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Piano I, Votta A, Colucci P, Corsi F, Vitolo S, Cerri C, Puppi D, Lai M, Maya-Vetencourt JF, Leigheb M, Gabellini C, Ferraro E. Anti-inflammatory reprogramming of microglia cells by metabolic modulators to counteract neurodegeneration; a new role for Ranolazine. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20138. [PMID: 37978212 PMCID: PMC10656419 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47540-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia chronic activation is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases, including the retinal ones, possibly contributing to their etiopathogenesis. However, some microglia sub-populations have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective functions, thus making arduous deciphering the role of these cells in neurodegeneration. Since it has been proposed that functionally different microglia subsets also rely on different metabolic routes, we hypothesized that modulating microglia metabolism might be a tool to enhance their anti-inflammatory features. This would have a preventive and therapeutic potential in counteracting neurodegenerative diseases. For this purpose, we tested various molecules known to act on cell metabolism, and we revealed the anti-inflammatory effect of the FDA-approved piperazine derivative Ranolazine on microglia cells, while confirming the one of the flavonoids Quercetin and Naringenin, both in vitro and in vivo. We also demonstrated the synergistic anti-inflammatory effect of Quercetin and Idebenone, and the ability of Ranolazine, Quercetin and Naringenin to counteract the neurotoxic effect of LPS-activated microglia on 661W neuronal cells. Overall, these data suggest that using the selected molecules -also in combination therapies- might represent a valuable approach to reduce inflammation and neurodegeneration while avoiding long term side effects of corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Piano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Arianna Votta
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Sara Vitolo
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Cerri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Dario Puppi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Michele Lai
- Retrovirus Center, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - José Fernando Maya-Vetencourt
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Centre for Synaptic Neuroscience, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Genova, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Leigheb
- Orthopaedics and Traumatology Unit, "Maggiore della Carità" Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
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2
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Chen Q, Nwozor KO, van den Berge M, Slebos DJ, Faiz A, Jonker MR, Boezen HM, Heijink IH, de Vries M. From Differential DNA Methylation in COPD to Mitochondria: Regulation of AHRR Expression Affects Airway Epithelial Response to Cigarette Smoke. Cells 2022; 11:3423. [PMID: 36359818 PMCID: PMC9656229 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking causes hypomethylation of the gene Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Repressor (AHRR), which regulates detoxification and oxidative stress-responses. We investigated whether AHRR DNA methylation is related to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and studied its function in airway epithelial cells (AECs). The association with COPD was assessed in blood from never and current smokers with/without COPD, and in AECs from ex-smoking non-COPD controls and GOLD stage II-IV COPD patients cultured with/without cigarette smoke extract (CSE). The effect of CRISPR/Cas9-induced AHRR knockout on proliferation, CSE-induced mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis/necrosis in human bronchial epithelial 16HBE cells was studied. In blood, DNA methylation of AHRR at cg05575921 and cg21161138 was lower in smoking COPD subjects than smoking controls. In vitro, AHRR DNA methylation at these CpG-sites was lower in COPD-derived than control-derived AECs only upon CSE exposure. Upon AHRR knockout, we found a lower proliferation rate at baseline, stronger CSE-induced decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, and higher CSE-induced late apoptosis/necroptosis. Together, our results show lower DNA methylation of AHRR upon smoking in COPD patients compared to non-COPD controls. Our data suggest that higher airway epithelial AHRR expression may lead to impaired cigarette smoke-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis/necroptosis, potentially promoting unprogrammed/immunogenic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kingsley Okechukwu Nwozor
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Maarten van den Berge
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonology Disease, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk-Jan Slebos
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonology Disease, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alen Faiz
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonology Disease, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- Respiratory Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology (RBMB), School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Marnix R. Jonker
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H. Marike Boezen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Irene H. Heijink
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonology Disease, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike de Vries
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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3
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Bazylianska V, Sharma A, Chauhan H, Schneider B, Moszczynska A. Dopamine and Methamphetamine Differentially Affect Electron Transport Chain Complexes and Parkin in Rat Striatum: New Insight into Methamphetamine Neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010363. [PMID: 35008791 PMCID: PMC8745447 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly abused psychostimulant that is neurotoxic to dopaminergic (DAergic) nerve terminals in the striatum and increases the risk of developing Parkinson’s disease (PD). In vivo, METH-mediated DA release, followed by DA-mediated oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in pre- and postsynaptic neurons, mediates METH neurotoxicity. METH-triggered oxidative stress damages parkin, a neuroprotective protein involved in PD etiology via its involvement in the maintenance of mitochondria. It is not known whether METH itself contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction and whether parkin regulates complex I, an enzymatic complex downregulated in PD. To determine this, we separately assessed the effects of METH or DA alone on electron transport chain (ETC) complexes and the protein parkin in isolated striatal mitochondria. We show that METH decreases the levels of selected complex I, II, and III subunits (NDUFS3, SDHA, and UQCRC2, respectively), whereas DA decreases the levels only of the NDUFS3 subunit in our preparations. We also show that the selected subunits are not decreased in synaptosomal mitochondria under similar experimental conditions. Finally, we found that parkin overexpression does not influence the levels of the NDUFS3 subunit in rat striatum. The presented results indicate that METH itself is a factor promoting dysfunction of striatal mitochondria; therefore, it is a potential drug target against METH neurotoxicity. The observed decreases in ETC complex subunits suggest that DA and METH decrease activities of the ETC complexes via oxidative damage to their subunits and that synaptosomal mitochondria may be somewhat “resistant” to DA- and METH-induced disruption in mitochondrial ETC complexes than perikaryal mitochondria. The results also suggest that parkin does not regulate NDUFS3 turnover in rat striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Bazylianska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (V.B.); (A.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Akhil Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (V.B.); (A.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Heli Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (V.B.); (A.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Bernard Schneider
- Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Life Sciences, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Anna Moszczynska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (V.B.); (A.S.); (H.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Shaikh NI, Sethi RS. Impairment of apoptosis pathway via Apaf1 downregulation during chlorpyrifos and/or cypermethrin induced lung damage. Anim Biotechnol 2021:1-8. [PMID: 34559034 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1981918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate and the cypermethrin is type 2 pyrethroid insecticide that are used for indoor and outdoor pest control. The present study aimed to investigate differential transcriptional profiling to identify the candidate gene associated with lung injury following exposure to chlorpyrifos and/or cypermethrin in a mouse model system. Swiss male albino mice (n = 24) were divided into three treatment groups (n = 6 each) that were given chlorpyrifos (2.76 mg kg-1 body weight), cypermethrin (2 mg kg-1 body weight) and the combination of both pesticides orally dissolved in corn oil and one control group (n = 6) that received corn oil for 90 days. The pulmonary expression of the Apaf1 was observed using RT2 Profiler PCR Array. The results showed that chronic exposure to chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and their combination downregulated (67, 63 and 66 genes) and upregulated (4, 2 and 2 genes), respectively. The pulmonary expression of Apaf1 that plays important role in apoptosis was found to be downregulated. The immunohistochemistry depicted reduced expression of Apaf1 in both airway epithelium and alveolar septa following exposure to chlorpyrifos and/or cypermethrin. In conclusion, results demonstrated that exposure to chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and their combination cause lung damage by the dysregulation of Apaf1 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrul I Shaikh
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animals Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
| | - R S Sethi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animals Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
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5
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Contribution of Apaf-1 to the pathogenesis of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Biochimie 2021; 190:91-110. [PMID: 34298080 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Deregulation of apoptosis is associated with various pathologies, such as neurodegenerative disorders at one end of the spectrum and cancer at the other end. Generally speaking, differentiated cells like cardiomyocytes, skeletal myocytes and neurons exhibit low levels of Apaf-1 (Apoptotic protease activating factor 1) protein suggesting that down-regulation of Apaf-1 is an important event contributing to the resistance of these cells to apoptosis. Nonetheless, upregulation of Apaf-1 has not emerged as a common phenomenon in pathologies associated with enhanced neuronal cell death, i.e., neurodegenerative diseases. In cancer, on the other hand, Apaf-1 downregulation is a common phenomenon, which occurs through various mechanisms including mRNA hyper-methylation, gene methylation, Apaf-1 localization in lipid rafts, inhibition by microRNAs, phosphorylation, and interaction with specific inhibitors. Due to the diversity of these mechanisms and involvement of other factors, defining the exact contribution of Apaf-1 to the development of cancer in general and neurodegenerative disorders, in particular, is complicated. The current review is an attempt to provide a comprehensive image of Apaf-1's contribution to the pathologies observed in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases with the emphasis on the therapeutic aspects of Apaf-1 as an important target in these pathologies.
