.B.); (N.A.S.); Tel.: +7-(812)-670-02-20-78-14 (N.A.S.)
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25
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Berry-Kilgour C, Cabral J, Wise L. Advancements in the Delivery of Growth Factors and Cytokines for the Treatment of Cutaneous Wound Indications. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2021; 10:596-622. [PMID: 33086946 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2020.1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance: Wound healing involves the phasic production of growth factors (GFs) and cytokines to progress an acute wound to a resolved scar. Dysregulation of these proteins contributes to both wound chronicity and excessive scarring. Direct supplementation of GFs and cytokines for treatment of healing and scarring complications has, however, been disappointing. Failings likely relate to an inability to deliver recombinant proteins at physiologically relevant levels to an environment conducive to healing. Recent Advances: Inspired by the extracellular matrix, natural biomaterials have been developed that resemble human skin, and are capable of delivering bioactives. Hybrid biomaterials made using multiple polymers, fabrication methods, and proteins are proving efficacious in animal models of acute and impaired wound healing. Critical Issues: For clinical translation, these delivery systems must be tailored for specific wound indications and the correct phase of healing. GFs and cytokines must be delivered in a controlled manner that will target specific healing or scarring impairments. Preclinical assessment in clinically relevant animal models of impaired or excessive healing is critical. Future Directions: Clinical success will likely depend on the GF or cytokine selected, their compatibility with the chosen biomaterial(s), degradation rate of the fabricated system, and the degree of control over release kinetics. Further testing is essential to assess which wound indications are most suited to specific delivery systems and to prove whether they provide superior efficacy over direct protein therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Berry-Kilgour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences; Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jaydee Cabral
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Lyn Wise
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences; Dunedin, New Zealand
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26
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Hawash AA, Ingrasci G, Nouri K, Yosipovitch G. Pruritus in Keloid Scars: Mechanisms and Treatments. Acta Derm Venereol 2021; 101:adv00582. [PMID: 34518894 PMCID: PMC9425615 DOI: 10.2340/00015555-3923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Keloids are scars that extend beyond the margins of an insulting cutaneous injury. Keloids are often thought to be primarily a cosmetic issue, as they are typically quite raised and pigmented. However, these scars also present with functional symptoms of pruritus and pain that significantly impact quality of life. The symptom of pruritus is frequently overlooked by dermatologists, and treatments are often primarily focused on the gross appearance of the scar. This review describes the prevalence and importance of pruritus in keloids. In addition, the putative mechanisms underlying the development of keloid pruritus, which include neuronal and immunological mechanisms, are discussed. Furthermore, this review describes keloid treatments that have been shown to reduce pruritus, treatments that specifically target the itch, and emerging therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gil Yosipovitch
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, 1600 NW 10th Ave RMSB Building 2067B, FL, USA.
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27
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Ding J, Mellergaard M, Zhu Z, Kwan P, Edge D, Ma Z, Hebert L, Alrobaiea S, Iwasaki T, Nielsen MCE, Tredget EE. Fluorescent light energy modulates healing in skin grafted mouse model. Open Med (Wars) 2021; 16:1240-1255. [PMID: 34522783 PMCID: PMC8402934 DOI: 10.1515/med-2021-0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin grafting is often the only treatment for skin trauma when large areas of tissue are affected. This surgical intervention damages the deeper dermal layers of the skin with implications for wound healing and a risk of scar development. Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy modulates biological processes in different tissues, with a positive effect on many cell types and pathways essential for wound healing. This study investigated the effect of fluorescent light energy (FLE) therapy, a novel type of PBM, on healing after skin grafting in a dermal fibrotic mouse model. Split-thickness human skin grafts were transplanted onto full-thickness excisional wounds on nude mice. Treated wounds were monitored, and excised xenografts were examined to assess healing and pathophysiological processes essential for developing chronic wounds or scarring. Results demonstrated that FLE treatment initially accelerated re-epithelialization and rete ridge formation, while later reduced neovascularization, collagen deposition, myofibroblast and mast cell accumulation, and connective tissue growth factor expression. While there was no visible difference in gross morphology, we found that FLE treatment promoted a balanced collagen remodeling. Collectively, these findings suggest that FLE has a conceivable effect at balancing healing after skin grafting, which reduces the risk of infections, chronic wound development, and fibrotic scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ding
