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Cano-Fernández M, Esteban J. New antibiofilm strategies for the management of nontuberculous mycobacteria diseases. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2024. [PMID: 39365052 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2024.2412250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 09/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) represent a group of microorganisms comprising more than 190 species. NTM infections have increased recently, and their treatment is a major challenge because to their resistance to conventional treatments. This review focuses on innovative strategies aimed at eradicating NTM biofilms, a critical factor in their resistance. Important areas addressed include biofilm formation mechanisms, current therapeutic challenges, and novel treatment approaches. The main objective is to compile and analyze information on these emerging strategies, identifying pivotal research directions and recent advancements. AREAS COVERED A review of the scientific literature was conducted to identify emerging novel therapies for the treatment of NTM infections and to explore potential synergies with existing treatments. EXPERT OPINION Experts highlights a limited understanding of optimal treatment regimens, often supported by insufficient scientific evidence. Current therapies are typically prolonged, involve multiple antibiotics with adverse effects, and frequently do not achieve patient cure. Certain species are even considered virtually impossible to eradicate. A thorough understanding of these new approaches is imperative for improving patients outcomes. This review provides a robust foundation for developing of more effective antibacterial strategies, which are essential because of the increasing incidence of NTM infections and the limitations of existing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaime Esteban
- Dept. of Clinical Microbiology. IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM. Madrid, Spain
- CIBERINFEC-CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Madrid, Spain
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2
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Mazzuchini MP, Lisboa FP, Segabinazzi LG, Canisso IF. Equine uterine sanitizer: in vitro inhibition of endometritis-causing microorganisms and its stability to dilute antibiotics. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 141:105163. [PMID: 39142617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Endometritis is the leading cause of mare subfertility. Most mares respond to standard therapy, but alternative therapies have been developed for mares failing to respond. This study aimed to investigate a commercially available, yet unassessed, product labeled as a uterine sanitizer to determine the in vitro antimicrobial activity against microorganisms associated with endometritis and its in vitro stability to dilute antibiotics. In experiment 1, the microdilution broth technique and antimicrobial effects were assessed against Escherichia sp, Staphylococcus sp., Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas sp., and Candida sp. Percentage inhibition was calculated by comparing the optical density. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 100% was determined using the resazurin dye technique. MIC 50% and 90% were determined using a dose-response non-linear regression. In experiment 2, the uterine sanitizer was used to dilute commonly used antibiotics achieving a final volume of 90 mL at 5°C, 21°C, and 37°C. The pH was measured at 0, 1, 3, 6, and 24 h after dilution. The uterine sanitizer had inhibitory properties against all microorganisms; Escherichia sp. being the most susceptible, and Pseudomonas sp. the most resistant. The uterine sanitizer had an acidic pH=4; however, when combined with the antibiotics, the pH of the antibiotic remained unchanged with the different temperatures and did not precipitate. In conclusion, the uterine sanitizer showed antimicrobial effects against endometritis-causing microorganisms. The dilution of antibiotics in the uterine sanitizer was stable and this association could potentiate the antimicrobial effects. Uterine sanitizer's safety and clinical efficacy in vivo remain to be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana P Mazzuchini
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana IL 61802, USA; Department of Animal Reproduction and Surgery, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando P Lisboa
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Surgery, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil; University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Igor F Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana IL 61802, USA.
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3
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Antonova D, Nichiporenko A, Sobinina M, Wang Y, Vishnyakov IE, Moiseenko A, Kurdyumova I, Chesnokov YM, Stepanchikova E, Bourkaltseva M, Samygina VR, Khodorkovskii M, Sokolova OS, Yakunina MV. Genomic transfer via membrane vesicle: a strategy of giant phage phiKZ for early infection. J Virol 2024:e0020524. [PMID: 39258909 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00205-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
During infection, the giant phiKZ phage forms a specialized structure at the center of the host cell called the phage nucleus. This structure is crucial for safeguarding viral DNA against bacterial nucleases and for segregating the transcriptional activities of late genes. Here, we describe a morphological entity, the early phage infection (EPI) vesicle, which appears to be responsible for earlier gene segregation at the beginning of the infection process. Using cryo-electron microscopy, electron tomography (ET), and fluorescence microscopy with membrane-specific dyes, we demonstrated that the EPI vesicle is enclosed in a lipid bilayer originating, apparently, from the inner membrane of the bacterial cell. Our investigations further disclose that the phiKZ EPI vesicle contains both viral DNA and viral RNA polymerase (vRNAP). We have observed that the EPI vesicle migrates from the cell pole to the center of the bacterial cell together with ChmA, the primary protein of the phage nucleus. The phage DNA is transported into the phage nucleus after phage maturation, but the EPI vesicle remains outside. We hypothesized that the EPI vesicle acts as a membrane transport agent, efficiently delivering phage DNA to the phage nucleus while protecting it from the nucleases of the bacterium. IMPORTANCE Our study shed light on the processes of phage phiKZ early infection stage, expanding our understanding of possible strategies for the development of phage infection. We show that phiKZ virion content during injection is packed inside special membrane structures called early phage infection (EPI) membrane vesicles originating from the bacterial inner cell membrane. We demonstrated the EPI vesicle fulfilled the role of the safety transport unit for the phage genome to the phage nucleus, where the phage DNA would be replicated and protected from bacterial immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Antonova
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Research and Innovation Complex "Nanobiotechnologies", Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Nichiporenko
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Research and Innovation Complex "Nanobiotechnologies", Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mariia Sobinina
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Research and Innovation Complex "Nanobiotechnologies", Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yueqi Wang
- Faculty of Biology, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Dayun New Town, Longgang District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Innokentii E Vishnyakov
- Group of Molecular Cytology of Prokaryotes and Bacterial Invasion, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey Moiseenko
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Inna Kurdyumova
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Research and Innovation Complex "Nanobiotechnologies", Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yuri M Chesnokov
- Kurchatov Complex of NBICS Nature-Like Technologies, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Valeriya R Samygina
- Kurchatov Complex of NBICS Nature-Like Technologies, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Khodorkovskii
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Research and Innovation Complex "Nanobiotechnologies", Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga S Sokolova
- Faculty of Biology, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Dayun New Town, Longgang District, Shenzhen, China
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria V Yakunina
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Research and Innovation Complex "Nanobiotechnologies", Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Dayun New Town, Longgang District, Shenzhen, China
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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4
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Wang WX, Wu JZ, Zhang BL, Yu JY, Han LM, Lu XL, Li H, Fu SY, Ren YY, Dong H, Xu Y, Wang GT, Gao JH, Wang C, Chen XZ, Liu DX, Huang Y, Yu JH, Wang SW, Yang YF, Chen W. Phage therapy combats pan drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection safely and efficiently. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2024; 64:107220. [PMID: 38810939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2024.107220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Phage therapy offers a promising approach to combat the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance. Yet, key questions remain regarding dosage, administration routes, combination therapy, and the causes of therapeutic failure. In this study, we focused on a novel lytic phage, ФAb4B, which specifically targeted the Acinetobacter baumannii strains with KL160 capsular polysaccharide, including the pan-drug resistant A. baumannii YQ4. ФAb4B exhibited the ability to effectively inhibit biofilm formation and eradicate mature biofilms independently of dosage. Additionally, it demonstrated a wide spectrum of antibiotic-phage synergy and did not show any cytotoxic or haemolytic effects. Continuous phage injections, both intraperitoneally and intravenously over 7 d, showed no acute toxicity in vivo. Importantly, phage therapy significantly improved neutrophil counts, outperforming ciprofloxacin. However, excessive phage injections suppressed neutrophil levels. The combinatorial treatment of phage-ciprofloxacin rescued 91% of the mice, a superior outcome compared to phage alone (67%). The efficacy of the combinatorial treatment was independent of phage dosage. Notably, prophylactic administration of the combinatorial regimen provided no protection, but even when combined with a delayed therapeutic regimen, it saved all the mice. Bacterial resistance to the phage was not a contributing factor to treatment failure. Our preclinical study systematically describes the lytic phage's effectiveness in both in vitro and in vivo settings, filling in crucial details about phage treatment against bacteriemia caused by A. baumannii, which will provide a robust foundation for the future of phage therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Xiao Wang
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia-Zhen Wu
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bai-Ling Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiao-Yang Yu
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Resources Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li-Mei Han
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Liang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Resources Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shi-Yong Fu
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun-Yao Ren
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Gong-Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resources Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing-Han Gao
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiu-Zhen Chen
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Du-Xian Liu
- Department of pathology, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated Hospital to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Infection Control and Management, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated Hospital to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Hong Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated Hospital to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shi-Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resources Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yong-Feng Yang
- The Clinical Infectious Disease Center of Nanjing, Nanjing, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
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Oliva G, Vigliotta G, Di Stasio L, Vasca E, Castiglione S. Development of Broad-Range Microbial Minimal Culture Medium for Lanthanide Studies. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1531. [PMID: 39203373 PMCID: PMC11356471 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12081531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Rare Earth Elements (REE), also known as Lanthanides (Ln3+), are a group of 17 elements showing peculiar physical and chemical properties. Unlike technological applications, very little is known about the physiological role and toxicity of Ln3+ on biological systems, in particular on microorganisms (e.g., bacteria), which represent the most abundant domains on our planet. Up to now, very limited studies have been conducted due to Ln3+ precipitation with some anions commonly present in the culture media. Therefore, the development of a minimal medium is essential to allow the study of Ln3+-microbial interactions, limiting considerably the precipitation of insoluble salts. In this regard, a new minimal culture medium capable of solubilizing large amounts of Ln3+ and allowing the growth of different microbial taxa was successfully developed. Assays have shown that the medium is capable of solubilizing Ln3+ up to 100 times more than other common culture media and allowing the growth of 63 bacteria and 5 fungi. The kinetic growth of one yeast and one Gram-positive bacterium has been defined, proving to support superior growth and biomass compared to other commonly used minimal media. Moreover, the sensitivity and uptake/absorption of a Bacillus stratosphericus strain were tested, highlighting its capability to tolerate concentrations up to 10 mM of either Cerium, Gadolinium or Lanthanum and accumulate different quantities of the three.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Vigliotta
- Department of Chemistry and Biology “A. Zambelli”, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; (G.O.); (L.D.S.); (E.V.); (S.C.)