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Anti-Cancer Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum L-14 Cell-Free Extract on Human Malignant Melanoma A375 Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173895. [PMID: 32859054 PMCID: PMC7503592 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human malignant melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer with high metastatic ability. Despite several traditional therapies, the mortality rate remains high. Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum), a species of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), is being studied for human health, including cancer treatment. However, few studies have elucidated the relationship between L. plantarum extract and human malignant melanoma. To investigate the effects of L. plantarum on human melanoma cells, A375 human melanoma cells were used and treated with L. plantarum L-14 extract. After the treatment, viability, migration ability, molecular changes of migration- and apoptosis-related genes, and the location of cytochrome c was evaluated. The L-14 extract inhibited the viability, migration of A375 cells as well as reduced expression of migration-related genes. In addition, it was confirmed that the L-14 extract induced intrinsic apoptosis in A375 cells. This study demonstrated that the L-14 extract exerted anticancer effects on A375 cells. Therefore, these data suggest that the L-14 extract is worth studying for the development of melanoma drugs using LAB.
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7
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Liu Y, Jiang Y, Li W, Han C, Qi Z. MicroRNA and mRNA analysis of angiotensin II-induced renal artery endothelial cell dysfunction. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:3723-3737. [PMID: 32346437 PMCID: PMC7185074 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous activation of angiotensin II (Ang II) induces renal vascular endothelial dysfunction, inflammation and oxidative stress, all of which may contribute to renal damage. MicroRNAs (miRs/miRNAs) play a crucial regulatory role in the pathogenesis of hypertensive nephropathy (HN). The present study aimed to assess the differential expression profiles of potential candidate genes involved in Ang II-induced rat renal artery endothelial cell (RRAEC) dysfunction and explore their possible functions. In the present study, the changes in energy metabolism and autophagy function in RRAECs were evaluated using the Seahorse XF Glycolysis Stress Test and dansylcadaverine/transmission electron microscopy following exposure to Ang II. Subsequently, mRNA-miRNA sequencing experiments were performed to determine the differential expression profiles of mRNAs and miRNAs. Integrated bioinformatics analysis was applied to further explore the molecular mechanisms of Ang II on endothelial injury induced by Ang II. The present data supported the notion that Ang II upregulated glycolysis levels and promoted autophagy activation in RRAECs. The sequencing data demonstrated that 443 mRNAs and 58 miRNAs were differentially expressed (DE) in response to Ang II exposure, where 66 mRNAs and 55 miRNAs were upregulated, while 377 mRNAs and 3 miRNAs were downregulated (fold change >1.5 or <0.67; P<0.05). Functional analysis indicated that DE mRNA and DE miRNA target genes were mainly associated with cell metabolism (metabolic pathways), differentiation (Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation), autophagy (autophagy-animal and autophagy-other) and repair (RNA-repair). To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report on mRNA-miRNA integrated profiles of Ang II-induced RRAECs. The present results provided evidence suggesting that the miRNA-mediated effect on the ‘mTOR signaling pathway’ might play a role in Ang II-induced RRAEC injury by driving glycolysis and autophagy activation. Targeting miRNAs and their associated pathways may provide valuable insight into the clinical management of HN and may improve patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- Department of Clinical Chinese Medicine integrated with Western Medicine, First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Yuehua Jiang
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Nephropathy Department, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Cong Han
- Department of Clinical Chinese Medicine integrated with Western Medicine, First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Zhenqiang Qi
- Department of Clinical Chinese Medicine integrated with Western Medicine, First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
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8
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Kudryavtseva AV, Krasnov GS, Dmitriev AA, Alekseev BY, Kardymon OL, Sadritdinova AF, Fedorova MS, Pokrovsky AV, Melnikova NV, Kaprin AD, Moskalev AA, Snezhkina AV. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in aging and cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:44879-44905. [PMID: 27270647 PMCID: PMC5216692 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging and cancer are the most important issues to research. The population in the world is growing older, and the incidence of cancer increases with age. There is no doubt about the linkage between aging and cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this association are still unknown. Several lines of evidence suggest that the oxidative stress as a cause and/or consequence of the mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the main drivers of these processes. Increasing ROS levels and products of the oxidative stress, which occur in aging and age-related disorders, were also found in cancer. This review focuses on the similarities between ageing-associated and cancer-associated oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction as their common phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Kudryavtseva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,National Medical Research Radiological Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - George S Krasnov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A Dmitriev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Y Alekseev
- National Medical Research Radiological Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga L Kardymon
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Asiya F Sadritdinova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,National Medical Research Radiological Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria S Fedorova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Nataliya V Melnikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey D Kaprin
- National Medical Research Radiological Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A Moskalev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
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Oleanolic acid methyl ester, a novel cytotoxic mitocan, induces cell cycle arrest and ROS-Mediated cell death in castration-resistant prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:417-425. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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10
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Tao J, Cui Y, Duan Y, Zhang N, Wang C, Zhang F. Puerarin attenuates locomotor and cognitive deficits as well as hippocampal neuronal injury through the PI3K/Akt1/GSK-3β signaling pathway in an in vivo model of cerebral ischemia. Oncotarget 2017; 8:106283-106295. [PMID: 29290948 PMCID: PMC5739733 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke causes irreversible damage to the brain. The hippocampus is a vulnerable region and plays an important role in cognition and locomotor activity. Puerarin is a phytoestrogen that has beneficial effects in treating neurological disorders. How puerarin protects against hippocampal injury and its molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Transient global brain ischemia was induced by 4-vessel occlusion in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were pretreated with puerarin alone or together with LY294002 (an PI3K inhibitor) before ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). The open- and closed-field tasks and Morris water maze (MWM) test were used to assess the effects of puerarin on anxiety-like behavioral and cognitive impairment following I/R. Hematoxylin-eosin staining(HE) was used to examine the survival of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons, and immunoblotting was performed to examine the expression of the related proteins. By using the rat model for transient I/R, we demonstrated that puerarin pretreatment significantly increased the travelling distance and number of crossings in the open- and closed-field tests, reduced latency and increased the proportion of distance and time in zone IV in the MWM. The number of live cells in the hippocampus is sharply increased by puerarin pretreatment.We further observed that the levels of phosphorylated Akt1, GSK-3β and MCL-1were elevated and those of cleaved-caspase-3 were reduced in the puerarin-treatment group. Notably, the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 counteracted all of the effects of puerarin. Our findings suggest that puerarin protects the hippocampus from I/R damage by activating the PI3K/Akt1/GSK-3β/MCL-1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhao Tao
