1
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Pareek G, Kundu M. Physiological functions of ULK1/2. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168472. [PMID: 38311233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
UNC-51-like kinases 1 and 2 (ULK1/2) are serine/threonine kinases that are best known for their evolutionarily conserved role in the autophagy pathway. Upon sensing the nutrient status of a cell, ULK1/2 integrate signals from upstream cellular energy sensors such as mTOR and AMPK and relay them to the downstream components of the autophagy machinery. ULK1/2 also play indispensable roles in the selective autophagy pathway, removing damaged mitochondria, invading pathogens, and toxic protein aggregates. Additional functions of ULK1/2 have emerged beyond autophagy, including roles in protein trafficking, RNP granule dynamics, and signaling events impacting innate immunity, axon guidance, cellular homeostasis, and cell fate. Therefore, it is no surprise that alterations in ULK1/2 expression and activity have been linked with pathophysiological processes, including cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. Growing evidence suggests that ULK1/2 function as biological rheostats, tuning cellular functions to intra and extra-cellular cues. Given their broad physiological relevance, ULK1/2 are candidate targets for small molecule activators or inhibitors that may pave the way for the development of therapeutics for the treatment of diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Pareek
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mondira Kundu
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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2
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Laczkó-Dobos H, Bhattacharjee A, Maddali AK, Kincses A, Abuammar H, Sebők-Nagy K, Páli T, Dér A, Hegedűs T, Csordás G, Juhász G. PtdIns4P is required for the autophagosomal recruitment of STX17 (syntaxin 17) to promote lysosomal fusion. Autophagy 2024; 20:1639-1650. [PMID: 38411137 PMCID: PMC11210929 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2322493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The autophagosomal SNARE STX17 (syntaxin 17) promotes lysosomal fusion and degradation, but its autophagosomal recruitment is incompletely understood. Notably, PtdIns4P is generated on autophagosomes and promotes fusion through an unknown mechanism. Here we show that soluble recombinant STX17 is spontaneously recruited to negatively charged liposomes and adding PtdIns4P to liposomes containing neutral lipids is sufficient for its recruitment. Consistently, STX17 colocalizes with PtdIns4P-positive autophagosomes in cells, and specific inhibition of PtdIns4P synthesis on autophagosomes prevents its loading. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that C-terminal positively charged amino acids establish contact with membrane bilayers containing negatively charged PtdIns4P. Accordingly, Ala substitution of Lys and Arg residues in the C terminus of STX17 abolishes membrane binding and impairs its autophagosomal recruitment. Finally, only wild type but not Ala substituted STX17 expression rescues the autophagosome-lysosome fusion defect of STX17 loss-of-function cells. We thus identify a key step of autophagosome maturation that promotes lysosomal fusion.Abbreviations: Cardiolipin: 1',3'-bis[1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho]-glycerol; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; GST: glutathione S-transferase; GUV: giant unilamellar vesicles; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; PA: 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate; PC/POPC: 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine; PG: 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-rac-glycerol); PI: L-α-phosphatidylinositol; PI4K2A: phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2 alpha; PIK3C3/VPS34: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; POPE/PE: 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine; PS: 1-stearoyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine; PtdIns(3,5)P2: 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1"-myo-inositol-3',5'-bisphosphate); PtdIns3P: 1,2- dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-myo-inositol-3'-phosphate); PtdIns4P: 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1"-myo-inositol-4'-phosphate); SDS-PAGE: sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; STX17: syntaxin 17.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Asha Kiran Maddali
- Institute of Genetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Kincses
- Institute of Biophysics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Hussein Abuammar
- Institute of Genetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Sebők-Nagy
- Institute of Biophysics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tibor Páli
- Institute of Biophysics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Dér
- Institute of Biophysics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Hegedűs
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN Biophysical Virology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Csordás
- Institute of Genetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Institute of Genetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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3
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Tudorica DA, Basak B, Puerta Cordova AS, Khuu G, Rose K, Lazarou M, Holzbaur EL, Hurley JH. A RAB7A phosphoswitch coordinates Rubicon Homology protein regulation of Parkin-dependent mitophagy. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202309015. [PMID: 38728007 PMCID: PMC11090050 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202309015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Activation of PINK1 and Parkin in response to mitochondrial damage initiates a response that includes phosphorylation of RAB7A at Ser72. Rubicon is a RAB7A binding negative regulator of autophagy. The structure of the Rubicon:RAB7A complex suggests that phosphorylation of RAB7A at Ser72 would block Rubicon binding. Indeed, in vitro phosphorylation of RAB7A by TBK1 abrogates Rubicon:RAB7A binding. Pacer, a positive regulator of autophagy, has an RH domain with a basic triad predicted to bind an introduced phosphate. Consistent with this, Pacer-RH binds to phosho-RAB7A but not to unphosphorylated RAB7A. In cells, mitochondrial depolarization reduces Rubicon:RAB7A colocalization whilst recruiting Pacer to phospho-RAB7A-positive puncta. Pacer knockout reduces Parkin mitophagy with little effect on bulk autophagy or Parkin-independent mitophagy. Rescue of Parkin-dependent mitophagy requires the intact pRAB7A phosphate-binding basic triad of Pacer. Together these structural and functional data support a model in which the TBK1-dependent phosphorylation of RAB7A serves as a switch, promoting mitophagy by relieving Rubicon inhibition and favoring Pacer activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan A. Tudorica
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Bishal Basak
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alexia S. Puerta Cordova
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Grace Khuu
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kevin Rose
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michael Lazarou
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Erika L.F. Holzbaur
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James H. Hurley
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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4