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6
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Amiriantz S, Hoummady S, Jarousse E, Roudeix S, Philippon T. Investigating the Bactericidal Activity of an Ocular Solution Containing EDTA, Tris, and Polysorbate 80 and Its Impact on the In Vitro Efficacy of Neomycin Sulfate against Staphylococcus aureus: A Preliminary Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:611. [PMID: 39061293 PMCID: PMC11273460 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the current context of emerging and spreading antimicrobial resistance in human and animal infections, new strategies need to be developed to improve the efficacy of commonly prescribed antibiotics and preserve more critical compounds for multi-drug-resistant infections. This preliminary study aimed at evaluating the benefits of an eye cleaning solution containing 0.1% EDTA, 0.02% Tris, and 0.1% Polysorbate 80 in veterinary ophthalmology. A first in vitro study was performed to assess the bactericidal activity of the test solution against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. A second in vitro study evaluated the impact of the test solution on the antimicrobial activity of neomycin against Staphylococcus aureus. The test solution alone did not show bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The test solution seemed to increase the activity of Neomycin Sulfate against Staphylococcus aureus. These findings warrant further research to better characterize the impact on the bactericidal activity of antimicrobials used in veterinary ocular surface infections of the solution containing 0.1% EDTA, 0.02% Tris, and 0.1% Polysorbate 80 as well as of each individual ingredient for a thorough understanding of how this test solution could provide a new strategy to address the growing antimicrobial resistance issue worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Amiriantz
- Dômes Pharma, ZA Champ Lamet, 3 Rue André Citroën, 63430 Pont-du-Château, France
| | - Sara Hoummady
- Dômes Pharma, ZA Champ Lamet, 3 Rue André Citroën, 63430 Pont-du-Château, France
- Transformations et Agro-Ressources, ULR 7519, Institut Polytechnique Unilasalle—Collège Vétérinaire, Université d’Artois, 76130 Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Elodie Jarousse
- Groupe Icare, Biopôle Limagne, 6 Rue Emile Duclaux, 63360 Saint Beauzire, France
| | - Séverine Roudeix
- Groupe Icare, Biopôle Limagne, 6 Rue Emile Duclaux, 63360 Saint Beauzire, France
| | - Thomas Philippon
- Dômes Pharma, ZA Champ Lamet, 3 Rue André Citroën, 63430 Pont-du-Château, France
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7
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Cui XD, Liu XK, Ma XY, Li SH, Zhang JK, Han RJ, Yi KF, Liu JH, Pan YS, He DD, Hu GZ, Zhai YJ. Restoring colistin sensitivity in colistin-resistant Salmonella and Escherichia coli: combinatorial use of berberine and EDTA with colistin. mSphere 2024; 9:e0018224. [PMID: 38738873 PMCID: PMC11332338 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00182-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The appearance and prevalence of multidrug-resistance (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) have limited our antibiotic capacity to control bacterial infections. The clinical efficacy of colistin (COL), considered as the "last resort" for treating GNB infections, has been severely hindered by its increased use as well as the emergence and prevalence of mobile colistin resistance (MCR)-mediated acquired drug resistance. Identifying promising compounds to restore antibiotic activity is becoming an effective strategy to alleviate the crisis of increasing MDR. We first demonstrated that the combination of berberine (BBR) and EDTA substantially restored COL sensitivity against COL-resistant Salmonella and Escherichia coli. Molecular docking indicated that BBR can interact with MCR-1 and the efflux pump system AcrAB-TolC, and BBR combined with EDTA downregulated the expression level of mcr-1 and tolC. Mechanically, BBR combined with EDTA could increase bacterial membrane damage, inhibit the function of multidrug efflux pump, and promote oxidative damage, thereby boosting the action of COL. In addition, transcriptome analysis found that the combination of BBR and EDTA can accelerate the tricarboxylic acid cycle, inhibit cationic antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) resistance, and attenuate Salmonella virulence. Notably, the combination of BBR and EDTA with COL significantly reduced the bacterial load in the liver and spleen of a mice model infected with Salmonella. Our findings revealed that BBR and EDTA can be used as adjuvants collectively with COL to synergistically reverse the COL resistance of bacteria. IMPORTANCE Colistin is last-resort antibiotic used to treat serious clinical infections caused by MDR bacterial pathogens. The recent emergence of transferable plasmid-mediated COL resistance gene mcr-1 has raised the specter of a rapid worldwide spread of COL resistance. Coupled with the fact of barren antibiotic development pipeline nowadays, a critical approach is to revitalize existing antibiotics using antibiotic adjuvants. Our research showed that berberine combined with EDTA effectively reversed COL resistance both in vivo and in vitro through multiple modes of action. The discovery of berberine in combination with EDTA as a new and safe COL adjuvant provides a therapeutic regimen for combating Gram-negative bacteria infections. Our findings provide a potential therapeutic option using existing antibiotics in combination with antibiotic adjuvants and address the prevalent infections caused by MDR Gram-negative pathogens worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-die Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-kang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-yuan Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuai-hua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jun-kai Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rong-jia Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kai-fang Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jian-hua Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu-shan Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dan-dan He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gong-zheng Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ya-jun Zhai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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Singhai S, Mantri S, Paul B, Dube K, Taori KP. Cryotherapy in the Management of Vital Pulp: A Case Report. Cureus 2024; 16:e61574. [PMID: 38962642 PMCID: PMC11221381 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.61574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryotherapy in vital pulp treatment is a procedure that involves the use of extreme cold temperatures to manage inflammation and promote healing in the dental pulp tissue. It has shown potential in preserving pulp vitality and reducing post-operative discomfort in procedures such as partial and full pulpotomy. Vital pulp therapy (VPT) aims to preserve the vitality and function of the dental pulp. With the proper diagnosis, technique, and materials, it can effectively treat moderately inflamed pulp and minimize the need for more invasive procedures. This article presents a case of vital pulp cryotherapy in a patient having moderately inflamed pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Singhai
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Hitkarini Dental College and Hospital, Jabalpur, IND
| | - Shivkumar Mantri
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Hitkarini Dental College and Hospital, Jabalpur, IND
| | - Bonny Paul
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Hitkarini Dental College and Hospital, Jabalpur, IND
| | - Kavita Dube
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Hitkarini Dental College and Hospital, Jabalpur, IND
| | - Kushal P Taori
- Department of Orthodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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9
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Kolarijani NR, Mirzaii M, Zamani S, Maghsoodifar H, Naeiji M, Douki SAHS, Salehi M, Fazli M. Assessment of the ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus to create biofilms during wound healing in a rat model treated with carboxymethyl cellulose/carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogel containing EDTA. Int Wound J 2024; 21:e14878. [PMID: 38682897 PMCID: PMC11057379 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.14878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to develop a carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) hydrogel containing ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) as the materials for wound healing. CMC and CMCS solutions were prepared with a concentration of 4% (w/v). These solutions were made using normal saline serum with a concentration of 0.5% (v/v). Additionally, EDTA with the concentrations of 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2% (w/v) was included in the prepared polymer solution. The analysis of the hydrogels revealed that they possess porous structures with interconnected pores, with average in size 88.71 ± 5.93 μm. The hydrogels exhibited a swelling capacity of up to 60% of their initial weight within 24 h, as indicated by the weight loss and swelling measurements. The antibacterial experiments showed that the formulated CMC/CMCS/EDTA 0.5% hydrogel inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Moreover, the produced hydrogels were haemocompatible and biocompatible. At the last stage, the evaluation of wound healing in the animal model demonstrated that the use of the produced hydrogels significantly improved the process of wound healing. Finally, the findings substantiated the effectiveness of the formulated hydrogels as the materials for promoting wound healing and antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehdi Mirzaii
- Department of Microbiology, School of MedicineShahroud University of Medical SciencesShahroudIran
| | - Sepehr Zamani
- Student Research Committee, School of MedicineShahroud University of Medical SciencesShahroudIran
| | - Hasan Maghsoodifar
- Student Research Committee, School of MedicineShahroud University of Medical SciencesShahroudIran
| | - Mahdi Naeiji
- Student Research Committee, School of MedicineShahroud University of Medical SciencesShahroudIran
| | | | - Majid Salehi
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of MedicineShahroud University of Medical SciencesShahroudIran
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Research CenterShahroud University of Medical SciencesShahroudIran
- Health Technology Incubator CenterShahroud University of Medical SciencesShahroudIran
| | - Mozhgan Fazli
- School of MedicineShahroud University of Medical SciencesShahroudIran
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10
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Srivastava A, Verma N, Kumar V, Apoorva P, Agarwal V. Biofilm inhibition/eradication: exploring strategies and confronting challenges in combatting biofilm. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:212. [PMID: 38616221 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03938-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms enclosed in a self-produced extracellular matrix, posing a significant threat to different sectors, including healthcare and industry. This review provides an overview of the challenges faced due to biofilm formation and different novel strategies that can combat biofilm formation. Bacteria inside the biofilm exhibit increased resistance against different antimicrobial agents, including conventional antibiotics, which can lead to severe problems in livestock and animals, including humans. In addition, biofilm formation also imposes heavy economic pressure on industries. Hence it becomes necessary to explore newer alternatives to eradicate biofilms effectively without applying selection pressure on the bacteria. Excessive usage of antibiotics may also lead to an increase in the number of resistant strains as bacteria employ an advanced antimicrobial resistance mechanism. This review provides insight into multifaceted technologies like quorum sensing inhibition, enzymes, antimicrobial peptides, bacteriophage, phytocompounds, and nanotechnology to neutralize biofilms without developing antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Furthermore, it will pave the way for developing newer therapeutic agents to deal with biofilms more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmol Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211004, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nidhi Verma
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211004, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211004, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pragati Apoorva
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211004, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vishnu Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211004, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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11
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Piao Y, Himbert S, Li Z, Liu J, Zhao Z, Yu H, Liu S, Shao S, Fefer M, Rheinstädter MC, Shen Y. Alkylated EDTA potentiates antibacterial photodynamic activity of protoporphyrin. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:161. [PMID: 38589895 PMCID: PMC11003131 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02353-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has garnered significant attention due to the scarcity of new antibiotics in development. Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX)-mediated photodynamic therapy shows promise as a novel antibacterial strategy, serving as an alternative to antibiotics. However, the poor solubility of PpIX and its tendency to aggregate greatly hinder its photodynamic efficacy. In this study, we demonstrate that alkylated EDTA derivatives (aEDTA), particularly C14-EDTA, can enhance the solubility of PpIX by facilitating its dispersion in aqueous solutions. The combination of C14-EDTA and PpIX exhibits potent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) when exposed to LED light irradiation. Furthermore, this combination effectively eradicates S. aureus biofilms, which are known to be strongly resistant to antibiotics, and demonstrates high therapeutic efficacy in an animal model of infected ulcers. Mechanistic studies reveal that C14-EDTA can disrupt PpIX crystallization, increase bacterial membrane permeability and sequester divalent cations, thereby improving the accumulation of PpIX in bacteria. This, in turn, enhances reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the antibacterial photodynamic activity. Overall, this effective strategy holds great promise in combating antibiotic-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Piao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Sebastian Himbert
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 3Z5, Canada.
| | - Zifan Li
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Suncor AgroScience, Mississauga, ON, L5K 1A8, Canada
| | - Zhihao Zhao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Huahai Yu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shuangshuang Liu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shiqun Shao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Michael Fefer
- Suncor AgroScience, Mississauga, ON, L5K 1A8, Canada
| | - Maikel C Rheinstädter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 3Z5, Canada.
