1
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Cui BC, Aksenova M, Sikirzhytskaya A, Odhiambo D, Korunova E, Sikirzhytski V, Ji H, Altomare D, Broude E, Frizzell N, Booze R, Wyatt MD, Shtutman M. Suppression of HIV-TAT and cocaine-induced neurotoxicity and inflammation by cell penetrable itaconate esters. J Neurovirol 2024:10.1007/s13365-024-01216-9. [PMID: 38884890 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-024-01216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurological disorder (HAND) is a serious complication of HIV infection marked by neurotoxicity induced by viral proteins like Tat. Substance abuse exacerbates neurocognitive impairment in people living with HIV. There is an urgent need for therapeutic strategies to combat HAND comorbid with Cocaine Use Disorder (CUD). Our analysis of HIV and cocaine-induced transcriptomes in primary cortical cultures revealed significant overexpression of the macrophage-specific gene aconitate decarboxylase 1 (Acod1). The ACOD1 protein converts the tricarboxylic acid intermediate cis-aconitate into itaconate during the activation of inflammation. Itaconate then facilitates cytokine production and activates anti-inflammatory transcription factors, shielding macrophages from infection-induced cell death. However, the immunometabolic function of itaconate was unexplored in HIV and cocaine-exposed microglia. We assessed the potential of 4-octyl-itaconate (4OI), a cell-penetrable ester form of itaconate known for its anti-inflammatory properties. When primary cortical cultures exposed to Tat and cocaine were treated with 4OI, microglial cell number increased and the morphological altercations induced by Tat and cocaine were reversed. Microglial cells also appeared more ramified, resembling the quiescent microglia. 4OI treatment inhibited secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and MIP1-α induced by Tat and cocaine. Transcriptome profiling determined that Nrf2 target genes were significantly activated in Tat and 4OI treated cultures relative to Tat alone. Further, genes associated with cytoskeleton dynamics in inflammatory microglia were downregulated by 4OI treatment. Together, the results strongly suggest 4-octyl-itaconate holds promise as a potential candidate for therapeutic development to treat HAND coupled with CUD comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Celia Cui
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Marina Aksenova
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Aliaksandra Sikirzhytskaya
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Diana Odhiambo
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Elizaveta Korunova
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Vitali Sikirzhytski
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Hao Ji
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Diego Altomare
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Eugenia Broude
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Norma Frizzell
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Rosemarie Booze
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Michael D Wyatt
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Michael Shtutman
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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2
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Joshi S, López L, Morosi LG, Amadio R, Pachauri M, Bestagno M, Ogar IP, Giacca M, Piperno GM, Vorselen D, Benvenuti F. Tim4 enables large peritoneal macrophages to cross-present tumor antigens at early stages of tumorigenesis. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114096. [PMID: 38607919 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Receptors controlling the cross-presentation of tumor antigens by macrophage subsets in cancer tissues are poorly explored. Here, we show that TIM4+ large peritoneal macrophages efficiently capture and cross-present tumor-associated antigens at early stages of peritoneal infiltration by ovarian cancer cells. The phosphatidylserine (PS) receptor TIM4 promotes maximal uptake of dead cells or PS-coated artificial targets and triggers inflammatory and metabolic gene programs in combination with cytoskeletal remodeling and upregulation of transcriptional signatures related to antigen processing. At the cellular level, TIM4-mediated engulfment induces nucleation of F-actin around nascent phagosomes, delaying the recruitment of vacuolar ATPase, acidification, and cargo degradation. In vivo, TIM4 deletion blunts induction of early anti-tumoral effector CD8 T cells and accelerates the progression of ovarian tumors. We conclude that TIM4-mediated uptake drives the formation of specialized phagosomes that prolong the integrity of ingested antigens and facilitate cross-presentation, contributing to immune surveillance of the peritoneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Joshi
- Cellular Immunology, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Lucía López
- Cellular Immunology, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Luciano Gastón Morosi
- Cellular Immunology, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Roberto Amadio
- Cellular Immunology, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Manendra Pachauri
- Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste and International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Bestagno
- Cellular Immunology, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Ironya Paul Ogar
- Cellular Immunology, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, P.M.B. 1115 Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
| | - Mauro Giacca
- Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste and International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy; King's College London, British Heart Foundation Center of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, London, UK
| | - Giulia Maria Piperno
- Cellular Immunology, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Daan Vorselen
- Department of Cell Biology & Immunology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PD Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Federica Benvenuti
- Cellular Immunology, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy.
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3
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Adil Ali M, Garabuczi É, Tarban N, Sarang Z. All-trans retinoic acid and dexamethasone regulate phagocytosis-related gene expression and enhance dead cell uptake in C2C12 myoblast cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21001. [PMID: 38017321 PMCID: PMC10684882 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive mechanical stress frequently causes micro-traumas in skeletal muscle, followed by a regeneration period. The effective removal of dead myofibers is a prerequisite for proper regeneration, and several cell types, including professional phagocytes, were reported to be active in this process. Myoblasts express several molecules of the phagocytic machinery, such as BAI1, stabilin-2, and TAM (Tyro3, Axl, Mertk) tyrosine kinase receptors, but these molecules were reported to serve primarily cell fusion and survival, and their role in the phagocytosis was not investigated. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the in vitro phagocytic capacity of the C2C12 mouse myoblast cell line. RNA sequencing data were analyzed to determine the level and changes of phagocytosis-related gene expression during the differentiation process of C2C12 cells. To study the phagocytic capacity of myoblasts and the effect of dexamethasone, all-trans retinoic acid, hemin, and TAM kinase inhibitor treatments on phagocytosis, C2C12 cells were fed dead thymocytes, and their phagocytic capacity was determined by flow cytometry. The effect of dexamethasone and all-trans retinoic acid on phagocytosis-related gene expression was determined by quantitative PCR. Both undifferentiated and differentiated cells engulfed dead cells being the undifferentiated cells more effective. In line with this, we observed that the expression of several phagocytosis-related genes was downregulated during the differentiation process. The phagocytosis could be increased by dexamethasone and all-trans retinoic acid and decreased by hemin and TAM kinase inhibitor treatments. Our results indicate that myoblasts not only express phagocytic machinery genes but are capable of efficient dead cell clearance as well, and this is regulated similarly, as reported in professional phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maysaa Adil Ali
- Faculty of Medicine, Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Garabuczi
- Department of Integrative Health Science, Faculty of Health Science, Institute of Health Science, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nastaran Tarban
- Faculty of Medicine, Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Sarang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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4
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Cui BC, Aksenova M, Sikirzhytskaya A, Odhiambo D, Korunova E, Sikirzhytski V, Ji H, Altomare D, Broude E, Frizzell N, Booze R, Wyatt MD, Shtutman M. Suppression of HIV and cocaine-induced neurotoxicity and inflammation by cell penetrable itaconate esters. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.25.559154. [PMID: 37808776 PMCID: PMC10557618 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.25.559154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurological disorder (HAND) is a serious complication of HIV infection, marked by neurotoxicity induced by viral proteins like Tat. Substance abuse exacerbates neurocognitive impairment in people living with HIV. There is an urgent need for effective therapeutic strategies to combat HAND comorbid with Cocaine Use Disorder (CUD). Our analysis of the HIV and cocaine-induced transcriptomes in primary cortical cultures revealed a significant overexpression of the macrophage-specific gene, aconitate decarboxylase 1 (Acod1), caused by the combined insults of HIV and cocaine. ACOD1 protein converts the tricarboxylic acid intermediate cis-aconitate into itaconate during the activation of inflammation. The itaconate produced facilitates cytokine production and subsequently activates anti-inflammatory transcription factors, shielding macrophages from infection-induced cell death. While the role of itaconate' in limiting inflammation has been studied in peripheral macrophages, its immunometabolic function remains unexplored in HIV and cocaine-exposed microglia. We assessed in this model system the potential of 4-octyl-itaconate (4OI), a cell-penetrable esterified form of itaconate known for its potent anti-inflammatory properties and potential therapeutic applications. We administered 4OI to primary cortical cultures exposed to Tat and cocaine. 4OI treatment increased the number of microglial cells in both untreated and Tat±Cocaine-treated cultures and also reversed the morphological altercations induced by Tat and cocaine. In the presence of 4OI, microglial cells also appeared more ramified, resembling the quiescent microglia. Consistent with these results, 4OI treatment inhibited the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and MIP1-α induced by Tat and cocaine. Transcriptome profiling further determined that Nrf2 target genes such as NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (Nqo1), Glutathione S-transferase Pi (Gstp1), and glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic (Gclc), were most significantly activated in Tat-4OI treated cultures, relative to Tat alone. Further, genes associated with cytoskeleton dynamics in inflammatory microglia were downregulated by 4OI treatment. Together, the results strongly suggest 4-octyl-itaconate holds promise as a potential candidate for therapeutic development aimed at addressing HAND coupled with CUD comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Celia Cui
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Marina Aksenova
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Aliaksandra Sikirzhytskaya
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Diana Odhiambo
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Elizaveta Korunova
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Vitali Sikirzhytski
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Hao Ji
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Diego Altomare
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Eugenia Broude
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Norma Frizzell
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Rosemarie Booze
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Michael D. Wyatt
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Michael Shtutman
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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5
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Moon B, Yang S, Moon H, Lee J, Park D. After cell death: the molecular machinery of efferocytosis. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1644-1651. [PMID: 37612408 PMCID: PMC10474042 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells constituting a multicellular organism die in a variety of ways throughout life, and most of them die via apoptosis under normal conditions. The occurrence of apoptosis is especially prevalent during development and in tissues with a high cellular turnover rate, such as the thymus and bone marrow. Interestingly, although the number of apoptotic cells produced daily is known to be innumerable in a healthy adult human body, apoptotic cells are rarely observed. This absence is due to the existence of a cellular process called efferocytosis that efficiently clears apoptotic cells. Studies over the past decades have focused on how phagocytes are able to remove apoptotic cells specifically, swiftly, and continuously, resulting in defined molecular and cellular events. In this review, we will discuss the current understanding of the clearance of apoptotic cells at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeongjin Moon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
- Cell Mechanobiology Laboratory, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Susumin Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
- Cell Mechanobiology Laboratory, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Hyunji Moon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
- Cell Mechanobiology Laboratory, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Juyeon Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
- Cell Mechanobiology Laboratory, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Daeho Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea.