- Pediatric Emergency and Critical Care Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yuehua Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Yu Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Congmin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, P.R. China
| | - Fayong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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11
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Ornelas A, McCullough CR, Lu Z, Zacharias NM, Kelderhouse LE, Gray J, Yang H, Engel BJ, Wang Y, Mao W, Sutton MN, Bhattacharya PK, Bast RC, Millward SW. Induction of autophagy by ARHI (DIRAS3) alters fundamental metabolic pathways in ovarian cancer models. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:824. [PMID: 27784287 PMCID: PMC5080741 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2850-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is a bulk catabolic process that modulates tumorigenesis, therapeutic resistance, and dormancy. The tumor suppressor ARHI (DIRAS3) is a potent inducer of autophagy and its expression results in necroptotic cell death in vitro and tumor dormancy in vivo. ARHI is down-regulated or lost in over 60 % of primary ovarian tumors yet is dramatically up-regulated in metastatic disease. The metabolic changes that occur during ARHI induction and their role in modulating death and dormancy are unknown. METHODS We employed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)-based metabolomic strategies to characterize changes in key metabolic pathways in both cell culture and xenograft models of ARHI expression and autophagy. These pathways were further interrogated by cell-based immunofluorescence imaging, tracer uptake studies, targeted metabolic inhibition, and in vivo PET/CT imaging. RESULTS Induction of ARHI in cell culture models resulted in an autophagy-dependent increase in lactate production along with increased glucose uptake and enhanced sensitivity to glycolytic inhibitors. Increased uptake of glutamine was also dependent on autophagy and dramatically sensitized cultured ARHI-expressing ovarian cancer cell lines to glutaminase inhibition. Induction of ARHI resulted in a reduction in mitochondrial respiration, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and decreased Tom20 staining suggesting an ARHI-dependent loss of mitochondrial function. ARHI induction in mouse xenograft models resulted in an increase in free amino acids, a transient increase in [18F]-FDG uptake, and significantly altered choline metabolism. CONCLUSIONS ARHI expression has previously been shown to trigger autophagy-associated necroptosis in cell culture. In this study, we have demonstrated that ARHI expression results in decreased cellular ATP/ADP, increased oxidative stress, and decreased mitochondrial function. While this bioenergetic shock is consistent with programmed necrosis, our data indicates that the accompanying up-regulation of glycolysis and glutaminolysis is autophagy-dependent and serves to support cell viability rather than facilitate necroptotic cell death. While the mechanistic basis for metabolic up-regulation following ARHI induction is unknown, our preliminary data suggest that decreased mitochondrial function and increased metabolic demand may play a role. These alterations in fundamental metabolic pathways during autophagy-associated necroptosis may provide the basis for new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of dormant ovarian tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argentina Ornelas
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Christopher R McCullough
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Zhen Lu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Niki M Zacharias
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, USA
| | - Lindsay E Kelderhouse
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Joshua Gray
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Hailing Yang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Brian J Engel
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Weiqun Mao
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Margie N Sutton
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Pratip K Bhattacharya
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Robert C Bast
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Steven W Millward
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, USA.
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12
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Levy RJ. Carbon monoxide and anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2016; 60:50-58. [PMID: 27616667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The majority of commonly used anesthetic agents induce widespread neuronal degeneration in the developing mammalian brain. Downstream, the process appears to involve activation of the oxidative stress-associated mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Targeting this pathway could result in prevention of anesthetic toxicity in the immature brain. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a gas that exerts biological activity in the developing brain and low dose exposures have the potential to provide neuroprotection. In recent work, low concentration CO exposures limited isoflurane-induced neuronal apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner in newborn mice and modulated oxidative stress within forebrain mitochondria. Because infants and children are routinely exposed to low levels of CO during low-flow general endotracheal anesthesia, such anti-oxidant and pro-survival cellular effects are clinically relevant. Here we provide an overview of anesthesia-related CO exposure, discuss the biological activity of low concentration CO, detail the effects of CO in the brain during development, and provide evidence for CO-mediated inhibition of anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Levy
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, United States.
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13
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Martella G, Madeo G, Maltese M, Vanni V, Puglisi F, Ferraro E, Schirinzi T, Valente E, Bonanni L, Shen J, Mandolesi G, Mercuri N, Bonsi P, Pisani A. Exposure to low-dose rotenone precipitates synaptic plasticity alterations in PINK1 heterozygous knockout mice. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 91:21-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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14
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Rodolfo C, Di Bartolomeo S, Cecconi F. Autophagy in stem and progenitor cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:475-96. [PMID: 26502349 PMCID: PMC11108450 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved cellular process, responsible for the degradation and recycling of damaged and/or outlived proteins and organelles. This is the major cellular pathway, acting throughout the formation of cytosolic vesicles, called autophagosomes, for the delivering to lysosome. Recycling of cellular components through autophagy is a crucial step for cell homeostasis as well as for tissue remodelling during development. Impairment of this process has been related to the pathogenesis of various diseases, such as cancer and neurodegeneration, to the response to bacterial and viral infections, and to ageing. The ability of stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into the mature cells of the body renders this unique type of cell highly crucial to development and tissue renewal, not least in various diseases. During the last two decades, extensive knowledge about autophagy roles and regulation in somatic cells has been acquired; however, the picture about the role and the regulation of autophagy in the different types of stem cells is still largely unknown. Autophagy is a major player in the quality control and maintenance of cellular homeostasis, both crucial factors for stem cells during an organism's life. In this review, we have highlighted the most significant advances in the comprehension of autophagy regulation in embryonic and tissue stem cells, as well as in cancer stem cells and induced pluripotent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Rodolfo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Di Bartolomeo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Cecconi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143, Rome, Italy.