- Wound Healing Research Group, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 161 HMRC, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Maiken Mellergaard
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Research and Development, Klox Technologies Europe Ltd, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Zhensen Zhu
- Wound Healing Research Group, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 161 HMRC, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Peter Kwan
- Wound Healing Research Group, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 161 HMRC, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Deirdre Edge
- Department of Research and Development, Klox Technologies Europe Ltd, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Zengshuan Ma
- Wound Healing Research Group, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 161 HMRC, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Lise Hebert
- Department of Research and Development, Klox Technologies Inc., Laval, Canada
| | - Saad Alrobaiea
- Wound Healing Research Group, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 161 HMRC, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Takashi Iwasaki
- Wound Healing Research Group, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 161 HMRC, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Michael Canova Engelbrecht Nielsen
- Department of Research and Development, Klox R&D Center, Guangdong Klox Biomedical Group Co., Ltd, Room 603, 6/F, Building 8, No. 6, Nanjiang Second Road, Zhujiang Street, Nansha District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Edward E. Tredget
- Divisions of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Critical Care, 2D2.28 Walter C MacKenzie Health Sciences Centre & Wound Healing Research Group, 161 HMRC, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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28
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Nangole FW, Ouyang K, Anzala O, Ogeng'o J, Agak GW, Zuriel D. Does Keloid Histology Influence Recurrence? Am J Dermatopathol 2021; 43:642-646. [PMID: 33464754 PMCID: PMC8273180 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000001880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Keloids are fibroproliferative disorders characterized by high recurrence rates, with few factors known to influence the same. We conducted a study to determine whether keloid histology influences recurrence. This was a prospective longitudinal study to determine whether histopathological parameters of keloid influence recurrence. Patients with keloids managed by surgical excision were followed up at Kenyatta National Hospital between August 2018 and July 2020. The excised keloids were processed for histology using hematoxylin,/eosin, Masson, and trichrome stains. The slides were analyzed for inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, and capillary density using the hot spot technique and correlated to keloid recurrence. Postoperative follow-up was for a minimum of 1 year. A total of 90 patients with 104 keloids were recruited in the study. Overall keloid recurrence rate was 28.6%. There was a correlation between the absolute count of more than 50 per High power field of lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and macrophages with recurrence of the disease. The sensitivity and specificity for the above parameters were lymphocytes 48% and 81%, macrophages 57% and 83%, mast cells 32% and 33%, and fibroblasts 41% and 91%, respectively. There was no correlation between mast cells and vascularity status with recurrence. Routine histology should, therefore, be performed to determine these parameters. Close monitoring and second-line therapy should be considered for patients with elevated macrophages and/or lymphocytes so as to reduce the risk of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelsey Ouyang
- Department of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Omu Anzala
- KAVI-Institute of Aids Vaccine Initiative, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Julius Ogeng'o
- Department of Human Anatomy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; and
| | - George W Agak
- Department of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Daniel Zuriel
- Department of Pathology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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Abstract
Dermal interstitial fluid (ISF) is a novel source of biomarkers that can be considered as an alternative to blood sampling for disease diagnosis and treatment. Nevertheless, in vivo extraction and analysis of ISF are challenging. On the other hand, microneedle (MN) technology can address most of the challenges associated with dermal ISF extraction and is well suited for long-term, continuous ISF monitoring as well as in situ detection. In this review, we first briefly summarise the different dermal ISF collection methods and compare them with MN methods. Next, we elaborate on the design considerations and biocompatibility of MNs. Subsequently, the fabrication technologies of various MNs used for dermal ISF extraction, including solid MNs, hollow MNs, porous MNs, and hydrogel MNs, are thoroughly explained. In addition, different sensing mechanisms of ISF detection are discussed in detail. Subsequently, we identify the challenges and propose the possible solutions associated with ISF extraction. A detailed investigation is provided for the transport and sampling mechanism of ISF in vivo. Also, the current in vitro skin model integrated with the MN arrays is discussed. Finally, future directions to develop a point-of-care (POC) device to sample ISF are proposed.