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Wisner SR, Chlebowski M, Mandal A, Mai D, Stein C, Petralia RS, Wang YX, Drerup CM. An initial HOPS-mediated fusion event is critical for autophagosome transport initiation from the axon terminal. Autophagy 2024:1-22. [PMID: 38899385 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2366122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In neurons, macroautophagy/autophagy is a frequent and critical process. In the axon, autophagy begins in the axon terminal, where most nascent autophagosomes form. After formation, autophagosomes must initiate transport to exit the axon terminal and move toward the cell body via retrograde transport. During retrograde transport these autophagosomes mature through repetitive fusion events. Complete lysosomal cargo degradation occurs largely in the cell body. The precipitating events to stimulate retrograde autophagosome transport have been debated but their importance is clear: disrupting neuronal autophagy or autophagosome transport is detrimental to neuronal health and function. We have identified the HOPS complex as essential for early autophagosome maturation and consequent initiation of retrograde transport from the axon terminal. In yeast and mammalian cells, HOPS controls fusion between autophagosomes and late endosomes with lysosomes. Using zebrafish strains with loss-of-function mutations in vps18 and vps41, core components of the HOPS complex, we found that disruption of HOPS eliminates autophagosome maturation and disrupts retrograde autophagosome transport initiation from the axon terminal. We confirmed this phenotype was due to loss of HOPS complex formation using an endogenous deletion of the HOPS binding domain in Vps18. Finally, using pharmacological inhibition of lysosomal proteases, we show that initiation of autophagosome retrograde transport requires autophagosome maturation. Together, our data demonstrate that HOPS-mediated fusion events are critical for retrograde autophagosome transport initiation through promoting autophagosome maturation. This reveals critical roles for the HOPS complex in neuronal autophagy which deepens our understanding of the cellular pathology of HOPS-complex linked neurodegenerative diseases.Abbreviations: CORVET: Class C core vacuole/endosome tethering; gRNA: guide RNA; HOPS: homotypic fusion and protein sorting; pLL: posterior lateral line; Vps18: VPS18 core subunit of CORVET and HOPS complexes; Vps41: VPS41 subunit of HOPS complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena R Wisner
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Madison Chlebowski
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amrita Mandal
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Don Mai
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Chris Stein
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ronald S Petralia
- Advanced Imaging Core, National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ya-Xian Wang
- Advanced Imaging Core, National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Catherine M Drerup
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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5
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Shvarev D, König C, Susan N, Langemeyer L, Walter S, Perz A, Fröhlich F, Ungermann C, Moeller A. Structure of the endosomal CORVET tethering complex. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5227. [PMID: 38898033 PMCID: PMC11187117 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cells depend on their endolysosomal system for nutrient uptake and downregulation of plasma membrane proteins. These processes rely on endosomal maturation, which requires multiple membrane fusion steps. Early endosome fusion is promoted by the Rab5 GTPase and its effector, the hexameric CORVET tethering complex, which is homologous to the lysosomal HOPS. How these related complexes recognize their specific target membranes remains entirely elusive. Here, we solve the structure of CORVET by cryo-electron microscopy and revealed its minimal requirements for membrane tethering. As expected, the core of CORVET and HOPS resembles each other. However, the function-defining subunits show marked structural differences. Notably, we discover that unlike HOPS, CORVET depends not only on Rab5 but also on phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P) and membrane lipid packing defects for tethering, implying that an organelle-specific membrane code enables fusion. Our data suggest that both shape and membrane interactions of CORVET and HOPS are conserved in metazoans, thus providing a paradigm how tethering complexes function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Shvarev
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Structural Biology Section, Osnabrück University, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Caroline König
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry Section, Osnabrück University, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Nicole Susan
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry Section, Osnabrück University, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Lars Langemeyer
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry Section, Osnabrück University, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics Osnabrück (CellNanOs), Osnabrück University, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Stefan Walter
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics Osnabrück (CellNanOs), Osnabrück University, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Angela Perz
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry Section, Osnabrück University, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Florian Fröhlich
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics Osnabrück (CellNanOs), Osnabrück University, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Bioanalytical Chemistry Section, Osnabrück University, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christian Ungermann
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry Section, Osnabrück University, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany.
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics Osnabrück (CellNanOs), Osnabrück University, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany.
| | - Arne Moeller
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Structural Biology Section, Osnabrück University, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany.
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics Osnabrück (CellNanOs), Osnabrück University, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany.
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6
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Sőth Á, Molnár M, Lőrincz P, Simon-Vecsei Z, Juhász G. CORVET-specific subunit levels determine the balance between HOPS/CORVET endosomal tethering complexes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10146. [PMID: 38698024 PMCID: PMC11066007 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59775-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The closely related endolysosomal tethering complexes HOPS and CORVET play pivotal roles in the homo- and heterotypic fusion of early and late endosomes, respectively, and HOPS also mediates the fusion of lysosomes with incoming vesicles including late endosomes and autophagosomes. These heterohexameric complexes share their four core subunits that assemble with additional two, complex-specific subunits. These features and the similar structure of the complexes could allow the formation of hybrid complexes, and the complex specific subunits may compete for binding to the core. Indeed, our biochemical analyses revealed the overlap of binding sites for HOPS-specific VPS41 and CORVET-specific VPS8 on the shared core subunit VPS18. We found that the overexpression of CORVET-specific VPS8 or Tgfbrap1 decreased the amount of core proteins VPS11 and VPS18 that are assembled with HOPS-specific subunits VPS41 or VPS39, indicating reduced amount of assembled HOPS. In line with this, we observed the elevation of both lipidated, autophagosome-associated LC3 protein and the autophagic cargo p62 in these cells, suggesting impaired autophagosome-lysosome fusion. In contrast, overexpression of HOPS-specific VPS39 or VPS41 did not affect the level of assembled CORVET or autophagy. VPS8 or Tgfbrap1 overexpression also induced Cathepsin D accumulation, suggesting that HOPS-dependent biosynthetic delivery of lysosomal hydrolases is perturbed, too. These indicate that CORVET-specific subunit levels fine-tune HOPS assembly and activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ármin Sőth