- Cell Mechanobiology Laboratory, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea.
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6
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Bhattacharya P, Dhawan UK, Hussain MT, Singh P, Bhagat KK, Singhal A, Austin-Williams S, Sengupta S, Subramanian M. Efferocytes release extracellular vesicles to resolve inflammation and tissue injury via prosaposin-GPR37 signaling. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112808. [PMID: 37436891 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages release soluble mediators following efferocytic clearance of apoptotic cells to facilitate intercellular communication and promote the resolution of inflammation. However, whether inflammation resolution is modulated by extracellular vesicles (EVs) and vesicular mediators released by efferocytes is not known. We report that efferocyte-derived EVs express prosaposin, which binds to macrophage GPR37 to increase expression of the efferocytosis receptor Tim4 via an ERK-AP1-dependent signaling axis, leading to increased macrophage efferocytosis efficiency and accelerated resolution of inflammation. Neutralization and knockdown of prosaposin or blocking GRP37 abrogates the pro-resolution effects of efferocyte-derived EVs in vivo. Administration of efferocyte-derived EVs in a murine model of atherosclerosis is associated with an increase in lesional macrophage efferocytosis efficiency and a decrease in plaque necrosis and lesional inflammation. Thus, we establish a critical role for efferocyte-derived vesicular mediators in increasing macrophage efferocytosis efficiency and accelerating the resolution of inflammation and tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purbasha Bhattacharya
- CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Umesh Kumar Dhawan
- William Harvey Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mohammed Tayab Hussain
- William Harvey Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Praveen Singh
- CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Karran Kiran Bhagat
- William Harvey Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Aarushi Singhal
- William Harvey Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Shani Austin-Williams
- William Harvey Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Shantanu Sengupta
- CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Manikandan Subramanian
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; William Harvey Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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7
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Cieniewicz B, Bhatta A, Torabi D, Baichoo P, Saxton M, Arballo A, Nguyen L, Thomas S, Kethar H, Kukutla P, Shoaga O, Yu B, Yang Z, Fate M, Oliveira E, Ning H, Corey L, Corey D. Chimeric TIM-4 receptor-modified T cells targeting phosphatidylserine mediates both cytotoxic anti-tumor responses and phagocytic uptake of tumor-associated antigen for T cell cross-presentation. Mol Ther 2023; 31:2132-2153. [PMID: 37194236 PMCID: PMC10362418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To leverage complementary mechanisms for cancer cell removal, we developed a novel cell engineering and therapeutic strategy co-opting phagocytic clearance and antigen presentation activity into T cells. We engineered a chimeric engulfment receptor (CER)-1236, which combines the extracellular domain of TIM-4, a phagocytic receptor recognizing the "eat me" signal phosphatidylserine, with intracellular signaling domains (TLR2/TIR, CD28, and CD3ζ) to enhance both TIM-4-mediated phagocytosis and T cell cytotoxic function. CER-1236 T cells demonstrate target-dependent phagocytic function and induce transcriptional signatures of key regulators responsible for phagocytic recognition and uptake, along with cytotoxic mediators. Pre-clinical models of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and EGFR mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) demonstrate collaborative innate-adaptive anti-tumor immune responses both in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with BTK (MCL) and EGFR (NSCLC) inhibitors increased target ligand, conditionally driving CER-1236 function to augment anti-tumor responses. We also show that activated CER-1236 T cells exhibit superior cross-presentation ability compared with conventional T cells, triggering E7-specific TCR T responses in an HLA class I- and TLR-2-dependent manner, thereby overcoming the limited antigen presentation capacity of conventional T cells. Therefore, CER-1236 T cells have the potential to achieve tumor control by eliciting both direct cytotoxic effects and indirect-mediated cross-priming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ankit Bhatta
- Cero Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Damoun Torabi
- Cero Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Priya Baichoo
- Cero Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Mike Saxton
- Cero Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Linh Nguyen
- Cero Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sunil Thomas
- Cero Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Harini Kethar
- Cero Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Omolola Shoaga
- Cero Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Bi Yu
- Cero Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Zhuo Yang
- Cero Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Maria Fate
- Cero Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Edson Oliveira
- Cero Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hongxiu Ning
- Cero Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Daniel Corey
- Cero Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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8
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Wu L, Seon GM, Ju S, Choi SH, Jiang ES, Kim Y, Chung SH, Ahn JS, Yang HC. Synergistic effects of arginine-glycine-aspartic acid and phosphatidylserine on the surface immunomodulation and osseointegration of titanium implants. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:1358-1372. [PMID: 36594560 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01589g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The control of macrophage polarization is important in bone tissue regeneration such as osseointegration. In this study, a coating method was developed to improve the osseointegration of titanium (Ti) implants by generating an immunomodulatory effect. The surface of the Ti discs was coated with a poly(lactide-co-glycolide)(PLGA) polymer, phosphatidylserine (PS), and arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptide conjugated phospholipid. In in vitro assay using mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), the most significant expression of the M2 marker genes (Arg-1, YM-1, FIZZ1) and CD206, an M2 surface marker, was obtained with coatings containing 6 mol% RGD conjugates and phospholipids consisting of 50 mol% PS. The M2-inducing effect of RGD and PS was also verified in rat femurs where coated Ti rods were implanted. The RGD and PS coating significantly enhanced the osseointegration of the Ti implants. Moreover, a biomechanical push-out test showed that the RGD and PS coating increased the interfacial binding force between the bone and implants. These results indicate that PS and RGD can be applied to the solid surface of implantable biomedical devices to improve immunomodulation and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Wu
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101, Deahak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South Korea.
| | - Gyeung Mi Seon
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101, Deahak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South Korea.
| | - Sungwon Ju
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101, Deahak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South Korea.
| | - Sang Hoon Choi
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101, Deahak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South Korea.
| | - En-Shi Jiang
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101, Deahak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South Korea.
| | - Yongjoon Kim
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101, Deahak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South Korea.
| | - Shin Hye Chung
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101, Deahak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South Korea.
| | - Jin-Soo Ahn
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101, Deahak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South Korea.
| | - Hyeong-Cheol Yang
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101, Deahak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South Korea.
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9
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Garabuczi É, Tarban N, Fige É, Patsalos A, Halász L, Szendi-Szatmári T, Sarang Z, Király R, Szondy Z. Nur77 and PPARγ regulate transcription and polarization in distinct subsets of M2-like reparative macrophages during regenerative inflammation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1139204. [PMID: 36936920 PMCID: PMC10020500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1139204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage polarization is a process whereby macrophages develop a specific phenotype and functional response to different pathophysiological stimuli and tissue environments. In general, two main macrophage phenotypes have been identified: inflammatory (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) macrophages characterized specifically by IL-1β and IL-10 production, respectively. In the cardiotoxin-induced skeletal muscle injury model bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) play the central role in regulating tissue repair. Bone marrow-derived monocytes arriving at the site of injury differentiate first to M1 BMDMs that clear cell debris and trigger proliferation and differentiation of the muscle stem cells, while during the process of efferocytosis they change their phenotype to M2 to drive resolution of inflammation and tissue repair. The M2 population is formed from at least three distinct subsets: antigen presenting, resolution-related and growth factor producing macrophages, the latest ones expressing the transcription factor PPARγ. Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1 (NR4A1; also termed Nur77) transcription factor is expressed as an early response gene, and has been shown to suppress the expression of pro-inflammatory genes during efferocytosis. Here we demonstrate that (1) Nur77 null BMDMs are characterized by elevated expression of PPARγ resulting in enhanced efferocytosis capacity; (2) Nur77 and PPARγ regulate transcription in different subsets of M2 skeletal muscle macrophages during muscle repair; (3) the loss of Nur77 prolongs M1 polarization characterized by increased and prolonged production of IL-1β by the resolution-related macrophages normally expressing Nur77; whereas, in contrast, (4) it promotes M2 polarization detected via the increased number of IL-10 producing CD206+ macrophages generated from the PPARγ-expressing subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Garabuczi
- Department of Integrative Health Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nastaran Tarban
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Fige
- Doctoral School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andreas Patsalos
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, United States
| | - László Halász
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, United States
| | - Tímea Szendi-Szatmári
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Sarang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Róbert Király
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Szondy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Section of Dental Biochemistry, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Zsuzsa Szondy,
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10
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Wang Z, Chen C, Su Y, Ke N. Function and characteristics of TIM‑4 in immune regulation and disease (Review). Int J Mol Med 2022; 51:10. [PMID: 36524355 PMCID: PMC9848438 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2022.5213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
T‑cell/transmembrane immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing 4 (TIM‑4) is a phosphatidylserine receptor that is mainly expressed on antigen‑presenting cells and is involved in the recognition and efferocytosis of apoptotic cells. TIM‑4 has been found to be expressed in immune cells such as natural killer T, B and mast cells and to participate in multiple aspects of immune regulation, suggesting that TIM‑4 may be involved in a variety of immune‑related diseases. Recent studies have confirmed that TIM‑4 is also abnormally expressed in a variety of malignant tumor cells and is closely associated with the occurrence and development of tumors and the tumor immune microenvironment. The present study aimed to describe the expression and functional characteristics of TIM‑4 in detail and to comprehensively discuss its role in pathophysiological processes such as infection, allergy, metabolism, autoimmunity and tumor immunity. The current review provided a comprehensive understanding of the functions and characteristics of TIM‑4, as well as novel ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyao Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Radiology, The First People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan 610095, P.R. China
| | - Yingzhen Su
- Kunming University School of Medicine, Kunming University School, Kunming, Yunnan 650124, P.R. China
| | - Nengwen Ke
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Professor Nengwen Ke, Department of Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China, E-mail:
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11
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Vorselen D. Dynamics of phagocytosis mediated by phosphatidylserine. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1281-1291. [PMID: 36281986 PMCID: PMC9704538 DOI: 10.1042/bst20211254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis triggered by the phospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS) is key for the removal of apoptotic cells in development, tissue homeostasis and infection. Modulation of PS-mediated phagocytosis is an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in the context of atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disease, and cancer. Whereas the mechanisms of target recognition, lipid and protein signalling, and cytoskeletal remodelling in opsonin-driven modes of phagocytosis are increasingly well understood, PS-mediated phagocytosis has remained more elusive. This is partially due to the involvement of a multitude of receptors with at least some redundancy in functioning, which complicates dissecting their contributions and results in complex downstream signalling networks. This review focusses on the receptors involved in PS-recognition, the signalling cascades that connect receptors to cytoskeletal remodelling required for phagocytosis, and recent progress in our understanding of how phagocytic cup formation is coordinated during PS-mediated phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan Vorselen