| | - Youqing Shen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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12
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Snider CL, Glover CJ, Grant DA, Grant SA. Investigation of Liquid Collagen Ink for Three-Dimensional Printing. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:490. [PMID: 38675300 PMCID: PMC11051860 DOI: 10.3390/mi15040490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing provides more versatility in the fabrication of scaffold materials for hard and soft tissue replacement, but a critical component is the ink. The ink solution should be biocompatible, stable, and able to maintain scaffold shape, size, and function once printed. This paper describes the development of a collagen ink that remains in a liquid pre-fibrillized state prior to printing. The liquid stability occurs due to the incorporation of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) during dialysis of the collagen. Collagen inks were 3D-printed using two different printers. The resulting scaffolds were further processed using two different chemical crosslinkers, 1-Ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl]carbodiimide hydrochloride)/N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS) and genipin; gold nanoparticles were conjugated to the scaffolds. The 3D-printed scaffolds were characterized to determine their extrudability, stability, amount of AuNP conjugated, and overall biocompatibility via cell culture studies using fibroblast cells and stroma cells. The results demonstrated that the liquid collagen ink was amendable to 3D printing and was able to maintain its 3D shape. The scaffolds could be conjugated with gold nanoparticles and demonstrated enhanced biocompatibility. It was concluded that the liquid collagen ink is a good candidate material for the 3D printing of tissue scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David A. Grant
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
| | - Sheila A. Grant
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
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13
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Kim SH, Hind CK, Fernandes GFS, Wu J, Semenya D, Clifford M, Marsh C, Anselmi S, Mason AJ, Bruce KD, Sutton JM, Castagnolo D. Development of Novel Membrane Disrupting Lipoguanidine Compounds Sensitizing Gram-Negative Bacteria to Antibiotics. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:239-249. [PMID: 38352828 PMCID: PMC10860194 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
A new class of amphiphilic molecules, the lipoguanidines, designed as hybrids of guanidine and fatty acid compounds, has been synthesized and developed. The new molecules present both a guanidine polar head and a lipophilic tail that allow them to disrupt bacterial membranes and to sensitize Gram-negative bacteria to the action of the narrow-spectrum antibiotics rifampicin and novobiocin. The lipoguanidine 5g sensitizes Klebsiella pneumonia, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli to rifampicin, thereby reducing the antibiotic minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) up to 256-fold. Similarly, 5g is able to potentiate novobiocin up to 64-fold, thereby showing a broad spectrum of antibiotic potentiating activity. Toxicity and mechanism studies revealed the potential of 5g to work synergistically with rifampicin through the disruption of bacterial membranes without affecting eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Heun Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte K. Hind
- Antimicrobial
Discovery, Development and Diagnostics, Vaccine Development and Evaluation
Centre, UKHSA Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - Guilherme F. S. Fernandes
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jingyue Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Dorothy Semenya
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie Clifford
- Antimicrobial
Discovery, Development and Diagnostics, Vaccine Development and Evaluation
Centre, UKHSA Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - Caleb Marsh
- Antimicrobial
Discovery, Development and Diagnostics, Vaccine Development and Evaluation
Centre, UKHSA Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Anselmi
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - A. James Mason
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth D. Bruce
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - J. Mark Sutton
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
- Antimicrobial
Discovery, Development and Diagnostics, Vaccine Development and Evaluation
Centre, UKHSA Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Castagnolo
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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14
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Serizawa T, Yamaguchi S, Sugiura K, Marten R, Yamamoto A, Hata Y, Sawada T, Tanaka H, Tanaka M. Antibacterial Synthetic Nanocelluloses Synergizing with a Metal-Chelating Agent. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:246-255. [PMID: 37967519 PMCID: PMC10792664 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Antibacterial materials composed of biodegradable and biocompatible constituents that are produced via eco-friendly synthetic strategies will become an attractive alternative to antibiotics to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In this study, we demonstrated the antibacterial properties of nanosheet-shaped crystalline assemblies of enzymatically synthesized aminated cellulose oligomers (namely, surface-aminated synthetic nanocelluloses) and their synergy with a metal-chelating antibacterial agent, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Growth curves and colony counting assays revealed that the surface-aminated cellulose assemblies had an antibacterial effect against Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli). The cationic assemblies appeared to destabilize the cell wall of E. coli through electrostatic interactions with anionic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules on the outer membrane. The antibacterial properties were significantly enhanced by the concurrent use of EDTA, which potentially removed metal ions from LPS molecules, resulting in synergistic bactericidal effects. No antibacterial activity of the surface-aminated cellulose assemblies was observed against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus even in the presence of EDTA, further supporting the contribution of electrostatic interactions between the cationic assemblies and anionic LPS to the activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Analysis using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring revealed the attractive interaction of the surface-aminated cellulose assembly with LPS Ra monolayers artificially produced on the device substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Serizawa
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Saeko Yamaguchi
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Kai Sugiura
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Ramona Marten
- Physical
Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg D69120, Germany
- Center
for Integrative Medicine and Physics, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akihisa Yamamoto
- Center
for Integrative Medicine and Physics, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuuki Hata
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Toshiki Sawada
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tanaka
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Motomu Tanaka
- Physical
Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg D69120, Germany
- Center
for Integrative Medicine and Physics, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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15
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Kumar V, Yasmeen N, Pandey A, Ahmad Chaudhary A, Alawam AS, Ahmad Rudayni H, Islam A, Lakhawat SS, Sharma PK, Shahid M. Antibiotic adjuvants: synergistic tool to combat multi-drug resistant pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1293633. [PMID: 38179424 PMCID: PMC10765517 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1293633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The rise of multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens poses a significant challenge to the field of infectious disease treatment. To overcome this problem, novel strategies are being explored to enhance the effectiveness of antibiotics. Antibiotic adjuvants have emerged as a promising approach to combat MDR pathogens by acting synergistically with antibiotics. This review focuses on the role of antibiotic adjuvants as a synergistic tool in the fight against MDR pathogens. Adjuvants refer to compounds or agents that enhance the activity of antibiotics, either by potentiating their effects or by targeting the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. The utilization of antibiotic adjuvants offers several advantages. Firstly, they can restore the effectiveness of existing antibiotics against resistant strains. Adjuvants can inhibit the mechanisms that confer resistance, making the pathogens susceptible to the action of antibiotics. Secondly, adjuvants can enhance the activity of antibiotics by improving their penetration into bacterial cells, increasing their stability, or inhibiting efflux pumps that expel antibiotics from bacterial cells. Various types of antibiotic adjuvants have been investigated, including efflux pump inhibitors, resistance-modifying agents, and compounds that disrupt bacterial biofilms. These adjuvants can act synergistically with antibiotics, resulting in increased antibacterial activity and overcoming resistance mechanisms. In conclusion, antibiotic adjuvants have the potential to revolutionize the treatment of MDR pathogens. By enhancing the efficacy of antibiotics, adjuvants offer a promising strategy to combat the growing threat of antibiotic resistance. Further research and development in this field are crucial to harness the full potential of antibiotic adjuvants and bring them closer to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Nusrath Yasmeen
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Aishwarya Pandey
- INRS, Eau Terre Environnement Research Centre, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Anis Ahmad Chaudhary
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S. Alawam
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Ahmad Rudayni
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asimul Islam
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudarshan S. Lakhawat
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pushpender K. Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mohammad Shahid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Paterson JR, Wadsworth JM, Hu P, Sharples GJ. A critical role for iron and zinc homeostatic systems in the evolutionary adaptation of Escherichia coli to metal restriction. Microb Genom 2023; 9:001153. [PMID: 38054971 PMCID: PMC10763504 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Host nutritional immunity utilizes metal deprivation to help prevent microbial infection. To investigate bacterial adaptation to such restrictive conditions, we conducted experimental evolution with two metal sequestering agents. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and diethylenetriamine pentamethylene phosphonic acid (DTPMP) were selected as ligands because they differentially affect cellular levels of iron, manganese and zinc in Escherichia coli. Mutants of E. coli strain BW25113 were isolated after cultivation at sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) chelant levels and genetic changes potentially responsible for tolerance were identified by whole-genome sequencing. In EDTA-selected strains, mutations in the promoter region of yeiR resulted in elevated gene expression. The yeiR product, a zinc-specific metallochaperone, was confirmed to be primarily responsible for EDTA resistance. Similarly, in two of the DTPMP-selected strains, a promoter mutation increased expression of the fepA-entD operon, which encodes components of the ferric-enterobactin uptake pathway. However, in this case improved DTPMP tolerance was only detectable following overexpression of FepA or EntD in trans. Additional mutations in the cadC gene product, an acid-response regulator, preserved the neutrality of the growth medium by constitutively activating expression of the cadAB regulon. This study uncovers specific resistance mechanisms for zinc and iron starvation that could emerge by selection against host nutritional immunity or competition with heterologous metallophores. It also provides insight into the specific metals affected by these two widely used chelators critical for their antibacterial mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ping Hu
- Procter and Gamble, Mason Business Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45040, USA
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17
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Cheng J, Wang H, Gao J, Liu X, Li M, Wu D, Liu J, Wang X, Wang Z, Tang P. First-Aid Hydrogel Wound Dressing with Reliable Hemostatic and Antibacterial Capability for Traumatic Injuries. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300312. [PMID: 37335228 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
First-aid for severe traumatic injuries in the battlefield or pre-hospital environment, especially for skin defects or visceral rupture, remains a substantial medical challenge even in the context of the rapidly evolving modern medical technology. Hydrogel-based biomaterials are highly anticipated for excellent biocompatibility and bio-functional designability. Yet, inadequate mechanical and bio-adhesion properties limit their clinical application. To address these challenges, a kind of multifunctional hydrogel wound dressing is developed with the collective multi-crosslinking advantages of dynamic covalent bonds, metal-catechol chelation, and hydrogen bonds. The mussel-inspired design and zinc oxide-enhanced cohesion strategy collaboratively reinforce the hydrogel's bio-adhesion in bloody or humoral environments. The pH-sensitive coordinate Zn2+ -catechol bond and dynamic Schiff base with reversible breakage and reformation equip the hydrogel dressing with excellent self-healing and on-demand removal properties. In vivo evaluation in a rat ventricular perforation model and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-infected full-thickness skin defect model reveal excellent hemostatic, antibacterial and pro-healing effectiveness of the hydrogel dressing, demonstrating its great potential in dealing with severe bleeding and infected full-thickness skin wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyao Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China
- Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China
| | - Hufei Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jianpeng Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China
- Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China
- Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China
| | - Decheng Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jianheng Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China
| | - Xing Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China
| | - Peifu Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China
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18
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Overdahl K, Collier JB, Jetten AM, Jarmusch AK. Signal Response Evaluation Applied to Untargeted Mass Spectrometry Data to Improve Data Interpretability. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:1941-1948. [PMID: 37524076 PMCID: PMC10485927 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Feature finding is a common way to process untargeted mass spectrometry (MS) data to obtain a list of chemicals present in a sample. Most feature finding algorithms naïvely search for patterns of unique descriptors (e.g., m/z, retention time, and mobility) and provide a list of unannotated features. There is a need for solutions in processing untargeted MS data, independent of chemical or origin, to assess features based on measurement quality with the aim of improving interpretation. Here, we report the signal response evaluation as a method by which to assess the individual features observed in untargeted MS data. The basis of this method is the ubiquitous relationship between the amount and response in all MS measurements. Three different metrics with user-defined parameters can be used to assess the monotonic or linear relationship of each feature in a dilution series or multiple injection volumes. We demonstrate this approach in metabolomics data obtained from a uniform biological matrix (NIST SRM 1950) and a variable biological matrix (murine kidney tissue). The code is provided to facilitate implementation of this data processing method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten
