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Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-activated protein kinases (MAPKAPKs) are defined by their exclusive activation by MAPKs. They can be activated by classical and atypical MAPKs that have been stimulated by mitogens and various stresses. Genetic deletions of MAPKAPKs and availability of highly specific small-molecule inhibitors have continuously increased our functional understanding of these kinases. MAPKAPKs cooperate in the regulation of gene expression at the level of transcription; RNA processing, export, and stability; and protein synthesis. The diversity of stimuli for MAPK activation, the cross talk between the different MAPKs and MAPKAPKs, and the specific substrate pattern of MAPKAPKs orchestrate immediate-early and inflammatory responses in space and time and ensure proper control of cell growth, differentiation, and cell behavior. Hence, MAPKAPKs are promising targets for cancer therapy and treatments for conditions of acute and chronic inflammation, such as cytokine storms and rheumatoid arthritis. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biochemistry, Volume 91 is June 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ronkina
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany;
| | - Matthias Gaestel
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany;
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2
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Khalil MI, Singh V, King J, De Benedetti A. TLK1-mediated MK5-S354 phosphorylation drives prostate cancer cell motility and may signify distinct pathologies. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:2537-2557. [PMID: 35064619 PMCID: PMC9251878 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastases account for the majority of prostate cancer (PCa) deaths, and targeting them is a major goal of systemic therapy. We identified a novel interaction between two kinases: tousled‐like kinase 1 (TLK1) and MAP kinase‐activated protein kinase 5 (MK5) that promotes PCa spread. In PCa progression, TLK1–MK5 signalling appears to increase following antiandrogen treatment and in metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients. Determinations of motility rates (2D and 3D) of different TLK1‐ and MK5‐perturbed cells, including knockout (KO) and knockdown (KD), as well as the use of specific inhibitors, showed the importance of these two proteins for in vitro dissemination. We established that TLK1 phosphorylates MK5 on three residues (S160, S354 and S386), resulting in MK5 activation, and additionally, mobility shifts of MK5 also supported its phosphorylation by TLK1 in transfected HEK 293 cells. Expression of MK5‐S354A or kinase‐dead MK5 in MK5‐depleted mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells failed to restore their motility compared with that of wild‐type (WT) MK5‐rescued MK5−/− MEF cells. A pMK5‐S354 antiserum was used to establish this site as an authentic TLK1 target in androgen‐sensitive human prostate adenocarcinoma (LNCaP) cells, and was used in immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies of age‐related PCa sections from TRAMP (transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate) mice and to probe a human tissue microarray (TMA), which revealed pMK5‐S354 level is correlated with disease progression (Gleason score and nodal metastases). In addition, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) analyses of PCa expression and genome‐wide association study (GWAS) relations identify TLK1 and MK5 as potential drivers of advanced PCa and as markers of mCRPC. Our work suggests that TLK1–MK5 signalling is functionally involved in driving PCa cell motility and clinical features of aggressiveness; hence, disruption of this axis may inhibit the metastatic spread of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vibha Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Judy King
- Deparment of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
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3
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Horn D, Fernández-Núñez E, Gomez-Carmona R, Rivera-Barahona A, Nevado J, Schwartzmann S, Ehmke N, Lapunzina P, Otaify GA, Temtamy S, Aglan M, Boschann F, Ruiz-Perez VL. Biallelic truncating variants in MAPKAPK5 cause a new developmental disorder involving neurological, cardiac, and facial anomalies combined with synpolydactyly. Genet Med 2021; 23:679-688. [PMID: 33442026 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-020-01052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to identify the genetic cause of a new multiple congenital anomalies syndrome observed in three individuals from two unrelated families. METHODS Clinical assessment was conducted prenatally and at different postnatal stages. Genetic studies included exome sequencing (ES) combined with single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array based homozygosity mapping and trio ES. Dermal fibroblasts were used for functional assays. RESULTS A clinically recognizable syndrome characterized by severe developmental delay, variable brain anomalies, congenital heart defects, dysmorphic facial features, and a distinctive type of synpolydactyly with an additional hypoplastic digit between the fourth and fifth digits of hands and/or feet was identified. Additional features included eye abnormalities, hearing impairment, and electroencephalogram anomalies. ES detected different homozygous truncating variants in MAPKAPK5 in both families. Patient-derived cells showed no expression of MAPKAPK5 protein isoforms and reduced levels of the MAPKAPK5-interacting protein ERK3. F-actin recovery after latrunculin B treatment was found to be less efficient in patient-derived fibroblasts than in control cells, supporting a role of MAPKAPK5 in F-actin polymerization. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that loss-of-function variants in MAPKAPK5 result in a severe developmental disorder and reveal a major role of this gene in human brain, heart, and limb development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Horn
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Elisa Fernández-Núñez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Gomez-Carmona
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Rivera-Barahona
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julian Nevado
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain.,ITHACA, European Reference Network on Rare Congenital Malformations and Rare Intellectual Disability, Paris, France
| | - Sarina Schwartzmann
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadja Ehmke
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pablo Lapunzina
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain.,ITHACA, European Reference Network on Rare Congenital Malformations and Rare Intellectual Disability, Paris, France
| | - Ghada A Otaify
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Division of Human Genetics and Genome Research, Center of Excellence for Human Genetics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samia Temtamy
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Division of Human Genetics and Genome Research, Center of Excellence for Human Genetics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona Aglan
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Division of Human Genetics and Genome Research, Center of Excellence for Human Genetics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Felix Boschann
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor L Ruiz-Perez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain. .,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain. .,ITHACA, European Reference Network on Rare Congenital Malformations and Rare Intellectual Disability, Paris, France.
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4
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Roche O, Fernández-Aroca DM, Arconada-Luque E, García-Flores N, Mellor LF, Ruiz-Hidalgo MJ, Sánchez-Prieto R. p38β and Cancer: The Beginning of the Road. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207524. [PMID: 33053909 PMCID: PMC7589630 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway is implicated in cancer biology and has been widely studied over the past two decades as a potential therapeutic target. Most of the biological and pathological implications of p38MAPK signaling are often associated with p38α (MAPK14). Recently, several members of the p38 family, including p38γ and p38δ, have been shown to play a crucial role in several pathologies including cancer. However, the specific role of p38β (MAPK11) in cancer is still elusive, and further investigation is needed. Here, we summarize what is currently known about the role of p38β in different types of tumors and its putative implication in cancer therapy. All evidence suggests that p38β might be a key player in cancer development, and could be an important therapeutic target in several pathologies, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Roche
- Laboratorio de Oncología, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain; (O.R.); (D.M.F.-A.); (E.A.-L.); (N.G.-F.); (L.F.M.); (M.J.R.-H.)
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
| | - Diego M. Fernández-Aroca
- Laboratorio de Oncología, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain; (O.R.); (D.M.F.-A.); (E.A.-L.); (N.G.-F.); (L.F.M.); (M.J.R.-H.)
| | - Elena Arconada-Luque
- Laboratorio de Oncología, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain; (O.R.); (D.M.F.-A.); (E.A.-L.); (N.G.-F.); (L.F.M.); (M.J.R.-H.)
| | - Natalia García-Flores
- Laboratorio de Oncología, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain; (O.R.); (D.M.F.-A.); (E.A.-L.); (N.G.-F.); (L.F.M.); (M.J.R.-H.)
| | - Liliana F. Mellor
- Laboratorio de Oncología, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain; (O.R.); (D.M.F.-A.); (E.A.-L.); (N.G.-F.); (L.F.M.); (M.J.R.-H.)
| | - María José Ruiz-Hidalgo
- Laboratorio de Oncología, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain; (O.R.); (D.M.F.-A.); (E.A.-L.); (N.G.-F.); (L.F.M.); (M.J.R.-H.)