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30
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Ud-Din S, Wilgus TA, McGeorge DD, Bayat A. Pre-Emptive Priming of Human Skin Improves Cutaneous Scarring and Is Superior to Immediate and Delayed Topical Anti-Scarring Treatment Post-Wounding: A Double-Blind Randomised Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:510. [PMID: 33917842 PMCID: PMC8068279 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of pre-emptive priming of skin pre-surgery offers a novel approach in optimizing cutaneous scarring outcome. We previously showed an anti-scarring topical (epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)) is effective in improving skin scarring when applied post-surgery. The objective was to deliver an active compound at the optimal time in order to maximize its impact and improve cutaneous scarring. Therefore, pre-emptive application of anti-scarring topical pre-surgery compared with post-surgery can potentially be superior on scarring outcome. This double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled trial compares the effects of pre-emptive priming of skin with an anti-scarring topical pre-surgery versus post-surgery. Healthy volunteers (n = 40) were split into 4-groups; each undergoing different modes of application versus placebo: Group-1 = priming (7Days) pre-injury, Group-2 = priming (3D) pre-injury, Group-3 = immediate (0D) day-of-injury, Group-4 = delayed application (14D) post-injury. Excisional skin-biopsies in upper-arms were evaluated weekly with multiple quantitative devices over 8-weeks. Histological, immunohistochemical, mRNA sequencing and QRT-PCR studies were performed on tissue-biopsies. EGCG reduced mast cells at weeks-4 and 8 by gene and protein analyses (p < 0.01). Group 1 was superior to other groups (p < 0.01) in both clinical (blood flow) and laboratory parameters (elastin and immune marker expression). Additionally, there was down-regulation of angiogenic-markers by mRNA-sequencing and of CD31 and VEGF-A at weeks-4 and 8 (p < 0.01) by immunohistochemistry and at week-4 (p < 0.05) by QRT-PCR. EGCG increased antioxidant levels (HO-1) at week-4 (p < 0.01) plus elastin at week-8 (p < 0.01). In conclusion, pre-emptive priming of skin pre-injury has significant beneficial effects on surgically induced skin scarring shown by reducing mast cells, blood flow and angiogenesis plus increasing elastin content. This clinical trial was registered with ISRCTN (ISRCTN70155584).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ud-Din
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
| | - Traci A. Wilgus
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | | | - Ardeshir Bayat
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
- MRC-SA Wound Healing Unit, Division of Dermatology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
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31
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Ud-Din S, Wilgus TA, McGeorge DD, Bayat A. Pre-Emptive Priming of Human Skin Improves Cutaneous Scarring and Is Superior to Immediate and Delayed Topical Anti-Scarring Treatment Post-Wounding: A Double-Blind Randomised Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Pharmaceutics 2021. [PMID: 33917842 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040510.pmid:33917842;pmcid:pmc8068279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of pre-emptive priming of skin pre-surgery offers a novel approach in optimizing cutaneous scarring outcome. We previously showed an anti-scarring topical (epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)) is effective in improving skin scarring when applied post-surgery. The objective was to deliver an active compound at the optimal time in order to maximize its impact and improve cutaneous scarring. Therefore, pre-emptive application of anti-scarring topical pre-surgery compared with post-surgery can potentially be superior on scarring outcome. This double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled trial compares the effects of pre-emptive priming of skin with an anti-scarring topical pre-surgery versus post-surgery. Healthy volunteers (n = 40) were split into 4-groups; each undergoing different modes of application versus placebo: Group-1 = priming (7Days) pre-injury, Group-2 = priming (3D) pre-injury, Group-3 = immediate (0D) day-of-injury, Group-4 = delayed application (14D) post-injury. Excisional skin-biopsies in upper-arms were evaluated weekly with multiple quantitative devices over 8-weeks. Histological, immunohistochemical, mRNA sequencing and QRT-PCR studies were performed on tissue-biopsies. EGCG reduced mast cells at weeks-4 and 8 by gene and protein analyses (p < 0.01). Group 1 was superior to other groups (p < 0.01) in both clinical (blood flow) and laboratory parameters (elastin and immune marker expression). Additionally, there was down-regulation of angiogenic-markers by mRNA-sequencing and of CD31 and VEGF-A at weeks-4 and 8 (p < 0.01) by immunohistochemistry and at week-4 (p < 0.05) by QRT-PCR. EGCG increased antioxidant levels (HO-1) at week-4 (p < 0.01) plus elastin at week-8 (p < 0.01). In conclusion, pre-emptive priming of skin pre-injury has significant beneficial effects on surgically induced skin scarring shown by reducing mast cells, blood flow and angiogenesis plus increasing elastin content. This clinical trial was registered with ISRCTN (ISRCTN70155584).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ud-Din
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Traci A Wilgus
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | - Ardeshir Bayat
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- MRC-SA Wound Healing Unit, Division of Dermatology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
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32
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Molecular Changes Underlying Hypertrophic Scarring Following Burns Involve Specific Deregulations at All Wound Healing Stages (Inflammation, Proliferation and Maturation). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020897. [PMID: 33477421 PMCID: PMC7831008 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive connective tissue accumulation, a hallmark of hypertrophic scaring, results in progressive deterioration of the structure and function of organs. It can also be seen during tumor growth and other fibroproliferative disorders. These processes result from a wide spectrum of cross-talks between mesenchymal, epithelial and inflammatory/immune cells that have not yet been fully understood. In the present review, we aimed to describe the molecular features of fibroblasts and their interactions with immune and epithelial cells and extracellular matrix. We also compared different types of fibroblasts and their roles in skin repair and regeneration following burn injury. In summary, here we briefly review molecular changes underlying hypertrophic scarring following burns throughout all basic wound healing stages, i.e. during inflammation, proliferation and maturation.