E. Overdahl
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease
Laboratory, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of
Environmental Health Sciences, National
Institutes of Health, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Justin B. Collier
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease
Laboratory, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of
Environmental Health Sciences, National
Institutes of Health, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Anton M. Jetten
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease
Laboratory, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of
Environmental Health Sciences, National
Institutes of Health, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Alan K. Jarmusch
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease
Laboratory, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of
Environmental Health Sciences, National
Institutes of Health, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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19
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Hugonneau-Beaufet I, Barnier JP, Thiriet-Rupert S, Létoffé S, Mainardi JL, Ghigo JM, Beloin C, Arthur M. Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa l,d-Transpeptidases and Evaluation of Their Role in Peptidoglycan Adaptation to Biofilm Growth. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0521722. [PMID: 37255442 PMCID: PMC10434034 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05217-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan is an essential component of the bacterial cell envelope that sustains the turgor pressure of the cytoplasm, determines cell shape, and acts as a scaffold for the anchoring of envelope polymers such as lipoproteins. The final cross-linking step of peptidoglycan polymerization is performed by classical d,d-transpeptidases belonging to the penicillin-binding protein (PBP) family and by l,d-transpeptidases (LDTs), which are dispensable for growth in most bacterial species and whose physiological functions remain elusive. In this study, we investigated the contribution of LDTs to cell envelope synthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown in planktonic and biofilm conditions. We first assigned a function to each of the three P. aeruginosa LDTs by gene inactivation in P. aeruginosa, heterospecific gene expression in Escherichia coli, and, for one of them, direct determination of its enzymatic activity. We found that the three P. aeruginosa LDTs catalyze peptidoglycan cross-linking (LdtPae1), the anchoring of lipoprotein OprI to the peptidoglycan (LdtPae2), and the hydrolysis of the resulting peptidoglycan-OprI amide bond (LdtPae3). Construction of a phylogram revealed that LDTs performing each of these three functions in various species cannot be assigned to distinct evolutionary lineages, in contrast to what has been observed with PBPs. We showed that biofilm, but not planktonic bacteria, displayed an increase proportion of peptidoglycan cross-links formed by LdtPae1 and a greater extent of OprI anchoring to peptidoglycan, which is controlled by LdtPae2 and LdtPae3. Consistently, deletion of each of the ldt genes impaired biofilm formation and potentiated the bactericidal activity of EDTA. These results indicate that LDTs contribute to the stabilization of the bacterial cell envelope and to the adaptation of peptidoglycan metabolism to growth in biofilm. IMPORTANCE Active-site cysteine LDTs form a functionally heterologous family of enzymes that contribute to the biogenesis of the bacterial cell envelope through formation of peptidoglycan cross-links and through the dynamic anchoring of lipoproteins to peptidoglycan. Here, we report the role of three P. aeruginosa LDTs that had not been previously characterized. We show that these enzymes contribute to resistance to the bactericidal activity of EDTA and to the adaptation of cell envelope polymers to conditions that prevail in biofilms. These results indicate that LDTs should be considered putative targets in the development of drug-EDTA associations for the control of biofilm-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inès Hugonneau-Beaufet
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Barnier
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Faculté de Santé, UFR de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Stanislas Thiriet-Rupert
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, UMR CNRS 6047, Genetics of Biofilms Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Létoffé
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, UMR CNRS 6047, Genetics of Biofilms Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Mainardi
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Faculté de Santé, UFR de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Ghigo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, UMR CNRS 6047, Genetics of Biofilms Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Beloin
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, UMR CNRS 6047, Genetics of Biofilms Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Michel Arthur
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
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20
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da Silva Magalhães K, Kuerten Gil AC, Goulart TS, Schuldt DPV, Coelho BS, Figueiredo DDR, Garcia LDFR, de Almeida J. Efficacy of disinfection procedures performed prior to regenerative endodontic therapy: An integrative review. AUST ENDOD J 2023; 49:418-427. [PMID: 35932453 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this integrative review was to identify whether the disinfection procedures performed prior to regenerative endodontic treatment were effective on biofilm removal from the root canals. The research was based on PubMed, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (Lilacs) and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) databases. Four articles were selected; one of the studies was in vivo and the others ex vivo. Different disinfection procedures were studied, characterised mainly by the use of intracanal medication, highlighting the double antibiotic paste, triple antibiotic paste and calcium hydroxide paste. Disinfection ability was evaluated against Enterococcus faecalis and multispecies biofilms by using the fluorescence technique and colony forming unit counting, for 7 to 21 days. Double antibiotic paste and triple antibiotic paste demonstrated excellent antibiofilm activity, unlike CH paste that showed limited disinfection, even when associated with different antimicrobial agents. Triple antibiotic paste was the most effective medication against biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Clara Kuerten Gil
- Department of Endodontics, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Taynara Santos Goulart
- Department of Endodontics, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Beatriz Serrato Coelho
- Department of Endodontics, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Josiane de Almeida
- Department of Endodontics, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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21
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Wong DG, Shiang A, Ostergar A, Sands KG. Enhanced popcorning using polyanionic chelating solutions as irrigation. Urolithiasis 2023; 51:90. [PMID: 37351653 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-023-01464-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Poly-anionic compounds can chelate divalent cations and dissolve calcium oxalate stone. Our objective was to assess how much concurrent irrigation with poly-anionic chelating solutions during non-contact laser lithotripsy or popcorning could improve stone ablation rate. A popcorning model was created by lowering a ureteroscope with thulium fiber laser into a test tube calyx. Begostones of matching size and mass were placed in the test tube and treated with the laser while irrigating with different iso-osmolar poly-anionic solutions. We compared 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium citrate, sodium hexa-metaphosphate, and sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) solutions. After treatment, residual stones were passed through a 1 mm sieve, and remaining fragments greater than 1 mm were weighed as remaining stone mass. Average remaining stone mass after lithotripsy with NaCl irrigation was 27.8% (± 10.0%). The average remaining stone mass after lithotripsy with hexa-metaphosphate, sodium citrate, and EDTA irrigation was 28.9% (± 13.4%), 17.5% (± 10.5%), and 9.8% (± 5.7%) respectively. Compared with NaCl, there was a 37% reduction in remaining stone mass when using citrate (p = 0.008) and a 64.7% reduction when using EDTA irrigation during lithotripsy (p < 0.001). Concurrent irrigation with citrate or EDTA solutions synergistically enhances the efficacy laser lithotripsy in this in vitro popcorning model. This may lead to tangible improvements in endoscopic stone removal outcomes; however, the effectiveness on different stone types and safety during short duration lithotripsy should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Wong
- Division of Urological Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, 4960 Children's Place, Campus Box 8242, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Alexander Shiang
- Division of Urological Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, 4960 Children's Place, Campus Box 8242, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Adam Ostergar
- Division of Urological Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, 4960 Children's Place, Campus Box 8242, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kenneth G Sands
- Division of Urological Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, 4960 Children's Place, Campus Box 8242, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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22
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Tenea GN, Anrango Cajas B, Carlosama Sanchez B. Inhibitory-like Substances Produced by Yeasts Isolated from Andean Blueberries: Prospective Food Antimicrobials. Foods 2023; 12:2435. [PMID: 37444173 DOI: 10.3390/foods12132435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural agents from microorganisms have emerged as suitable options to replace chemical preservatives in foods. In this study, the antibacterial activity of cell-free supernatant (CFS) from five native yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lev6 and Lev30, C. pseudointermedia Lev8, Candida intermedia Lev9, C. parapsilosis Lev15) and the reference S. boulardi SSB, was evaluated against some indicator food pathogens. The generation of antimicrobials was reliant on strain-, and sugar-supplemented media, which supported yeast growth established at 30 °C and 200 rpm for 48 h. Treatment with proteinase K and catalase was unable to completely abolish the inhibitory effect, indicating that the active components are likely complex combinations of acids, proteins, hydrogen peroxide, and other metabolites. Although there was no impact on Listeria monocytogenes, exposure to CFS and extracellular fractions obtained through precipitation with methanol (PPm) at 120 °C for 60 min significantly (p < 0.05) increased the inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Kosakonia cowanii, and Staphylococcus aureus, indicating that the inhibitory activity was stimulated by heat. Likewise, a synergistic inhibitory action against Listeria was obtained following the pretreatment of PPm with EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). These activities were yeast strain-dependent, with Lev6, Lev8, and Lev30 showing the highest activity. In addition, a heat-stable low-molecular-mass molecule under 5 kDa was detected in Lev30. Further research is required to evaluate the mode of action and characterize the composition of the released molecules in the CFS in order to develop a novel biocontrol agent based on yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela N Tenea
- Biofood and Nutraceutics Research and Development Group (GIDIBAN), Faculty of Engineering in Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Universidad Técnica del Norte, Av. 17 de Julio s-21, Barrio El Olivo, Ibarra 100150, Ecuador
| | - Blanca Anrango Cajas
- Biofood and Nutraceutics Research and Development Group (GIDIBAN), Faculty of Engineering in Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Universidad Técnica del Norte, Av. 17 de Julio s-21, Barrio El Olivo, Ibarra 100150, Ecuador
| | - Bladimir Carlosama Sanchez
- Biofood and Nutraceutics Research and Development Group (GIDIBAN), Faculty of Engineering in Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Universidad Técnica del Norte, Av. 17 de Julio s-21, Barrio El Olivo, Ibarra 100150, Ecuador
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23
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Lazar V, Oprea E, Ditu LM. Resistance, Tolerance, Virulence and Bacterial Pathogen Fitness-Current State and Envisioned Solutions for the Near Future. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050746. [PMID: 37242416 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The current antibiotic crisis and the global phenomena of bacterial resistance, inherited and non-inherited, and tolerance-associated with biofilm formation-are prompting dire predictions of a post-antibiotic era in the near future. These predictions refer to increases in morbidity and mortality rates as a consequence of infections with multidrug-resistant or pandrug-resistant microbial strains. In this context, we aimed to highlight the current status of the antibiotic resistance phenomenon and the significance of bacterial virulence properties/fitness for human health and to review the main strategies alternative or complementary to antibiotic therapy, some of them being already clinically applied or in clinical trials, others only foreseen and in the research phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Lazar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 1-3 Portocalelor Street, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Eliza Oprea
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 1-3 Portocalelor Street, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lia-Mara Ditu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 1-3 Portocalelor Street, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
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24
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Fan X, Gurtler JB, Mattheis JP. Possible sources of Listeria monocytogenes contamination of fresh-cut apples and antimicrobial interventions during antibrowning treatments: a review. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100100. [PMID: 37150354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Fresh-cut apples, being rich in antioxidants and other nutrients, have emerged as popular snacks in restaurants, at home and in school lunch programs, partially due to freshness, convenience, and portion size availability. Two major challenges in processing fresh-cut apples are browning of cut surfaces and contamination with human pathogens. Regarding human pathogens, contamination by Listeria monocytogenes is a major concern, as evidenced by two recent outbreaks of whole apples and numerous recalls of fresh-cut apples. Antibrowning agents currently used by the industry have little to no antimicrobial properties. The present review discusses possible origins of L. monocytogenes in fresh-cut apples, including contaminated whole apples, and contamination via the processing environment and the equipment in fresh-cut facilities. Treatment with antibrowning solutions could be an opportunity for Listeria contamination and represents the last chance to inactivate pathogens. The discussion is focused on the antibrowning treatments where formulations and coatings with antibrowning and antimicrobial properties have been developed and evaluated against Listeria and other microorganisms. In addition, several research needs and considerations are discussed to further reduce the chance of pathogen contamination on fresh-cut apples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuetong Fan
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA.