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
| | - Ricardo Sánchez-Prieto
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
- Departamento de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-915-854-420
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5
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Yang T, Chen WC, Shi PC, Liu MR, Jiang T, Song H, Wang JQ, Fan RZ, Pei DS, Song J. Long noncoding RNA MAPKAPK5-AS1 promotes colorectal cancer progression by cis-regulating the nearby gene MK5 and acting as a let-7f-1-3p sponge. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:139. [PMID: 32690100 PMCID: PMC7370515 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01633-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are considered critical regulators in cancers; however, the clinical significance and mechanisms of MAPKAPK5-AS1 (hereinafter referred to as MK5-AS1) in colorectal cancer (CRC) remain mostly unknown. METHODS In this study, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and western blotting were utilized to detect the levels of MK5-AS1, let-7f-1-3p and MK5 (MAPK activated protein kinase 5) in CRC tissues and cell lines. The biological functions of MK5-AS1, let-7f-1-3p and MK5 in CRC cells were explored using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8), colony formation and transwell assays. The potential mechanisms of MK5-AS1 were evaluated by RNA pull-down, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), dual luciferase reporter assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and bioinformatics analysis. The effects of MK5-AS1 and MK5 on CRC were investigated by a xenotransplantation model. RESULTS We confirmed that MK5-AS1 was significantly increased in CRC tissues. Knockdown of MK5-AS1 suppressed cell migration and invasion in vitro and inhibited lung metastasis in mice. Mechanistically, MK5-AS1 regulated SNAI1 expression by sponging let-7f-1-3p and cis-regulated the adjacent gene MK5. Moreover, MK5-AS1 recruited RBM4 and eIF4A1 to promote the translation of MK5. Our study verified that MK5 promoted the phosphorylation of c-Jun, which activated the transcription of SNAI1 by directly binding to its promoter. CONCLUSIONS MK5-AS1 cis-regulated the nearby gene MK5 and acted as a let-7f-1-3p sponge, playing a vital role in CRC tumorigenesis. This study could provide novel insights into molecular therapeutic targets of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- grid.413389.4Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002 Jiangsu Province China ,grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Wei-Cong Chen
- grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Pei-Cong Shi
- grid.413389.4Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Man-Ru Liu
- grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Tao Jiang
- grid.413389.4Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Hu Song
- grid.413389.4Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Jia-Qi Wang
- grid.413389.4Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Rui-Zhi Fan
- grid.413389.4Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Dong-Sheng Pei
- grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Jun Song
- grid.413389.4Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002 Jiangsu Province China ,grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537Institute of Digestive Diseases of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002 Jiangsu Province China
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6
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Oh SE, Mouradian MM. Cytoprotective mechanisms of DJ-1 against oxidative stress through modulating ERK1/2 and ASK1 signal transduction. Redox Biol 2017; 14:211-217. [PMID: 28954246 PMCID: PMC5614756 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
DJ-1 is a highly conserved multifunctional protein linked to both neurodegeneration and neoplasia. Among its various activities is an antioxidant property leading to cytoprotection under oxidative stress conditions. This is associated with the ability to modulate signal transduction events that determine how the cell regulates normal processes such as growth, senescence, apoptosis, and autophagy in order to adapt to environmental stimuli and stresses. Alterations in DJ-1 expression or function can disrupt homeostatic signaling networks and initiate cascades that play a role in the pathogenesis of conditions such as Parkinson's disease and cancer. DJ-1 plays a major role in various signaling pathways. Related to its anti-oxidant properties, it mediates cell survival and proliferation by activating the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) pathway and attenuates cell death signaling by inhibiting apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) activation. Here, we review the ways through which DJ-1 regulates these pathways, focusing on how its regulation of signal transduction contributes to cellular homeostasis and the pathologic states that result from their dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E Oh
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Neuroimmunologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - M Maral Mouradian
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Neuroimmunologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States.
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7
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Sahadevan P, Allen BG. MK5: A novel regulator of cardiac fibroblast function? IUBMB Life 2017; 69:785-794. [PMID: 28941148 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
MAP kinase-activated protein kinases (MKs), protein serine/threonine kinases downstream of the MAPKs, regulate a number of biological functions. MK5 was initially identified as a substrate for p38 MAPK but subsequent studies revealed that MK5 activity is regulated by atypical MAPKs ERK3 and ERK4. However, the roles of these MAPKs in activating MK5 remain controversial. The interactome and physiological function of MK5 are just beginning to be understood. Here, we provide an overview of the structure-function of MK5 including recent progress in determining its role in cardiac structure and function. The cardiac phenotype of MK5 haplodeficient mice, and the effect of reduced MK5 expression on cardiac remodeling, is also discussed. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(10):785-794, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Sahadevan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal and Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Bruce G Allen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal and Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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8
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Nawaito SA, Dingar D, Sahadevan P, Hussein B, Sahmi F, Shi Y, Gillis MA, Gaestel M, Tardif JC, Allen BG. MK5 haplodeficiency attenuates hypertrophy and preserves diastolic function during remodeling induced by chronic pressure overload in the mouse heart. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 313:H46-H58. [PMID: 28432058 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00597.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
MAPK-activated protein kinase-5 (MK5) is a protein serine/threonine kinase that is activated by p38 MAPK and the atypical MAPKs ERK3 and ERK4. The physiological function(s) of MK5 remains unknown. Here, we examined the effect of MK5 haplodeficiency on cardiac function and myocardial remodeling. At 12 wk of age, MK5 haplodeficient mice (MK5+/-) were smaller than age-matched wild-type littermates (MK5+/+), with similar diastolic function but reduced systolic function. Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) was used to induce chronic pressure overload in 12-wk-old male MK5+/- and MK5+/+ mice. Two weeks post-TAC, heart weight-to-tibia length ratios were similarly increased in MK5+/- and MK5+/+ hearts, as was the abundance of B-type natriuretic peptide and β-myosin heavy chain mRNA. Left ventricular ejection fraction was reduced in both MK5+/+ and MK5+/- mice, whereas regional peak systolic tissue velocities were reduced and isovolumetric relaxation time was prolonged in MK5+/+ hearts but not in MK5+/- hearts. The TAC-induced increase in collagen type 1-α1 mRNA observed in MK5+/+ hearts was markedly attenuated in MK5+/- hearts. Eight weeks post-TAC, systolic function was equally impaired in MK5+/+ and MK5+/- mice. In contrast, the increase in E wave deceleration rate and progression of hypertrophy observed in TAC MK5+/+ mice were attenuated in TAC MK5+/- mice. MK5 immunoreactivity was detected in adult fibroblasts but not in myocytes. MK5+/+, MK5+/-, and MK5-/- fibroblasts all expressed α-smooth muscle actin in culture. Hence, reduced MK5 expression in cardiac fibroblasts was associated with the attenuation of both hypertrophy and development of a restrictive filling pattern during myocardial remodeling in response to chronic pressure overload.NEW & NOTEWORTHY MAPK-activated protein kinase-5 (MK5)/p38-regulated/activated protein kinase is a protein serine/threonine kinase activated by p38 MAPK and/or the atypical MAPKs ERK3 and ERK4. MK5 immunoreactivity was detected in adult ventricular fibroblasts but not in myocytes. MK5 haplodeficiency attenuated the progression of hypertrophy, reduced collagen type 1 mRNA, and protected diastolic function in response to chronic pressure overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherin Ali Nawaito
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Dharmendra Dingar
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Pramod Sahadevan
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Fatiha Sahmi
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yanfen Shi
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Matthias Gaestel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; and
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Bruce G Allen
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada; .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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9
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Oh SE, Mouradian MM. Regulation of Signal Transduction by DJ-1. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1037:97-131. [PMID: 29147906 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6583-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability of DJ-1 to modulate signal transduction has significant effects on how the cell regulates normal processes such as growth, senescence, apoptosis, and autophagy to adapt to changing environmental stimuli and stresses. Perturbations of DJ-1 levels or function can disrupt the equilibrium of homeostatic signaling networks and set off cascades that play a role in the pathogenesis of conditions such as cancer and Parkinson's disease.DJ-1 plays a major role in various pathways. It mediates cell survival and proliferation by activating the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) pathway and the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. It attenuates cell death signaling by inhibiting apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) activation as well as by inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 (MEKK1/MAP3K1) activation of downstream apoptotic cascades. It also modulates autophagy through the ERK, Akt, or the JNK/Beclin1 pathways. In addition, DJ-1 regulates the transcription of genes essential for male reproductive function, such as spermatogenesis, by relaying nuclear receptor androgen receptor (AR) signaling. In this chapter, we summarize the ways that DJ-1 regulates these pathways, focusing on how its role in signal transduction contributes to cellular homeostasis and the pathologic states that result from dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E Oh
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Neuroimmunologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - M Maral Mouradian
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Neuroimmunologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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10
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Estrogen Protects the Female Heart from Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury through Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Phosphorylation by Mitochondrial p38β at Threonine 79 and Serine 106. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167761. [PMID: 27930699 PMCID: PMC5145184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A collective body of evidence indicates that estrogen protects the heart from myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, but the underlying mechanism remains incompletely understood. We have previously delineated a novel mechanism of how 17β-estradiol (E2) protects cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes from hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) by identifying a functionally active mitochondrial pool of p38β and E2-driven upregulation of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activity via p38β, leading to the suppression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis. Here we investigate these cytoprotective actions of E2 in vivo. Left coronary artery ligation and reperfusion was used to produce I/R injury in ovariectomized (OVX) female mice and in estrogen receptor (ER) null female mice. E2 treatment in OVX mice reduced the left ventricular infarct size accompanied by increased activity of mitochondrial p38β and MnSOD. I/R-induced infarct size in ERα knockout (ERKO), ERβ knockout (BERKO) and ERα and β double knockout (DERKO) female mice was larger than that in wild type (WT) mice, with little difference among ERKO, BERKO, and DERKO. Loss of both ERα and ERβ led to reduced activity of mitochondrial p38β and MnSOD at baseline and after I/R. The physical interaction between mitochondrial p38β and MnSOD in the heart was detected by co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP). Threonine 79 (T79) and serine 106 (S106) of MnSOD were identified to be phosphorylated by p38β in kinase assays. Overexpression of WT MnSOD in cardiomyocytes reduced ROS generation during H/R, while point mutation of T79 and S106 of MnSOD to alanine abolished its antioxidative function. We conclude that the protective effects of E2 and ER against cardiac I/R injury involve the regulation of MnSOD via posttranslational modification of the dismutase by p38β.