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, U.S.A
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12
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Song H, Chen X, Hao Y, Wang J, Xie Q, Wang X. Nanoengineering facilitating the target mission: targeted extracellular vesicles delivery systems design. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:431. [PMID: 36175866 PMCID: PMC9524104 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision medicine has put forward the proposition of "precision targeting" for modern drug delivery systems. Inspired by techniques from biology, pharmaceutical sciences, and nanoengineering, numerous targeted drug delivery systems have been developed in recent decades. But the large-scale applications of these systems are limited due to unsatisfactory targeting efficiency, cytotoxicity, easy removability, and instability. As such, the natural endogenous cargo delivery vehicle-extracellular vesicles (EVs)-have sparked significant interest for its unique inherent targeting properties, biocompatibility, transmembrane ability, and circulatory stability. The membranes of EVs are enriched for receptors or ligands that interact with target cells, which endows them with inherent targeting mission. However, most of the natural therapeutic EVs face the fate of being cleared by macrophages, resulting in off-target. Therefore, the specificity of natural EVs delivery systems urgently needs to be further improved. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the inherent homing mechanisms of EVs and the effects of the donor cell source and administration route on targeting specificity. We then go over nanoengineering techniques that modify EVs for improving specific targeting, such as source cell alteration and modification of EVs surface. We also highlight the auxiliary strategies to enhance specificity by changing the external environment, such as magnetic and photothermal. Furthermore, contemporary issues such as the lack of a gold standard for assessing targeting efficiency are discussed. This review will provide new insights into the development of precision medicine delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyue Song
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, China.,Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Xiaohang Chen
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, China.,Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Yujia Hao
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, China.,Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, China.,Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Qingpeng Xie
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, China.,Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, China. .,Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
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13
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Szondy Z, Al-Zaeed N, Tarban N, Fige É, Garabuczi É, Sarang Z. Involvement of phosphatidylserine receptors in the skeletal muscle regeneration: therapeutic implications. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:1961-1973. [PMID: 35666022 PMCID: PMC9397555 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a progressive loss of muscle mass and strength with a risk of adverse outcomes such as disability, poor quality of life, and death. Increasing evidence indicates that diminished ability of the muscle to activate satellite cell-dependent regeneration is one of the factors that might contribute to its development. Skeletal muscle regeneration following myogenic cell death results from the proliferation and differentiation of myogenic stem cells, called satellite cells, located beneath the basal lamina of the muscle fibres. Satellite cell differentiation is not a satellite cell-autonomous process but depends on signals provided by the surrounding cells. Infiltrating macrophages play a key role in the process partly by clearing the necrotic cell debris, partly by producing cytokines and growth factors that guide myogenesis. At the beginning of the muscle regeneration process, macrophages are pro-inflammatory, and the cytokines produced by them trigger the proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells. Following the uptake of dead cells, however, a transcriptionally regulated phenotypic change (macrophage polarization) is induced in them resulting in their transformation into healing macrophages that guide resolution of inflammation, completion of myoblast differentiation, myoblast fusion and growth, and return to homeostasis. Impaired efferocytosis results in delayed cell death clearance, delayed macrophage polarization, prolonged inflammation, and impaired muscle regeneration. Thus, proper efferocytosis by macrophages is a determining factor during muscle repair. Here we review that both efferocytosis and myogenesis are dependent on the cell surface phosphatidylserine (PS), and surprisingly, these two processes share a number of common PS receptors and signalling pathways. Based on these findings, we propose that stimulating the function of PS receptors for facilitating muscle repair following injury could be a successful approach, as it would enhance efferocytosis and myogenesis simultaneously. Because increasing evidence indicates a pathophysiological role of impaired efferocytosis in the development of chronic inflammatory conditions, as well as in impaired muscle regeneration both contributing to the development of sarcopenia, improving efferocytosis should be considered also in its management. Again applying or combining those treatments that target PS receptors would be expected to be the most effective, because they would also promote myogenesis. A potential PS receptor-triggering candidate molecule is milk fat globule-EGF-factor 8 (MFG-E8), which not only stimulates PS-dependent efferocytosis and myoblast fusion but also promotes extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt activation-mediated cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa Szondy
- Section of Dental Biochemistry, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nour Al-Zaeed
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nastaran Tarban
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Fige
- Section of Dental Biochemistry, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Garabuczi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Sarang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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14
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The Role of Plasma Extracellular Vesicles in Remote Ischemic Conditioning and Exercise-Induced Ischemic Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063334. [PMID: 35328755 PMCID: PMC8951333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic conditioning and exercise have been suggested for protecting against brain ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, the endogenous protective mechanisms stimulated by these interventions remain unclear. Here, in a comprehensive translational study, we investigated the protective role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released after remote ischemic conditioning (RIC), blood flow restricted resistance exercise (BFRRE), or high-load resistance exercise (HLRE). Blood samples were collected from human participants before and at serial time points after intervention. RIC and BFRRE plasma EVs released early after stimulation improved viability of endothelial cells subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation. Furthermore, post-RIC EVs accumulated in the ischemic area of a stroke mouse model, and a mean decrease in infarct volume was observed for post-RIC EVs, although not reaching statistical significance. Thus, circulating EVs induced by RIC and BFRRE can mediate protection, but the in vivo and translational effects of conditioned EVs require further experimental verification.
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15
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van der Koog L, Gandek TB, Nagelkerke A. Liposomes and Extracellular Vesicles as Drug Delivery Systems: A Comparison of Composition, Pharmacokinetics, and Functionalization. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2100639. [PMID: 34165909 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, lipid-based nanoparticle drug delivery systems (DDS) have caught the attention of researchers worldwide, encouraging the field to rapidly develop improved ways for effective drug delivery. One of the most prominent examples is liposomes, which are spherical shaped artificial vesicles composed of lipid bilayers and able to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic materials. At the same time, biological nanoparticles naturally secreted by cells, called extracellular vesicles (EVs), have emerged as promising more complex biocompatible DDS. In this review paper, the differences and similarities in the composition of both vesicles are evaluated, and critical mediators that affect their pharmacokinetics are elucidate. Different strategies that have been assessed to tweak the pharmacokinetics of both liposomes and EVs are explored, detailing the effects on circulation time, targeting capacity, and cytoplasmic delivery of therapeutic cargo. Finally, whether a hybrid system, consisting of a combination of only the critical constituents of both vesicles, could offer the best of both worlds is discussed. Through these topics, novel leads for further research are provided and, more importantly, gain insight in what the liposome field and the EV field can learn from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke van der Koog
- Molecular Pharmacology Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen P.O. Box 196, XB10 Groningen 9700 AD The Netherlands
| | - Timea B. Gandek
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy University of Groningen P.O. Box 196, XB20 Groningen 9700 AD The Netherlands
| | - Anika Nagelkerke
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy University of Groningen P.O. Box 196, XB20 Groningen 9700 AD The Netherlands
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16
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Zwozdesky MA, Fei C, Stafford JL. An Imaging Flow Cytometry Protocol for Studying Immunoregulatory Receptor-Mediated Regulation of Phagocytosis. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2421:201-216. [PMID: 34870821 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1944-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Advances in flow cytometry have allowed for innovative functional investigations of innate immune cell responses. Imaging flow cytometers combine the imaging capabilities of microscopy with rapid, high-throughput data acquisition attributes of standard flow cytometers. Here, we describe a detailed method for co-expressing stimulatory and inhibitory immunoregulatory receptor-types in AD293 cells and then measuring receptor cross-talk during the regulation of the phagocytic response. Information on reagent selection, imaging flow cytometry calibration, and automated template analyses are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron A Zwozdesky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Chenjie Fei
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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17
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Kerr D, Gong Z, Suwatthee T, Luoma A, Roy S, Scarpaci R, Hwang HL, Henderson JM, Cao KD, Bu W, Lin B, Tietjen GT, Steck TL, Adams EJ, Lee KYC. How Tim proteins differentially exploit membrane features to attain robust target sensitivity. Biophys J 2021; 120:4891-4902. [PMID: 34529946 PMCID: PMC8595564 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune surveillance cells such as T cells and phagocytes utilize integral plasma membrane receptors to recognize surface signatures on triggered and activated cells such as those in apoptosis. One such family of plasma membrane sensors, the transmembrane immunoglobulin and mucin domain (Tim) proteins, specifically recognize phosphatidylserine (PS) but elicit distinct immunological responses. The molecular basis for the recognition of lipid signals on target cell surfaces is not well understood. Previous results suggest that basic side chains present at the membrane interface on the Tim proteins might facilitate association with additional anionic lipids including but not necessarily limited to PS. We, therefore, performed a comparative quantitative analysis of the binding of the murine Tim1, Tim3, and Tim4, to synthetic anionic phospholipid membranes under physiologically relevant conditions. X-ray reflectivity and vesicle binding studies were used to compare the water-soluble domain of Tim3 with results previously obtained for Tim1 and Tim4. Although a calcium link was essential for all three proteins, the three homologs differed in how they balance the hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions driving membrane association. The proteins also varied in their sensing of phospholipid chain unsaturation and showed different degrees of cooperativity in their dependence on bilayer PS concentration. Surprisingly, trace amounts of anionic phosphatidic acid greatly strengthened the bilayer association of Tim3 and Tim4, but not Tim1. A novel mathematical model provided values for the binding parameters and illuminated the complex interplay among ligands. In conclusion, our results provide a quantitative description of the contrasting selectivity used by three Tim proteins in the recognition of phospholipids presented on target cell surfaces. This paradigm is generally applicable to the analysis of the binding of peripheral proteins to target membranes through the heterotropic cooperative interactions of multiple ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kerr
- Program in Biophysical Sciences, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Chemistry, Chicago, Illinois; James Franck Institute, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Zhiliang Gong
- Department of Chemistry, Chicago, Illinois; James Franck Institute, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | - Sobhan Roy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Renee Scarpaci
- City University of New York City College, New York, New York
| | - Hyeondo Luke Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Chicago, Illinois; James Franck Institute, Chicago, Illinois
| | - J Michael Henderson
- Department of Chemistry, Chicago, Illinois; James Franck Institute, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kathleen D Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Chicago, Illinois; James Franck Institute, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Wei Bu
- NSF's ChemMatCARS, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Binhua Lin
- James Franck Institute, Chicago, Illinois; NSF's ChemMatCARS, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gregory T Tietjen
- Department of Surgery, Section of Transplant and Immunology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Theodore L Steck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Erin J Adams
- Program in Biophysical Sciences, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Chicago, Illinois; Committee on Immunology, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ka Yee C Lee
- Program in Biophysical Sciences, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Chemistry, Chicago, Illinois; James Franck Institute, Chicago, Illinois.