- Unit of Cell Stress and Survival, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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15
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De Zio D, Molinari F, Rizza S, Gatta L, Ciotti MT, Salvatore AM, Mathiassen SG, Cwetsch AW, Filomeni G, Rosano G, Ferraro E. Apaf1-deficient cortical neurons exhibit defects in axonal outgrowth. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4173-91. [PMID: 25975226 PMCID: PMC11113842 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1927-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of neuronal polarity and axonal outgrowth are key processes affecting neuronal migration and synapse formation, their impairment likely leading to cognitive deficits. Here we have found that the apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (Apaf1), apart from its canonical role in apoptosis, plays an additional function in cortical neurons, where its deficiency specifically impairs axonal growth. Given the central role played by centrosomes and microtubules in the polarized extension of the axon, our data suggest that Apaf1-deletion affects axonal outgrowth through an impairment of centrosome organization. In line with this, centrosomal protein expression, as well as their centrosomal localization proved to be altered upon Apaf1-deletion. Strikingly, we also found that Apaf1-loss affects trans-Golgi components and leads to a robust activation of AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK), this confirming the stressful conditions induced by Apaf1-deficiency. Since AMPK hyper-phosphorylation is known to impair a proper axon elongation, our finding contributes to explain the effect of Apaf1-deficiency on axogenesis. We also discovered that the signaling pathways mediating axonal growth and involving glycogen synthase kinase-3β, liver kinase B1, and collapsing-response mediator protein-2 are altered in Apaf1-KO neurons. Overall, our results reveal a novel non-apoptotic role for Apaf1 in axonal outgrowth, suggesting that the neuronal phenotype due to Apaf1-deletion could not only be fully ascribed to apoptosis inhibition, but might also be the result of defects in axogenesis. The discovery of new molecules involved in axonal elongation has a clinical relevance since it might help to explain neurological abnormalities occurring during early brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela De Zio
- Department of Biology, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
- Cell Stress and Survival Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Francesca Molinari
- Laboratory of Skeletal Muscle Development and Metabolism, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Rizza
- Department of Biology, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
- Cell Stress and Survival Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lucia Gatta
- Laboratory of Skeletal Muscle Development and Metabolism, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Ciotti
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN), National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Salvatore
- Institute of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Søs Grønbæk Mathiassen
- Cell Stress and Survival Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrzej W Cwetsch
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Filomeni
- Department of Biology, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
- Cell Stress and Survival Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giuseppe Rosano
- Laboratory of Skeletal Muscle Development and Metabolism, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ferraro
- Laboratory of Skeletal Muscle Development and Metabolism, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166, Rome, Italy.
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16
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Gortat A, Sancho M, Mondragón L, Messeguer À, Pérez-Payá E, Orzáez M. Apaf1 inhibition promotes cell recovery from apoptosis. Protein Cell 2015; 6:833-43. [PMID: 26361785 PMCID: PMC4624680 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-015-0200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (Apaf1) is the central component of the apoptosome, a multiprotein complex that activates procaspase-9 after cytochrome c release from the mitochondria in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. We have developed a vital method that allows fluorescence-activated cell sorting of cells at different stages of the apoptotic pathway and demonstrated that upon pharmacological inhibition of Apaf1, cells recover from doxorubicin- or hypoxia-induced early apoptosis to normal healthy cell. Inhibiting Apaf1 not only prevents procaspase-9 activation but delays massive mitochondrial damage allowing cell recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gortat
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mónica Sancho
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Mondragón
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Àngel Messeguer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Nanotechnology, Instituto Química Avanzada de Cataluña (CSIC), 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Pérez-Payá
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012, Valencia, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, IBV-CSIC, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mar Orzáez
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012, Valencia, Spain.
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17
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Sun Y, Liu Z, Zou X, Lan Y, Sun X, Wang X, Zhao S, Jiang C, Liu H. Mechanisms underlying 3-bromopyruvate-induced cell death in colon cancer. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2015; 47:319-29. [PMID: 26054380 PMCID: PMC4546694 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-015-9612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
3-Bromopyruvate (3BP) is an energy-depleting drug that inhibits Hexokinase II activity by alkylation during glycolysis, thereby suppressing the production of ATP and inducing cell death. As such, 3BP can potentially serve as an anti-tumorigenic agent. Our previous research showed that 3BP can induce apoptosis via AKT /protein Kinase B signaling in breast cancer cells. Here we found that 3BP can also induce colon cancer cell death by necroptosis and apoptosis at the same time and concentration in the SW480 and HT29 cell lines; in the latter, autophagy was also found to be a mechanism of cell death. In HT29 cells, combined treatment with 3BP and the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) exacerbated cell death, while viability in 3BP-treated cells was enhanced by concomitant treatment with the caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp fluoromethylketone (z-VAD-fmk) and the necroptosis inhibitor necrostatin (Nec)-1. Moreover, 3BP inhibited tumor growth in a SW480 xenograft mouse model. These results indicate that 3BP can suppress tumor growth and induce cell death by multiple mechanisms at the same time and concentration in different types of colon cancer cell by depleting cellular energy stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Sun
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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18
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Tait SWG, Ichim G, Green DR. Die another way--non-apoptotic mechanisms of cell death. J Cell Sci 2015; 127:2135-44. [PMID: 24833670 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.093575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated, programmed cell death is crucial for all multicellular organisms. Cell death is essential in many processes, including tissue sculpting during embryogenesis, development of the immune system and destruction of damaged cells. The best-studied form of programmed cell death is apoptosis, a process that requires activation of caspase proteases. Recently it has been appreciated that various non-apoptotic forms of cell death also exist, such as necroptosis and pyroptosis. These non-apoptotic cell death modalities can be either triggered independently of apoptosis or are engaged should apoptosis fail to execute. In this Commentary, we discuss several regulated non-apoptotic forms of cell death including necroptosis, autophagic cell death, pyroptosis and caspase-independent cell death. We outline what we know about their mechanism, potential roles in vivo and define outstanding questions. Finally, we review data arguing that the means by which a cell dies actually matters, focusing our discussion on inflammatory aspects of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W G Tait
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Gabriel Ichim
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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19
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Qi D, Ouyang C, Wang Y, Zhang S, Ma X, Song Y, Yu H, Tang J, Fu W, Sheng L, Yang L, Wang M, Zhang W, Miao L, Li T, Huang X, Dong H. HO-1 attenuates hippocampal neurons injury via the activation of BDNF–TrkB–PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in stroke. Brain Res 2014; 1577:69-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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20
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Lopez J, Tait SWG. Killing the Killer: PARC/CUL9 promotes cell survival by destroying cytochrome C. Sci Signal 2014; 7:pe17. [PMID: 25028716 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Balanced amounts of apoptotic cell death are essential for health; its deregulation plays key roles in neurodegeneration, autoimmunity, and cancer. Mitochondria orchestrate apoptosis through a process called mitochondrial outer-membrane permeabilization (MOMP). After MOMP, mitochondrial cytochrome c is released into the cytoplasm, where it binds the adaptor molecule APAF1, triggering caspase protease activation and cell death. In this issue of Science Signaling, Deshmukh and colleagues define a new survival mechanism downstream of mitochondrial permeabilization. Specifically, they identify proteasomal degradation of cytochrome c as a major determinant of cell survival. In an unbiased approach, PARC (also known as CUL9) was found to be the ubiquitin ligase responsible for the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of cytochrome c. The consequences of this survival process may be double-edged because both cancer cells and postmitotic cells use PARC/CUL9-mediated cytochrome c degradation to ensure cell survival. Ultimately, differential targeting of this process may promote survival of postmitotic tissue or enhance tumor-specific killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Lopez
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Stephen W G Tait
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK.