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Kim Y, Kim C, Son SM, Song H, Hong HS, Han SH, Mook-Jung I. The novel RAGE interactor PRAK is associated with autophagy signaling in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:4. [PMID: 26758977 PMCID: PMC4709948 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) has been found to interact with amyloid β (Aβ). Although RAGE does not have any kinase motifs in its cytosolic domain, the interaction between RAGE and Aβ triggers multiple cellular signaling involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the mechanism of signal transduction by RAGE remains still unknown. Therefore, identifying binding proteins of RAGE may provide novel therapeutic targets for AD. RESULTS In this study, we identified p38-regulated/activated protein kinase (PRAK) as a novel RAGE interacting molecule. To investigate the effect of Aβ on PRAK mediated RAGE signaling pathway, we treated SH-SY5Y cells with monomeric form of Aβ. We demonstrated that Aβ significantly increased the phosphorylation of PRAK as well as the interaction between PRAK and RAGE. We showed that knockdown of PRAK rescued mTORC1 inactivation induced by Aβ treatment and decreased the formation of Aβ-induced autophagosome. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence that PRAK plays a critical role in AD pathology as a key interactor of RAGE. Thus, our data suggest that PRAK might be a potential therapeutic target of AD involved in RAGE-mediated cell signaling induced by Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonhee Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 110-799, Korea.
| | - Chaeyoung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 110-799, Korea.
| | - Sung Min Son
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 110-799, Korea.
| | - Hyundong Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 110-799, Korea.
| | - Hyun Seok Hong
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 110-799, Korea.
| | - Sun-ho Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 110-799, Korea.
| | - Inhee Mook-Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 110-799, Korea.
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Gaestel M. MAPK-Activated Protein Kinases (MKs): Novel Insights and Challenges. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 3:88. [PMID: 26779481 PMCID: PMC4705221 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Downstream of MAPKs, such as classical/atypical ERKs and p38 MAPKs, but not of JNKs, signaling is often mediated by protein kinases which are phosphorylated and activated by MAPKs and, therefore, designated MAPK-activated protein kinases (MAPKAPKs). Recently, novel insights into the specificity of the assembly of MAPK/MAPKAPK hetero-dimeric protein kinase signaling complexes have been gained. In addition, new functional aspects of MKs have been described and established functions have been challenged. This short review will summarize recent developments including the linear motif (LM) in MKs, the ERK-independent activation of RSK, the RSK-independent effects of some RSK-inhibitors and the challenged role of MK5/PRAK in tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Gaestel
- Department of Biochemistry, Hannover Medical University Hannover, Germany
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Zheng M, Zang S, Xie L, Fang X, Zhang YU, Ma X, Liu J, Lin D, Huang A. Rheb phosphorylation is involved in p38-regulated/activated protein kinase-mediated tumor suppression in liver cancer. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1655-1661. [PMID: 26622727 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras homolog enriched in brain (Rheb) is a key regulator of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). The Rheb-mTORC1 axis is a pivotal pathway that mediates cell growth. It was previously reported that upon energy-stress stimulation, the phosphorylation of Rheb at serine 130 by p38-regulated/activated protein kinase (PRAK) results in the impaired nucleotide binding ability of Rheb and inhibits Rheb-mediated mTORC1 activation. However, the role of Rheb phosphorylation in cancer development remains to be elucidated. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of Rheb phosphorylation on tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. In addition, tissue samples were obtained from 70 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients in order to determine any associations between Rheb phosphorylation and the clinicopathological characteristics of patients. In vitro and ex vivo kinase assays were performed to determine the phosphorylation of Rheb by PRAK. A xenograft assay was performed to assess tumorigenicity of MEF cell lines. In addition, western blot and immunohistochemical analyses were performed to detect Rheb protein expression and phosphorylation. The results of the present study revealed that Rheb phosphorylation may be induced through Ras overexpression. In addition, kinase-dead PRAK and dominant-negative PRAK mutation were demonstrated to abolish the Rheb phosphorylation induced by Ras overexpression. Xenograft assays in nude mice revealed that Rheb phosphorylation was involved in PRAK-mediated tumor suppression. Of note, the clinicopathological analysis of 70 HCC samples determined that Rheb phosphorylation was associated with poor proliferation and the progression of HCC. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that Rheb phosphorylation may have an important role as an intracellular barrier to cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, P.R. China ; Translational Medicine Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, P.R. China
| | - Shengbing Zang
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, P.R. China
| | - Linna Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, P.R. China ; Department of Bioengineering, Fujian Vocational College of Bioengineering, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P.R. China
| | - Xueting Fang
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, P.R. China
| | - Y U Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojie Ma
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, P.R. China
| | - Jingfeng Liu
- Liver Center of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Dexin Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, P.R. China
| | - Aimin Huang
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, P.R. China
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PRAK interacts with DJ-1 and prevents oxidative stress-induced cell death. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:735618. [PMID: 25383140 PMCID: PMC4212658 DOI: 10.1155/2014/735618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
As a core member of p38 MAPK signal transduction pathway, p38 regulated/activated kinase (PRAK) is activated by cellular stresses. However, the function of PRAK and its downstream interacting partner remain undefined. Using a yeast two-hybrid system, we identified DJ-1 as a potential PRAK interacting protein. We further verified that DJ-1 bound to PRAK in vitro and in vivo and colocalized with PRAK in the nuclei of NIH3T3 cells. Furthermore, following H2O2 stimulation the majority of endogenous DJ-1 in PRAK+/+ cells still remained in the nucleus, whereas most DJ-1 in PRAK−/− cells translocated from the nucleus into the cytoplasm, indicating that PRAK is essential for DJ-1 to localize in the nucleus. In addition, PRAK-associated phosphorylation of DJ-1 was observed in vitro and in vivo of H2O2-challenged PRAK+/+ cells. Cytoplasmic translocation of DJ-1 in H2O2-treated PRAK−/− cells lost its ability to sequester Daxx, a death protein, in the nucleus, and as a result, Daxx gained access to the cytoplasm and triggered cell death. These data highlight that DJ-1 is the downstream interacting target for PRAK, and in response to oxidative stress PRAK may exert a cytoprotective effect by facilitating DJ-1 to sequester Daxx in the nucleus, thus preventing cell death.
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Moens U, Kostenko S. Structure and function of MK5/PRAK: the loner among the mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinases. Biol Chem 2014; 394:1115-32. [PMID: 23729623 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2013-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are important signal transduction pathways that control pivotal cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, survival, apoptosis, gene regulation, and motility. MAPK pathways consist of a relay of consecutive phosphorylation events exerted by MAPK kinase kinases, MAPK kinases, and MAPKs. Conventional MAPKs are characterized by a conserved Thr-X-Tyr motif in the activation loop of the kinase domain, while atypical MAPKs lack this motif and do not seem to be organized into the classical three-tiered kinase cascade. One functional group of conventional and atypical MAPK substrates consists of protein kinases known as MAPK-activated protein kinases. Eleven mammalian MAPK-activated protein kinases have been identified, and they are divided into five subgroups: the ribosomal-S6-kinases RSK1-4, the MAPK-interacting kinases MNK1 and 2, the mitogen- and stress-activated kinases MSK1 and 2, the MAPK-activated protein kinases MK2 and 3, and the MAPK-activated protein kinase MK5 (also referred to as PRAK). MK5/PRAK is the only MAPK-activated protein kinase that is a substrate for both conventional and atypical MAPK, while all other MAPKAPKs are exclusively phosphorylated by conventional MAPKs. This review focuses on the structure, activation, substrates, functions, and possible implications of MK5/PRAK in malignant and nonmalignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Moens
- University of Tromsø Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Biology, Molecular Inflammation Research Group, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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16
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Comparative molecular dynamics simulations of mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 5. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:4878-902. [PMID: 24651460 PMCID: PMC3975429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15034878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase MK5 is a substrate of the mitogen-activated protein kinases p38, ERK3 and ERK4. Cell culture and animal studies have demonstrated that MK5 is involved in tumour suppression and promotion, embryogenesis, anxiety, cell motility and cell cycle regulation. In the present study, homology models of MK5 were used for molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of: (1) MK5 alone; (2) MK5 in complex with an inhibitor; and (3) MK5 in complex with the interaction partner p38α. The calculations showed that the inhibitor occupied the active site and disrupted the intramolecular network of amino acids. However, intramolecular interactions consistent with an inactive protein kinase fold were not formed. MD with p38α showed that not only the p38 docking region, but also amino acids in the activation segment, αH helix, P-loop, regulatory phosphorylation region and the C-terminal of MK5 may be involved in forming a very stable MK5-p38α complex, and that p38α binding decreases the residual fluctuation of the MK5 model. Electrostatic Potential Surface (EPS) calculations of MK5 and p38α showed that electrostatic interactions are important for recognition and binding.