| | - Joshua B Gurtler
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
| | - James P Mattheis
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, 1104 N. Western Avenue, Wenatchee, WA 98801
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25
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Goswami AG, Basu S, Banerjee T, Shukla VK. Biofilm and wound healing: from bench to bedside. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:157. [PMID: 37098583 PMCID: PMC10127443 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01121-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The bubbling community of microorganisms, consisting of diverse colonies encased in a self-produced protective matrix and playing an essential role in the persistence of infection and antimicrobial resistance, is often referred to as a biofilm. Although apparently indolent, the biofilm involves not only inanimate surfaces but also living tissue, making it truly ubiquitous. The mechanism of biofilm formation, its growth, and the development of resistance are ever-intriguing subjects and are yet to be completely deciphered. Although an abundance of studies in recent years has focused on the various ways to create potential anti-biofilm and antimicrobial therapeutics, a dearth of a clear standard of clinical practice remains, and therefore, there is essentially a need for translating laboratory research to novel bedside anti-biofilm strategies that can provide a better clinical outcome. Of significance, biofilm is responsible for faulty wound healing and wound chronicity. The experimental studies report the prevalence of biofilm in chronic wounds anywhere between 20 and 100%, which makes it a topic of significant concern in wound healing. The ongoing scientific endeavor to comprehensively understand the mechanism of biofilm interaction with wounds and generate standardized anti-biofilm measures which are reproducible in the clinical setting is the challenge of the hour. In this context of "more needs to be done", we aim to explore various effective and clinically meaningful methods currently available for biofilm management and how these tools can be translated into safe clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Somprakas Basu
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, 249203, India.
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26
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Mirhaji SS, Soleimanpour M, Derakhshankhah H, Jafari S, Mamashli F, Rooki M, Karimi MR, Nedaei H, Pirhaghi M, Motasadizadeh H, Ghasemi A, Nezamtaheri MS, Saadatpour F, Goliaei B, Delattre C, Saboury AA. Design, optimization and characterization of a novel antibacterial chitosan-based hydrogel dressing for promoting blood coagulation and full-thickness wound healing: A biochemical and biophysical study. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124529. [PMID: 37085077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
The use of hydrogel dressings has become increasingly popular as a scaffold for skin tissue engineering. Herein, we have developed an innovative wound dressing using chitosan, fibrinogen, nisin, and EDTA as an effective antibacterial scaffold for wound treatment. The structural and functional characteristics of the hydrogel, including morphology, mechanical strength, drug encapsulation and release, swelling behaviors, blood coagulation, cytotoxicity, and antibacterial activity, were studied. Spectroscopic studies indicated that the attachment of chitosan to fibrinogen is associated with minimal change in its secondary structure; subsequently, at higher temperatures, it is expected to preserve fibrinogen's conformational stability. Mechanical and blood coagulation analyses indicated that the incorporation of fibrinogen into the hydrogel resulted in accelerated clotting and enhanced mechanical properties. Our cell studies showed biocompatibility and non-toxicity of the hydrogel along with the promotion of cell migration. In addition, the prepared hydrogel indicated an antibacterial behavior against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Interestingly, the in vivo data revealed enhanced tissue regeneration and recovery within 17 days in the studied animals. Taken together, the results obtained from in vitro and histological assessments indicate that this innovatively designed hydrogel shows good potential as a candidate for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marjan Soleimanpour
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Derakhshankhah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Samira Jafari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mamashli
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meisam Rooki
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Science and Technologies, University of Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hadi Nedaei
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Pirhaghi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Motasadizadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atiyeh Ghasemi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Saadatpour
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Goliaei
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Cédric Delattre
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes, 75005 Paris, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ali Akbar Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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27
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Khani M, Hansen MF, Knøchel S, Rasekh B, Ghasemipanah K, Zamir SM, Nosrati M, Burmølle M. Antifouling potential of enzymes applied to Reverse Osmosis Membranes. Biofilm 2023; 5:100119. [PMID: 37131492 PMCID: PMC10149195 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2023.100119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Many companies in the food industry apply reverse osmosis (RO) membranes to ensure high-quality reuse of water. Biofouling is however, a common, recalcitrant and recurring problem that blocks transport over membranes and decreases the water recovery. Microorganisms adhering to membranes may form biofilm and produce an extracellular matrix, which protects against external stress and ensures continuous attachment. Thus, various agents are tested for their ability to degrade and disperse biofilms. Here, we identified industrially relevant bacterial model communities that form biofilms on RO membranes used for treating process water before reuse. There was a marked difference in the biofilm forming capabilities of bacteria isolated from contaminated RO membranes. One species, Raoultella ornithinolytica, was particularly capable of forming biofilm and was included in most communities. The potential of different enzymes (Trypsin-EDTA, Proteinase K, α-Amylase, β-Mannosidase and Alginate lyase) as biofouling dispersing agents was evaluated at different concentrations (0.05 U/ml and 1.28 U/ml). Among the tested enzymes, β-Mannosidase was the only enzyme able to reduce biofilm formation significantly within 4 h of exposure at 25 °C (0.284 log reduction), and only at the high concentration. Longer exposure duration, however, resulted in significant biofilm reduction by all enzymes tested (0.459-0.717 log reduction) at both low and high concentrations. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy, we quantified the biovolume on RO membranes after treatment with two different enzyme mixtures. The application of proteinase K and β-Mannosidase significantly reduced the amount of attached biomass (43% reduction), and the combination of all five enzymes showed even stronger reducing effect (71% reduction). Overall, this study demonstrates a potential treatment strategy, using matrix-degrading enzymes for biofouled RO membranes in food processing water treatment streams. Future studies on optimization of buffer systems, temperature and other factors could facilitate cleaning operations based on enzymatic treatment extending the lifespan of membranes with a continuous flux.
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28
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Qi Q, Kamruzzaman M, Iredell JR. A Streamlined Approach for Fluorescence Labelling of Low-Copy-Number Plasmids for Determination of Conjugation Frequency by Flow Cytometry. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040878. [PMID: 37110299 PMCID: PMC10144549 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial conjugation plays a major role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance and virulence traits through horizontal transfer of plasmids. Robust measurement of conjugation frequency of plasmids between bacterial strains and species is therefore important for understanding the transfer dynamics and epidemiology of conjugative plasmids. In this study, we present a streamlined experimental approach for fluorescence labelling of low-copy-number conjugative plasmids that allows plasmid transfer frequency during filter mating to be measured by flow cytometry. A blue fluorescent protein gene is inserted into a conjugative plasmid of interest using a simple homologous recombineering procedure. A small non-conjugative plasmid, which carries a red fluorescent protein gene with a toxin–antitoxin system that functions as a plasmid stability module, is used to label the recipient bacterial strain. This offers the dual advantage of circumventing chromosomal modifications of recipient strains and ensuring that the red fluorescent protein gene-bearing plasmid can be stably maintained in recipient cells in an antibiotic-free environment during conjugation. A strong constitutive promoter allows the two fluorescent protein genes to be strongly and constitutively expressed from the plasmids, thus allowing flow cytometers to clearly distinguish between donor, recipient, and transconjugant populations in a conjugation mix for monitoring conjugation frequencies more precisely over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Qi
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Muhammad Kamruzzaman
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (J.R.I.)
| | - Jonathan R. Iredell
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (J.R.I.)