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21
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Modulatory roles of glycolytic enzymes in cell death. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 92:22-30. [PMID: 25034412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells depend on an altered energy metabolism characterized by increased rates of both glycolysis and glutaminolysis. Accordingly, corresponding key metabolic enzymes are overexpressed or hyperactivated. As a result, this newly acquired metabolic profile determines most other cancer hallmarks including resistance to cell death. Recent findings highlighted metabolic enzymes as direct modulators of cell death pathways. Conversely, key mediators of cell death mechanisms are emerging as new binding partners of glycolytic actors; moreover, there is evidence that metabolic regulators re-localize to specific subcellular compartments or organelles to modulate various types of cell demise. The final outcome is the resistance against cell death programs. Current findings give a new meaning to metabolic pathways and allow understanding how they affect cancer-specific pathological alterations. Furthermore, they shed light on potentially targetable functions of metabolic actors to restore susceptibility of cancer cells to death. Here, we discuss an emerging interplay between cell metabolism and cell death, focusing on interactions that may offer new options of targeted therapies in cancer treatment involving more specifically hexokinases and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
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22
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Gama V, Swahari V, Schafer J, Kole AJ, Evans A, Huang Y, Cliffe A, Golitz B, Sciaky N, Pei XH, Xiong Y, Deshmukh M. The E3 ligase PARC mediates the degradation of cytosolic cytochrome c to promote survival in neurons and cancer cells. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra67. [PMID: 25028717 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ability to withstand mitochondrial damage is especially critical for the survival of postmitotic cells, such as neurons. Likewise, cancer cells can also survive mitochondrial stress. We found that cytochrome c (Cyt c), which induces apoptosis upon its release from damaged mitochondria, is targeted for proteasome-mediated degradation in mouse neurons, cardiomyocytes, and myotubes and in human glioma and neuroblastoma cells, but not in proliferating human fibroblasts. In mouse neurons, apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 (Apaf-1) prevented the proteasome-dependent degradation of Cyt c in response to induced mitochondrial stress. An RNA interference screen in U-87 MG glioma cells identified p53-associated Parkin-like cytoplasmic protein (PARC, also known as CUL9) as an E3 ligase that targets Cyt c for degradation. The abundance of PARC positively correlated with differentiation in mouse neurons, and overexpression of PARC reduced the abundance of mitochondrially-released cytosolic Cyt c in various cancer cell lines and in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Conversely, neurons from Parc-deficient mice had increased sensitivity to mitochondrial damage, and neuroblastoma or glioma cells in which PARC or ubiquitin was knocked down had increased abundance of mitochondrially-released cytosolic Cyt c and decreased viability in response to stress. These findings suggest that PARC-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of Cyt c is a strategy engaged by both neurons and cancer cells to prevent apoptosis during conditions of mitochondrial stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Gama
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Vijay Swahari
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Johanna Schafer
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Adam J Kole
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Allyson Evans
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yolanda Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Anna Cliffe
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Brian Golitz
- UNC RNAi Screening Facility, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Noah Sciaky
- UNC RNAi Screening Facility, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Xin-Hai Pei
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yue Xiong
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mohanish Deshmukh
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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23
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Cheng Y, Levy RJ. Subclinical carbon monoxide limits apoptosis in the developing brain after isoflurane exposure. Anesth Analg 2014; 118:1284-92. [PMID: 24413549 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volatile anesthetics cause widespread apoptosis in the developing brain. Carbon monoxide (CO) has antiapoptotic properties, and exhaled endogenous CO is commonly rebreathed during low-flow anesthesia in infants and children, resulting in subclinical CO exposure. Thus, we aimed to determine whether CO could limit isoflurane-induced apoptosis in the developing brain. METHODS Seven-day-old male CD-1 mouse pups underwent 1-hour exposure to 0 (air), 5, or 100 ppm CO in air with or without isoflurane (2%). We assessed carboxyhemoglobin levels, cytochrome c peroxidase activity, and cytochrome c release from forebrain mitochondria after exposure and quantified the number of activated caspase-3 positive cells and TUNEL positive nuclei in neocortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus/thalamus. RESULTS Carboxyhemoglobin levels approximated those expected in humans after a similar time-weighted CO exposure. Isoflurane significantly increased cytochrome c peroxidase activity, cytochrome c release, the number of activated caspase-3 cells, and TUNEL positive nuclei in the forebrain of air-exposed mice. CO, however, abrogated isoflurane-induced cytochrome c peroxidase activation and cytochrome c release from forebrain mitochondria and decreased the number of activated caspase-3 positive cells and TUNEL positive nuclei after simultaneous exposure with isoflurane. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the data indicate that CO can limit apoptosis after isoflurane exposure via inhibition of cytochrome c peroxidase depending on concentration. Although it is unknown whether CO directly inhibited isoflurane-induced apoptosis, it is possible that low-flow anesthesia designed to target rebreathing of specific concentrations of CO may be a desired strategy to develop in the future in an effort to prevent anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity in infants and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cheng
- From the Division of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
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24
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Correa RJM, Valdes YR, Peart TM, Fazio EN, Bertrand M, McGee J, Préfontaine M, Sugimoto A, DiMattia GE, Shepherd TG. Combination of AKT inhibition with autophagy blockade effectively reduces ascites-derived ovarian cancer cell viability. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:1951-61. [PMID: 24562574 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genomics analysis of the high-grade serous subtype of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) show aberrations in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway that result in upregulated signaling activity. Thus, the PI3K/AKT pathway represents a potential therapeutic target for aggressive high-grade EOC. We previously demonstrated that treatment of malignant ascites-derived primary human EOC cells and ovarian cancer cell lines with the allosteric AKT inhibitor Akti-1/2 induces a dormancy-like cytostatic response but does not reduce cell viability. In this report, we show that allosteric AKT inhibition in these cells induces cytoprotective autophagy. Inhibition of autophagy using chloroquine (CQ) alone or in combination with Akti-1/2 leads to a significant decrease in viable cell number. In fact, Akti-1/2 sensitizes EOC cells to CQ-induced cell death by exhibiting markedly reduced EC50 values in combination-treated cells compared with CQ alone. In addition, we evaluated the effects of the novel specific and potent autophagy inhibitor-1 (Spautin-1) and demonstrate that Spautin-1 inhibits autophagy in a Beclin-1-independent manner in primary EOC cells and cell lines. Multicellular EOC spheroids are highly sensitive to Akti-1/2 and CQ/Spautin-1 cotreatments, but resistant to each agent alone. Indeed, combination index analysis revealed strong synergy between Akti-1/2 and Spautin-1 when both agents were used to affect cell viability; Akti-1/2 and CQ cotreatment also displayed synergy in most samples. Taken together, we propose that combination AKT inhibition and autophagy blockade would prove efficacious to reduce residual EOC cells for supplying ovarian cancer recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohann J M Correa
- Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, N6A 4L6, Canada, Department of Biochemistry and
| | - Yudith Ramos Valdes
- Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, N6A 4L6, Canada
| | - Teresa M Peart
- Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, N6A 4L6, Canada, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Elena N Fazio
- Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, N6A 4L6, Canada
| | - Monique Bertrand
- Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, N6A 4L6, Canada, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5W9, Canada and
| | - Jacob McGee
- Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, N6A 4L6, Canada, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5W9, Canada and
| | - Michel Préfontaine
- Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, N6A 4L6, Canada, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5W9, Canada and
| | - Akira Sugimoto
- Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, N6A 4L6, Canada, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5W9, Canada and
| | - Gabriel E DiMattia
- Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, N6A 4L6, Canada, Department of Biochemistry and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5W9, Canada and Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 4L6, Canada
| | - Trevor G Shepherd
- Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, N6A 4L6, Canada, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5W9, Canada and Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 4L6, Canada
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25
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Altered mitochondria morphology and cell metabolism in Apaf1-deficient cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84666. [PMID: 24416260 PMCID: PMC3886985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apaf1 (apoptotic protease activating factor 1) is the central component of the apoptosome, a multiprotein complex that activates procaspase-9 after cytochrome c release from the mitochondria in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Other cellular roles, including a pro-survival role, have also been described for Apaf1, while the relative contribution of each function to cell death, but also to cell homeostatic conditions, remain to be clarified. Methodology and Principal Findings Here we examined the response to apoptosis induction of available embryonic fibroblasts from Apaf1 knockout mice (MEFS KO Apaf1). In the absence of Apaf1, cells showed mitochondria with an altered morphology that affects cytochrome c release and basal metabolic status. Conclusions We analysed mitochondrial features and cell death response to etoposide and ABT-737 in two different Apaf1-deficient MEFS, which differ in the immortalisation protocol. Unexpectedly, MEFS KO Apaf1 immortalised with the SV40 antigen (SV40IM-MEFS Apaf1) and those which spontaneously immortalised (SIM-MEFS Apaf1) respond differently to apoptotic stimuli, but both presented relevant differences at the mitochondria when compared to MEFS WT, indicating a role for Apaf1 at the mitochondria.