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17
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Wang S, Huang Q, Guo J, Guo X, Sun Q, Brunk UT, Han D, Zhao K, Zhao M. Local thermal injury induces general endothelial cell contraction through p38 MAP kinase activation. APMIS 2014; 122:832-41. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyun Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Qiaobing Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Jingxin Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Xiaohua Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Quanmei Sun
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology; Beijing China
| | - Ulf T. Brunk
- Division of Pharmacology; Faculty of Health Sciences; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - Dong Han
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology; Beijing China
| | - Kesen Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
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18
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Liu H, Yanamandala M, Lee TC, Kim JK. Mitochondrial p38β and manganese superoxide dismutase interaction mediated by estrogen in cardiomyocytes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85272. [PMID: 24465521 PMCID: PMC3899003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims While etiology behind the observed acceleration of ischemic heart disease in postmenopausal women is poorly understood, collective scientific data suggest cardioprotective effects of the endogenous female sex hormone, estrogen. We have previously shown that 17β-estradiol (E2) protects cardiomyocytes exposed to hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) by inhibiting p38α - p53 signaling in apoptosis and activating pro-survival p38β mitogen activated protein kinase (p38β MAPK), leading to suppression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) post H/R. However, little is known about the mechanism behind the antioxidant actions of E2-dependent p38β. The aim of this study is to determine whether the cytoprotection by estrogen involves regulation of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), a major mitochondrial ROS scavenging enzyme, via cardiac p38β. Methods and Results We identified mitochondrial p38β by immunocytochemistry and by immunoblotting in mitochondria isolated from neonatal cardiomyocytes of Sprague-Dawley rats. E2 facilitated the mitochondrial localization of the active form of the kinase, phosphorylated p38β (p-p38β). E2 also reduced the H/R-induced mitochondrial membrane potential decline, augmented the MnSOD activity and suppressed anion superoxide generation, while the dismutase protein expression remained unaltered. Co-immunoprecipitation studies showed physical association between MnSOD and p38β. p38β phosphorylated MnSOD in an E2-dependent manner in in-vitro kinase assays. Conclusion This work demonstrates for the first time a mitochondrial pool of active p38β and E2-mediated phosphorylation of MnSOD by the kinase. The results shed light on the mechanism behind the cytoprotective actions of E2 in cardiomyocytes under oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Mounica Yanamandala
- School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Tiffany C. Lee
- School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Jin Kyung Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Lindin I, Wuxiuer Y, Kufareva I, Abagyan R, Moens U, Sylte I, Ravna AW. Homology modeling and ligand docking of Mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 5 (MK5). Theor Biol Med Model 2013; 10:56. [PMID: 24034446 PMCID: PMC3848485 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-10-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 5 (MK5) is involved in one of the major signaling pathways in cells, the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. MK5 was discovered in 1998 by the groups of Houng Ni and Ligou New, and was found to be highly conserved throughout the vertebrates. Studies, both in vivo and in vitro, have shown that it is implicated in tumor suppression as well as tumor promotion, embryogenesis, anxiety, locomotion, cell motility and cell cycle regulation. METHODS In order to obtain a molecular model of MK5 that can be used as a working tool for development of chemical probes, three MK5 models were constructed and refined based on three different known crystal structures of the closely related MKs; MK2 [PDB: 2OZA and PDB: 3M2W] and MK3 [PDB: 3FHR]. The main purpose of the present MK5 molecular modeling study was to identify the best suited template for making a MK5 model. The ability of the generated models to effectively discriminate between known inhibitors and decoys was analyzed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. RESULTS According to the ROC curve analyzes, the refined model based on 3FHR was most effective in discrimination between known inhibitors and decoys. CONCLUSIONS The 3FHR-based MK5 model may serve as a working tool for development of chemical probes using computer aided drug design. The biological function of MK5 still remains elusive, but its role as a possible drug target may be elucidated in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Lindin
- Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø No-9037, Norway.
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Zheng H, Seit-Nebi A, Han X, Aslanian A, Tat J, Liao R, Yates JR, Sun P. A posttranslational modification cascade involving p38, Tip60, and PRAK mediates oncogene-induced senescence. Mol Cell 2013; 50:699-710. [PMID: 23685072 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Oncogene-induced senescence is an important tumor-suppressing defense mechanism. However, relatively little is known about the signaling pathway mediating the senescence response. Here, we demonstrate that a multifunctional acetyltransferase, Tip60, plays an essential role in oncogenic ras-induced senescence. Further investigation reveals a cascade of posttranslational modifications involving p38, Tip60, and PRAK, three proteins that are essential for ras-induced senescence. Upon activation by ras, p38 induces the acetyltransferase activity of Tip60 through phosphorylation of Thr158; activated Tip60 in turn directly interacts with and induces the protein kinase activity of PRAK through acetylation of K364 in a manner that depends on phosphorylation of both Tip60 and PRAK by p38. These posttranslational modifications are critical for the prosenescent function of Tip60 and PRAK, respectively. These results have defined a signaling pathway that mediates oncogene-induced senescence, and identified posttranslational modifications that regulate the enzymatic activity and biological functions of Tip60 and PRAK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zheng
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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21
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Selective regulation of p38β protein and signaling by integrin-linked kinase mediates bladder cancer cell migration. Oncogene 2013; 33:690-701. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Zhou J, Wan B, Liu XM, Li R, Wang Y, Yu L. MK5 is degraded in response to doxorubicin and negatively regulates doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 427:581-6. [PMID: 23022185 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.09.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide. The mechanisms by which hepatoma cells resist apoptosis induced by doxorubicin are largely unknown. MAPKAPK5 (MK5), also named as p38-regulated/activated protein kinase (PRAK), has been identified as a crucial mediator of skin tumorigenesis in mouse and colon cancerogenesis in human. Here, we describe a novel role of MK5 in doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in human hepatoma cells. Expression of MK5 was highly upregulated in hepatoma cell lines. Doxorubicin rather than other chemotherapeutic drugs reduced MK5 protein level in a time- and concentration-dependent manner in hepatoma cells (HepG2 and Hep3B). We further showed that MK5 degradation induced by doxorubicin was via the 26S proteasome. Remarkably, stable overexpression of MK5 led to decreased cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP and attenuated doxorubicin-induced apoptosis, while stable knockdown of endogenous MK5 sensitized hepatoma cells to doxorubicin, which was coupled with increased cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP. Taken together, our results firstly demonstrate that MK5 is degraded in response to doxorubicin and negatively regulates doxorubicin-induced apoptosis, providing novel insights into the molecular mechanism of doxorubicin resistance in hepatoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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The extracellular signal-regulated kinase 3 (mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 [MAPK6])-MAPK-activated protein kinase 5 signaling complex regulates septin function and dendrite morphology. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:2467-78. [PMID: 22508986 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.06633-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein (MAPKAP) kinase 5 (MK5) deficiency is associated with reduced extracellular signal-regulated kinase 3 (ERK3) (mitogen-activated protein kinase 6) levels, hence we utilized the MK5 knockout mouse model to analyze the physiological functions of the ERK3/MK5 signaling module. MK5-deficient mice displayed impaired dendritic spine formation in mouse hippocampal neurons in vivo. We performed large-scale interaction screens to understand the neuronal functions of the ERK3/MK5 pathway and identified septin7 (Sept7) as a novel interacting partner of ERK3. ERK3/MK5/Sept7 form a ternary complex, which can phosphorylate the Sept7 regulators Binders of Rho GTPases (Borgs). In addition, the brain-specific nucleotide exchange factor kalirin-7 (Kal7) was identified as an MK5 interaction partner and substrate protein. In transfected primary neurons, Sept7-dependent dendrite development and spine formation are stimulated by the ERK3/MK5 module. Thus, the regulation of neuronal morphogenesis is proposed as the first physiological function of the ERK3/MK5 signaling module.
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Andrews MJI, Clase JA, Bar G, Tricarico G, Edwards PJ, Brys R, Chambers M, Schmidt W, MacLeod A, Hirst K, Allen V, Birault V, Le J, Harris J, Self A, Nash K, Dixon G. Discovery of a series of imidazopyrazine small molecule inhibitors of the kinase MAPKAPK5, that show activity using in vitro and in vivo models of rheumatoid arthritis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2266-70. [PMID: 22342143 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
MAPKAPK5 has been proposed to play a role in regulation of matrix metalloprotease expression and so to be a potential target for intervention in rheumatoid arthritis. We present here the identification of a series of compounds against this target which are effective in both biochemical and cell assays. The expansion of the series is described, along with early SAR and pharmacokinetics for some representative compounds.
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25
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A novel function of p38-regulated/activated kinase in endothelial cell migration and tumor angiogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 32:606-18. [PMID: 22124154 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.06301-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway has been implicated in both suppression and promotion of tumorigenesis. It remains unclear how these 2 opposite functions of p38 operate in vivo to impact cancer development. We previously reported that a p38 downstream kinase, p38-regulated/activated kinase (PRAK), suppresses tumor initiation and promotion by mediating oncogene-induced senescence in a murine skin carcinogenesis model. Here, using the same model, we show that once the tumors are formed, PRAK promotes the growth and progression of skin tumors. Further studies identify PRAK as a novel host factor essential for tumor angiogenesis. In response to tumor-secreted proangiogenic factors, PRAK is activated by p38 via a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2)-dependent mechanism in host endothelial cells, where it mediates cell migration toward tumors and incorporation of these cells into tumor vasculature, at least partly by regulating the phosphorylation and activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and cytoskeletal reorganization. These findings have uncovered a novel signaling circuit essential for endothelial cell motility and tumor angiogenesis. Moreover, we demonstrate that the tumor-suppressing and tumor-promoting functions of the p38-PRAK pathway are temporally and spatially separated during cancer development in vivo, relying on the stimulus, and the tissue type and the stage of cancer development in which it is activated.