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18
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Bosurgi L, Rothlin CV. Management of cell death in parasitic infections. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:481-492. [PMID: 34279684 PMCID: PMC8443503 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00875-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
For a long time, host cell death during parasitic infection has been considered a reflection of tissue damage, and often associated with disease pathogenesis. However, during their evolution, protozoan and helminth parasites have developed strategies to interfere with cell death so as to spread and survive in the infected host, thereby ascribing a more intriguing role to infection-associated cell death. In this review, we examine the mechanisms used by intracellular and extracellular parasites to respectively inhibit or trigger programmed cell death. We further dissect the role of the prototypical “eat-me signal” phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) which, by being exposed on the cell surface of damaged host cells as well as on some viable parasites via a process of apoptotic mimicry, leads to their recognition and up-take by the neighboring phagocytes. Although barely dissected so far, the engagement of different PtdSer receptors on macrophages, by shaping the host immune response, affects the overall infection outcome in models of both protozoan and helminth infections. In this scenario, further understanding of the molecular and cellular regulation of the PtdSer exposing cell-macrophage interaction might allow the identification of new therapeutic targets for the management of parasitic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Bosurgi
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany. .,Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Strasse 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology and Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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19
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Banesh S, Trivedi V. CD36 Ectodomain Detects Apoptosis in Mammalian Cells. Mol Biotechnol 2021; 63:992-1003. [PMID: 34173181 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00356-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The cells that undergo apoptosis show phosphatidylserine (PS) on the cell membrane. The fluorescently labeled hCD36_ecto is staining and detecting apoptotic cells in a flow-based assay with several advantages over Annexin V. The human CD36 ectodomain (hCD36_ecto) is stable for a range of temperatures and experimental conditions and doesn't require Ca2+ for detecting apoptosis and specific towards PS compared to other lipids. The blocking with unlabeled hCD36_ecto reduces the staining of Annexin V-FITC for apoptotic cells, whereas R63A does not affect the binding of Annexin V- FITC to apoptotic cells. It indicates the role of CD36-PS interaction in detecting apoptotic cells. Dual-staining with hCD36_ecto-FITC/PI is universally detecting apoptosis in different nucleated cells or eryptosis in non-nucleated RBCs. Hence, our study highlights the utility of CD36 as a probe to detect apoptosis in mammalian cells. It might be a robust, economical reagent for the scientific community to facilitate their research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooram Banesh
- Malaria Research Group, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Vishal Trivedi
- Malaria Research Group, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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20
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EphA2 Interacts with Tim-4 through Association between Its FN3 Domain and the IgV Domain of Tim-4. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061290. [PMID: 34067457 PMCID: PMC8224564 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tim-4 promotes the engulfment of apoptotic cells or exogenous particles by securing them on phagocytes. It is unable to transduce signals by itself but helps other engulfment receptors sense and internalize them. However, the identity of the engulfment receptors collaborating with Tim-4 is still incompletely understood. In this study, we searched for a candidate transmembrane protein with a FN3 domain, important for interaction with Tim-4, in silico and investigated whether it indeed interacts with Tim-4 and is involved in Tim-4-mediated phagocytosis. We found that EphA2 containing a FN3 domain in the extracellular region interacted with Tim-4, which was mediated by the IgV domain of Tim-4 and the FN3 domain of EphA2. Nevertheless, we found that EphA2 expression failed to alter Tim-4-mediated phagocytosis of apoptotic cells or polystyrene beads. Taken together, our findings suggest that EphA2, a new Tim-4 interacting protein, may intervene in a Tim-4-mediated cellular event even if it is not phagocytosis of endogenous or exogenous particles and vice versa.
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21
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Having an Old Friend for Dinner: The Interplay between Apoptotic Cells and Efferocytes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051265. [PMID: 34065321 PMCID: PMC8161178 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, the programmed and intentional death of senescent, damaged, or otherwise superfluous cells, is the natural end-point for most cells within multicellular organisms. Apoptotic cells are not inherently damaging, but if left unattended, they can lyse through secondary necrosis. The resulting release of intracellular contents drives inflammation in the surrounding tissue and can lead to autoimmunity. These negative consequences of secondary necrosis are avoided by efferocytosis—the phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells. Efferocytosis is a product of both apoptotic cells and efferocyte mechanisms, which cooperate to ensure the rapid and complete removal of apoptotic cells. Herein, we review the processes used by apoptotic cells to ensure their timely removal, and the receptors, signaling, and cellular processes used by efferocytes for efferocytosis, with a focus on the receptors and signaling driving this process.
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22
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Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages are present in most tissues with developmental, self-renewal, or functional attributes that do not easily fit into a textbook picture of a plastic and multifunctional macrophage originating from hematopoietic stem cells; nor does it fit a pro- versus anti-inflammatory paradigm. This review presents and discusses current knowledge on the developmental biology of macrophages from an evolutionary perspective focused on the function of macrophages, which may aid in study of developmental, inflammatory, tumoral, and degenerative diseases. We also propose a framework to investigate the functions of macrophages in vivo and discuss how inherited germline and somatic mutations may contribute to the roles of macrophages in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehemiah Cox
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Maria Pokrovskii
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Rocio Vicario
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Frederic Geissmann
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
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23
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Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are clinical syndromes that cause significant mortality in clinical settings and morbidity among survivors accompanied by huge healthcare costs. Lung-resident cell dysfunction/death and neutrophil alveolitis accompanied by proteinous edema are the main pathological features of ALI/ARDS. While understanding of the mechanisms underlying ALI/ARDS pathogenesis is progressing and potential treatments such as statin therapy, nutritional strategies, and mesenchymal cell therapy are emerging, poor clinical outcomes in ALI/ARDS patients persist. Thus, a better understanding of lung-resident cell death and neutrophil alveolitis and their mitigation and clearance mechanisms may provide new therapeutic strategies to accelerate lung repair and improve outcomes in critically ill patients. Macrophages are required for normal tissue development and homeostasis as well as regulating tissue injury and repair through modulation of inflammation and other cellular processes. While macrophages mediate various functions, here we review recent dead cell clearance (efferocytosis) mechanisms mediated by these immune cells for maintaining tissue homeostasis after infectious and non-infectious lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Noone
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sekhar P Reddy
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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24
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Zheng DJ, Abou Taka M, Heit B. Role of Apoptotic Cell Clearance in Pneumonia and Inflammatory Lung Disease. Pathogens 2021; 10:134. [PMID: 33572846 PMCID: PMC7912081 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia and inflammatory diseases of the pulmonary system such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma continue to cause significant morbidity and mortality globally. While the etiology of these diseases is highly different, they share a number of similarities in the underlying inflammatory processes driving disease pathology. Multiple recent studies have identified failures in efferocytosis-the phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells-as a common driver of inflammation and tissue destruction in these diseases. Effective efferocytosis has been shown to be important for resolving inflammatory diseases of the lung and the subsequent restoration of normal lung function, while many pneumonia-causing pathogens manipulate the efferocytic system to enhance their growth and avoid immunity. Moreover, some treatments used to manage these patients, such as inhaled corticosteroids for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the prevalent use of statins for cardiovascular disease, have been found to beneficially alter efferocytic activity in these patients. In this review, we provide an overview of the efferocytic process and its role in the pathophysiology and resolution of pneumonia and other inflammatory diseases of the lungs, and discuss the utility of existing and emerging therapies for modulating efferocytosis as potential treatments for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jiao Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N0M 2N0, Canada; (D.J.Z.); (M.A.T.)
| | - Maria Abou Taka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N0M 2N0, Canada; (D.J.Z.); (M.A.T.)
| | - Bryan Heit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N0M 2N0, Canada; (D.J.Z.); (M.A.T.)