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33
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Degan M, Dalla Valle L, Alibardi L. Gene expression in regenerating and scarring tails of lizard evidences three main key genes (wnt2b, egfl6, and arhgap28) activated during the regulated process of tail regeneration. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:3-17. [PMID: 32852660 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01545-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We have analyzed the expression of key genes orchestrating tail regeneration in lizard under normal and scarring conditions after cauterization. At 1-day post-cauterization (1 dpc), the injured blastema contains degenerating epithelial and mesenchymal cells, numerous mast cells, and immune cells. At 3 and 7 dpc, a stratified wound epidermis is forming while fibrocytes give rise to a scarring connective tissue. Oncogenes such as wnt2b, egfl6, wnt6, and mycn and the tumor suppressor arhgap28 are much more expressed than other oncogenes (hmga2, rhov, fgf8, fgfr4, tert, shh) and tumor suppressors (apcdd1, p63, rb, fat2, bcl11b) in the normal blastema and at 7 dpc. Blastemas at 3 dpc feature the lowest upregulation of most genes, likely derived from damage after cauterization. Immunomodulator genes nfatc4 and lef1 are more expressed at 7 dpc than in normal blastema and 3 dpc suggesting the induction of immune response favoring scarring. Balanced over-expression of oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and immune modulator genes determines regulation of cell proliferation (anti-oncogenic), of movement (anti-metastatic), and immunosuppression in the normal blastema. Significant higher expression of oncogenes wnt2b and egfl6 in normal blastema and higher expression of the tumor suppressor arhgap28 in the 7 dpc blastema indicate that they are among the key/master genes that determine the regulated regeneration of the tail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Degan
- Clinical and Experimental Onco-Hematology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab Padova, Padua, Italy.
- Department of Biology, University of Bologna, Via Semi 3, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
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34
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Willows S, Kulka M. Harnessing the Power of Mast Cells in unconventional Immunotherapy Strategies and Vaccine Adjuvants. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122713. [PMID: 33352850 PMCID: PMC7766453 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are long-lived, granular, myeloid-derived leukocytes that have significant protective and repair functions in tissues. Mast cells sense disruptions in the local microenvironment and are first responders to physical, chemical and biological insults. When activated, mast cells release growth factors, proteases, chemotactic proteins and cytokines thereby mobilizing and amplifying the reactions of the innate and adaptive immune system. Mast cells are therefore significant regulators of homeostatic functions and may be essential in microenvironmental changes during pathogen invasion and disease. During infection by helminths, bacteria and viruses, mast cells release antimicrobial factors to facilitate pathogen expulsion and eradication. Mast cell-derived proteases and growth factors protect tissues from insect/snake bites and exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Finally, mast cells release mediators that promote wound healing in the inflammatory, proliferative and remodelling stages. Since mast cells have such a powerful repertoire of functions, targeting mast cells may be an effective new strategy for immunotherapy of disease and design of novel vaccine adjuvants. In this review, we will examine how certain strategies that specifically target and activate mast cells can be used to treat and resolve infections, augment vaccines and heal wounds. Although these strategies may be protective in certain circumstances, mast cells activation may be deleterious if not carefully controlled and any therapeutic strategy using mast cell activators must be carefully explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Willows
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan Dr, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada;
| | - Marianna Kulka
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan Dr, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada;
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-780-641-1687
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35
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Yin JL, Wu Y, Yuan ZW, Gao XH, Chen HD. Advances in scarless foetal wound healing and prospects for scar reduction in adults. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12916. [PMID: 33058377 PMCID: PMC7653265 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Healing after mammalian skin injury involves the interaction between numerous cellular constituents and regulatory factors, which together form three overlapping phases: an inflammatory response, a proliferation phase and a remodelling phase. Any slight variation in these three stages can substantially alter the healing process and resultant production of scars. Of particular significance are the mechanisms responsible for the scar‐free phenomenon observed in the foetus. Uncovering such mechanisms would offer great expectations in the treatment of scars and therefore represents an important area of investigation. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of studies on injury‐induced skin regeneration within the foetus. The information contained in these studies provides an opportunity for new insights into the treatment of clinical scars based on the cellular and molecular processes involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Li Yin
- Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Education, Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Immunodermatological Theranostics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Education, Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Immunodermatological Theranostics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zheng-Wei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xing-Hua Gao
- Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Education, Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Immunodermatological Theranostics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Hong-Duo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Education, Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Immunodermatological Theranostics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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36
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Ud-Din S, Wilgus TA, Bayat A. Mast Cells in Skin Scarring: A Review of Animal and Human Research. Front Immunol 2020; 11:552205. [PMID: 33117341 PMCID: PMC7561364 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.552205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are an important immune cell type in the skin and play an active role during wound healing. MCs produce mediators that can enhance acute inflammation, stimulate re-epithelialisation as well as angiogenesis, and promote skin scarring. There is also a link between MCs and abnormal pathological cutaneous scarring, with increased numbers of MCs found in hypertrophic scars and keloid disease. However, there has been conflicting data regarding the specific role of MCs in scar formation in both animal and human studies. Whilst animal studies have proved to be valuable in studying the MC phenomenon in wound healing, the appropriate translation of these findings to cutaneous wound healing and scar formation in human subjects remains crucial to elucidate the role of these cells and target treatment effectively. Therefore, this perspective paper will focus on evaluation of the current evidence for the role of MCs in skin scarring in both animals and humans in order to identify common themes and future areas for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ud-Din
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research, Centre for Dermatology Research, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Traci A Wilgus
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ardeshir Bayat
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research, Centre for Dermatology Research, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,MRC-SA Wound Healing Unit, Division of Dermatology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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37
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Yamanaka-Takaichi M, Sugawara K, Sumitomo R, Tsuruta D. The Mast Cell-SCF-CB1 Interaction Is a Key Player in Seborrheic Keratosis. J Histochem Cytochem 2020; 68:461-471. [PMID: 32578480 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420938031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cell (MC) is an important player in the development of skin diseases, including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and urticaria. It is reported that MC infiltration and activation are observed around various types of tumors and speculated that MCs play key roles in their pathogenesis. As MCs in human seborrheic keratosis (SK) have not been well investigated, here we focused on the MCs in SK. The number of c-Kit and tryptase-positive MCs was significantly increased around the SK compared with the marginal lesion. Degranulated MCs were also increased around the tumors. Furthermore, MC growth factor, stem cell factor (SCF), expression within the SK was significantly upregulated compared with the marginal lesion. Interestingly, one of the cognitive regulators of SCF expression, cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) immunoreactivity was downregulated within the SK. Our results suggest that MCs play important roles in the pathogenesis of SK and that SCF can be also deeply involved in the development of SKs. Our current results highlight the CB1-SCF-MC interaction as a novel mechanism of SK development and this also will be utilized for developing a novel treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Yamanaka-Takaichi
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan (MY-T, KS, RS, DT)
| | - Koji Sugawara
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan (MY-T, KS, RS, DT)
| | - Rieko Sumitomo
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan (MY-T, KS, RS, DT)
| | - Daisuke Tsuruta
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan (MY-T, KS, RS, DT)
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Komi DEA, Khomtchouk K, Santa Maria PL. A Review of the Contribution of Mast Cells in Wound Healing: Involved Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2020; 58:298-312. [PMID: 30729428 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-019-08729-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs), apart from their classic role in allergy, contribute to a number of biologic processes including wound healing. In particular, two aspects of their histologic distribution within the skin have attracted the attention of researchers to study their wound healing role; they represent up to 8% of the total number of cells within the dermis and their cutaneous versions are localized adjacent to the epidermis and the subdermal vasculature and nerves. At the onset of a cutaneous injury, the accumulation of MCs and release of proinflammatory and immunomodulatory mediators have been well documented. The role of MC-derived mediators has been investigated through the stages of wound healing including inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. They contribute to hemostasis and clot formation by enhancing the expression of factor XIIIa in dermal dendrocytes through release of TNF-α, and contribute to clot stabilization. Keratinocytes, by secreting stem cell factor (SCF), recruit MCs to the site. MCs in return release inflammatory mediators, including predominantly histamine, VEGF, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8, that contribute to increase of endothelial permeability and vasodilation, and facilitate migration of inflammatory cells, mainly monocytes and neutrophils to the site of injury. MCs are capable of activating the fibroblasts and keratinocytes, the predominant cells involved in wound healing. MCs stimulate fibroblast proliferation during the proliferative phase via IL-4, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) to produce a new extracellular matrix (ECM). MC-derived mediators including fibroblast growth factor-2, VEGF, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), TGF-β, nerve growth factor (NGF), IL-4, and IL-8 contribute to neoangiogenesis, fibrinogenesis, or reepithelialization during the repair process. MC activation inhibition and targeting the MC-derived mediators are potential therapeutic strategies to improve wound healing through reduced inflammatory responses and scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Elieh Ali Komi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Kelly Khomtchouk