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Márton Molnár
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Momentum Vesicle Trafficking Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Lőrincz
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Momentum Vesicle Trafficking Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Simon-Vecsei
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
- Momentum Vesicle Trafficking Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
- Momentum Lysosomal Degradation Research Group, Institute of Genetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
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7
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Schmid M, Fischer P, Engl M, Widder J, Kerschbaum-Gruber S, Slade D. The interplay between autophagy and cGAS-STING signaling and its implications for cancer. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1356369. [PMID: 38660307 PMCID: PMC11039819 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1356369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular process that targets various cargos for degradation, including members of the cGAS-STING signaling cascade. cGAS-STING senses cytosolic double-stranded DNA and triggers an innate immune response through type I interferons. Emerging evidence suggests that autophagy plays a crucial role in regulating and fine-tuning cGAS-STING signaling. Reciprocally, cGAS-STING pathway members can actively induce canonical as well as various non-canonical forms of autophagy, establishing a regulatory network of feedback mechanisms that alter both the cGAS-STING and the autophagic pathway. The crosstalk between autophagy and the cGAS-STING pathway impacts a wide variety of cellular processes such as protection against pathogenic infections as well as signaling in neurodegenerative disease, autoinflammatory disease and cancer. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms involved in autophagy and cGAS-STING signaling, with a specific focus on the interactions between the two pathways and their importance for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Schmid
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Center, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Fischer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Center, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Magdalena Engl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Biocenter PhD Program, a Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joachim Widder
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sylvia Kerschbaum-Gruber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Center, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Dea Slade
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Center, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
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8
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Zhu Y, Liu F, Jian F, Rong Y. Recent progresses in the late stages of autophagy. CELL INSIGHT 2024; 3:100152. [PMID: 38435435 PMCID: PMC10904915 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2024.100152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy, a lysosome-dependent degradation process, plays a crucial role in maintaining cell homeostasis. It serves as a vital mechanism for adapting to stress and ensuring intracellular quality control. Autophagy deficiencies or defects are linked to numerous human disorders, especially those associated with neuronal degeneration or metabolic diseases. Yoshinori Ohsumi was honored with the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2016 for his groundbreaking discoveries regarding autophagy mechanisms. Over the past few decades, autophagy research has predominantly concentrated on the early stages of autophagy, with relatively limited attention given to the late stages. Nevertheless, recent studies have witnessed substantial advancements in understanding the molecular intricacies of the late stages, which follows autophagosome formation. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the recent progresses in comprehending the molecular mechanisms of the late stages of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- YanYan Zhu
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cell Architecture Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fengping Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cell Architecture Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fenglei Jian
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cell Architecture Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yueguang Rong
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cell Architecture Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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9
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Ke PY. Molecular Mechanism of Autophagosome-Lysosome Fusion in Mammalian Cells. Cells 2024; 13:500. [PMID: 38534345 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, targeting intracellular components for lysosomal degradation by autophagy represents a catabolic process that evolutionarily regulates cellular homeostasis. The successful completion of autophagy initiates the engulfment of cytoplasmic materials within double-membrane autophagosomes and subsequent delivery to autolysosomes for degradation by acidic proteases. The formation of autolysosomes relies on the precise fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. In recent decades, numerous studies have provided insights into the molecular regulation of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. In this review, an overview of the molecules that function in the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes is provided. Moreover, the molecular mechanism underlying how these functional molecules regulate autophagosome-lysosome fusion is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Ke
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
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10
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Settembre C, Perera RM. Lysosomes as coordinators of cellular catabolism, metabolic signalling and organ physiology. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:223-245. [PMID: 38001393 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00676-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Every cell must satisfy basic requirements for nutrient sensing, utilization and recycling through macromolecular breakdown to coordinate programmes for growth, repair and stress adaptation. The lysosome orchestrates these key functions through the synchronised interplay between hydrolytic enzymes, nutrient transporters and signalling factors, which together enable metabolic coordination with other organelles and regulation of specific gene expression programmes. In this Review, we discuss recent findings on lysosome-dependent signalling pathways, focusing on how the lysosome senses nutrient availability through its physical and functional association with mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and how, in response, the microphthalmia/transcription factor E (MiT/TFE) transcription factors exert feedback regulation on lysosome biogenesis. We also highlight the emerging interactions of lysosomes with other organelles, which contribute to cellular homeostasis. Lastly, we discuss how lysosome dysfunction contributes to diverse disease pathologies and how inherited mutations that compromise lysosomal hydrolysis, transport or signalling components lead to multi-organ disorders with severe metabolic and neurological impact. A deeper comprehension of lysosomal composition and function, at both the cellular and organismal level, may uncover fundamental insights into human physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Settembre
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy.