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29
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Nam-Cha SH, Domínguez-Jurado E, Tinoco-Valencia SL, Pérez-Tanoira R, Morata-Moreno N, Alfaro-Ruiza R, Lara-Sánchez A, Esteban J, Luján R, Alonso-Moreno C, Seguí P, Ocaña A, Gónzalez ÁL, Aguilera-Correa JJ, Pérez-Martínez FC, Alarcón MM. Synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activities of a heteroscorpionate derivative platinum complex against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1100947. [PMID: 37051297 PMCID: PMC10083354 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1100947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the species with the greatest clinical importance and greatest impact on public health. In fact, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is considered a pandemic pathogen, being essential to develop effective medicines and combat its rapid spread. This study aimed to foster the translation of clinical research outcomes based on metallodrugs into clinical practice for the treatment of MRSA. Bearing in mind the promising anti-Gram-positive effect of the heteroscorpionate ligand 1,1’-(2-(4-isopropylphenyl)ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole) (2P), we propose the coordination of this compound to platinum as a clinical strategy with the ultimate aim of overcoming resistance in the treatment of MRSA. Therefore, the novel metallodrug 2P-Pt were synthetized, fully characterized and its antibacterial effect against the planktonic and biofilm state of S. aureus evaluated. In this sense, three different strains of S. aureus were studied, one collection strain of S. aureus sensitive to methicillin and two clinical MRSA strains. To appraise the antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC), and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) were determined. Moreover, successful outcomes on the development of biofilm in a wound-like medium were obtained. The mechanism of action for 2P-Pt was proposed by measuring the MIC and MBC with EDTA (cation mediated mechanism) and DMSO (exogenous oxidative stress mechanism). Moreover, to shed light on the plausible antistaphylococcal mechanism of this novel platinum agent, additional experiments using transmission electron microscopy were carried out. 2P-Pt inhibited the growth and eradicated the three strains evaluated in the planktonic state. Another point worth stressing is the inhibition in the growth of MRSA biofilm even in a wounded medium. The results of this work support this novel agent as a promising therapeutic alternative for preventing infections caused by MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syong H. Nam-Cha
- Department of Pathology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario, Albacete, Spain
| | - Elena Domínguez-Jurado
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
- Unidad nanoDrug, Centro Regional de Investigación Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | | | - Ramón Pérez-Tanoira
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedicine y Biotechnology Department, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá de Henares, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Noelia Morata-Moreno
- Department of Otorrinolaringology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario, Albacete, Spain
| | - Rocío Alfaro-Ruiza
- Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Agustín Lara-Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Jaime Esteban
- Clinical Microbiology Department, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Luján
- Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Moreno
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
- Unidad nanoDrug, Centro Regional de Investigación Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Pedro Seguí
- Department of Otorrinolaringology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario, Albacete, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Alberto Ocaña
- Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC and CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
- Translational Research Unit, Albacete University Hospital, Albacete, Spain
| | | | - John J. Aguilera-Correa
- Clinical Microbiology Department, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: John J. Aguilera-Correa, ; Francisco C. Pérez-Martínez,
| | - Francisco C. Pérez-Martínez
- Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
- Department of Nursing, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
- *Correspondence: John J. Aguilera-Correa, ; Francisco C. Pérez-Martínez,
| | - Milagros Molina Alarcón
- Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
- Department of Nursing, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
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30
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Chen CH, Liao YH, Muljadi M, Lu TT, Cheng CM. Potential Application of the WST-8-mPMS Assay for Rapid Viable Microorganism Detection. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020343. [PMID: 36839615 PMCID: PMC9966898 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To ensure clean drinking water, viable pathogens in water must be rapidly and efficiently screened. The traditional culture or spread-plate process-the conventional standard for bacterial detection-is laborious, time-consuming, and unsuitable for rapid detection. Therefore, we developed a colorimetric assay for rapid microorganism detection using a metabolism-based approach. The reaction between a viable microorganism and the combination of 2-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium sodium salt (WST-8) and 1-methoxy-5-methylphenazinium methyl sulfate (mPMS) results in a color change. In combination with a microplate reader, WST-8-mPMS reactivity was leveraged to develop a colorimetric assay for the rapid detection of various bacteria. The detection limit of the WST-8-mPMS assay for both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria was evaluated. This WST-8-mPMS assay can be used to perform colorimetrical semi-quantitative detection of various bacterial strains in buffers or culture media within 1 h without incubation before the reaction. The easy-to-use, robust, rapid, and sensitive nature of this novel assay demonstrates its potential for practical and medical use for microorganism detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Han Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Michael Muljadi
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Te Lu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Min Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Serrano I, Alhinho B, Cunha E, Tavares L, Trindade A, Oliveira M. Bacteriostatic and Antibiofilm Efficacy of a Nisin Z Solution against Co-Cultures of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Diabetic Foot Infections. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020504. [PMID: 36836861 PMCID: PMC9964538 DOI: 10.3390/life13020504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) patients frequently develop diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) which are generally infected by a community of microorganisms, mainly Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These bacteria exhibit a multi-drug resistance profile and biofilm-forming ability which represent a hurdle in the treatment of diabetic foot infections (DFI). We aimed to evaluate the potential of Nisin Z, an antimicrobial peptide (AMP), as an alternative treatment for severe DFI. Nisin Z shows antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and an increased antibacterial effect against Gram-negatives when added to EDTA. As such, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), Minimum Biofilm Inhibitory Concentration (MBIC), and Minimum Biofilm Eradication Concentration (MBEC) were determined for Nisin Z, Nisin Z + EDTA (0.4%), and Nisin Z + EDTA incorporated into guar gum, in order to test its efficacy against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa isolated from the same DFU. Results showed that Nisin Z added to the chelation agent EDTA displayed higher antibacterial and bacteriostatic efficacy against mono and dual co-cultures of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, and higher antibiofilm efficiency against monocultures. Nisin Z was moderately cytotoxic at 200 µg/mL. Prospect in vivo studies are needed to confirm the potential of Nisin Z supplemented with EDTA to be used as a complement to conventional antibiotic therapy for severe DFI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isa Serrano
- CIISA—Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bernardo Alhinho
- CIISA—Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Eva Cunha
- CIISA—Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Tavares
- CIISA—Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Trindade
- CIISA—Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Presently at Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research, Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- CIISA—Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +352-213-602-052
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Effect of EDTA Gel on Residual Subgingival Calculus and Biofilm: An In Vitro Pilot Study. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:dj11010022. [PMID: 36661559 PMCID: PMC9857820 DOI: 10.3390/dj11010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Residual calculus, following scaling and root planing (SRP), is associated with persistent inflammation and the progression of periodontitis. This study examined the effects of a 24% neutral ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) gel on subgingival calculus and biofilms. METHODS Eleven single-rooted teeth extracted because of severe periodontal disease were randomly assigned to the following treatment groups: (1) three teeth served as untreated controls; (2) three teeth were treated by scaling and root planing (SRP) only; and (3) three teeth were treated by SRP + EDTA. The remaining two teeth, one SRP only and the other SRP + EDTA were designated for energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. EDTA gel was placed on the SRP surface for 2 min and then burnished with a sterile cotton pellet. RESULTS SRP + EDTA treated specimens exhibited severely damaged biofilm and the disruption of the extracellular polymeric matrix. EDS scans of the smear layer and calculus featured reductions in the Weight % and Atomic % for N, F, Na, and S and increases in Mg, P, and Ca. CONCLUSIONS A 25% neutral EDTA gel was applied after SRP severely disrupted the residual biofilm and altered the character of dental calculus and the smear layer as shown by reductions in the Weight % and Atomic % for N, F, Na, and S and increases in Mg, P, and Ca.
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Basiry D, Entezari Heravi N, Uluseker C, Kaster KM, Kommedal R, Pala-Ozkok I. The effect of disinfectants and antiseptics on co- and cross-selection of resistance to antibiotics in aquatic environments and wastewater treatment plants. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1050558. [PMID: 36583052 PMCID: PMC9793094 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1050558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic led to increased use of disinfectants and antiseptics (DAs), resulting in higher concentrations of these compounds in wastewaters, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents and receiving water bodies. Their constant presence in water bodies may lead to development and acquisition of resistance against the DAs. In addition, they may also promote antibiotic resistance (AR) due to cross- and co-selection of AR among bacteria that are exposed to the DAs, which is a highly important issue with regards to human and environmental health. This review addresses this issue and provides an overview of DAs structure together with their modes of action against microorganisms. Relevant examples of the most effective treatment techniques to increase the DAs removal efficiency from wastewater are discussed. Moreover, insight on the resistance mechanisms to DAs and the mechanism of DAs enhancement of cross- and co-selection of ARs are presented. Furthermore, this review discusses the impact of DAs on resistance against antibiotics, the occurrence of DAs in aquatic systems, and DA removal mechanisms in WWTPs, which in principle serve as the final barrier before releasing these compounds into the receiving environment. By recognition of important research gaps, research needs to determine the impact of the majority of DAs in WWTPs and the consequences of their presence and spread of antibiotic resistance were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Basiry
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Nooshin Entezari Heravi
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Cansu Uluseker
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Krista Michelle Kaster
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Roald Kommedal
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Ilke Pala-Ozkok
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
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Polysaccharide-Based Biodegradable Films: An Alternative in Food Packaging. POLYSACCHARIDES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/polysaccharides3040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Packaging can mitigate the physical, chemical, and microbiological phenomena that affects food products’ quality and acceptability. However, the use of conventional packaging from non-renewable fossil sources generates environmental damage caused by the accumulation of non-biodegradable waste. Biodegradable films emerge as alternative biomaterials which are ecologically sustainable and offer protection and increase food product shelf life. This review describes the role of biodegradable films as packaging material and their importance regarding food quality. The study emphasizes polysaccharide-based biodegradable films and their use in foods with different requirements and the advances and future challenges for developing intelligent biodegradable films. In addition, the study explores the importance of the selection of the type of polysaccharide and its combination with other polymers for the generation of biodegradable films with functional characteristics. It also discusses additives that cause interactions between components and improve the mechanical and barrier properties of biodegradable films. Finally, this compilation of scientific works shows that biodegradable films are an alternative to protecting perishable foods, and studying and understanding them helps bring them closer to replacing commercial synthetic packaging.
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Ali A, Wei S, Ali A, Khan I, Sun Q, Xia Q, Wang Z, Han Z, Liu Y, Liu S. Research Progress on Nutritional Value, Preservation and Processing of Fish-A Review. Foods 2022; 11:3669. [PMID: 36429260 PMCID: PMC9689683 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The global population has rapidly expanded in the last few decades and is continuing to increase at a rapid pace. To meet this growing food demand fish is considered a balanced food source due to their high nutritious value and low cost. Fish are rich in well-balanced nutrients, a good source of polyunsaturated fatty acids and impose various health benefits. Furthermore, the most commonly used preservation technologies including cooling, freezing, super-chilling and chemical preservatives are discussed, which could prolong the shelf life. Non-thermal technologies such as pulsed electric field (PEF), fluorescence spectroscopy, hyperspectral imaging technique (HSI) and high-pressure processing (HPP) are used over thermal techniques in marine food industries for processing of most economical fish products in such a way as to meet consumer demands with minimal quality damage. Many by-products are produced as a result of processing techniques, which have caused serious environmental pollution. Therefore, highly advanced technologies to utilize these by-products for high-value-added product preparation for various applications are required. This review provides updated information on the nutritional value of fish, focusing on their preservation technologies to inhibit spoilage, improve shelf life, retard microbial and oxidative degradation while extending the new applications of non-thermal technologies, as well as reconsidering the values of by-products to obtain bioactive compounds that can be used as functional ingredients in pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food processing industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahtisham Ali
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Centre of Seafood, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Shuai Wei
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Centre of Seafood, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Adnan Ali
- Livestock & Dairy Development Department, Abbottabad 22080, Pakistan
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, Pakistan
| | - Qinxiu Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Centre of Seafood, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Qiuyu Xia
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Centre of Seafood, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Zefu Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Centre of Seafood, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Zongyuan Han
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Centre of Seafood, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Centre of Seafood, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Shucheng Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Centre of Seafood, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
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Recovery Strategies for Heavy Metal-Inhibited Biological Nitrogen Removal from Wastewater Treatment Plants: A Review. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091834. [PMID: 36144435 PMCID: PMC9506541 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological nutrient removal is an integral part of a wastewater treatment plant. However, the microorganism responsible for nutrient removal is susceptible to inhibition by external toxicants such as heavy metals which have the potential to completely inhibit biological nutrient removal. The inhibition is a result of the interaction between heavy metals with the cell membrane and the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the cell. Several attempts, such as the addition of pretreatment steps, have been made to prevent heavy metals from entering the biological wastewater systems. However, the unexpected introduction of heavy metals into wastewater treatment plants result in the inhibition of the biological wastewater treatment systems. This necessitates the recovery of the biological process. The biological processes may be recovered naturally. However, the natural recovery takes time; additionally, the biological process may not be fully recovered under natural conditions. Several methods have been explored to catalyze the recovery process of the biological wastewater treatment process. Four methods have been discussed in this paper. These include the application of physical methods, chelating agents, external field energy, and biological accelerants. These methods are compared for their ability to catalase the process, as well as their environmental friendliness. The application of bio-accelerant was shown to be superior to other recovery strategies that were also reviewed in this paper. Furthermore, the application of external field energy has also been shown to accelerate the recovery process. Although EDTA has been gaining popularity as an alternative recovery strategy, chelating agents have been shown to harm the metal acquisition of bacteria, thereby affecting other metabolic processes that require heavy metals in small amounts. It was then concluded that understanding the mechanism of inhibition by specific heavy metals, and understanding the key microorganism in the inhibited process, is key to developing an effective recovery strategy.