- Robarts Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5K8, Canada
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25
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Haas-Neill S, Forsythe P. A Budding Relationship: Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238899. [PMID: 33255332 PMCID: PMC7727686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the microbiota-gut-brain axis has revolutionized our understanding of systemic influences on brain function and may lead to novel therapeutic approaches to neurodevelopmental and mood disorders. A parallel revolution has occurred in the field of intercellular communication, with the realization that endosomes, and other extracellular vesicles, rival the endocrine system as regulators of distant tissues. These two paradigms shifting developments come together in recent observations that bacterial membrane vesicles contribute to inter-kingdom signaling and may be an integral component of gut microbe communication with the brain. In this short review we address the current understanding of the biogenesis of bacterial membrane vesicles and the roles they play in the survival of microbes and in intra and inter-kingdom communication. We identify recent observations indicating that bacterial membrane vesicles, particularly those derived from probiotic organisms, regulate brain function. We discuss mechanisms by which bacterial membrane vesicles may influence the brain including interaction with the peripheral nervous system, and modulation of immune activity. We also review evidence suggesting that, unlike the parent organism, gut bacteria derived membrane vesicles are able to deliver cargo, including neurotransmitters, directly to the central nervous system and may thus constitute key components of the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandor Haas-Neill
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, The Research Institute of St. Joseph’s Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada;
| | - Paul Forsythe
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, The Research Institute of St. Joseph’s Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada;
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph’s Healthcare and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +01-905-522-1155 (ext. 35890)
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26
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Hajishengallis G, Chavakis T, Lambris JD. Current understanding of periodontal disease pathogenesis and targets for host-modulation therapy. Periodontol 2000 2020; 84:14-34. [PMID: 32844416 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances indicate that periodontitis is driven by reciprocally reinforced interactions between a dysbiotic microbiome and dysregulated inflammation. Inflammation is not only a consequence of dysbiosis but, via mediating tissue dysfunction and damage, fuels further growth of selectively dysbiotic communities of bacteria (inflammophiles), thereby generating a self-sustained feed-forward loop that perpetuates the disease. These considerations provide a strong rationale for developing adjunctive host-modulation therapies for the treatment of periodontitis. Such host-modulation approaches aim to inhibit harmful inflammation and promote its resolution or to interfere directly with downstream effectors of connective tissue and bone destruction. This paper reviews diverse strategies targeted to modulate the host periodontal response and discusses their mechanisms of action, perceived safety, and potential for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Hajishengallis
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, Penn Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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27
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A Fish Leukocyte Immune-Type Receptor Uses a Novel Intracytoplasmic Tail Networking Mechanism to Cross-Inhibit the Phagocytic Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145146. [PMID: 32708174 PMCID: PMC7404264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) leukocyte immune-type receptors (IpLITRs) are a family of immunoregulatory proteins shown to regulate several innate immune cell effector responses, including phagocytosis. The precise mechanisms of IpLITR-mediated regulation of the phagocytic process are not entirely understood, but we have previously shown that different IpLITR-types use classical as well as novel pathways for controlling immune cell-mediated target engulfment. To date, all functional assessments of IpLITR-mediated regulatory actions have focused on the independent characterization of select IpLITR-types in transfected cells. As members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, many IpLITRs share similar extracellular Ig-like domains, thus it is possible that various IpLITR actions are influenced by cross-talk mechanisms between different IpLITR-types; analogous to the paired innate receptor paradigm in mammals. Here, we describe in detail the co-expression of different IpLITR-types in the human embryonic AD293 cell line and examination of their receptor cross-talk mechanisms during the regulation of the phagocytic response using imaging flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and immunoprecipitation protocols. Overall, our data provides interesting new insights into the integrated control of phagocytosis via the antagonistic networking of independent IpLITR-types that requires the selective recruitment of inhibitory signaling molecules for the initiation and sustained cross-inhibition of phagocytosis.
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28
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Kim D, Lee SA, Moon H, Kim K, Park D. The Tim gene family in efferocytosis. Genes Genomics 2020; 42:979-986. [PMID: 32648232 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-020-00969-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the key features of the plasma membrane is the asymmetrical distribution of phospholipids across it. Especially, phosphatidylserine (PS) exclusively locates on its inner leaflet. Thus, the exposure of PS on the surface of cells could function as a signal initiating various cellular processes such as phagocytosis of apoptotic cells called efferocytosis, blood clotting, muscle formation, and viral entry. Indeed, PS on apoptotic cells stimulates phagocytes to engulf them and functions as an essential ligand for efferocytosis. Due to the importance of PS in efferocytosis, the existence of the PS receptor had been conceived. However, the PS receptor had not been revealed for a long time. Thus, the first identification of the PS receptor was significant excitement. Tim-4, a member of the T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing family of genes, was one of PS receptors which first identified and received the greatest attention due to its expression in macrophages and relevance to autoimmune and allergic diseases. This review will serve to provide a comprehensive overview of Tim proteins as PS receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deokhwan Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea.,Center for Cell Mechanobiology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Sang-Ah Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea.,Center for Cell Mechanobiology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Hyunji Moon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea.,Center for Cell Mechanobiology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Kwanhyeong Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Daeho Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea. .,Center for Cell Mechanobiology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea.
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29
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Moon B, Lee J, Lee SA, Min C, Moon H, Kim D, Yang S, Moon H, Jeon J, Joo YE, Park D. Mertk Interacts with Tim-4 to Enhance Tim-4-Mediated Efferocytosis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071625. [PMID: 32640697 PMCID: PMC7408610 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic cells expressing phosphatidylserine (PS) on their cell surface are directly or indirectly recognized by phagocytes through PS-binding proteins. The PS-binding protein Tim-4 secures apoptotic cells to phagocytes to facilitate the engulfment of apoptotic cells. However, the molecular mechanism by which Tim-4 transduces signals to phagocytes during Tim-4-mediated efferocytosis is incompletely understood. Here, we report that Tim-4 collaborates with Mertk during efferocytosis through a biochemical interaction with Mertk. Proximal localization between the two proteins in phagocytes was observed by immunofluorescence and proximal ligation assays. Physical association between Tim-4 and Mertk, which was mediated by an interaction between the IgV domain of Tim-4 and the fibronectin type-III domain of Mertk, was also detected with immunoprecipitation. Furthermore, the effect of Mertk on Tim-4-mediated efferocytosis was abolished by GST-MertkFnIII, a soluble form of the fibronectin type-III domain of Mertk that disrupts the interaction between Tim-4 and Mertk. Taken together, the results from our study suggest that a physical interaction between Tim-4 and Mertk is necessary for Mertk to enhance efferocytosis mediated by Tim-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeongjin Moon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (B.M.); (J.L.); (S.-A.L.); (C.M.); (H.M.); (D.K.); (S.Y.); (H.M.); (J.J.)
- Center for Cell Mechanobiology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Juyeon Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (B.M.); (J.L.); (S.-A.L.); (C.M.); (H.M.); (D.K.); (S.Y.); (H.M.); (J.J.)
- Center for Cell Mechanobiology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Sang-Ah Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (B.M.); (J.L.); (S.-A.L.); (C.M.); (H.M.); (D.K.); (S.Y.); (H.M.); (J.J.)
- Center for Cell Mechanobiology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Chanhyuk Min
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (B.M.); (J.L.); (S.-A.L.); (C.M.); (H.M.); (D.K.); (S.Y.); (H.M.); (J.J.)
- Center for Cell Mechanobiology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Hyunji Moon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (B.M.); (J.L.); (S.-A.L.); (C.M.); (H.M.); (D.K.); (S.Y.); (H.M.); (J.J.)
- Center for Cell Mechanobiology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Deokhwan Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (B.M.); (J.L.); (S.-A.L.); (C.M.); (H.M.); (D.K.); (S.Y.); (H.M.); (J.J.)
- Center for Cell Mechanobiology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Susumin Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (B.M.); (J.L.); (S.-A.L.); (C.M.); (H.M.); (D.K.); (S.Y.); (H.M.); (J.J.)
- Center for Cell Mechanobiology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Heera Moon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (B.M.); (J.L.); (S.-A.L.); (C.M.); (H.M.); (D.K.); (S.Y.); (H.M.); (J.J.)
| | - Jaeseon Jeon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (B.M.); (J.L.); (S.-A.L.); (C.M.); (H.M.); (D.K.); (S.Y.); (H.M.); (J.J.)
| | - Young-Eun Joo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National Univerity, Gwangju 61469, Korea;
| | - Daeho Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (B.M.); (J.L.); (S.-A.L.); (C.M.); (H.M.); (D.K.); (S.Y.); (H.M.); (J.J.)