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26
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Huang WY, Davies GL, Davis JJ. Engineering cytochrome-modified silica nanoparticles to induce programmed cell death. Chemistry 2013; 19:17891-8. [PMID: 24249039 PMCID: PMC4454278 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A low native membrane permeability and ineffective access to the cellular cytosol, together with aggressive proteolytic degradation, often severely hampers the practical application of any therapeutic protein or antibody. Through engineering the charging profile of mesoporous silica nanoparticles, cellular uptake and subsequent subcellular distribution can be controlled. We show herein that programmed cell death can subsequently be induced across a population of cancer cells with remarkable efficacy on conjugating a specific caspase-cascade-activating cytochrome to such cytosol-accessing particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yen Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ (UK)
| | - Gemma-Louise Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ (UK)
| | - Jason J. Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ (UK)
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27
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Dodson M, Darley-Usmar V, Zhang J. Cellular metabolic and autophagic pathways: traffic control by redox signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 63:207-21. [PMID: 23702245 PMCID: PMC3729625 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been established that the key metabolic pathways of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation are intimately related to redox biology through control of cell signaling. Under physiological conditions glucose metabolism is linked to control of the NADH/NAD redox couple, as well as providing the major reductant, NADPH, for thiol-dependent antioxidant defenses. Retrograde signaling from the mitochondrion to the nucleus or cytosol controls cell growth and differentiation. Under pathological conditions mitochondria are targets for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and are critical in controlling apoptotic cell death. At the interface of these metabolic pathways, the autophagy-lysosomal pathway functions to maintain mitochondrial quality and generally serves an important cytoprotective function. In this review we will discuss the autophagic response to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that are generated from perturbations of cellular glucose metabolism and bioenergetic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dodson
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Victor Darley-Usmar
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham VA Medical Center
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28
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Prezma T, Shteinfer A, Admoni L, Raviv Z, Sela I, Levi I, Shoshan-Barmatz V. VDAC1-based peptides: novel pro-apoptotic agents and potential therapeutics for B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e809. [PMID: 24052077 PMCID: PMC3789174 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1), localized in the outer mitochondrial membrane, mediates metabolic cross-talk between the mitochondrion and the cytoplasm and thus serves a fundamental role in cell energy metabolism. VDAC1 also plays a key role in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, interacting with anti-apoptotic proteins. Resistance of cancer cells to apoptosis involves quenching the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway by over-expression of anti-apoptotic/pro-survival hexokinase (HK) and Bcl-2 family proteins, proteins that mediate their anti-apoptotic activities via interaction with VDAC1. Using specifically designed VDAC1-based cell-penetrating peptides, we targeted these anti-apoptotic proteins to prevent their pro-survival/anti-apoptotic activities. Anti-apoptotic proteins are expressed at high levels in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), an incurable disease requiring innovative new approaches to improve therapeutic outcome. CLL is characterized by a clonal accumulation of mature neoplastic B cells that are resistant to apoptosis. Specifically, we demonstrate that the VDAC1-based peptides (Antp-LP4 and N-Terminal-Antp) selectively kill peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from CLL patients, yet spare those obtained from healthy donors. The cell death induction competence of the peptides was well correlated with the amount of double positive CD19/CD5 cancerous CLL PBMCs, further illustrating their selectivity toward cancer cells. Moreover, these VDAC1-based peptides induced apoptosis by activating the mitochondria-mediated pathway, reflected in membrane blebbing, condensation of nuclei, DNA fragmentation, release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, decreased cellular ATP levels and detachment of HK, all leading to apoptotic cell death. Thus, the mode of action of the peptides involves decreasing energy production and inducing apoptosis. Over 27 versions of cell-penetrating VDAC1-based peptides were designed and screened to identify the most stable, short and apoptosis-inducing peptides toward CLL-derived lymphocytes. In this manner, three optimized peptides suitable for in vivo studies were identified. This study thus reveals the potential of VDAC1-based peptides as an innovative and effective anti-CLL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Prezma
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, BeerSheva, Israel
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29
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Tait SWG, Green DR. Mitochondrial regulation of cell death. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:5/9/a008706. [PMID: 24003207 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a008706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although required for life, paradoxically, mitochondria are often essential for initiating apoptotic cell death. Mitochondria regulate caspase activation and cell death through an event termed mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP); this leads to the release of various mitochondrial intermembrane space proteins that activate caspases, resulting in apoptosis. MOMP is often considered a point of no return because it typically leads to cell death, even in the absence of caspase activity. Because of this pivotal role in deciding cell fate, deregulation of MOMP impacts on many diseases and represents a fruitful site for therapeutic intervention. Here we discuss the mechanisms underlying mitochondrial permeabilization and how this key event leads to cell death through caspase-dependent and -independent means. We then proceed to explore how the release of mitochondrial proteins may be regulated following MOMP. Finally, we discuss mechanisms that enable cells sometimes to survive MOMP, allowing them, in essence, to return from the point of no return.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W G Tait
- Beatson Institute, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom.
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30
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Autophagy and genomic integrity. Cell Death Differ 2013; 20:1444-54. [PMID: 23933813 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA lesions, constantly produced by endogenous and exogenous sources, activate the DNA damage response (DDR), which involves detection, signaling and repair of the damage. Autophagy, a lysosome-dependent degradation pathway that is activated by stressful situations such as starvation and oxidative stress, regulates cell fate after DNA damage and also has a pivotal role in the maintenance of nuclear and mitochondrial genomic integrity. Here, we review important evidence regarding the role played by autophagy in preventing genomic instability and tumorigenesis, as well as in micronuclei degradation. Several pathways governing autophagy activation after DNA injury and the influence of autophagy upon the processing of genomic lesions are also discussed herein. In this line, the mechanisms by which several proteins participate in both DDR and autophagy, and the importance of this crosstalk in cancer and neurodegeneration will be presented in an integrated fashion. At last, we present a hypothetical model of the role played by autophagy in dictating cell fate after genotoxic stress.
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31
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A global view of the biochemical pathways involved in the regulation of the metabolism of cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1826:423-33. [PMID: 22841746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells increase glucose uptake and reject lactic acid even in the presence of oxygen (Warburg effect). This metabolism reorients glucose towards the pentose phosphate pathway for ribose synthesis and consumes great amounts of glutamine to sustain nucleotide and fatty acid synthesis. Oxygenated and hypoxic cells cooperate and use their environment in a manner that promotes their development. Coenzymes (NAD(+), NADPH,H(+)) are required in abundance, whereas continuous consumption of ATP and citrate precludes the negative feedback of these molecules on glycolysis, a regulation supporting the Pasteur effect. Understanding the metabolism of cancer cells may help to develop new anti-cancer treatments.