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Saini K, Arora C, Saini M, Sharma S, Chitkara D, Kakkar V. Preclinical safety of tetrahydrocurcumin loaded lipidic nanoparticles incorporated into tacrolimus ointment: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 167:113260. [PMID: 35777714 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical safety and proof of concept studies for a topical ointment comprising of concentrated tetrahydrocurcumin loaded lipidic nanoparticles (THC-LNs) and tacrolimus ointment (TTO) is proposed in the present investigation. The skin irritation potential and acute dermal toxicity were performed in rats in compliance with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines (402, 404 and 410) while the cytotoxic potential was performed in HaCaT cells. Finally, in vivo evaluation was performed in Imiquimod mice model of psoriasis. In primary skin irritation assessment, TTO formulation, marketed formulation (Tacroz® Forte), THC-LNs, and blank LNs were topically applied on intact skin sites in rats while another group served as a negative control group for 72 h. TTO did not induce any adverse reactions. Repeated 28 days dermal toxicity followed by biochemical and histopathological assessment showed negligible alternations and skin lesions. THC-LNs revealed negligible cytotoxic potential in HaCaT cells. TTO showed significantly high anti-psoriatic activity in comparison to marketed ointment. This was also confirmed via histopathological evaluation. Based on these findings, it can be ascertained that TTO showed minimal toxicity and has ample potential for further clinical analysis. The above studies affirm the potential of TTO as an alternative for psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Saini
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Caamin Arora
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Megha Saini
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Saurabh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Vidya Vihar, 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Deepak Chitkara
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Vidya Vihar, 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vandita Kakkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Ornowska M, Wong H, Ouyang Y, Mitra A, White A, Willems S, Wittmann J, Reynolds S. Control of Line Complications with KiteLock (CLiCK) in the critical care unit: study protocol for a multi-center, cluster-randomized, double-blinded, crossover trial investigating the effect of a novel locking fluid on central line complications in the critical care population. Trials 2022; 23:719. [PMID: 36042488 PMCID: PMC9425798 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06671-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insertion of a central venous access device (CVAD) allows clinicians to easily access the circulation of a patient to administer life-saving interventions. Due to their invasive nature, CVADs are prone to complications such as bacterial biofilm production and colonization, catheter-related bloodstream infection, occlusion, and catheter-related venous thrombosis. A CVAD is among the most common interventions for patients in the intensive care unit (ICU), exposing this vulnerable population to the risk of nosocomial infection and catheter occlusion. The current standard of care involves the use of normal saline as a catheter locking solution for central venous catheters (CVCs) and peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) lines, and a citrate lock for hemodialysis catheters. Saline offers little prophylactic measures against catheter complications. Four percent of tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) fluid (marketed as KiteLock Sterile Locking Solution™) is non-antibiotic, possesses antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, and anti-coagulant properties, and is approved by Health Canada as a catheter locking solution. As such, it may be a superior CVAD locking solution than the present standard of care lock in the ICU patient population. METHODS Our team proposes to fill this knowledge gap by performing a multi-center, cluster-randomized, crossover trial evaluating the impact of 4% tetrasodium EDTA on a primary composite outcome of the incidence rate of central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), catheter occlusion leading to removal, and use of alteplase to resolve catheter occlusion compared to the standard of care. The study will be performed at five critical care units. DISCUSSION If successful, the results of this study can serve as evidence for a shift of standard of care practices to include EDTA locking fluid in routine CVAD locking procedures. Completion of this study has the potential to improve CVAD standard of care to become safer for patients, as well as provides an opportunity to decrease strain on healthcare budgets related to treating preventable CVAD complications. Success and subsequent implementation of this intervention in the ICU may also be extrapolated to other patient populations with heavy CVAD use including hemodialysis, oncology, parenteral nutrition, and pediatric patient populations. On a global scale, eradicating biofilm produced by antibiotic-resistant bacteria may serve to lessen the threat of "superbugs" and contribute to international initiatives supporting the termination of antibiotic overuse. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04548713, registered on September 9th, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hubert Wong
- Center for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yongdong Ouyang
- Center for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anish Mitra
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Fraser Health Authority, Surrey, Canada
| | - Aaron White
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | | | | - Steven Reynolds
- Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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High prevalence of mgrB-mediated colistin resistance among carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae is associated with biofilm formation, and can be overcome by colistin-EDTA combination therapy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12939. [PMID: 35902639 PMCID: PMC9334626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The global prevalence of colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (ColRkp) facilitated by chromosomal and plasmid-mediated Ara4N or PEtN-remodeled LPS alterations has steadily increased with increased colistin usage for treating carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRkp). Our study demonstrated the rising trend of ColRkp showing extensively and pandrug-resistant characteristics among CRkp, with a prevalence of 28.5%, which was mediated by chromosomal mgrB, pmrB, or phoQ mutations (91.5%), and plasmid-mediated mcr-1.1, mcr-8.1, mcr-8.2 alone or in conjunction with R256G PmrB (8.5%). Several genetic alterations in mgrB (85.1%) with increased expressions of Ara4N-related phoPQ and pmrK were critical for establishing colistin resistance in our isolates. In this study, we discovered the significant associations between extensively drug-resistant bacteria (XDR) and pandrug-resistant bacteria (PDR) ColRkp in terms of moderate, weak or no biofilm-producing abilities, and altered expressions of virulence factors. These ColRkp would therefore be very challenging to treat, emphasizing for innovative therapy to combat these infections. Regardless of the underlying colistin-resistant mechanisms, colistin-EDTA combination therapy in this study produced potent synergistic effects in both in vitro and in vivo murine bacteremia, with no ColRkp regrowth and improved animal survival, implying the significance of colistin-EDTA combination therapy as systemic therapy for unlocking colistin resistance in ColRkp-associated bacteremia.
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Zubkovs V, Wang H, Schuergers N, Weninger A, Glieder A, Cattaneo S, Boghossian AA. Bioengineering a glucose oxidase nanosensor for near-infrared continuous glucose monitoring. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:2420-2427. [PMID: 35746900 PMCID: PMC9154020 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00092j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) emit photostable near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence that is conducive for optical glucose monitoring. Such SWCNT-based optical sensors often require the immobilization of proteins that can confer glucose selectivity and reactivity. In this work, we immobilize a glucose-reactive enzyme, glucose oxidase (GOx), onto SWCNTs using a N-(1-pyrenyl)maleimide (PM) crosslinker via thiol bioconjugation of engineered cysteine residues. We compare the conjugation of several glucose oxidase variants containing rationally-engineered cysteines and identify a D70C variant that shows effective bioconjugation. The bioconjugation was characterized through both absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Furthermore, we demonstrate an application for continuous glucose monitoring in the NIR-II optical region using the bioconjugated reaction solution, which shows a reversible response to physiological concentrations of glucose. Finally, we develop a miniaturized NIR-II reader to be used for cell cultures that require continuous glucose monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalijs Zubkovs
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (CSEM) Landquart Switzerland
| | - Hanxuan Wang
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Nils Schuergers
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- Institute of Biology III, University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Astrid Weninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology Graz Austria
| | - Anton Glieder
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology Graz Austria
- bisy GmbH Hofstaetten Austria
| | - Stefano Cattaneo
- Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (CSEM) Landquart Switzerland
| | - Ardemis A Boghossian
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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Secker TJ, Harling CC, Hand C, Voegeli D, Keevil CW, Leighton TG. A proof-of-concept study of the removal of early and late phase biofilm from skin wound models using a liquid acoustic stream. Int Wound J 2022; 19:2124-2135. [PMID: 35470982 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.13818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic wounds fail to progress through the normal stages of healing, with the largest remediable cause of chronicity being presence of a multi-species biofilm. Removal of biofilm from the wound environment is central to wound care. A device for mechanically removing biofilms from wounds has been devised. The removal is caused by small-scale liquid currents and shear, generated by acoustically activated microscopic air bubbles. These bubbles and acoustic waves are delivered onto the wound by a gentle liquid stream, allowing cleaning in situ and removal of debris in the run-off liquid. We have investigated if this liquid acoustic wound stream (LAWS) can remove bacterial biofilm from soft biological wound models and studied the effect of LAWS on the cellular tissues of the substrate. LAWS will efficiently remove early Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm from an artificial wound in a pig's trotter, 24 hours-mature biofilm of P. aeruginosa from a pre-wounded human full thickness skin model (EpiDerm FT), and 3-day mature biofilm of P. aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus from a porcine skin explant. Histological examinations of uninfected EpiDerm models that had been treated by LAWS and then stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin, demonstrated no damage to the human tissue, and wound diameter was smaller in the treated skin models compared with untreated samples. Immunofluorescence staining for cytokeratin 14 showed that keratinocytes had migrated further across the wound in the uninfected samples treated by LAWS. We discuss the implications for wound healing and propose further laboratory and clinical studies to demonstrate the removal of biofilm from patients with chronic leg ulcers and the impact on healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Secker
- Environmental Healthcare Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Christopher C Harling
- Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Chloe Hand
- Environmental Healthcare Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - David Voegeli
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, University of Winchester, Winchester, UK
| | - Charles W Keevil
- Environmental Healthcare Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Timothy G Leighton
- Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Sloan Water Technology Ltd, Southampton, UK
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Chanaj-Kaczmarek J, Rosiak N, Szymanowska D, Rajewski M, Wender-Ozegowska E, Cielecka-Piontek J. The Chitosan-Based System with Scutellariae baicalensis radix Extract for the Local Treatment of Vaginal Infections. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:740. [PMID: 35456574 PMCID: PMC9028937 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Scutellarie baicalensis radix, as a flavone-rich source, exhibits antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity. It may be used as a therapeutic agent to treat various diseases, including vaginal infections. In this study, six binary mixtures of chitosan with stable S. baicalensis radix lyophilized extract were obtained and identified by spectral (ATR-FTIR, XRPD) and thermal (TG and DSC) methods. The changes in dissolution rates of active compounds and the significant increase in the biological properties towards metal chelating activity were observed, as well as the inhibition of hyaluronic acid degradation after mixing plant extract with chitosan. Moreover, the combination of S. baicalensis radix lyophilized extract with a carrier allowed us to obtain the binary systems with a higher antifungal activity than the pure extract, which may be effective in developing new strategies in the vaginal infections treatment, particularly vulvovaginal candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Chanaj-Kaczmarek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (J.C.-K.); (N.R.)
| | - Natalia Rosiak
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (J.C.-K.); (N.R.)
| | - Daria Szymanowska
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 48 Wojska Polskiego Street, 60-627 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Marcin Rajewski
- Department of Reproduction, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 33 Polna Street, 60-535 Poznan, Poland; (M.R.); (E.W.-O.)
| | - Ewa Wender-Ozegowska
- Department of Reproduction, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 33 Polna Street, 60-535 Poznan, Poland; (M.R.); (E.W.-O.)
| | - Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (J.C.-K.); (N.R.)