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Choudhary S, Rosenblatt KP, Fang L, Tian B, Wu ZH, Brasier AR. High throughput short interfering RNA (siRNA) screening of the human kinome identifies novel kinases controlling the canonical nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation pathway. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:37187-95. [PMID: 21900239 PMCID: PMC3199466 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.224923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is an inducible cytoplasmic transcription factor that plays a role as a master regulator of airway mucosal inflammation. The prototypical ("canonical") NF-κB pathway controls cytoplasmic to nuclear translocation in response to stimulation by the mononuclear cytokine, TNF. Despite intensive investigation, the spectrum of kinases involved in the canonical NF-κB pathway has not yet been systematically determined. Here we have applied a high throughput siRNA-mediated loss-of-function screening assay to identify novel kinases important in TNF-induced NF-κB signaling. Type II A549 epithelial cells stably expressing an IL-8/luciferase reporter gene optimized for high throughput siRNA format (Z' score of 0.65) and siRNAs for 636 human kinases were reverse-transfected and screened in the assay. 36 candidate genes were identified that inhibited TNF signaling with a Z score deviation of <-1.3 in replicate plates. From this group, 11 kinases were selected for independent validation, of which eight were successfully silenced. Six kinases were validated, including ATM, CDK2, -5, and -7, CALM3, MAPAKP5, and MAP3K/MEKK3. The surprising function of ATM in TNF signaling was confirmed where reduced NF-κB/RelA translocation and Ser-276 phosphorylation were seen in ATM(-/-) mouse embryo fibroblasts. These data indicate that ATM is a key regulatory kinase that may control global NF-κB activation in the TNF-induced canonical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Choudhary
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA.
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27
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von Brandenstein M, Depping R, Schäfer E, Dienes HP, Fries JW. Protein kinase C α regulates nuclear pri-microRNA 15a release as part of endothelin signaling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1813:1793-802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Kostenko S, Dumitriu G, Lægreid KJ, Moens U. Physiological roles of mitogen-activated-protein-kinase-activated p38-regulated/activated protein kinase. World J Biol Chem 2011. [PMID: 21666810 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v2.i5.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are a family of proteins that constitute signaling pathways involved in processes that control gene expression, cell division, cell survival, apoptosis, metabolism, differentiation and motility. The MAPK pathways can be divided into conventional and atypical MAPK pathways. The first group converts a signal into a cellular response through a relay of three consecutive phosphorylation events exerted by MAPK kinase kinases, MAPK kinase, and MAPK. Atypical MAPK pathways are not organized into this three-tiered cascade. MAPK that belongs to both conventional and atypical MAPK pathways can phosphorylate both non-protein kinase substrates and other protein kinases. The latter are referred to as MAPK-activated protein kinases. This review focuses on one such MAPK-activated protein kinase, MAPK-activated protein kinase 5 (MK5) or p38-regulated/activated protein kinase (PRAK). This protein is highly conserved throughout the animal kingdom and seems to be the target of both conventional and atypical MAPK pathways. Recent findings on the regulation of the activity and subcellular localization, bona fide interaction partners and physiological roles of MK5/PRAK are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiy Kostenko
- Sergiy Kostenko, Gianina Dumitriu, Kari Jenssen Lægreid, Ugo Moens, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Activation and function of the MAPKs and their substrates, the MAPK-activated protein kinases. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2011; 75:50-83. [PMID: 21372320 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00031-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2285] [Impact Index Per Article: 163.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) regulate diverse cellular programs by relaying extracellular signals to intracellular responses. In mammals, there are more than a dozen MAPK enzymes that coordinately regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival. The best known are the conventional MAPKs, which include the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun amino-terminal kinases 1 to 3 (JNK1 to -3), p38 (α, β, γ, and δ), and ERK5 families. There are additional, atypical MAPK enzymes, including ERK3/4, ERK7/8, and Nemo-like kinase (NLK), which have distinct regulation and functions. Together, the MAPKs regulate a large number of substrates, including members of a family of protein Ser/Thr kinases termed MAPK-activated protein kinases (MAPKAPKs). The MAPKAPKs are related enzymes that respond to extracellular stimulation through direct MAPK-dependent activation loop phosphorylation and kinase activation. There are five MAPKAPK subfamilies: the p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK), the mitogen- and stress-activated kinase (MSK), the MAPK-interacting kinase (MNK), the MAPK-activated protein kinase 2/3 (MK2/3), and MK5 (also known as p38-regulated/activated protein kinase [PRAK]). These enzymes have diverse biological functions, including regulation of nucleosome and gene expression, mRNA stability and translation, and cell proliferation and survival. Here we review the mechanisms of MAPKAPK activation by the different MAPKs and discuss their physiological roles based on established substrates and recent discoveries.
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30
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Kostenko S, Dumitriu G, Lægreid KJ, Moens U. Physiological roles of mitogen-activated-protein-kinase-activated p38-regulated/activated protein kinase. World J Biol Chem 2011; 2:73-89. [PMID: 21666810 PMCID: PMC3110898 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v2.i5.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are a family of proteins that constitute signaling pathways involved in processes that control gene expression, cell division, cell survival, apoptosis, metabolism, differentiation and motility. The MAPK pathways can be divided into conventional and atypical MAPK pathways. The first group converts a signal into a cellular response through a relay of three consecutive phosphorylation events exerted by MAPK kinase kinases, MAPK kinase, and MAPK. Atypical MAPK pathways are not organized into this three-tiered cascade. MAPK that belongs to both conventional and atypical MAPK pathways can phosphorylate both non-protein kinase substrates and other protein kinases. The latter are referred to as MAPK-activated protein kinases. This review focuses on one such MAPK-activated protein kinase, MAPK-activated protein kinase 5 (MK5) or p38-regulated/activated protein kinase (PRAK). This protein is highly conserved throughout the animal kingdom and seems to be the target of both conventional and atypical MAPK pathways. Recent findings on the regulation of the activity and subcellular localization, bona fide interaction partners and physiological roles of MK5/PRAK are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiy Kostenko
- Sergiy Kostenko, Gianina Dumitriu, Kari Jenssen Lægreid, Ugo Moens, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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31
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Cargnello M, Roux PP. Activation and Function of the MAPKs and Their Substrates, the MAPK-Activated Protein Kinases. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2011. [DOI: 78495111110.1128/mmbr.00031-10' target='_blank'>'"<>78495111110.1128/mmbr.00031-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [78495111110.1128/mmbr.00031-10','', '10.1091/mbc.e02-08-0538')">Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
78495111110.1128/mmbr.00031-10" />
Abstract
SUMMARYThe mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) regulate diverse cellular programs by relaying extracellular signals to intracellular responses. In mammals, there are more than a dozen MAPK enzymes that coordinately regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival. The best known are the conventional MAPKs, which include the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun amino-terminal kinases 1 to 3 (JNK1 to -3), p38 (α, β, γ, and δ), and ERK5 families. There are additional, atypical MAPK enzymes, including ERK3/4, ERK7/8, and Nemo-like kinase (NLK), which have distinct regulation and functions. Together, the MAPKs regulate a large number of substrates, including members of a family of protein Ser/Thr kinases termed MAPK-activated protein kinases (MAPKAPKs). The MAPKAPKs are related enzymes that respond to extracellular stimulation through direct MAPK-dependent activation loop phosphorylation and kinase activation. There are five MAPKAPK subfamilies: the p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK), the mitogen- and stress-activated kinase (MSK), the MAPK-interacting kinase (MNK), the MAPK-activated protein kinase 2/3 (MK2/3), and MK5 (also known as p38-regulated/activated protein kinase [PRAK]). These enzymes have diverse biological functions, including regulation of nucleosome and gene expression, mRNA stability and translation, and cell proliferation and survival. Here we review the mechanisms of MAPKAPK activation by the different MAPKs and discuss their physiological roles based on established substrates and recent discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Cargnello
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Molecular Biology Program, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe P. Roux
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Molecular Biology Program, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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32
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Inactivation of Rheb by PRAK-mediated phosphorylation is essential for energy-depletion-induced suppression of mTORC1. Nat Cell Biol 2011; 13:263-72. [PMID: 21336308 PMCID: PMC3070924 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell growth can be suppressed by stressful environments, but the role of stress pathways in this process is largely unknown. Here we show that a cascade of p38β mitogen activated protein kinase and p38 regulated/activated kinase (PRAK) plays a role in energy starvation-induced suppression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), that energy starvation activates the p38β-PRAK cascade, and that p38β- or PRAK-deletion diminishes energy depletion-induced suppression of mTORC1 and reduction of cell size. We show that p38β-PRAK operates independent from the known mTORC1 inactivation pathways – phosphorylation of tuberous sclerosis protein 2 (TSC2) and raptor by AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK), and surprisingly, PRAK directly regulates Ras homolog enriched in brain (Rheb), a key component of the mTORC1 pathway by phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of Rheb at serine 130 by PRAK impairs Rheb’s nucleotide-binding ability and inhibits Rheb-mediated mTORC1 activation. The direct regulation of Rheb by PRAK integrates a stress pathway with the mTORC1 pathway in response to energy depletion.