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 801 Welch Rd, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Peter Luke Santa Maria
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 801 Welch Rd, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Abstract
Background Keloids are defined as a benign dermal fibroproliferative disorder with no malignant potential. They tend to occur following trivial trauma or any form of trauma in genetically predisposed individuals. Keloids are known to grow beyond the margins of the wound and are common in certain body parts. The pathophysiology of keloid remains unclear, and fibroblasts have been presumed to be the main cells involved in keloid formation. Understanding the mechanism(s) of keloid formation could be critical in the identification of novel therapeutic regimen for the treatment of the keloids. Objective To review the pertinent literature and provide updated information on keloid pathophysiology. Data Source A Medline PubMed literature search was performed for relevant publications. Results A total of 66 publications were retrieved, with relevant publications on the etiology and pathogenesis as well as experimental studies on keloids. All articles were critically analyzed, and all the findings were edited and summarized. Conclusion There is still no consensus as on what is the main driving cell to keloid formation. One may, however, hypothesize that keloid formation could be a result of an abnormal response to tissue injury, hence resulting in an exaggerated inflammatory state characterized by entry of excessive inflammatory cells into the wound, including macrophages, lymphocytes, and mast cells. These cells seem to release cytokines including transforming growth factor β1 that stimulate fibroblasts to synthesize excess collagen, which is a hallmark of keloid disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand W Nangole
- Department of Surgery, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Po Box 2212 00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - George W Agak
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095 USA
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Mast cell-mediated splanchnic cholestatic inflammation. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2019; 43:561-574. [PMID: 30853494 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Splanchnic mast cells increase in chronic liver and in acute-on-chronic liver diseases. We administered Ketotifen, a mast cell stabilizer, and measured the mast cells in the splanchnic organs of cholestatic rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS These groups were studied: sham-operated rats (S; n = 15), untreated microsurgical cholestasic rats (C; n = 20) and rats treated with Ketotifen: early (SK-e; n = 20 and CKe; n = 18), and late (SK-l; n = 15 and CK-l; n = 14). RESULTS The cholestatic rats showed systemic and splanchnic impairments, such as ascites, portal hypertension, and biliary proliferation and fibrosis. The rats also showed a splanchnic increase of TNF-α, IL-1β and MCP-1, and a reduction of IL-4, IL-10 and antioxidants. An increase of VEGF in the ileum and mesenteric lymphatic complex was associated with a liver reduction of TGF-β1. Ketotifen reduces the degree of hepatic insufficiency and the splanchnic inflammatory mediators, as well as VEGF and TGF-ß1 levels. Ketotifen also reduces the connective tissue mast cells in the mesenteric lymphatic complex of cholestatic rats, while increases the hepatic mucosal mast cells. CONCLUSIONS In cholestatic rats, Ketotifen improves liver function and ascites, and also reduces pro-inflammatory mediators in the splanchnic area. The decrease in connective tissue mast cells in the mesenteric lymphatic complex due to the administration of Ketotifen would lead to the improvement of the inflammatory splanchnic response, and consequently the abovementioned complications.
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Galectin-1 and Galectin-3 and Their Potential Binding Partners in the Dermal Thickening of Keloid Tissues. Am J Dermatopathol 2019; 41:193-204. [PMID: 30801341 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000001284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Keloids are defined histopathologically as an inflammatory disorder characterized by exhibiting numerous fibroblasts, abnormal vascularization, increased number of proinflammatory immune cells as well as uncontrolled cell proliferation, and exacerbated and disorganized deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules. Importantly, many of these ECM molecules display N- and O-linked glycan residues and are considered as potential targets for galectin-1 (Gal-1) and galectin-3 (Gal-3). Nevertheless, the presence and localization of Gal-1 and Gal-3 as well as the interactions with some of their binding partners in keloid tissues have not been considered. Here, we show that in the dermal thickening of keloids, versican, syndecan-1, fibronectin, thrombospondin-1, tenascin C, CD44, integrin β1, and N-cadherin were immunolocalized in the elongated fibroblasts that were close to the immune cell infiltrate, attached to collagen bundles, and around the microvasculature and in some immune cells. We also show that Gal-1 and Gal-3 were present in the cytoplasm and along the cell membrane of some fibroblasts and immune and endothelial cells of the dermal thickening. We suggest that Gal-1 and Gal-3, in concert with some of the ECM molecules produced by fibroblasts and by immune cells, counteract the inflammatory response in keloids. We also proposed that Gal-1 and Gal-3 through their binding partners may form a supramolecular structure at the cell surface of fibroblasts, immune cells, endothelial cells, and in the extracellular space that might influence the fibroblast morphology, adhesion, proliferation, migration, and survival as well as the inflammatory responses.