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
| | - Rushika M Perera
- Department of Anatomy, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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11
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van der Beek J, de Heus C, Sanza P, Liv N, Klumperman J. Loss of the HOPS complex disrupts early-to-late endosome transition, impairs endosomal recycling and induces accumulation of amphisomes. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar40. [PMID: 38198575 PMCID: PMC10916860 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-08-0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The multisubunit HOPS tethering complex is a well-established regulator of lysosome fusion with late endosomes and autophagosomes. However, the role of the HOPS complex in other stages of endo-lysosomal trafficking is not well understood. To address this, we made HeLa cells knocked out for the HOPS-specific subunits Vps39 or Vps41, or the HOPS-CORVET-core subunits Vps18 or Vps11. In all four knockout cells, we found that endocytosed cargos were trapped in enlarged endosomes that clustered in the perinuclear area. By correlative light-electron microscopy, these endosomes showed a complex ultrastructure and hybrid molecular composition, displaying markers for early (Rab5, PtdIns3P, EEA1) as well as late (Rab7, CD63, LAMP1) endosomes. These "HOPS bodies" were not acidified, contained enzymatically inactive cathepsins and accumulated endocytosed cargo and cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR). Consequently, CI-MPR was depleted from the TGN, and secretion of lysosomal enzymes to the extracellular space was enhanced. Strikingly, HOPS bodies also contained the autophagy proteins p62 and LC3, defining them as amphisomes. Together, these findings show that depletion of the lysosomal HOPS complex has a profound impact on the functional organization of the entire endosomal system and suggest the existence of a HOPS-independent mechanism for amphisome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan van der Beek
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cecilia de Heus
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Sanza
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nalan Liv
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Klumperman
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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12
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Nicolson S, Manning JA, Lim Y, Jiang X, Kolze E, Dayan S, Umargamwala R, Xu T, Sandow JJ, Webb AI, Kumar S, Denton D. The Drosophila ZNRF1/2 homologue, detour, interacts with HOPS complex and regulates autophagy. Commun Biol 2024; 7:183. [PMID: 38360932 PMCID: PMC10869362 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05834-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, the process of elimination of cellular components by lysosomal degradation, is essential for animal development and homeostasis. Using the autophagy-dependent Drosophila larval midgut degradation model we identified an autophagy regulator, the RING domain ubiquitin ligase CG14435 (detour). Depletion of detour resulted in increased early-stage autophagic vesicles, premature tissue contraction, and overexpression of detour or mammalian homologues, ZNRF1 and ZNRF2, increased autophagic vesicle size. The ablation of ZNRF1 or ZNRF2 in mammalian cells increased basal autophagy. We identified detour interacting proteins including HOPS subunits, deep orange (dor/VPS18), Vacuolar protein sorting 16A (VPS16A), and light (lt/VPS41) and found that detour promotes their ubiquitination. The detour mutant accumulated autophagy-related proteins in young adults, displayed premature ageing, impaired motor function, and activation of innate immunity. Collectively, our findings suggest a role for detour in autophagy, likely through regulation of HOPS complex, with implications for healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Nicolson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Jantina A Manning
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Yoon Lim
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Xin Jiang
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Erica Kolze
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Sonia Dayan
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Ruchi Umargamwala
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Tianqi Xu
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Jarrod J Sandow
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew I Webb
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
| | - Donna Denton
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
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13
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Szenci G, Glatz G, Takáts S, Juhász G. The Ykt6-Snap29-Syx13 SNARE complex promotes crinophagy via secretory granule fusion with Lamp1 carrier vesicles. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3200. [PMID: 38331993 PMCID: PMC10853563 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53607-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In the Drosophila larval salivary gland, developmentally programmed fusions between lysosomes and secretory granules (SGs) and their subsequent acidification promote the maturation of SGs that are secreted shortly before puparium formation. Subsequently, ongoing fusions between non-secreted SGs and lysosomes give rise to degradative crinosomes, where the superfluous secretory material is degraded. Lysosomal fusions control both the quality and quantity of SGs, however, its molecular mechanism is incompletely characterized. Here we identify the R-SNARE Ykt6 as a novel regulator of crinosome formation, but not the acidification of maturing SGs. We show that Ykt6 localizes to Lamp1+ carrier vesicles, and forms a SNARE complex with Syntaxin 13 and Snap29 to mediate fusion with SGs. These Lamp1 carriers represent a distinct vesicle population that are functionally different from canonical Arl8+, Cathepsin L+ lysosomes, which also fuse with maturing SGs but are controlled by another SNARE complex composed of Syntaxin 13, Snap29 and Vamp7. Ykt6- and Vamp7-mediated vesicle fusions also determine the fate of SGs, as loss of either of these SNAREs prevents crinosomes from acquiring endosomal PI3P. Our results highlight that fusion events between SGs and different lysosome-related vesicle populations are critical for fine regulation of the maturation and crinophagic degradation of SGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Győző Szenci
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Gábor Glatz
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Takáts
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
- Institute of Genetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre Szeged, Szeged, 6726, Hungary.
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14
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Diao J, Yip CK, Zhong Q. Molecular structures and function of the autophagosome-lysosome fusion machinery. AUTOPHAGY REPORTS 2024; 3:2305594. [PMID: 38344192 PMCID: PMC10852212 DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2024.2305594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Macroautophagy (also known as autophagy) plays a pivotal role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. The terminal step of the multi-step autophagy degradation pathway involves fusion between the cargo-laden, double-membraned autophagosome and the lytic organelle lysosome/vacuole. Over the past decade, various core components of the molecular machinery that execute this critical terminal autophagy event have been identified. This review highlights recent advances in understanding the molecular structures, biochemical functions, and regulatory mechanisms of key components of this highly sophisticated machinery including the SNARE fusogens, tethering factors, Rab GTPases and associated guanine nucleotide exchange factors, and other accessory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Diao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Calvin K. Yip
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Qing Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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15