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32
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Early decrease in respiration and uncoupling event independent of cytochrome C release in PC12 cells undergoing apoptosis. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:643929. [PMID: 22666257 PMCID: PMC3362053 DOI: 10.1155/2012/643929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c is a key molecule in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. It also plays a pivotal role in cell respiration. The switch between these two functions occurs at the moment of its release from mitochondria. This process is therefore extremely relevant for the fate of the cell. Since cytochrome c mediates respiration, we studied the changes in respiratory chain activity during the early stages of apoptosis in order to contribute to unravel the mechanisms of cytochrome c release. We found that, during staurosporine (STS)- induced apoptosis in PC12 cells, respiration is affected before the release of cytochrome c, as shown by a decrease in the endogenous uncoupled respiration and an uncoupling event, both occurring independently of cytochrome c release. The decline in the uncoupled respiration occurs also upon Bcl-2 overexpression (which inhibits cytochrome c release), while the uncoupling event is inhibited by Bcl-2. We also observed that the first stage of nuclear condensation during STS-induced apoptosis does not depend on the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol and is a reversibile event. These findings may contribute to understand the mechanisms affecting mitochondria during the early stages of apoptosis and priming them for the release of apoptogenic factors.
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33
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Skommer J, Brittain T. Extended survival of SH-SY5Y cells following overexpression of Lys67Glu neuroglobin is associated with stabilization of ΔψM. Cytometry A 2012; 81:602-10. [PMID: 22467552 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Overwhelming evidence indicates that a high level of expression of the protein neuroglobin protects neurons in vitro, in animal models, and in humans, against cell death associated with hypoxic and amyloid insult. We have previously showed that neuroglobin protects neuronal cells from the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis induced by the BH3 mimetic, by preventing cytochrome c-triggered activation of caspase 9. Here, using cell and molecular biology approaches, we generated a particular neuroglobin mutant, Lys67Glu, overexpression of which confers a significant protection from the BH3 mimetic (TW-37)-induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. The cumulative inhibition of caspase 9 activation is significantly enhanced in Lys67Glu neuroglobin-expressing cells, as compared to wild-type neuroglobin expressing cells. A multiparameter flow cytometry analysis of TW-37-treated cells revealed that inhibition of caspase 9 activity by Lys67Glu neuroglobin is associated with the preservation of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δψ(M) ), as well as a decreased rate of cytochrome crelease from the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Skommer
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand.
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34
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Lu T, Jiang Y, Zhou Z, Yue X, Wei N, Chen Z, Ma M, Xu G, Liu X. Intranasal ginsenoside Rb1 targets the brain and ameliorates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 34:1319-24. [PMID: 21804225 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1) has been shown to benefit many central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including stroke. However, its bioavailability is low after oral administration due to poor absorption. Intranasal administration has been considered as an effective method for central nervous system drug delivery for its brain-targeting effect. Here, whether intranasal GRb1 could ameliorate cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury was investigated. First, the concentration of GRb1 in brain tissues and plasma after intranasal and intravenous delivery was calculated using HPLC-MS/MS methods in male Sprague-Dawley rats (250±10 g). Intranasal GRb1 was considered brain-targeting if the value of the drug targeting index (DTI) was greater than 1. Rats were subjected to 1.5 h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and were killed 24 h after reperfusion. The neuroprotective effects were measured using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and Nissl staining. Immunoblotting of LC3 and Beclin 1, crucial autophagy-related proteins, was used to monitor the state of autophagy. With a local bioavailability of 10.28-32.48% and DTI of 7.35-23.22 in different brain regions, intranasal GRb1 was determined to be brain-targeting. Less infarct volume and more intact neuronal structure were observed in the GRb1 group. GRb1 also restored the elevation of LC3 and Beclin 1. Our work suggests that intranasal GRb1 exerts brain-targeting effects and that a single dose of intranasal GRb1 immediately after MCAO ameliorates ischemia/reperfusion insult. Autophagy is involved in these beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Lu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
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35
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Ivanov VN, Hei TK. Regulation of apoptosis in human melanoma and neuroblastoma cells by statins, sodium arsenite and TRAIL: a role of combined treatment versus monotherapy. Apoptosis 2012; 16:1268-84. [PMID: 21910007 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-011-0649-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of melanoma cells by sodium arsenite or statins (simvastatin and lovastatin) dramatically modified activities of the main cell signaling pathways resulting in the induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and in a downregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein levels. Through heme degradation and the production of carbon monoxide and biliverdin, HO-1 plays a protective role in different scenario of oxidative stress followed by mitochondrial apoptosis. Both sodium arsenite and statins could be efficient inducers of apoptosis in some melanoma cell lines, but often exhibited only modest proapoptotic activity in others, due to numerous protective mechanisms. We demonstrated in the present study that treatment by sodium arsenite or statins with an additional inhibition of HO-1 expression (or activation) caused a substantial upregulation of apoptosis in melanoma cells. Sodium arsenite- or statin-induced apoptosis was independent of BRAF status (wild type versus V600E) in melanoma lines. Monotreatment required high doses of statins (20-40 μM) for effective induction of apoptosis. As an alternative approach, pretreatment of melanoma cells with statin at decreased doses (5-20 μM) dramatically enhanced TRAIL-induced apoptosis, due to suppression of the NF-κB and STAT3-transcriptional targets (including COX-2) and downregulation of cFLIP-L (a caspase-8 inhibitor) protein levels. Furthermore, combined treatment with sodium arsenite and TRAIL or simvastatin and TRAIL efficiently induced apoptotic commitment in human neuroblastoma cells. In summary, our findings on enhancing effects of combined treatment of cancer cells using statin and TRAIL provide the rationale for further preclinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Ivanov
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Center for Radiological Research, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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36
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Abstract
Cellular metabolism influences life and death decisions. An emerging theme in cancer biology is that metabolic regulation is intricately linked to cancer progression. In part, this is due to the fact that proliferation is tightly regulated by availability of nutrients. Mitogenic signals promote nutrient uptake and synthesis of DNA, RNA, proteins and lipids. Therefore, it seems straight-forward that oncogenes, that often promote proliferation, also promote metabolic changes. In this review we summarize our current understanding of how 'metabolic transformation' is linked to oncogenic transformation, and why inhibition of metabolism may prove a cancer's 'Achilles' heel'. On one hand, mutation of metabolic enzymes and metabolic stress sensors confers synthetic lethality with inhibitors of metabolism. On the other hand, hyperactivation of oncogenic pathways makes tumors more susceptible to metabolic inhibition. Conversely, an adequate nutrient supply and active metabolism regulates Bcl-2 family proteins and inhibits susceptibility to apoptosis. Here, we provide an overview of the metabolic pathways that represent anti-cancer targets and the cell death pathways engaged by metabolic inhibitors. Additionally, we will detail the similarities between metabolism of cancer cells and metabolism of proliferating cells.