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Jian X, Qu L, Wang Y, Zou Q, Zhao Q, Chen S, Gao X, Chen H, He C. Trichostatin A‑induced miR‑30a‑5p regulates apoptosis and proliferation of keloid fibroblasts via targeting BCL2. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:5251-5262. [PMID: 31059100 PMCID: PMC6522919 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Keloids are benign fibrous overgrowths that occur as a result of abnormal wound healing following cutaneous injury. MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are short non-coding RNAs that serve critical roles in numerous important biological processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. However, their role in keloid development remains largely unknown. In the present study, the role of miR-30a-5p, a miRNA regulated by Trichostatin A (TSA), in apoptosis within cultured keloid fibroblasts was investigated. An MTT assay was used to detect the proliferation of cultured keloid fibroblasts treated with TSA. Cell apoptosis and cell cycle phases were analyzed using flow cytometry. In addition, an miRNA microarray was performed to compare expression profiles between cultured keloid fibroblasts treated with or without 1,000 nM TSA. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis was conducted to estimate miRNA expression levels. The direct target of miR-30a-5p was identified using a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Western blotting was employed to assess protein expression levels in keloid fibroblasts. The results demonstrated that TSA inhibited the proliferation of keloid fibroblasts in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The miRNA microarray revealed alterations in the expression of numerous miRNA sequences in response to TSA when compared with controls. Notably, the expression of miR-30a-5p was downregulated in keloid tissues. In addition, overexpression of miR-30a-5p induced apoptosis by targeting B-cell lymphoma 2, which was similar to that observed in response to TSA. These results provide important information regarding a novel miR-30a-5p-mediated signaling pathway induced by TSA treatment, and suggest a potential use for TSA and miR-30a-5p as effective therapeutic strategies for keloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Jian
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Le Qu
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yunlin Wang
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Qianlei Zou
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xinghua Gao
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Hongduo Chen
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Chundi He
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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The Dynamics of the Skin's Immune System. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081811. [PMID: 31013709 PMCID: PMC6515324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is a complex organ that has devised numerous strategies, such as physical, chemical, and microbiological barriers, to protect the host from external insults. In addition, the skin contains an intricate network of immune cells resident to the tissue, crucial for host defense as well as tissue homeostasis. In the event of an insult, the skin-resident immune cells are crucial not only for prevention of infection but also for tissue reconstruction. Deregulation of immune responses often leads to impaired healing and poor tissue restoration and function. In this review, we will discuss the defensive components of the skin and focus on the function of skin-resident immune cells in homeostasis and their role in wound healing.
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44
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Lateef Z, Stuart G, Jones N, Mercer A, Fleming S, Wise L. The Cutaneous Inflammatory Response to Thermal Burn Injury in a Murine Model. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030538. [PMID: 30696002 PMCID: PMC6387172 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many burn interventions aim to target the inflammatory response as a means of enhancing healing or limiting hypertrophic scarring. Murine models of human burns have been developed, but the inflammatory response to injury in these models has not been well defined. The aim of this study was to profile inflammatory cell populations and gene expression relative to healing and scarring in a murine model of thermal burns. Cutaneous injuries were created on the dorsal region of C57Bl/6 mice using a heated metal rod. Animals were euthanized at selected time points over ten weeks, with the lesions evaluated using macroscopic measurements, histology, immunofluorescent histochemistry and quantitative PCR. The burn method generated a reproducible, partial-thickness injury that healed within two weeks through both contraction and re-epithelialization, in a manner similar to human burns. The injury caused an immediate increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression, coinciding with an influx of neutrophils, and the disappearance of Langerhans cells and mast cells. This preceded an influx of dendritic cells and macrophages, a quarter of which displayed an inflammatory (M1) phenotype, with both populations peaking at closure. As with human burns, the residual scar increased in size, epidermal and dermal thickness, and mast cell numbers over 10 weeks, but abnormal collagen I-collagen III ratios, fibre organization and macrophage populations resolved 3–4 weeks after closure. Characterisation of the inflammatory response in this promising murine burn model will assist future studies of burn complications and aid in the preclinical testing of new anti-inflammatory and anti-scarring therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zabeen Lateef
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Gabriella Stuart
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Nicola Jones
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Andrew Mercer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Stephen Fleming
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Lyn Wise
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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Rodrigues M, Kosaric N, Bonham CA, Gurtner GC. Wound Healing: A Cellular Perspective. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:665-706. [PMID: 30475656 PMCID: PMC6442927 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00067.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1168] [Impact Index Per Article: 233.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is one of the most complex processes in the human body. It involves the spatial and temporal synchronization of a variety of cell types with distinct roles in the phases of hemostasis, inflammation, growth, re-epithelialization, and remodeling. With the evolution of single cell technologies, it has been possible to uncover phenotypic and functional heterogeneity within several of these cell types. There have also been discoveries of rare, stem cell subsets within the skin, which are unipotent in the uninjured state, but become multipotent following skin injury. Unraveling the roles of each of these cell types and their interactions with each other is important in understanding the mechanisms of normal wound closure. Changes in the microenvironment including alterations in mechanical forces, oxygen levels, chemokines, extracellular matrix and growth factor synthesis directly impact cellular recruitment and activation, leading to impaired states of wound healing. Single cell technologies can be used to decipher these cellular alterations in diseased states such as in chronic wounds and hypertrophic scarring so that effective therapeutic solutions for healing wounds can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Rodrigues