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33
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Gong X, Ming X, Deng P, Jiang Y. Mechanisms regulating the nuclear translocation of p38 MAP kinase. J Cell Biochem 2010; 110:1420-9. [PMID: 20506250 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is of fundamental importance in a cell's response to environmental stresses, cytokines and DNA damage. p38 resides in the cytoplasm of resting cells, and translocates into the nucleus upon activation, yet the exact mechanisms remain largely unclear. We show here that the phosphorylation-dependent nuclear translocation of p38 is a common phenomenon when cells are stimulated with various stresses. On the other hand, the nuclear export of p38 requires its dephosphorylation, and it is exported both in a MK2-dependent and a nuclear export signal (NES)-independent manner. Although different p38-regulated/activated protein kinase (PRAK) mutants all dictate the intracellular localization of p38, results from a PRAK-deficient cell line indicate that it plays no role in this process. Microtubule depolymerizing reagent nocodazole and dynein inhibitor EHNA both block the nuclear translocation of p38, demonstrating roles for microtubules and dynein in p38 transport. Taken together, stress-induced nuclear accumulation of p38 is a phosphorylation-dependent, microtubule- and dynein-associated process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Gong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Proteomics of Gongdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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34
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Kostenko S, Shiryaev A, Dumitriu G, Gerits N, Moens U. Cross-talk between protein kinase A and the MAPK-activated protein kinases RSK1 and MK5. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2010; 31:1-9. [PMID: 20849292 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2010.515593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Typical mammalian mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways consist of a cascade of three consecutive phosphorylation events exerted by a MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK), a MAPK kinase (MAPKK), and finally a MAPK. MAPKs not only target non-protein kinase substrates, they can also phosphorylate other protein kinases designated as MAPK-activated protein kinases (MAPKAPK). The MAPKAPK family includes the ribosomal-S6-kinases (RSK1-4), the MAPK-interacting kinases (MNK1 and 2), the mitogen-and stress-activated kinases (MSK1 and 2), and the MAPKAPK (MK2, 3, and 5) subfamilies. Although several reports indicate extensive cross-talk between the MAPK and protein kinase A (PKA) pathways, evidence of a direct interaction at the level of the MAPKAPK only appeared recently. The MAPKAPKs RSK1 and MK5 can bind to PKA, but the features of these interactions are distinct. This review discusses the different characteristics of regulating the activity and subcellular localization of MK5 and RSK1 by PKA and the functional implications of these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiy Kostenko
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
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35
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Ito M, Miyado K, Nakagawa K, Muraki M, Imai M, Yamakawa N, Qin J, Hosoi Y, Saito H, Takahashi Y. Age-associated changes in the subcellular localization of phosphorylated p38 MAPK in human granulosa cells. Mol Hum Reprod 2010; 16:928-37. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaq076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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36
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Kostenko S, Shiryaev A, Gerits N, Dumitriu G, Klenow H, Johannessen M, Moens U. Serine residue 115 of MAPK-activated protein kinase MK5 is crucial for its PKA-regulated nuclear export and biological function. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 68:847-62. [PMID: 20734105 PMCID: PMC3037495 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0496-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase-5 (MK5) resides predominantly in the nucleus of resting cells, but p38MAPK, extracellular signal-regulated kinases-3 and -4 (ERK3 and ERK4), and protein kinase A (PKA) induce nucleocytoplasmic redistribution of MK5. The mechanism by which PKA causes nuclear export remains unsolved. In the study reported here we demonstrated that Ser-115 is an in vitro PKA phosphoacceptor site, and that PKA, but not p38MAPK, ERK3 or ERK4, is unable to redistribute MK5 S115A to the cytoplasm. However, the phosphomimicking MK5 S115D mutant resides in the cytoplasm in untreated cells. While p38MAPK, ERK3 and ERK4 fail to trigger nuclear export of the kinase dead T182A and K51E MK5 mutants, S115D/T182A and K51E/S115D mutants were able to enter the cytoplasm of resting cells. Finally, we demonstrated that mutations in Ser-115 affect the biological properties of MK5. Taken together, our results suggest that Ser-115 plays an essential role in PKA-regulated nuclear export of MK5, and that it also may regulate the biological functions of MK5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiy Kostenko
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
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The diterpenoid alkaloid noroxoaconitine is a Mapkap kinase 5 (MK5/PRAK) inhibitor. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 68:289-301. [PMID: 20640477 PMCID: PMC3016492 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase MK5 is ubiquitously expressed in vertebrates and is implicated in cell proliferation, cytoskeletal remodeling, and anxiety behavior. This makes MK5 an attractive drug target. We tested several diterpenoid alkaloids for their ability to suppress MK5 kinase activity. We identified noroxoaconitine as an ATP competitor that inhibited the catalytic activity of MK5 in vitro (IC50 = 37.5 μM; Ki = 0.675 μM) and prevented PKA-induced nuclear export of MK5, a process that depends on kinase active MK5. MK5 is closely related to MK2 and MK3, and noroxoaconitine inhibited MK3- and MK5- but not MK2-mediated phosphorylation of the common substrate Hsp27. Molecular docking of noroxoaconitine into the ATP binding sites indicated that noroxoaconitine binds more strongly to MK5 than to MK3. Noroxoaconitine and derivatives may help in elucidating the precise biological functions of MK5 and may prove to have therapeutic values.
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Shiryaev A, Moens U. Mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 and MK2, MK3 and MK5: ménage à trois or ménage à quatre? Cell Signal 2010; 22:1185-92. [PMID: 20227494 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways play pivotal roles in cellular processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, gene regulation, differentiation, and cell motility. The typical mammalian MAPK pathways ERK1/2, JNK, p38(MAPK), and ERK5 operate through a concatenation of three successive phosphorylation events mediated by a MAPK kinase kinase, a MAPK kinase, and a MAPK. MAPKs phosphorylate substrates with distinct functions, including other protein kinases referred to as MAPK-activated protein kinases. One family of related MAPK-activated protein kinases includes MK2, MK3, and MK5. While it is generally accepted that MK2 and MK3 are bona fide substrates for p38(MAPK), the genuineness of MK5 as a p38(MAPK) substrate is disputed. This review summarizes the findings pro and contra an authentic p38(MAPK)-MK5 relationship, discusses possible explanations for these discrepancies, and proposes experiments that may help to unequivocally clarify whether MK5 is indeed a substrate for p38(MAPK).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Shiryaev
- University of Tromsø, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Biology, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Dingar D, Benoit MJ, Mamarbachi AM, Villeneuve LR, Gillis MA, Grandy S, Gaestel M, Fiset C, Allen BG. Characterization of the expression and regulation of MK5 in the murine ventricular myocardium. Cell Signal 2010; 22:1063-75. [PMID: 20214976 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
MK5, a member of the MAPK-activated protein kinase family, is highly expressed in the heart. Whereas MK2 and MK3 are activated by p38 MAPK, MK5 has also been shown to be activated by ERK3 and ERK4. We studied the regulation of MK5 in mouse heart. mRNA for 5 splice variants (MK5.1-5.5), including the original form (MK5.1), was detected. MK5 comprises 14 exons: exon 12 splicing was modified in MK5.2, MK5.3, and MK5.5. MK5.2 and MK5.5 lacked 6 bases at the 3'-end of exon 12, whereas MK5.3 lacked exon 12, resulting in a frame shift and premature termination of translation at codon 3 of exon 13. MK5.4 and MK5.5 lacked exons 2-6, encoding kinase subdomains I-VI, and were kinase-dead. All 5 MK5 variants were detected at the mRNA level in all mouse tissues examined; however, their relative abundance was tissue-specific. Furthermore, the relative abundance of variant mRNA was altered both during hypertrophy and postnatal cardiac development, suggesting that the generation or the stability of MK5 variant mRNAs is subject to regulation. When expressed in HEK293 cells, MK5.1, MK5.2 and MK5.3 were nuclear whereas MK5.4 and MK5.5 were cytoplasmic. A p38 MAPK activator, anisomycin, induced the redistribution of each variant. In contrast, MK5 co-immunoprecipitated ERK3, but not ERK4 or p38 alpha, in control and hypertrophying hearts. GST pull-down assays revealed unbound ERK4 and p38 alpha but no free MK5 or ERK3 in heart lysates. Hence, 1) in heart MK5 complexes with ERK3 and 2) MK5 splice variants may mediate distinct effects thus increasing the functional diversity of ERK3-MK5 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Dingar
- Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger St., Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Tsuchimochi K, Otero M, Dragomir CL, Plumb DA, Zerbini LF, Libermann TA, Marcu KB, Komiya S, Ijiri K, Goldring MB. GADD45beta enhances Col10a1 transcription via the MTK1/MKK3/6/p38 axis and activation of C/EBPbeta-TAD4 in terminally differentiating chondrocytes. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:8395-407. [PMID: 20048163 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.038638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