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Wang X, Hu M, Chen J, Lou X, Zhang H, Li M, Cheng J, Ma T, Xiong J, Gao R, Chen X, Wang J. Key roles of autophagosome/endosome maturation mediated by Syntaxin17 in methamphetamine-induced neuronal damage in mice. Mol Med 2024; 30:4. [PMID: 38172666 PMCID: PMC10765725 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00765-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagic defects are involved in Methamphetamine (Meth)-induced neurotoxicity. Syntaxin 17 (Stx17), a member of the SNARE protein family, participating in several stages of autophagy, including autophagosome-late endosome/lysosome fusion. However, the role of Stx17 and potential mechanisms in autophagic defects induced by Meth remain poorly understood. METHODS To address the mechanism of Meth-induced cognitive impairment, the adenovirus (AV) and adeno-associated virus (AAV) were injected into the hippocampus for stereotaxis to overexpress Stx17 in vivo to examine the cognitive ability via morris water maze and novel object recognition. In molecular level, the synaptic injury and autophagic defects were evaluated. To address the Meth induced neuronal damage, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) degradation assay was performed to evaluate the degradability of the "cargos" mediated by Meth, and mechanistically, the maturation of the vesicles, including autophagosomes and endosomes, were validated by the Co-IP and the GTP-agarose affinity isolation assays. RESULTS Overexpression of Stx17 in the hippocampus markedly rescued the Meth-induced cognitive impairment and synaptic loss. For endosomes, Meth exposure upregulated Rab5 expression and its guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) (immature endosome), with a commensurate decreased active form of Rab7 (Rab7-GTP) and impeded the binding of Rab7 to CCZ1 (mature endosome); for autophagosomes, Meth treatment elicited a dramatic reduction in the overlap between Stx17 and autophagosomes but increased the colocalization of ATG5 and autophagosomes (immature autophagosomes). After Stx17 overexpression, the Rab7-GTP levels in purified late endosomes were substantially increased in parallel with the elevated mature autophagosomes, facilitating cargo (Aβ42, p-tau, and EGFR) degradation in the vesicles, which finally ameliorated Meth-induced synaptic loss and memory deficits in mice. CONCLUSION Stx17 decrease mediated by Meth contributes to vesicle fusion defects which may ascribe to the immature autophagosomes and endosomes, leading to autophagic dysfunction and finalizes neuronal damage and cognitive impairments. Therefore, targeting Stx17 may be a novel therapeutic strategy for Meth-induced neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Miaoyang Hu
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Jingrong Chen
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Xinyu Lou
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Hongchao Zhang
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Muhan Li
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Tengfei Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Jianping Xiong
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Rong Gao
- Department of Hygienic Analysis and Detection, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xufeng Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
- China International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
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16
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Hu L, Gao D, Lv H, Lian L, Wang M, Wang Y, Xie Y, Zhang J. Finding New Targets for the Treatment of Heart Failure: Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Autophagy. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2023; 16:1349-1356. [PMID: 37432587 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-023-10410-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure is a progressive disease with an annual mortality rate of about 10% and is the end-stage stage of various heart diseases, which places a huge socioeconomic burden on the healthcare system. The development of heart failure has received increasing attention as a potential way to improve the treatment of this disease. Many studies have shown that endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy play an important role in the occurrence and development of heart failure. With the in-depth study of endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy, both are considered promising targets for pharmacological interventions to treat heart failure, but the mechanism of heart failure between the two is not clear. This review will highlight the effects of endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, and their interactions in the development and development of heart failure, thereby helping to provide direction for the future development of targeted therapies for patients with heart failure. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study explored the new targets for the treatment of heart failure: endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy. Targeted drug therapy for endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy is expected to provide a new intervention target for the treatment of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Hu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Dongjie Gao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Hao Lv
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Lu Lian
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Mingyang Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Yunjiao Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Yingyu Xie
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
| | - Junping Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, China.
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17
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Zamanian MY, Golmohammadi M, Nili-Ahmadabadi A, Alameri AA, Al-Hassan M, Alshahrani SH, Hasan MS, Ramírez-Coronel AA, Qasim QA, Heidari M, Verma A. Targeting autophagy with tamoxifen in breast cancer: From molecular mechanisms to targeted therapy. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2023; 37:1092-1108. [PMID: 37402635 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tamoxifen (TAM) is often recommended as a first-line treatment for estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer (BC). However, TAM resistance continues to be a medical challenge for BC with hormone receptor positivity. The function of macro-autophagy and autophagy has recently been identified to be altered in BC, which suggests a potential mechanism for TAM resistance. Autophagy is a cellular stress-induced response to preserve cellular homeostasis. Also, therapy-induced autophagy, which is typically cytoprotective and activated in tumor cells, could sometimes be non-protective, cytostatic, or cytotoxic depending on how it is regulated. OBJECTIVE This review explored the literature on the connections between hormonal therapies and autophagy. We investigated how autophagy could develop drug resistance in BC cells. METHODS Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar were used to search articles for this study. RESULTS The results demonstrated that protein kinases such as pAMPK, BAX, and p-p70S6K could be a sign of autophagy in developing TAM resistance. According to the study's findings, autophagy plays an important role in BC patients' TAM resistance. CONCLUSION Therefore, by overcoming endocrine resistance in estrogen receptor-positive breast tumors, autophagy inhibition may improve the therapeutic efficacy of TAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Yasin Zamanian
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Maryam Golmohammadi
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Nili-Ahmadabadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ameer A Alameri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
| | | | | | - Mohammed Sami Hasan
- Department of Anesthesia Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Andrés Alexis Ramírez-Coronel
- Azogues Campus Nursing Career, Health and Behavior Research group (HBR), Psychometry and Ethology Laboratory, Catholic University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
- University of Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Research Group in Educational Statistics, National University of Education, Azogues, Ecuador