- Center for Cell Mechanobiology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-62-715-2890
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30
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Bolobolova EU, Dorogova NV, Fedorova SA. Major Scenarios of Genetically Regulated Cell Death during Oogenesis in Drosophilamelanogaster. RUSS J GENET+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795420060034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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31
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Kajikawa T, Wang B, Li X, Wang H, Chavakis T, Moutsopoulos NM, Hajishengallis G. Frontline Science: Activation of metabolic nuclear receptors restores periodontal tissue homeostasis in mice with leukocyte adhesion deficiency-1. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1501-1514. [PMID: 32421906 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5hi0420-648r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
β2 Integrins mediate neutrophil-endothelial adhesion and recruitment of neutrophils to sites of inflammation. The diminished expression of β2 integrins in patients with mutations in the ITGB2 (CD18) gene (leukocyte adhesion deficiency-Type 1; LAD1) results in few or no neutrophils in peripheral tissues. In the periodontium, neutrophil paucity is associated with up-regulation of IL-23 and IL-17, which drive inflammatory bone loss. Using a relevant mouse model, we investigated whether diminished efferocytosis (owing to neutrophil scarcity) is associated with LAD1 periodontitis pathogenesis and aimed to develop approaches to restore the missing efferocytosis signals. We first showed that CD18-/- mice phenocopied human LAD1 in terms of IL-23/IL-17-driven inflammatory bone loss. Ab-mediated blockade of c-Mer tyrosine kinase (Mer), a major efferocytic receptor, mimicked LAD1-associated up-regulation of gingival IL-23 and IL-17 mRNA expression in wild-type (WT) mice. Consistently, soluble Mer-Fc reversed the inhibitory effect of efferocytosis on IL-23 expression in LPS-activated Mϕs. Adoptive transfer of WT neutrophils to CD18-/- mice down-regulated IL-23 and IL-17 expression to normal levels, but not when CD18-/- mice were treated with blocking anti-Mer Ab. Synthetic agonist-induced activation of liver X receptors (LXR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR), which link efferocytosis to generation of homeostatic signals, inhibited the expression of IL-23 and IL-17 and favorably affected the bone levels of CD18-/- mice. Therefore, our data link diminished efferocytosis-associated signaling due to impaired neutrophil recruitment to dysregulation of the IL-23-IL-17 axis and, moreover, suggest LXR and PPAR as potential therapeutic targets for treating LAD1 periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhiro Kajikawa
- School of Dental Medicine, Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Inflammation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Baomei Wang
- School of Dental Medicine, Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Inflammation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiaofei Li
- School of Dental Medicine, Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Inflammation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Dental Medicine, Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Inflammation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - George Hajishengallis
- School of Dental Medicine, Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Inflammation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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32
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Innovative Visualization and Quantification of Extracellular Vesicles Interaction with and Incorporation in Target Cells in 3D Microenvironments. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051180. [PMID: 32397409 PMCID: PMC7291305 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) showed therapeutic properties in several applications, many in regenerative medicine. A clear example is in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA), where adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs)-EVs were able to promote regeneration and reduce inflammation in both synovia and cartilage. A still obscure issue is the effective ability of EVs to be internalized by target cells, rather than simply bound to the extracellular matrix (ECM) or plasma membrane, since the current detection or imaging technologies cannot fully decipher it due to technical limitations. In the present study, human articular chondrocytes (ACHs) and fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) isolated from the same OA patients were cocultured in 2D as well as in 3D conditions with fluorescently labeled ASC-EVs, and analyzed by flow cytometry or confocal microscopy, respectively. In contrast with conventional 2D, in 3D cultures, confocal microscopy allowed a clear detection of the tridimensional morphology of the cells and thus an accurate discrimination of EV interaction with the external and/or internal cell environment. In both 2D and 3D conditions, FLSs were more efficient in interacting with ASC-EVs and 3D imaging demonstrated a faster uptake process. The removal of the hyaluronic acid component from the ECM of both cell types reduced their interaction with ASC-EVs only in the 2D system, showing that 2D and 3D conditions can yield different outcomes when investigating events where ECM plays a key role. These results indicate that studying EVs binding and uptake both in 2D and 3D guarantees a more precise and complementary characterization of the molecular mechanisms involved in the process. The implementation of this strategy can become a valuable tool not only for basic research, but also for release assays and potency prediction for clinical EV batches.
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33
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Zhou Y, Yao Y, Deng Y, Shao A. Regulation of efferocytosis as a novel cancer therapy. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:71. [PMID: 32370748 PMCID: PMC7199874 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00542-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Efferocytosis is a physiologic phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells, which modulates inflammatory responses and the immune environment and subsequently facilitates immune escape of cancer cells, thus promoting tumor development and progression. Efferocytosis is an equilibrium formed by perfect coordination among “find-me”, “eat-me” and “don’t-eat-me” signals. These signaling pathways not only affect the proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis of tumor cells but also regulate adaptive responses and drug resistance to antitumor therapies. Therefore, efferocytosis-related molecules and pathways are potential targets for antitumor therapy. Besides, supplementing conventional chemotherapy, radiotherapy and other immunotherapies with efferocytosis-targeted therapy could enhance the therapeutic efficacy, reduce off-target toxicity, and promote patient outcome. Video abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yihan Yao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongchuan Deng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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34
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Liu W, Xu L, Liang X, Liu X, Zhao Y, Ma C, Gao L. Tim-4 in Health and Disease: Friend or Foe? Front Immunol 2020; 11:537. [PMID: 32300343 PMCID: PMC7142236 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing 4 (Tim-4) is a phosphatidylserine receptor and is selectively expressed on antigen presenting cells. Recently, Tim-4 was reported to be expressed on iNKT cells, B1 cells, and tumor cells, suggesting it has multiple biological functions. In this review, we mainly summarize the expression and regulation of Tim-4 in immune cells including T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, NKT cells, B cells, and mast cells. The expression of Tim-4 in these cells implies that Tim-4 might participate in immune related diseases. Emerging evidence emphasizes a substantial role for Tim-4 in maintaining homeostasis by regulating various immune responses, including viral infection, allergy, autoimmunity, and tumor immunity. Here, we collectively evaluated the role of Tim-4 in health and diseases. This summary will be extremely useful to fully understand the function of Tim-4 in the pathogenesis of immune related diseases, which would provide novel clues for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Liyun Xu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Zhoushan Hospital, Zhoushan, China
| | - Xiaohong Liang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yangbing Zhao
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Chunhong Ma
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lifen Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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35
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Horst AK, Tiegs G, Diehl L. Contribution of Macrophage Efferocytosis to Liver Homeostasis and Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2670. [PMID: 31798592 PMCID: PMC6868070 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The clearance of apoptotic cells is pivotal for both maintaining tissue homeostasis and returning to homeostasis after tissue injury as part of the regenerative resolution response. The liver is known for its capacity to remove aged and damaged cells from the circulation and can serve as a graveyard for effector T cells. In particular Kupffer cells are active phagocytic cells, but during hepatic inflammatory responses incoming neutrophils and monocytes may contribute to pro-inflammatory damage. To stimulate resolution of such inflammation, myeloid cell function can change, via sensing of environmental changes in the inflammatory milieu. Also, the removal of apoptotic cells via efferocytosis and the signaling pathways that are activated in macrophages/phagocytes upon their engulfment of apoptotic cells are important for a return to tissue homeostasis. Here, we will discuss, how efferocytosis mechanisms in hepatic macrophages/phagocytes may regulate tissue homeostasis and be involved in tissue regeneration in liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kristina Horst
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gisa Tiegs
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Linda Diehl
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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36
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Kumar V. Sepsis roadmap: What we know, what we learned, and where we are going. Clin Immunol 2019; 210:108264. [PMID: 31655168 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.108264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition originating as a result of systemic blood infection causing, one or more organ damage due to the dysregulation of the immune response. In 2017, the world health organization (WHO) declared sepsis as a disease of global health priority, needing special attention due to its high prevalence and mortality around the world. Most of the therapeutics targeting sepsis have failed in the clinics. The present review highlights the history of the sepsis, its immunopathogenesis, and lessons learned after the failure of previously used immune-based therapies. The subsequent section, where to go describes in details the importance of the complement system (CS), autophagy, inflammasomes, and microbiota along with their targeting to manage sepsis. These systems are interconnected to each other, thus targeting one may affect the other. We are in an urgent need for a multi-targeting therapeutic approach for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Children's Health Queensland Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia.
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37
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Living on the Edge: Efferocytosis at the Interface of Homeostasis and Pathology. Immunity 2019; 50:1149-1162. [PMID: 31117011 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Nearly every tissue in the body undergoes routine turnover of cells as part of normal healthy living. The majority of these cells undergoing turnover die via apoptosis, and then are rapidly removed by phagocytes by the process of efferocytosis that is anti-inflammatory. However, a number of pathologies have recently been linked to defective clearance of apoptotic cells. Perturbed clearance arises for many reasons, including overwhelming of the clearance machinery, disruptions at different stages of efferocytosis, and responses of phagocytes during efferocytosis, all of which can alter the homeostatic tissue environment. This review covers linkages of molecules involved in the different phases of efferocytosis to disease pathologies that can arise due to their loss or altered function.