GADD45beta (growth arrest- and DNA damage-inducible) interacts with upstream regulators of the JNK and p38 stress response kinases. Previously, we reported that the hypertrophic zone of the Gadd45beta(-/-) mouse embryonic growth plate is compressed, and expression of type X collagen (Col10a1) and matrix metalloproteinase 13 (Mmp13) genes is decreased. Herein, we report that GADD45beta enhances activity of the proximal Col10a1 promoter, which contains evolutionarily conserved AP-1, cAMP-response element, and C/EBP half-sites, in synergism with C/EBP family members, whereas the MMP13 promoter responds to GADD45beta together with AP-1, ATF, or C/EBP family members. C/EBPbeta expression also predominantly co-localizes with GADD45beta in the embryonic growth plate. Moreover, GADD45beta enhances C/EBPbeta activation via MTK1, MKK3, and MKK6, and dominant-negative p38alphaapf, but not JNKapf, disrupts the combined trans-activating effect of GADD45beta and C/EBPbeta on the Col10a1 promoter. Importantly, GADD45beta knockdown prevents p38 phosphorylation while decreasing Col10a1 mRNA levels but does not affect C/EBPbeta binding to the Col10a1 promoter in vivo, indicating that GADD45beta influences the transactivation function of DNA-bound C/EBPbeta. In support of this conclusion, we show that the evolutionarily conserved TAD4 domain of C/EBPbeta is the target of the GADD45beta-dependent signaling. Collectively, we have uncovered a novel molecular mechanism linking GADD45beta via the MTK1/MKK3/6/p38 axis to C/EBPbeta-TAD4 activation of Col10a1 transcription in terminally differentiating chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaneyuki Tsuchimochi
- Laboratory for Cartilage Biology, Research Division, The Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Broom OJ, Widjaya B, Troelsen J, Olsen J, Nielsen OH. Mitogen activated protein kinases: a role in inflammatory bowel disease? Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 158:272-80. [PMID: 19793335 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery more than 15 years ago, the mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) have been implicated in an ever-increasingly diverse array of pathways, including inflammatory signalling cascades. Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are characterized by the perpetual production of inflammatory mediators. Research into the transduction pathway behind this over-production has highlighted the potential mediating role for the MAPKs and their related signalling components. This review highlights some of the research into the role for the MAPKs and their related signalling proteins in influencing the progression of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J Broom
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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42
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Kwong J, Hong L, Liao R, Deng Q, Han J, Sun P. p38alpha and p38gamma mediate oncogenic ras-induced senescence through differential mechanisms. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:11237-46. [PMID: 19251701 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808327200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogene-induced senescence is a tumor-suppressive defense mechanism triggered upon activation of certain oncogenes in normal cells. Recently, the senescence response to oncogene activation has been shown to act as a bona fide barrier to cancer development in vivo. Multiple previous studies have implicated the importance of the p38 MAPK pathway in oncogene-induced senescence. However, the contribution of each of the four p38 isoforms (encoded by different genes) to senescence induction is unclear. In the current study, we demonstrated that p38alpha and p38gamma, but not p38beta, play an essential role in oncogenic ras-induced senescence. Both p38alpha and p38gamma are expressed in primary human fibroblasts and are activated upon transduction of oncogenic ras. Small hairpin RNA-mediated silencing of p38alpha or p38gamma expression abrogated ras-induced senescence, whereas constitutive activation of p38alpha and p38gamma caused premature senescence. Furthermore, upon activation by oncogenic ras, p38gamma stimulated the transcriptional activity of p53 by phosphorylating p53 at Ser(33), suggesting that the ability of p38gamma to mediate senescence is at least partly achieved through p53. However, p38alpha contributed to ras-inducted senescence via a p53-indepdendent mechanism in cells by mediating ras-induced expression of p16(INK4A), another key senescence effector. These findings have identified p38alpha and p38gamma as essential components of the signaling pathway that regulates the tumor-suppressing senescence response, providing insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the differential involvement of the p38 isoforms in senescence induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinny Kwong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Kellogg School of Science and Technology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 91037, USA
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The Ser(186) phospho-acceptor site within ERK4 is essential for its ability to interact with and activate PRAK/MK5. Biochem J 2008; 411:613-22. [PMID: 18248330 DOI: 10.1042/bj20071369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) 4 [MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) 4] and ERK3 (MAPK6) are atypical MAPKs. One major difference between these proteins and the classical MAPKs is substitution of the conserved T-X-Y motif within the activation loop by a single phospho-acceptor site within an S-E-G motif. In the present study we report that Ser(186) of the S-E-G motif in ERK4 is phosphorylated in vivo. Kinase-dead ERK4 is also phosphorylated on Ser(186), indicating that an ERK4 kinase, rather than autophosphorylation, is responsible. Co-expression of MK5 [MAPK-activated protein kinase 5; also known as PRAK (p38-regulated/activated kinase)], a physiological target of ERK4, increases phosphorylation of Ser(186). This is not dependent on MK5 activity, but does require interaction between ERK4 and MK5 suggesting that MK5 binding either prevents ERK4 dephosphorylation or facilitates ERK4 kinase activity. ERK4 mutants in which Ser(186) is replaced with either an alanine residue or a phospho-mimetic residue (glutamate) are unable to activate MK5 and Ser(186) is also required for cytoplasmic anchoring of MK5. Both defects seem to reflect an impaired ability of the ERK4 mutants to interact with MK5. We find that there are at least two endogenous pools of wild-type ERK4. One form exhibits reduced mobility when analysed using SDS/PAGE. This is due to MK5-dependent phosphorylation and only this retarded ERK4 species is both phosphorylated on Ser(186) and co-immunoprecipitates with wild-type MK5. We conclude that binding between ERK4 and MK5 facilitates phosphorylation of Ser(186) and stabilization of the ERK4-MK5 complex. This results in phosphorylation and activation of MK5, which in turn phosphorylates ERK4 on sites other than Ser(186) resulting in the observed mobility shift.
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Kulisz A, Simon HG. An evolutionarily conserved nuclear export signal facilitates cytoplasmic localization of the Tbx5 transcription factor. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 28:1553-64. [PMID: 18160705 PMCID: PMC2258776 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00935-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During cardiac development, the T-box transcription factor Tbx5 displays dynamic changes in localization from strictly nuclear to both nuclear and cytoplasmic to exclusively cytoplasmic along the actin cytoskeleton in cells coexpressing its binding protein LMP4. Although nuclear localization signals (NLSs) have been described, the mechanism by which Tbx5 exits the nucleus remained elusive. Here, we describe for Tbx5 a nuclear export signal (NES) that is recognized by the CRM1 export protein. Site-directed mutagenesis of a critical amino acid(s) within this sequence determined the functionality of this NES. Confocal localization studies and luciferase transcriptional reporter assays with NES mutant Tbx5 forms demonstrated retention in the nucleus, regardless of the presence of LMP4. Coimmunoprecipitation and pharmacological interference studies demonstrated a direct interaction between Tbx5 and CRM1, revealing that Tbx5 is using the CRM1 pathway for nuclear export. In addition to Tbx5, we identified NESs in all T-box proteins and demonstrated interaction of the family members Tbx3 and Brachyury with the CRM1 exporter, suggesting general significance. This first demonstration of evolutionarily conserved NESs in all T-box proteins in conjunction with NLSs indicates a primordial function of T-box proteins to dynamically shuttle between nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Kulisz
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, CMRC, 2300 Children's Plaza, Box #204, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
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Li Q, Zhang N, Zhang D, Wang Y, Lin T, Wang Y, Zhou H, Ye Z, Zhang F, Lin SC, Han J. Determinants that control the distinct subcellular localization of p38alpha-PRAK and p38beta-PRAK complexes. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:11014-23. [PMID: 18268017 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709682200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
p38alpha and p38beta MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases) share about 80% of their protein sequence identity, but have quite different biological functions. One such difference is in regulating the subcellular localization of their downstream kinases, such as PRAK (p38-regulated/activated protein kinase or MK5). The p38alpha-PRAK complex is found in the nucleus, whereas the p38beta-PRAK complex is exclusively localized to the cytosol. By generating a series of chimeric and point mutants of p38alpha and p38beta, we found two amino acid residues (Asp(145) and Leu(156) in p38alpha, Gly(145) and Val(156) in p38beta) that determine the distinct subcellular locations of p38alpha-PRAK and p38beta-PRAK. The subcellular localization of MK2 (MAPK-activated protein kinase 2), another downstream kinase of p38, was regulated in the same manner as that of PRAK. We found that nuclear import, but not export, determines the subcellular localization of p38alpha-PRAK and p38beta-PRAK. The published structure of the p38alpha-MK2 complex suggests Leu(156) of p38alpha is involved in the interaction with the nuclear localization signal in PRAK. The difference at this residue between p38alpha and p38beta may affect the nuclear localization signal in PRAK differently, and thereby influence the import of the complexes. Asp(145) in p38alpha (or Gly(145) in p38beta) is located on a different surface patch, and further random mutagenesis revealed that mutation of Asp(145), Thr(123), and Gln(325), the residues that can directly interact with importin alpha as predicted by modeling, but not mutation of the other 7 amino acid residues that cannot reach importin alpha, re-locate p38alpha-PRAK to the cytosol, suggesting that interaction with import machinery is involved in determining the subcellular localization of the p38alpha-PRAK and p38beta-PRAK complexes. Last, we show that nuclear localization of PRAK is required for its role in inhibiting the proliferation of NIH3T3 cells. In conclusion, multiple determinants control the distinct subcellular localization of p38alpha-PRAK and p38beta-PRAK complexes, and the location of PRAK plays a role in its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinxi Li