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Group, CES University, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Mahsa Heidari
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amita Verma
- Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagari, India
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18
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Wang T, Yan L, Wang L, Sun J, Qu H, Ma Y, Song R, Tong X, Zhu J, Yuan Y, Gu J, Bian J, Liu Z, Zou H. VPS41-mediated incomplete autophagy aggravates cadmium-induced apoptosis in mouse hepatocytes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132243. [PMID: 37562348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to cadmium (Cd), an environmental heavy metal contaminant, is a serious threat to global health that increases the burden of liver diseases. Autophagy and apoptosis are important in Cd-induced liver injury. However, the regulatory mechanisms involved in the progression of Cd-induced liver damage are poorly understood. Herein, we investigated the role of vacuolar protein sorting 41 (VPS41) in Cd-induced autophagy and apoptosis in hepatocytes. We used targeted VPS41 regulation to elucidate the mechanism of Cd-induced hepatotoxicity. Our data showed that Cd triggered incomplete autophagy by downregulating VPS41, aggravating Cd-induced hepatocyte apoptosis. Mechanistically, Cd-induced VPS41 downregulation interfered with the mTORC1-TFEB/TFE3 axis, leading to an imbalance in autophagy initiation and termination and abnormal activation of autophagy. Moreover, Cd-induced downregulation of VPS41 inhibited autophagosome-lysosome fusion, leading to blocked autophagic flux. This triggers incomplete autophagy, which causes excessive P62 accumulation, accelerating Caspase-9 (CASP9) cleavage. Incomplete autophagy blocks clearance of cleaved CASP9 (CL-CASP9) via the autophagic pathway, promoting apoptosis. Notably, VPS41 overexpression alleviated Cd-induced incomplete autophagy and apoptosis, independent of the homotypic fusion and protein sorting complex. This study provides a new mechanistic understanding of the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis, suggesting that VPS41 is a new therapeutic target for Cd-induced liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lianqi Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410000, Hunan, China; Department of Orthopedics, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Subei People's Hospital, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huayi Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yonggang Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruilong Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xishuai Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaqiao Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianhong Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianchun Bian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zongping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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19
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Mulligan RJ, Winckler B. Regulation of Endosomal Trafficking by Rab7 and Its Effectors in Neurons: Clues from Charcot-Marie-Tooth 2B Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1399. [PMID: 37759799 PMCID: PMC10527268 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular endosomal trafficking controls the balance between protein degradation and synthesis, i.e., proteostasis, but also many of the cellular signaling pathways that emanate from activated growth factor receptors after endocytosis. Endosomal trafficking, sorting, and motility are coordinated by the activity of small GTPases, including Rab proteins, whose function as molecular switches direct activity at endosomal membranes through effector proteins. Rab7 is particularly important in the coordination of the degradative functions of the pathway. Rab7 effectors control endosomal maturation and the properties of late endosomal and lysosomal compartments, such as coordination of recycling, motility, and fusion with downstream compartments. The spatiotemporal regulation of endosomal receptor trafficking is particularly challenging in neurons because of their enormous size, their distinct intracellular domains with unique requirements (dendrites vs. axons), and their long lifespans as postmitotic, differentiated cells. In Charcot-Marie-Tooth 2B disease (CMT2B), familial missense mutations in Rab7 cause alterations in GTPase cycling and trafficking, leading to an ulcero-mutilating peripheral neuropathy. The prevailing hypothesis to account for CMT2B pathologies is that CMT2B-associated Rab7 alleles alter endocytic trafficking of the neurotrophin NGF and its receptor TrkA and, thereby, disrupt normal trophic signaling in the peripheral nervous system, but other Rab7-dependent pathways are also impacted. Here, using TrkA as a prototypical endocytic cargo, we review physiologic Rab7 effector interactions and control in neurons. Since neurons are among the largest cells in the body, we place particular emphasis on the temporal and spatial regulation of endosomal sorting and trafficking in neuronal processes. We further discuss the current findings in CMT2B mutant Rab7 models, the impact of mutations on effector interactions or balance, and how this dysregulation may confer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Mulligan
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Bettina Winckler
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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20
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Zheng G, Ren J, Shang L, Bao Y. Role of autophagy in the pathogenesis and regulation of pain. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 955:175859. [PMID: 37429517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Pain is a ubiquitous and highly concerned clinical symptom, usually caused by peripheral or central nervous injury, tissue damage, or other diseases. The long-term existence of pain can seriously affect daily physical function and quality of life and produce great torture on the physiological and psychological levels. However, the complex pathogenesis of pain involving molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways has not been fully elucidated, and managing pain remains highly challenging. As a result, finding new targets to pursue effective and long-term pain treatment strategies is required and urgent. Autophagy is an intracellular degradation and recycling process that maintains tissue homeostasis and energy supply, which can be cytoprotective and is vital in maintaining neural plasticity and proper nervous system function. Much evidence has shown that autophagy dysregulation is linked to the emergence of neuropathic pain, such as postherpetic neuralgia and cancer-related pain. Autophagy has also been connected to pain caused by osteoarthritis and lumbar disc degeneration. It is worth noting that in recent years, studies on traditional Chinese medicine have also proved that several traditional Chinese medicine monomers involve autophagy in the mechanism of pain relief. Therefore, autophagy can serve as a potential regulatory target to provide new ideas and inspiration for pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangda Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Juanxia Ren
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Lu Shang
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Yanju Bao
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
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21