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38
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Abstract
Tissue macrophages rapidly recognize and engulf apoptotic cells. These events require the display of so-called eat-me signals on the apoptotic cell surface, the most fundamental of which is phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). Externalization of this phospholipid is catalysed by scramblase enzymes, several of which are activated by caspase cleavage. PtdSer is detected both by macrophage receptors that bind to this phospholipid directly and by receptors that bind to a soluble bridging protein that is independently bound to PtdSer. Prominent among the latter receptors are the MER and AXL receptor tyrosine kinases. Eat-me signals also trigger macrophages to engulf virus-infected or metabolically traumatized, but still living, cells, and this 'murder by phagocytosis' may be a common phenomenon. Finally, the localized presentation of PtdSer and other eat-me signals on delimited cell surface domains may enable the phagocytic pruning of these 'locally dead' domains by macrophages, most notably by microglia of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Lemke
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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39
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Arienti S, Barth ND, Dorward DA, Rossi AG, Dransfield I. Regulation of Apoptotic Cell Clearance During Resolution of Inflammation. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:891. [PMID: 31456686 PMCID: PMC6701246 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (apoptosis) has an important role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis as well as the progression and ultimate resolution of inflammation. During apoptosis, the cell undergoes morphological and biochemical changes [e.g., phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) exposure, caspase activation, changes in mitochondrial membrane potential and DNA cleavage] that act to shut down cellular function and mark the cell for phagocytic clearance. Tissue phagocytes bind and internalize apoptotic cells, bodies, and vesicles, providing a mechanism for the safe disposal of apoptotic material. Phagocytic removal of apoptotic cells before they undergo secondary necrosis reduces the potential for bystander damage to adjacent tissue and importantly initiates signaling pathways within the phagocytic cell that act to dampen inflammation. In a pathological context, excessive apoptosis or failure to clear apoptotic material results in secondary necrosis with the release of pro-inflammatory intracellular contents. In this review, we consider some of the mechanisms by which phagocytosis of apoptotic cells can be controlled. We suggest that matching apoptotic cell load with the capacity for apoptotic cell clearance within tissues may be important for therapeutic strategies that target the apoptotic process for treatment of inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Arienti
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole D Barth
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David A Dorward
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Dransfield
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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40
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Voices from the dead: The complex vocabulary and intricate grammar of dead cells. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 116:1-90. [PMID: 31036289 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Of the roughly one million cells per second dying throughout the body, the vast majority dies by apoptosis, the predominant form of regulated cell death in higher organisms. Long regarded as mere waste, apoptotic cells are now recognized as playing a prominent and active role in homeostatic maintenance, especially resolution of inflammation, and in the sculpting of tissues during development. The activities associated with apoptotic cells are continually expanding, with more recent studies demonstrating their ability to modulate such vital functions as proliferation, survival, differentiation, metabolism, migration, and angiogenesis. In each case, the role of apoptotic cells is active, exerting their effects via new activities acquired during the apoptotic program. Moreover, the capacity to recognize and respond to apoptotic cells is not limited to professional phagocytes. Most, if not all, cells receive and integrate an array of signals from cells dying in their vicinity. These signals comprise a form of biochemical communication. As reviewed in this chapter, this communication is remarkably sophisticated; each of its three critical steps-encoding, transmission, and decoding of the apoptotic cell's "message"-is endowed with exquisite robustness. Together, the abundance and intricacy of the variables at each step comprise the vocabulary and grammar of the language by which dead cells achieve their post-mortem voice. The combinatorial complexity of the resulting communication network permits dying cells, through the signals they emit and the responses those signals elicit, to partake of an expanded role in homeostasis, acting as both sentinels of environmental change and agents of adaptation.
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41
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Murphy DE, de Jong OG, Brouwer M, Wood MJ, Lavieu G, Schiffelers RM, Vader P. Extracellular vesicle-based therapeutics: natural versus engineered targeting and trafficking. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-12. [PMID: 30872574 PMCID: PMC6418170 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0223-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly being recognized as mediators of intercellular signaling via the delivery of effector molecules. Interestingly, certain types of EVs are also capable of inducing therapeutic responses. For these reasons, the therapeutic potential of EVs is a topic of intense research, both in the context of drug delivery and regenerative medicine. However, to fully utilize EVs for therapeutic purposes, an improved understanding of the mechanisms by which they function would be highly advantageous. Here, the current state of knowledge regarding the cellular uptake and trafficking of EVs is reviewed, along with a consideration of how these pathways potentially influence the functions of therapeutic EVs. Furthermore, the natural cell-targeting abilities, biodistribution profiles, and pharmacokinetics of exogenously administered EVs, along with the components responsible for these features are discussed. An overview of the potential clinical applications and preclinical examples of their successful use is also provided. Finally, examples of EV modifications that have successfully been employed to improve their therapeutic characteristics receive a particular focus. We suggest that, in addition to investigation of EV cell targeting and routes of uptake, future research into the routes of intracellular trafficking in recipient cells is required to optimally utilize EVs for therapeutic purposes. An increased understanding of how extracellular vesicles (EVs) enter cells and deliver molecules will enable promising new therapies, according to researchers in the Netherlands, UK and France. EVs are liquid-filled sacs secreted by cells that transport proteins, lipids and RNA between cells, and therefore have potential for delivering drugs. Pieter Vader at UMC Utrecht and co-workers review recent research into EVs, focusing on how EVs are distributed around the body, and how they target and enter cells. However, there is little known about EV biology once they are inside cells, and it is likely that many EVs simply degrade without delivering their cargo. Further research in this area could help identify features that improve cargo escape from EVs, thus ensuring that future therapies can be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Murphy
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier G de Jong
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maarten Brouwer
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew J Wood
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Grégory Lavieu
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Raymond M Schiffelers
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Pieter Vader
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Experimental Cardiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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42
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Jones LO, Stafford JL. Imaging flow cytometry and confocal microscopy-based examination of F-actin and phosphoinositide dynamics during leukocyte immune-type receptor-mediated phagocytic events. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:199-211. [PMID: 30503359 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cells of the innate immune system rapidly detect and eliminate invading microbes using surface-expressed immunoregulatory receptors that translate extracellular binding events into potent effector responses. Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) leukocyte immune-type receptors (IpLITRs) are a family of immunoregulatory proteins that have been shown to regulate several innate immune cell effector responses including the phagocytic process. The mechanisms by which these receptors regulate phagocytosis are not entirely understood but we have previously shown that different IpLITR-types use ITAM-dependent as well as ITAM-independent pathways for controlling target engulfment. The main objective of this study was to develop and use imaging flow cytometry and confocal microscopy-based assays to further examine both F-actin and phosphoinositide dynamics that occur during the different IpLITR-mediated phagocytic pathways. Results show that the ITAM-dependent IpLITR-induced phagocytic response promotes canonical changes in F-actin polymerization and PI(4,5)P2 redistributions. However, the ITAM-independent IpLITR phagocytic response induced unique patterns of F-actin and PI(4,5)P2 redistributions, which are likely due to its ability to regulate alternative signaling pathways. Additionally, both IpLITR-induced phagocytic pathways induced target internalization into PI(3)P-enriched phagosomes indicative of a maturing phagosome compartment. Overall, this imaging-based platform can be further applied to monitor the recruitment and distribution of signaling molecules during IpLITR-mediated phagocytic processes and may serve as a useful strategy for functional examinations of other immunoregulatory receptor-types in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena O Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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43
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Lee J, Park B, Moon B, Park J, Moon H, Kim K, Lee SA, Kim D, Min C, Lee DH, Lee G, Park D. A scaffold for signaling of Tim-4-mediated efferocytosis is formed by fibronectin. Cell Death Differ 2018; 26:1646-1655. [PMID: 30451988 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0238-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
An essential step during clearance of apoptotic cells is the recognition of phosphatidylserine (PS) exposed on apoptotic cells by its receptors on phagocytes. Tim-4 directly binding to PS and functioning as a tethering receptor for phagocytosis of apoptotic cells has been extensively studied over the past decade. However, the molecular mechanisms by which Tim-4 collaborates with other engulfment receptors during efferocytosis remain elusive. By comparing efferocytosis induced by Tim-4 with that by Anxa5-GPI, an artificial tethering receptor, we found that Tim-4 possesses auxiliary machinery to induce a higher level of efferocytosis than Anxa5-GPI. To search for that, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen and identified Fibronectin (Fn1) as a novel Tim-4-associating protein. Tim-4 directly associated with Fn1 and formed a complex with integrins via the association of Fn1. Through Tim-4-/- mice and cell-based assays, we found that modulation of the Fn1 level affected efferocytosis induced by Tim-4 and disruption of the interaction between Tim-4 and Fn1 abrogated Tim-4-mediated efferocytosis. In addition, Tim-4 depletion attenuated integrin signaling activation and perturbation of integrin signaling suppressed Tim-4-promoted efferocytosis. Taken together, the data suggest that Fn1 locates Tim-4 and integrins in close proximity by acting as a scaffold, resulting in synergistic cooperation of Tim-4 with integrins for efficient efferocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyeon Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Aging Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea.,Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
| | - Boyeon Park
- School of Life Sciences and Aging Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea.,Microbiology and Functionality Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755, Korea
| | - Byeongjin Moon
- School of Life Sciences and Aging Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Jeongjun Park
- School of Life Sciences and Aging Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Hyunji Moon
- School of Life Sciences and Aging Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea.,Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
| | - Kwanhyeong Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Aging Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea.,Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
| | - Sang-Ah Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Aging Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Deokhwan Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Aging Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea.,Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
| | - Chanhyuk Min
- School of Life Sciences and Aging Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Dae-Hee Lee
- Department of Oncology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 08308, Korea
| | - Gwangrog Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Aging Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Daeho Park
- School of Life Sciences and Aging Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea. .,Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea.