- The Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
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Caverzasio J, Manen D. Essential role of Wnt3a-mediated activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 for the stimulation of alkaline phosphatase activity and matrix mineralization in C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal cells. Endocrinology 2007; 148:5323-30. [PMID: 17717053 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Signaling pathways involved in the development of osteoprogenitors induced by Wnts remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of MAPKs in the development of mesenchymal cells into osteoprogenitors. In C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal cells, Wnt3a induced a rapid and transient activation of MAPKs p38 and ERK. Dickkopf 1, a selective antagonist of Wnt proteins binding to low-density lipoprotein-receptor-related protein-5/6 did not influence activation of p38 and ERK induced by Wnt3a. A MAPK kinase-1/2 (MEK1/2) inhibitor blocked, whereas a p38 inhibitor had no effect on, Wnt3a-induced cell proliferation. In contrast, both inhibitors significantly reduced alkaline phosphatase stimulation with a more pronounced effect of the p38 inhibitor. The p38 inhibitor also blunted nodule mineralization induced by Wnt3a. Associated with these effects, beta-catenin transcriptional activity, assessed with the TOPflash system, was dose-dependently decreased by the p38 but not by the ERK inhibitor. Both the reduced alkaline phosphatase stimulation and blunting of beta-catenin transcriptional activity were mimicked by expression of dominant-negative (dn) p38 and dnMEK 3/6. Inhibition of beta-catenin transcriptional activity by the p38 inhibitor as well as by dnp38 and dnMEK 3/6 molecules were not associated with changes in cytosolic and nuclear beta-catenin levels induced by Wnt3a. In conclusion, Wnt3a activates ERK and p38 in mesenchymal C3H10T1/2 cells by a low-density lipoprotein-receptor-related protein-5/6-independent mechanism. Activation of p38 regulates alkaline phosphatase activity and nodule mineralization induced by Wnt3a probably by interacting with beta-catenin transcriptional activity. These observations suggest that MAPKs ERK and p38 are probably essential pathways activated by Wnt proteins for the development of mesenchymal cells into osteoprogenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Caverzasio
- Service of Bone Diseases, Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, University Hospital of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland.
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Gerits N, Mikalsen T, Kostenko S, Shiryaev A, Johannessen M, Moens U. Modulation of F-actin rearrangement by the cyclic AMP/cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) pathway is mediated by MAPK-activated protein kinase 5 and requires PKA-induced nuclear export of MK5. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:37232-43. [PMID: 17947239 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704873200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The MAPK-activated protein kinases belong to the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases. Within this group, MK2, MK3, and MK5 constitute three structurally related enzymes with distinct functions. Few genuine substrates for MK5 have been identified, and the only known biological role is in ras-induced senescence and in tumor suppression. Here we demonstrate that activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) or ectopic expression of the catalytic subunit Calpha in PC12 cells results in transient nuclear export of MK5, which requires the kinase activity of both Calpha and MK5 and the ability of Calpha to enter the nucleus. Calpha and MK5, but not MK2, interact in vivo, and Calpha increases the kinase activity of MK5. Moreover, Calpha augments MK5 phosphorylation, but not MK2, whereas MK5 does not seem to phosphorylate Calpha. Activation of PKA can induce actin filament accumulation at the plasma membrane and formation of actin-based filopodia. We demonstrate that small interfering RNA-triggered depletion of MK5 interferes with PKA-induced F-actin rearrangement. Moreover, cytoplasmic expression of an activated MK5 variant is sufficient to mimic PKA-provoked F-actin remodeling. Our results describe a novel interaction between the PKA pathway and MAPK signaling cascades and suggest that MK5, but not MK2, is implicated in PKA-induced microfilament rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Gerits
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Sun P, Yoshizuka N, New L, Moser BA, Li Y, Liao R, Xie C, Chen J, Deng Q, Yamout M, Dong MQ, Frangou CG, Yates JR, Wright PE, Han J. PRAK is essential for ras-induced senescence and tumor suppression. Cell 2007; 128:295-308. [PMID: 17254968 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Revised: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Like apoptosis, oncogene-induced senescence is a barrier to tumor development. However, relatively little is known about the signaling pathways mediating the senescence response. p38-regulated/activated protein kinase (PRAK) is a p38 MAPK substrate whose physiological functions are poorly understood. Here we describe a role for PRAK in tumor suppression by demonstrating that PRAK mediates senescence upon activation by p38 in response to oncogenic ras. PRAK deficiency in mice enhances DMBA-induced skin carcinogenesis, coinciding with compromised senescence induction. In primary cells, inactivation of PRAK prevents senescence and promotes oncogenic transformation. Furthermore, we show that PRAK activates p53 by direct phosphorylation. We propose that phosphorylation of p53 by PRAK following activation of p38 MAPK by ras plays an important role in ras-induced senescence and tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqing Sun
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Harris JE, Fernandez-Vilaseca M, Elkington PTG, Horncastle DE, Graeber MB, Friedland JS. IFN' synergizes with IL‐1α to up‐regulate MMP‐9 secretion in a cellular model of central nervous system tuberculosis. FASEB J 2006; 21:356-65. [PMID: 17158965 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-6925com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity is implicated in pathogenesis of central nervous system tuberculosis (CNS-TB). IFNgamma, a key cytokine in TB, usually inhibits MMP-9 secretion. Addition of IFNgamma to conditioned media from M. tb-infected monocytes (CoMTB) resulted in a 7-fold increase in MMP-9 activity detected by gelatin zymography (P<0.01). In contrast, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and -2 secretion, measured by ELISA, was suppressed. Dexamethasone abolished the synergistic increase in MMP-9 activity. Interleukin (IL)-1beta in CoMTB is a critical mediator of synergy with IFNgamma, and IL-1beta alone synergizes with IFNgamma to increase MMP-9 secretion from 51 +/- 31 to 762 +/- 136 U. IL-1beta activity is dependent on p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAPK) kinase, which was found to be phosphorylated in tissue specimens from patients with CNS-TB. Extracellular signal regulated kinase (Erk) and p38 MAPK activation did not affect IFNgamma signaling pathways. Inhibition of janus-activated kinase (JAK)-2 by 50 microM AG540 decreased MMP-9 secretion to 124 +/- 11.1 from 651 +/- 229 U of activity (P<0.01). However, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3 but not STAT-1 phosphorylation was synergistically up-regulated by IFNgamma and CoMTB. In summary, synergy between IL-1beta and STAT-3 dependent IFNgamma signaling is key in control of up-regulation of MMP-9 activity in CNS-TB and may be a significant mechanism of brain tissue destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Harris
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College, Du Cane Rd., London, W12 0NN, UK
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Qi X, Tang J, Loesch M, Pohl N, Alkan S, Chen G. p38gamma mitogen-activated protein kinase integrates signaling crosstalk between Ras and estrogen receptor to increase breast cancer invasion. Cancer Res 2006; 66:7540-7. [PMID: 16885352 PMCID: PMC2174269 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-4639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ras is believed to stimulate invasion and growth by different effector pathways, and yet, the existence of such effectors under physiologic conditions has not been shown. Estrogen receptor (ER), on the other hand, is both anti-invasive and proliferative in human breast cancer, with mechanisms for these paradoxical actions remaining largely unknown. Our previous work showed an essential role of p38gamma mitogen-activated protein kinase in Ras transformation in rat intestinal epithelial cells, and here, we show that p38gamma integrates invasive antagonism between Ras and ER to increase human breast cancer invasion without affecting their proliferative activity. Ras positively regulates p38gamma expression, and p38gamma in turn mediates Ras nonmitogenic signaling to increase invasion. Expression of the Ras/p38gamma axis, however, is trans-suppressed by ER that inhibits invasion and stimulates growth also by distinct mechanisms. Analysis of ER and its cytoplasmic localized mutant reveals that ER additionally binds to p38gamma protein, leading to its specific down-regulation in the nuclear compartment. A p38gamma-antagonistic activity of ER was further shown in a panel of breast cancer cell lines and was shown independent of estrogens by both ER depletion and ER expression. These results revealed that both Ras and ER use distinct pathways to regulate breast cancer growth and invasion, and that p38gamma specifically integrates their antagonistic activity to stimulate cell invasion. Selective targeting of p38gamma-dependent invasion pathways may be a novel strategy to control breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Qi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Mathew Loesch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Nicole Pohl
- Program in Molecular Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Serhan Alkan
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Guan Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
- Program in Molecular Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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