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37
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Vessoni AT, Muotri AR, Okamoto OK. Autophagy in stem cell maintenance and differentiation. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:513-20. [PMID: 22066548 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent degradation pathway that allows cells to recycle damaged or superfluous cytoplasmic content, such as proteins, organelles, and lipids. As a consequence of autophagy, the cells generate metabolic precursors for macromolecular biosynthesis or ATP generation. Deficiencies in this pathway were associated to several pathological conditions, such as neurodegenerative and cardiac diseases, cancer, and aging. The aim of this review is to summarize recent discoveries showing that autophagy also plays a critical role in stem cell maintenance and in a variety of cell differentiation processes. We also discuss a possible role for autophagy during cellular reprogramming and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell generation by taking advantage of ATP generation for chromatin remodeling enzyme activity and mitophagy. Finally, the significance of autophagy modulation is discussed in terms of augmenting efficiency of iPS cell generation and differentiation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Teixeira Vessoni
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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38
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Ferraro E, Pesaresi MG, De Zio D, Cencioni MT, Gortat A, Cozzolino M, Berghella L, Salvatore AM, Oettinghaus B, Scorrano L, Pérez-Payà E, Cecconi F. Apaf1 plays a pro-survival role by regulating centrosome morphology and function. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:3450-63. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.086298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (Apaf1) is the main component of the apoptosome, and a crucial factor in the mitochondria-dependent death pathway. Here we show that Apaf1 plays a role in regulating centrosome maturation. By analyzing Apaf1-depleted cells, we have found that Apaf1 loss induces centrosome defects that impair centrosomal microtubule nucleation and cytoskeleton organization. This, in turn, affects several cellular processes such as mitotic spindle formation, cell migration and mitochondrial network regulation. As a consequence, Apaf1-depleted cells are more fragile and have a lower threshold to stress than wild-type cells. In fact, we found that they exhibit low Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL expression and, under apoptotic treatment, rapidly release cytochrome c. We also show that Apaf1 acts by regulating the recruitment of HCA66, with which it interacts, to the centrosome. This function of Apaf1 is carried out during the cell life and is not related to its apoptotic role. Therefore, Apaf1 might also be considered a pro-survival molecule, whose absence impairs cell performance and causes a higher responsiveness to stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Ferraro
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroembryology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143, Rome, Italy
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Department of Biology, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Daniela De Zio
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Department of Biology, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Anne Gortat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain and IBV-CSIC, E-46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mauro Cozzolino
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Bjorn Oettinghaus
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Luca Scorrano
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Enrique Pérez-Payà
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain and IBV-CSIC, E-46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francesco Cecconi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroembryology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143, Rome, Italy
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Department of Biology, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, 00133, Rome, Italy
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39
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Loos B, Genade S, Ellis B, Lochner A, Engelbrecht AM. At the core of survival: autophagy delays the onset of both apoptotic and necrotic cell death in a model of ischemic cell injury. Exp Cell Res 2011; 317:1437-53. [PMID: 21420401 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic cell injury leads to cell death. Three main morphologies have been described: apoptosis, cell death with autophagy and necrosis. Their inherent dynamic nature, a point of no return (PONR) and molecular overlap have been stressed. The relationship between a defined cell death type and the severity of injury remains unclear. The functional role of autophagy and its effects on cell death onset is largely unknown. In this study we report a differential induction of cell death, which is dependent on the severity and duration of an ischemic insult. We show that mild ischemia leads to the induction of autophagy and apoptosis, while moderate or severe ischemia induces both apoptotic and necrotic cell death without increased autophagy. The autophagic response during mild injury was associated with an ATP surge. Real-time imaging and Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) revealed that increased autophagy delays the PONR of both apoptosis and necrosis significantly. Blocking autophagy shifted PONR to an earlier point in time. Our results suggest that autophagic activity directly alters intracellular metabolic parameters, responsible for maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential and cellular membrane integrity. A similar treatment also improved functional recovery in the perfused rat heart. Taken together, we demonstrate a novel finding: autophagy is implicated only in mild injury and positions the PONR in cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Loos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Mike de Vries Building, Merriman Street, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa.
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40
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Abstract
Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) is often required for activation of the caspase proteases that cause apoptotic cell death. Various intermembrane space (IMS) proteins, such as cytochrome c, promote caspase activation following their mitochondrial release. As a consequence, mitochondrial outer membrane integrity is highly controlled, primarily through interactions between pro- and anti-apoptotic members of the B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) protein family. Following MOMP by pro-apoptotic BCL-2-associated X protein (BAX) or BCL-2 antagonist or killer (BAK), additional regulatory mechanisms govern the mitochondrial release of IMS proteins and caspase activity. MOMP typically leads to cell death irrespective of caspase activity by causing a progressive decline in mitochondrial function, although cells can survive this under certain circumstances, which may have pathophysiological consequences.
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41
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Riganti C, Doublier S, Viarisio D, Miraglia E, Pescarmona G, Ghigo D, Bosia A. Artemisinin induces doxorubicin resistance in human colon cancer cells via calcium-dependent activation of HIF-1alpha and P-glycoprotein overexpression. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 156:1054-66. [PMID: 19298255 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Artemisinin is an antimalarial drug exerting pleiotropic effects, such as the inhibition of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B and of the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(++)-ATPase (SERCA) of P. falciparum. As the sesquiterpene lactone thapsigargin, a known inhibitor of mammalian SERCA, enhances the expression of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) by increasing the intracellular Ca(++) ([Ca(++)](i)) level, we investigated whether artemisinin and its structural homologue parthenolide could inhibit SERCA in human colon carcinoma HT29 cells and induce a resistance to doxorubicin. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH HT29 cells were incubated with artemisinin or parthenolide and assessed for SERCA activity, [Ca(++)](i) levels, Pgp expression, doxorubicin accumulation and toxicity, and translocation of the hypoxia-inducible factor, HIF-1alpha. KEY RESULTS Artemisinin and parthenolide, like the specific SERCA inhibitors thapsigargin and cyclopiazonic acid, reduced the activity of SERCA. They also increased intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(++)](i)) and Pgp expression and decreased doxorubicin accumulation and cytotoxicity. The intracellular Ca(++) chelator, 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, and the inhibitor of calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) KN93 prevented these effects. CaMKII is known to promote the phosphorylation and the activation of HIF-1alpha, which may induce Pgp. In HT29 cells, artemisinin and parthenolide induced the phosphorylation of HIF-1alpha, which was inhibited by KN93. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our results suggest that artemisinin and parthenolide may act as SERCA inhibitors and, like other SERCA inhibitors, induce resistance to doxorubicin in human colon cancer cells, via the CaMKII-dependent activation of HIF-1alpha and the induction of Pgp.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Riganti
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Torino, and Research Center on Experimental Medicine (CeRMS), Via Santena, Torino, Italy.
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42
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Lockshin RA. An attempt to understand the multiparametric control of the initiation of apoptosis. Apoptosis 2008; 13:1195-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-008-0251-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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43
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Abstract
Autophagy is important for the degradation of bulk cytoplasm, long-lived proteins, and entire organelles. In lower eukaryotes, autophagy functions as a cell death mechanism or as a stress response during development. However, autophagy's significance in vertebrate development, and the role (if any) of vertebrate-specific factors in its regulation, remains unexplained. Through careful analysis of the current autophagy gene mutant mouse models, we propose that in mammals, autophagy may be involved in specific cytosolic rearrangements needed for proliferation, death, and differentiation during embryogenesis and postnatal development. Thus, autophagy is a process of cytosolic "renovation," crucial in cell fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cecconi
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at the Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Molecular Neuroembryology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Beth Levine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Microbiology, Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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