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Nina Kosaric
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Clark A Bonham
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Geoffrey C Gurtner
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
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46
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Carcinogenesis: the cancer cell–mast cell connection. Inflamm Res 2018; 68:103-116. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-018-1201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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47
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Jin Y, Zhang C, Wang H, Zhou G, Wang X, Zhang R, Chen S, Ren J, Chen L, Dang D, Zhang P, Xi Y, Wu W, Zhang W, Duan G. Mast cells contribute to Enterovirus 71 infection-induced pulmonary edema in neonatal mice. J Transl Med 2018; 98:1039-1051. [PMID: 29765110 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0075-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus (EV) 71 infection has been widely acknowledged as the leading cause of severe hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), which may rapidly lead to fatal pulmonary edema. In this study, we established a mouse model for EV71 infection exhibiting high incidence of severe symptoms with pulmonary edema. Mast cells (MCs) accumulation, activation and allergic inflammation were found in the brains, lungs and skeletal muscle of mice after EV71 infection, especially in the lungs of mice. Levels of histamine, platelet-activating factor (PAF), interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nitric oxide (NO), endocrine gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (EG-VEGF) and noradrenaline (NA) were increased in EV71-infected lungs. In addition, EV71 infection reduced the number of pulmonary T cells, dendritic cells (DCs) and monocytes, and increased the number of lung eosinophils, Tregs and MCs. MCs number and tryptase expression in target organs or tissues posed a trend towards an increase from control to severe mice. There were positive correlations between MCs number in the brains (r = 0.701, P = 0.003), lungs (r = 0.802, P < 0.0001), skeletal muscles (r = 0.737, P = 0.001) and mean clinical score. Thus, our results suggested that MCs contributed to the pulmonary edema during EV71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefei Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang, Henan, People's Republic of China.,Research Center for Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyuan Zhou
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangpeng Wang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang, Henan, People's Republic of China.,Research Center for Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongguang Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaiyin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingchao Ren
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang, Henan, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dejian Dang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanlin Xi
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Wu
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang, Henan, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China.
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48
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Larouche J, Sheoran S, Maruyama K, Martino MM. Immune Regulation of Skin Wound Healing: Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Targets. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2018; 7:209-231. [PMID: 29984112 PMCID: PMC6032665 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2017.0761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: The immune system plays a central role in orchestrating the tissue healing process. Hence, controlling the immune system to promote tissue repair and regeneration is an attractive approach when designing regenerative strategies. This review discusses the pathophysiology of both acute and chronic wounds and possible strategies to control the immune system to accelerate chronic wound closure and promote skin regeneration (scar-less healing) of acute wounds. Recent Advances: Recent studies have revealed the key roles of various immune cells and immune mediators in skin repair. Thus, immune components have been targeted to promote chronic wound repair or skin regeneration and several growth factors, cytokines, and biomaterials have shown promising results in animal models. However, these novel strategies are often struggling to meet efficacy standards in clinical trials, partly due to inadequate drug delivery systems and safety concerns. Critical Issues: Excess inflammation is a major culprit in the dysregulation of normal wound healing, and further limiting inflammation effectively reduces scarring. However, current knowledge is insufficient to efficiently control inflammation and specific immune cells. This is further complicated by inadequate drug delivery methods. Future Directions: Improving our understanding of the molecular pathways through which the immune system controls the wound healing process could facilitate the design of novel regenerative therapies. Additionally, better delivery systems may make current and future therapies more effective. To promote the entry of current regenerative strategies into clinical trials, more evidence on their safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness is also needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Larouche
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sumit Sheoran
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kenta Maruyama
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mikaël M. Martino
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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49
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Akershoek JJ, Vlig M, Brouwer K, Talhout W, Beelen RH, Middelkoop E, Ulrich MM. The presence of tissue renin-angiotensin system components in human burn wounds and scars. BURNS OPEN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burnso.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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50
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Brash DE, Goncalves LCP, Bechara EJH. Chemiexcitation and Its Implications for Disease. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:527-541. [PMID: 29751974 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Quantum mechanics rarely extends to molecular medicine. Recently, the pigment melanin was found to be susceptible to chemiexcitation, in which an electron is chemically excited to a high-energy molecular orbital. In invertebrates, chemiexcitation causes bioluminescence; in mammals, a higher-energy process involving melanin transfers energy to DNA without photons, creating the lethal and mutagenic cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer that can cause melanoma. This process is initiated by NO and O2- radicals, the formation of which can be triggered by ultraviolet light or inflammation. Several chronic diseases share two properties: inflammation generates these radicals across the tissue, and the diseased cells lie near melanin. We propose that chemiexcitation may be an upstream event in numerous human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E Brash
- Departments of Therapeutic Radiology and Dermatology, and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA.
| | - Leticia C P Goncalves
- Departments of Therapeutic Radiology and Dermatology, and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA
| | - Etelvino J H Bechara
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05513-970 SP, and Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo 09972-270 SP, Brazil
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