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Demir E, Kacew S. Drosophila as a Robust Model System for Assessing Autophagy: A Review. TOXICS 2023; 11:682. [PMID: 37624187 PMCID: PMC10458868 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11080682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is the process through which a body breaks down and recycles its own cellular components, primarily inside lysosomes. It is a cellular response to starvation and stress, which plays decisive roles in various biological processes such as senescence, apoptosis, carcinoma, and immune response. Autophagy, which was first discovered as a survival mechanism during starvation in yeast, is now known to serve a wide range of functions in more advanced organisms. It plays a vital role in how cells respond to stress, starvation, and infection. While research on yeast has led to the identification of many key components of the autophagy process, more research into autophagy in more complex systems is still warranted. This review article focuses on the use of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a robust testing model in further research on autophagy. Drosophila provides an ideal environment for exploring autophagy in a living organism during its development. Additionally, Drosophila is a well-suited compact tool for genetic analysis in that it serves as an intermediate between yeast and mammals because evolution conserved the molecular machinery required for autophagy in this species. Experimental tractability of host-pathogen interactions in Drosophila also affords great convenience in modeling human diseases on analogous structures and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esref Demir
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Program, Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Antalya Bilim University, 07190 Antalya, Turkey
| | - Sam Kacew
- R. Samuel McLaughllin Center for Population Health Risk Assessment, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, 1 Stewart (320), Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
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22
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Elcocks H, Brazel AJ, McCarron KR, Kaulich M, Husnjak K, Mortiboys H, Clague MJ, Urbé S. FBXL4 ubiquitin ligase deficiency promotes mitophagy by elevating NIX levels. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112799. [PMID: 37102372 PMCID: PMC10308357 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective autophagy of mitochondria, mitophagy, is linked to mitochondrial quality control and as such is critical to a healthy organism. We have used a CRISPR/Cas9 approach to screen human E3 ubiquitin ligases for influence on mitophagy under both basal cell culture conditions and upon acute mitochondrial depolarization. We identify two cullin-RING ligase substrate receptors, VHL and FBXL4, as the most profound negative regulators of basal mitophagy. We show that these converge, albeit via different mechanisms, on control of the mitophagy adaptors BNIP3 and BNIP3L/NIX. FBXL4 restricts NIX and BNIP3 levels via direct interaction and protein destabilization, while VHL acts through suppression of HIF1α-mediated transcription of BNIP3 and NIX. Depletion of NIX but not BNIP3 is sufficient to restore mitophagy levels. Our study contributes to an understanding of the aetiology of early-onset mitochondrial encephalomyopathy that is supported by analysis of a disease-associated mutation. We further show that the compound MLN4924, which globally interferes with cullin-RING ligase activity, is a strong inducer of mitophagy, thus providing a research tool in this context and a candidate therapeutic agent for conditions linked to mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Elcocks
- Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Ailbhe J Brazel
- Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
- Present address:
Department of BiologyMaynooth UniversityMaynoothIreland
| | - Katy R McCarron
- Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Manuel Kaulich
- Institute of Biochemistry IIGoethe University, Medical Faculty, University HospitalFrankfurt am MainGermany
- Frankfurt Cancer InstituteFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Koraljka Husnjak
- Institute of Biochemistry IIGoethe University, Medical Faculty, University HospitalFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Heather Mortiboys
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN)University of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Michael J Clague
- Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Sylvie Urbé
- Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
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23
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Shelke GV, Williamson CD, Jarnik M, Bonifacino JS. Inhibition of endolysosome fusion increases exosome secretion. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202209084. [PMID: 37213076 PMCID: PMC10202829 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202209084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small vesicles that are secreted from cells to dispose of undegraded materials and mediate intercellular communication. A major source of exosomes is intraluminal vesicles within multivesicular endosomes that undergo exocytic fusion with the plasma membrane. An alternative fate of multivesicular endosomes is fusion with lysosomes, resulting in degradation of the intraluminal vesicles. The factors that determine whether multivesicular endosomes fuse with the plasma membrane or with lysosomes are unknown. In this study, we show that impairment of endolysosomal fusion by disruption of a pathway involving the BLOC-one-related complex (BORC), the small GTPase ARL8, and the tethering factor HOPS increases exosome secretion by preventing the delivery of intraluminal vesicles to lysosomes. These findings demonstrate that endolysosomal fusion is a critical determinant of the amount of exosome secretion and suggest that suppression of the BORC-ARL8-HOPS pathway could be used to boost exosome yields in biotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Vilas Shelke
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chad D. Williamson
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michal Jarnik
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juan S. Bonifacino
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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24
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Szabó Á, Vincze V, Chhatre AS, Jipa A, Bognár S, Varga KE, Banik P, Harmatos-Ürmösi A, Neukomm LJ, Juhász G. LC3-associated phagocytosis promotes glial degradation of axon debris after injury in Drosophila models. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3077. [PMID: 37248218 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38755-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial engulfment of neuron-derived debris after trauma, during development, and in neurodegenerative diseases supports nervous system functions. However, mechanisms governing the efficiency of debris degradation in glia have remained largely unexplored. Here we show that LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), an engulfment pathway assisted by certain autophagy factors, promotes glial phagosome maturation in the Drosophila wing nerve. A LAP-specific subset of autophagy-related genes is required in glia for axon debris clearance, encoding members of the Atg8a (LC3) conjugation system and the Vps34 lipid kinase complex including UVRAG and Rubicon. Phagosomal Rubicon and Atg16 WD40 domain-dependent conjugation of Atg8a mediate proper breakdown of internalized axon fragments, and Rubicon overexpression in glia accelerates debris elimination. Finally, LAP promotes survival following traumatic brain injury. Our results reveal a role of glial LAP in the clearance of neuronal debris in vivo, with potential implications for the recovery of the injured nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Áron Szabó
- Biological Research Center, Institute of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, H-6726, Hungary.
| | - Virág Vincze
- Biological Research Center, Institute of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Aishwarya Sanjay Chhatre
- Biological Research Center, Institute of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Jipa
- Biological Research Center, Institute of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Sarolta Bognár
- Biological Research Center, Institute of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Katalin Eszter Varga
- Biological Research Center, Institute of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Poulami Banik
- Biological Research Center, Institute of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Adél Harmatos-Ürmösi
- Biological Research Center, Institute of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Lukas J Neukomm
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Biological Research Center, Institute of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, H-6726, Hungary.
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary.