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44
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Barth ND, Marwick JA, Heeb MJ, Gale AJ, Rossi AG, Dransfield I. Augmentation of Human Monocyte Responses to Lipopolysaccharide by the Protein S and Mer/Tyro3 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Axis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2602-2611. [PMID: 30249810 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Resolution of the inflammatory response requires coordinated regulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediator production, together with clearance of recruited inflammatory cells. Many different receptors have been implicated in phagocytosis of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis), including Mer, a receptor tyrosine kinase that can mediate recognition and subsequent internalization of apoptotic cells. In this manuscript, we examine the expression and function of the Tyro3/Axl/Mer (TAM) family of receptors by human monocytes. We demonstrate that the Mer ligand, protein S, binds to the surface of viable monocytes via phosphatidylserine-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Importantly, we have identified a novel role for receptor tyrosine kinase signaling in the augmentation of monocyte cytokine release in response to LPS. We propose that low-level phosphatidylserine exposure on the plasma membrane of viable monocytes allows protein S binding that leads to TAM-dependent augmentation of proinflammatory cytokine production. Our findings identify a potentially important role for TAM-mediated signaling during the initiation phase of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D Barth
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; and
| | - John A Marwick
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Mary Jo Heeb
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | | | - Adriano G Rossi
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Ian Dransfield
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; and
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45
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Taruc K, Yin C, Wootton DG, Heit B. Quantification of Efferocytosis by Single-cell Fluorescence Microscopy. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30176011 DOI: 10.3791/58149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying the regulation of efferocytosis requires methods that are able to accurately quantify the uptake of apoptotic cells and to probe the signaling and cellular processes that control efferocytosis. This quantification can be difficult to perform as apoptotic cells are often efferocytosed piecemeal, thus necessitating methods which can accurately delineate between the efferocytosed portion of an apoptotic target versus residual unengulfed cellular fragments. The approach outlined herein utilizes dual-labeling approaches to accurately quantify the dynamics of efferocytosis and efferocytic capacity of efferocytes such as macrophages. The cytosol of the apoptotic cell is labeled with a cell-tracking dye to enable monitoring of all apoptotic cell-derived materials, while surface biotinylation of the apoptotic cell allows for differentiation between internalized and non-internalized apoptotic cell fractions. The efferocytic capacity of efferocytes is determined by taking fluorescent images of live or fixed cells and quantifying the amount of bound versus internalized targets, as differentiated by streptavidin staining. This approach offers several advantages over methods such as flow cytometry, namely the accurate delineation of non-efferocytosed versus efferocytosed apoptotic cell fractions, the ability to measure efferocytic dynamics by live-cell microscopy, and the capacity to perform studies of cellular signaling in cells expressing fluorescently-labeled transgenes. Combined, the methods outlined in this protocol serve as the basis for a flexible experimental approach that can be used to accurately quantify efferocytic activity and interrogate cellular signaling pathways active during efferocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Taruc
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Human Immunology, University of Western Ontario
| | - Charles Yin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Human Immunology, University of Western Ontario
| | - Daniel G Wootton
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool; Department of Respiratory Research, Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Bryan Heit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Human Immunology, University of Western Ontario;
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46
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Lillico DME, Pemberton JG, Stafford JL. Selective Regulation of Cytoskeletal Dynamics and Filopodia Formation by Teleost Leukocyte Immune-Type Receptors Differentially Contributes to Target Capture During the Phagocytic Process. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1144. [PMID: 30002653 PMCID: PMC6032007 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis evolved from a fundamental nutrient acquisition mechanism in primitive unicellular amoeboids, into a dynamic and complex component of innate immunity in multicellular organisms. To better understand the cellular mechanisms contributing to phagocytic processes across vertebrates, our research has focused on characterizing the involvement of innate immune proteins originally identified in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) called leukocyte immune-type receptors (IpLITRs). These unique teleost proteins share basic structural as well as distant phylogenetic relationships with several immunoregulatory proteins within the mammalian immunoglobulin superfamily. In the present study, we use a combination of live-cell confocal imaging and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy to further examine the classical immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-dependent phagocytic pathway mediated by the chimeric construct IpLITR 2.6b/IpFcRγ-L and the functionally diverse immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif-containing receptor IpLITR 1.1b. Results demonstrate that IpLITR 1.1b-expressing cells can uniquely generate actin-dense filopodia-like protrusions during the early stages of extracellular target interactions. In addition, we observed that these structures retract after contacting extracellular targets to secure captured microspheres on the cell surface. This activity was often followed by the generation of robust secondary waves of actin polymerization leading to the formation of stabilized phagocytic cups. At depressed temperatures of 27°C, IpLITR 2.6b/IpFcRγ-L-mediated phagocytosis was completely blocked, whereas IpLITR 1.1b-expressing cells continued to generate dynamic actin-dense filopodia at this lower temperature. Overall, these results provide new support for the hypothesis that IpLITR 1.1b, but not IpLITR 2.6b/IpFcRγ-L, directly triggers filopodia formation when expressed in representative myeloid cells. This also offers new information regarding the directed ability of immunoregulatory receptor-types to initiate dynamic membrane structures and provides insights into an alternative ITAM-independent target capture pathway that is functionally distinct from the classical phagocytic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin M E Lillico
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Joshua G Pemberton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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47
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Lu SM, Fairn GD. 7-Ketocholesterol impairs phagocytosis and efferocytosis via dysregulation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. Traffic 2018; 19:591-604. [PMID: 29693767 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The plasma membrane is inhomogeneously organized containing both highly ordered and disordered nanodomains. 7-Ketocholesterol (7KC), an oxysterol formed from the nonenzymatic oxidation of cholesterol, is a potent disruptor of membrane order. Importantly, 7KC is a component of oxidized low-density lipoprotein and accumulates in macrophage and foam cells found in arterial plaques. Using a murine macrophage cell line, J774, we report that both IgG-mediated and phosphatidylserine-mediated phagocytic pathways are inhibited by the accumulation of 7KC. Examination of the well-studied Fcγ receptor pathway revealed that the cell surface receptor abundance and ligand binding are unaltered while downstream signaling and activation of spleen tyrosine kinase is not affected. However, while the recruitment of phospholipase Cγ1 was unaffected its apparent enzymatic activity was compromised resulting in sustained phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2 ] levels and polymerized actin at the base of the phagocytic cup. Additionally, we found that 7KC prevented the activation of PLCβ downstream of the P2Y6 G-protein coupled receptor and that 7KC impaired PLCγ activity in response to a direct elevation of cytosolic calcium induced by ionomycin. Finally, we demonstrate that 7KC partly attenuates the activity of rapamycin recruitable constitutively active PLCβ3. Together, our results demonstrate that the accumulation of 7KC impairs macrophage function by altering PtdIns(4,5)P2 catabolism and, thus, impairing actin depolymerization required for the completion of phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella M Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Sciences, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory D Fairn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Sciences, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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48
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Kumar S, Calianese D, Birge RB. Efferocytosis of dying cells differentially modulate immunological outcomes in tumor microenvironment. Immunol Rev 2018; 280:149-164. [PMID: 29027226 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (apoptosis) is an integral part of tissue homeostasis in complex organisms, allowing for tissue turnover, repair, and renewal while simultaneously inhibiting the release of self antigens and danger signals from apoptotic cell-derived constituents that can result in immune activation, inflammation, and autoimmunity. Unlike cells in culture, the physiological fate of cells that die by apoptosis in vivo is their rapid recognition and engulfment by phagocytic cells (a process called efferocytosis). To this end, apoptotic cells express specific eat-me signals, such as externalized phosphatidylserine (PS), that are recognized in a specific context by receptors to initiate signaling pathways for engulfment. The importance of carefully regulated recognition and clearance pathways is evident in the spectrum of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders caused by defects in PS receptors and signaling molecules. However, in recent years, several additional cell death pathways have emerged, including immunogenic cell death, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and netosis that interweave different cell death pathways with distinct innate and adaptive responses from classical apoptosis that can shape long-term host immunity. In this review, we discuss the role of different cell death pathways in terms of their immune potential outcomes specifically resulting in specific cell corpse/phagocyte interactions (phagocytic synapses) that impinge on host immunity, with a main emphasis on tolerance and cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Kumar
- New Jersey Medical School, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - David Calianese
- New Jersey Medical School, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Raymond B Birge
- New Jersey Medical School, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
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49
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Zhong X, Lee HN, Kim SH, Park SA, Kim W, Cha YN, Surh YJ. Myc-nick promotes efferocytosis through M2 macrophage polarization during resolution of inflammation. FASEB J 2018; 32:5312-5325. [PMID: 29718706 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800223r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A key event required for effective resolution of inflammation is efferocytosis, which is defined as phagocytic removal of apoptotic cells mostly by macrophages acquiring an alternatively activated phenotype (M2). c-Myc has been reported to play a role in alternative activation of human macrophages and is proposed as one of the M2 macrophage markers. We found that M2-like peritoneal macrophages from zymosan A-treated mice exhibited a marked accumulation of Myc-nick, a truncated protein generated by a Calpain-mediated proteolytic cleavage of full-length c-Myc. Further, ectopic expression of Myc-nick in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages promoted the M2 polarization and, consequently, enhanced their efferocytic capability. Notably, Myc-nick-induced efferocytosis was found to be tightly associated with α-tubulin acetylation by K acetyltransferase 2a (Kat2a/Gcn5) activity. These findings suggest Myc-nick as a novel proresolving mediator that has a fundamental function in maintaining homeostasis under inflammatory conditions.-Zhong, X., Lee, H.-N., Kim, S. H., Park, S.-A., Kim, W., Cha, Y.-N., Surh, Y.-J. Myc-nick promotes efferocytosis through M2 macrophage polarization during resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiancai Zhong
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ha-Na Lee
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyeon Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sin-Aye Park
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wonki Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Nam Cha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea; and
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Montaño F, Grinstein S, Levin R. Quantitative Phagocytosis Assays in Primary and Cultured Macrophages. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1784:151-163. [PMID: 29761397 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7837-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes methods to induce and quantify phagocytosis in primary macrophages and in myeloid cell lines. To this end, we initially detail the isolation of primary human monocytes and their differentiation into macrophages. Because primary cells are comparatively refractory to molecular manipulation, we also describe the culture of RAW 264.7 cells-an immortalized monocyte/macrophage cell line, which is more tractable. The chapter also includes methods for preparation of phagocytic targets, specifically sheep erythrocytes opsonized with immunoglobulin G (IgG), as well as means of distinguishing bound from internalized targets, using fluorescently labeled secondary antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Montaño
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Roni Levin
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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