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44
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Darvishi S, Tavakoli S, Kharaziha M, Girault HH, Kaminski CF, Mela I. Advances in the Sensing and Treatment of Wound Biofilms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202112218. [PMID: 34806284 PMCID: PMC9303468 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Wound biofilms represent a particularly challenging problem in modern medicine. They are increasingly antibiotic resistant and can prevent the healing of chronic wounds. However, current treatment and diagnostic options are hampered by the complexity of the biofilm environment. In this review, we present new chemical avenues in biofilm sensors and new materials to treat wound biofilms, offering promise for better detection, chemical specificity, and biocompatibility. We briefly discuss existing methods for biofilm detection and focus on novel, sensor-based approaches that show promise for early, accurate detection of biofilm formation on wound sites and that can be translated to point-of-care settings. We then discuss technologies inspired by new materials for efficient biofilm eradication. We focus on ultrasound-induced microbubbles and nanomaterials that can both penetrate the biofilm and simultaneously carry active antimicrobials and discuss the benefits of those approaches in comparison to conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorour Darvishi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgePhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne1951SionSwitzerland
| | - Shima Tavakoli
- Department of Chemistry-Ångstrom LaboratoryUppsala UniversitySE75121UppsalaSweden
| | - Mahshid Kharaziha
- Department of Materials EngineeringIsfahan University of TechnologyIsfahan84156-83111Iran
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne1951SionSwitzerland
| | - Clemens F. Kaminski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgePhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Ioanna Mela
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgePhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
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Darvishi S, Tavakoli S, Kharaziha M, Girault HH, Kaminski CF, Mela I. Advances in the Sensing and Treatment of Wound Biofilms. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 134:e202112218. [PMID: 38505642 PMCID: PMC10946914 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Wound biofilms represent a particularly challenging problem in modern medicine. They are increasingly antibiotic resistant and can prevent the healing of chronic wounds. However, current treatment and diagnostic options are hampered by the complexity of the biofilm environment. In this review, we present new chemical avenues in biofilm sensors and new materials to treat wound biofilms, offering promise for better detection, chemical specificity, and biocompatibility. We briefly discuss existing methods for biofilm detection and focus on novel, sensor-based approaches that show promise for early, accurate detection of biofilm formation on wound sites and that can be translated to point-of-care settings. We then discuss technologies inspired by new materials for efficient biofilm eradication. We focus on ultrasound-induced microbubbles and nanomaterials that can both penetrate the biofilm and simultaneously carry active antimicrobials and discuss the benefits of those approaches in comparison to conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorour Darvishi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgePhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne1951SionSwitzerland
| | - Shima Tavakoli
- Department of Chemistry-Ångstrom LaboratoryUppsala UniversitySE75121UppsalaSweden
| | - Mahshid Kharaziha
- Department of Materials EngineeringIsfahan University of TechnologyIsfahan84156-83111Iran
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne1951SionSwitzerland
| | - Clemens F. Kaminski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgePhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Ioanna Mela
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgePhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
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Recent Strategies to Combat Biofilms Using Antimicrobial Agents and Therapeutic Approaches. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030292. [PMID: 35335616 PMCID: PMC8955104 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are intricate bacterial assemblages that attach to diverse surfaces using an extracellular polymeric substance that protects them from the host immune system and conventional antibiotics. Biofilms cause chronic infections that result in millions of deaths around the world every year. Since the antibiotic tolerance mechanism in biofilm is different than that of the planktonic cells due to its multicellular structure, the currently available antibiotics are inadequate to treat biofilm-associated infections which have led to an immense need to find newer treatment options. Over the years, various novel antibiofilm compounds able to fight biofilms have been discovered. In this review, we have focused on the recent and intensively researched therapeutic techniques and antibiofilm agents used for biofilm treatment and grouped them according to their type and mode of action. We also discuss some therapeutic approaches that have the potential for future advancement.
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The Antibacterial Effect of PEGylated Carbosilane Dendrimers on P. aeruginosa Alone and in Combination with Phage-Derived Endolysin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031873. [PMID: 35163794 PMCID: PMC8836974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for new microbicide compounds is of an urgent need, especially against difficult-to-eradicate biofilm-forming bacteria. One attractive option is the application of cationic multivalent dendrimers as antibacterials and also as carriers of active molecules. These compounds require an adequate hydrophilic/hydrophobic structural balance to maximize the effect. Herein, we evaluated the antimicrobial activity of cationic carbosilane (CBS) dendrimers unmodified or modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) units, against planktonic and biofilm-forming P. aeruginosa culture. Our study revealed that the presence of PEG destabilized the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance but reduced the antibacterial activity measured by microbiological cultivation methods, laser interferometry and fluorescence microscopy. On the other hand, the activity can be improved by the combination of the CBS dendrimers with endolysin, a bacteriophage-encoded peptidoglycan hydrolase. This enzyme applied in the absence of the cationic CBS dendrimers is ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria because of the protective outer membrane shield. However, the endolysin-CBS dendrimer mixture enables the penetration through the membrane and then deterioration of the peptidoglycan layer, providing a synergic antimicrobial effect.
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Loh D, Reiter RJ. Melatonin: Regulation of Prion Protein Phase Separation in Cancer Multidrug Resistance. Molecules 2022; 27:705. [PMID: 35163973 PMCID: PMC8839844 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique ability to adapt and thrive in inhospitable, stressful tumor microenvironments (TME) also renders cancer cells resistant to traditional chemotherapeutic treatments and/or novel pharmaceuticals. Cancer cells exhibit extensive metabolic alterations involving hypoxia, accelerated glycolysis, oxidative stress, and increased extracellular ATP that may activate ancient, conserved prion adaptive response strategies that exacerbate multidrug resistance (MDR) by exploiting cellular stress to increase cancer metastatic potential and stemness, balance proliferation and differentiation, and amplify resistance to apoptosis. The regulation of prions in MDR is further complicated by important, putative physiological functions of ligand-binding and signal transduction. Melatonin is capable of both enhancing physiological functions and inhibiting oncogenic properties of prion proteins. Through regulation of phase separation of the prion N-terminal domain which targets and interacts with lipid rafts, melatonin may prevent conformational changes that can result in aggregation and/or conversion to pathological, infectious isoforms. As a cancer therapy adjuvant, melatonin could modulate TME oxidative stress levels and hypoxia, reverse pH gradient changes, reduce lipid peroxidation, and protect lipid raft compositions to suppress prion-mediated, non-Mendelian, heritable, but often reversible epigenetic adaptations that facilitate cancer heterogeneity, stemness, metastasis, and drug resistance. This review examines some of the mechanisms that may balance physiological and pathological effects of prions and prion-like proteins achieved through the synergistic use of melatonin to ameliorate MDR, which remains a challenge in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Loh
- Independent Researcher, Marble Falls, TX 78654, USA
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Sarker RR, Tsunoi Y, Haruyama Y, Sato S, Nishidate I. Depth distributions of bacteria for the Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected burn wounds treated by methylene blue-mediated photodynamic therapy in rats: effects of additives to photosensitizer. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2022; 27:JBO-210330GR. [PMID: 35088588 PMCID: PMC8794038 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.1.018001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Pseudomonas(P.) aeruginosa, a common cause of infection in burns, acquires antibiotic resistance easily and forms biofilms efficiently. Thus, it is difficult to control P. aeruginosa infection in burn wounds, which causes lethal septicemia. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is attractive as a new strategy to treat burn wound infections with drug-resistant bacteria. AIM We examined the efficacy of methylene blue (MB)-mediated aPDT with various additives in a tissue depth-resolved manner to find conditions that minimize the bacterial invasion. APPROACH We applied MB-mediated aPDT with LED array illumination to an extensive, full-thickness burn infected with P. aeruginosa in rats for three consecutive days (days 0, 1, and 2). On day 2, the depth distributions of bacteria were assessed based on the histological analysis using Gram staining. We examined how the addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), ethanol, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) affected the efficacy of aPDT. RESULTS Pure MB-mediated aPDT significantly reduced the numbers of bacteria with biofilms on the wound surface and in the epidermis compared with those for the control tissue (saline only). However, there were many bacteria in the deeper region of the tissue. In contrast, MB/EDTA/ethanol/DMSO-mediated aPDT minimized the numbers of bacteria in the broad depth region of the tissue. Still, a limited number of bacteria was observed in the subcutaneous tissue. CONCLUSIONS The depthwise analysis of bacteria demonstrated the efficacy of the MB-mediated aPDT with the addition of EDTA, ethanol, and DMSO in controlling burn wound infections. However, further improvement of the therapy is needed to suppress bacterial migration into the deep tissue completely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roma R. Sarker
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Koganei, Japan
- Bangladesh Agricultural University, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Yasuyuki Tsunoi
- National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Division of Bioinformation and Therapeutic Systems, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Yasue Haruyama
- National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Division of Bioinformation and Therapeutic Systems, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Shunichi Sato
- National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Division of Bioinformation and Therapeutic Systems, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Izumi Nishidate
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Koganei, Japan
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50
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Chen CH, Tsao YT, Yeh PT, Liao YH, Lee YT, Liao WT, Wang YC, Shen CF, Cheng CM. Detection of Microorganisms in Body Fluids via MTT-PMS Assay. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 12:46. [PMID: 35054213 PMCID: PMC8774610 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of microorganisms is essential for the management of infectious diseases. However, this is challenging, as traditional culture methods are labor-intensive and time-consuming. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide-phenazine methosulfate (MTT-PMS) assay has been used to evaluate the metabolic activity in live cells and can thus be used for detecting living microorganisms. With the addition of NaOH and Tris-EDTA, the same approach can be accelerated (within 15 min) and used for the quick detection of common bacterial pathogens. The assay results can be evaluated colorimetrically or semi-quantitatively. Here, the quick detection by MTT-PMS assay was further investigated. The assay had a detection limit of approximately 104 CFU/mL. In clinical evaluations, we used the MTT-PMS assay to detect clinical samples and bacteriuria (>105 CFU/mL). The negative predictive value of the MTT-PMS assay for determining bacteriuria was 79.59% but was 100% when the interference of abnormal blood was excluded. Thus, the MTT-PMS assay might be a potential "rule-out" tool for bacterial detection in clinical samples, at a cost of approximately USD 1 per test. Owing to its low cost, rapid results, and easy-to-use characteristics, the MTT-PMS assay may be a potential tool for microorganism detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Han Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (C.-H.C.); (Y.-T.T.); (Y.-H.L.); (W.-T.L.)
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Tsao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (C.-H.C.); (Y.-T.T.); (Y.-H.L.); (W.-T.L.)
| | - Po-Ting Yeh
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Hsiang Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (C.-H.C.); (Y.-T.T.); (Y.-H.L.); (W.-T.L.)
| | - Yi-Tzu Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (C.-H.C.); (Y.-T.T.); (Y.-H.L.); (W.-T.L.)
| | - Yung-Chih Wang
- National Defense Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 11490, Taiwan;
| | - Ching-Fen Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Min Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (C.-H.C.); (Y.-T.T.); (Y.-H.L.); (W.-T.L.)
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