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25
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Wang L, Wang T, Wen S, Song R, Zou H, Gu J, Liu X, Bian J, Liu Z, Yuan Y. Puerarin Prevents Cadmium-Induced Neuronal Injury by Alleviating Autophagic Dysfunction in Rat Cerebral Cortical Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098328. [PMID: 37176033 PMCID: PMC10179714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagic dysfunction is one of the main mechanisms of cadmium (Cd)-induced neurotoxicity. Puerarin (Pue) is a natural antioxidant extracted from the medicinal and edible homologous plant Pueraria lobata. Studies have shown that Pue has neuroprotective effects in a variety of brain injuries, including Cd-induced neuronal injury. However, the role of Pue in the regulation of autophagy to alleviate Cd-induced injury in rat cerebral cortical neurons remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the protective mechanism of Pue in alleviating Cd-induced injury in rat cerebral cortical neurons by targeting autophagy. Our results showed that Pue alleviated Cd-induced injury in rat cerebral cortical neurons in vitro and in vivo. Pue activates autophagy and alleviates Cd-induced autophagic blockade in rat cerebral cortical neurons. Further studies have shown that Pue alleviates the Cd-induced inhibition of autophagosome-lysosome fusion, as well as the inhibition of lysosomal degradation. The specific mechanism is related to Pue alleviating the inhibition of Cd on the expression levels of the key proteins Rab7, VPS41, and SNAP29, which regulate autophagosome-lysosome fusion, as well as the lysosome-related proteins LAMP2, CTSB, and CTSD. In summary, these results indicate that Pue alleviates Cd-induced autophagic dysfunction in rat cerebral cortical neurons by alleviating autophagosome-lysosome fusion dysfunction and lysosomal degradation dysfunction, thereby alleviating Cd-induced neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shuangquan Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ruilong Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hui Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianhong Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xuezhong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianchun Bian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zongping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yan Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
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26
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Ke PY. Crosstalk between Autophagy and RLR Signaling. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060956. [PMID: 36980296 PMCID: PMC10047499 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays a homeostatic role in regulating cellular metabolism by degrading unwanted intracellular materials and acts as a host defense mechanism by eliminating infecting pathogens, such as viruses. Upon viral infection, host cells often activate retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR) signaling to induce the transcription of type I interferons, thus establishing the first line of the innate antiviral response. In recent years, numerous studies have shown that virus-mediated autophagy activation may benefit viral replication through different actions on host cellular processes, including the modulation of RLR-mediated innate immunity. Here, an overview of the functional molecules and regulatory mechanism of the RLR antiviral immune response as well as autophagy is presented. Moreover, a summary of the current knowledge on the biological role of autophagy in regulating RLR antiviral signaling is provided. The molecular mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between autophagy and RLR innate immunity are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Ke
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
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27
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Zhang Y, Li H, Lv L, Lu K, Li H, Zhang W, Cui T. Autophagy: Dual roles and perspective for clinical treatment of colorectal cancer. Biochimie 2023; 206:49-60. [PMID: 36244578 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) raises concerns to people because of its high recurrence and metastasis rate, diagnosis challenges, and poor prognosis. Various studies have shown the association of altered autophagy with tumorigenesis, tumor-stroma interactions, and resistance to cancer therapy in CRC. Autophagy is a highly conserved cytosolic catabolic process in eukaryotes that plays distinct roles in CRC occurrence and progression. In early tumorigenesis, autophagy may inhibit tumor growth through diverse mechanisms, whereas it exhibits a tumor promoting function in CRC progression. This different functions of autophagy in CRC occurrence and progression make developing therapies targeting autophagy complicated. In this review, we discuss the classification and process of autophagy as well as its dual roles in CRC, functions in the tumor microenvironment, cross-talk with apoptosis, and potential usefulness as a CRC therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabin Zhang
- West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Laboratory of Metabolomics and Gynecological Disease Research and Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Kefeng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Huihui Li
- West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Laboratory of Metabolomics and Gynecological Disease Research and Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Cui
- West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Laboratory of Metabolomics and Gynecological Disease Research and Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
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28
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Zhang L, Cui T, Wang X. The Interplay Between Autophagy and Regulated Necrosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:550-580. [PMID: 36053716 PMCID: PMC10025850 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Autophagy is critical to cellular homeostasis. Emergence of the concept of regulated necrosis, such as necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and mitochondrial membrane-permeability transition (MPT)-derived necrosis, has revolutionized the research into necrosis. Both altered autophagy and regulated necrosis contribute to major human diseases. Recent studies reveal an intricate interplay between autophagy and regulated necrosis. Understanding the interplay at the molecular level will provide new insights into the pathophysiology of related diseases. Recent Advances: Among the three forms of autophagy, macroautophagy is better studied for its crosstalk with regulated necrosis. Macroautophagy seemingly can either antagonize or promote regulated necrosis, depending upon the form of regulated necrosis, the type of cells or stimuli, and other cellular contexts. This review will critically analyze recent advances in the molecular mechanisms governing the intricate dialogues between macroautophagy and main forms of regulated necrosis. Critical Issues: The dual roles of autophagy, either pro-survival or pro-death characteristics, intricate the mechanistic relationship between autophagy and regulated necrosis at molecular level in various pathological conditions. Meanwhile, key components of regulated necrosis are also involved in the regulation of autophagy, which further complicates the interrelationship. Future Directions: Resolving the controversies over causation between altered autophagy and a specific form of regulated necrosis requires approaches that are more definitive, where rigorous evaluation of autophagic flux and the development of more reliable and specific methods to quantify each form of necrosis will be essential. The relationship between chaperone-mediated autophagy or microautophagy and regulated necrosis remains largely unstudied. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 38, 550-580.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Taixing Cui
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
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29
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Feng H, Liu X, Zhou C, Gu Q, Li Y, Chen J, Teng J, Zheng P. CCDC115 inhibits autophagy-mediated degradation of YAP to promote cell proliferation. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:618-630. [PMID: 36650560 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy and Hippo signalling pathways both play important roles in cell homeostasis and are often involved in tumourigenesis. However, the crosstalk between these two signal pathways in response to stress conditions, such as nutrient deficiency, is incompletely understood. Here, we show that vesicular localised coiled-coil domain containing 115 (CCDC115) inhibits autophagy as well as Hippo signalling pathway under starvation. Moreover, we show that CCDC115 interacts with the HOPS complex. This interaction competes with STX17, thus inhibiting the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. Hence, CCDC115 inhibits the autophagic degradation of yes-associated protein (YAP), thereby promoting cell proliferation in nutrient-restricted situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Feng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Polytechnic, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenqian Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuchen Gu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, China
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Polytechnic, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Junlin Teng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengli Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
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30
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CP204L Is a Multifunctional Protein of African Swine Fever Virus That Interacts with the VPS39 Subunit of the Homotypic Fusion and Vacuole Protein Sorting Complex and Promotes Lysosome Clustering. J Virol 2023; 97:e0194322. [PMID: 36722971 PMCID: PMC9972913 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01943-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus replication depends on a complex interplay between viral and host proteins. In the case of African swine fever virus (ASFV), a large DNA virus, only a few virus-host protein-protein interactions have been identified to date. In this study, we demonstrate that the ASFV protein CP204L interacts with the cellular homotypic fusion and protein sorting (HOPS) protein VPS39, blocking its association with the lysosomal HOPS complex, which modulates endolysosomal trafficking and promotes lysosome clustering. Instead, CP204L and VPS39 are targeted to virus factories and localized at the periphery of the virus DNA replication sites. Furthermore, we show that loss of VPS39 reduces the levels of virus proteins synthesized in the early phase of infection and delays ASFV replication but does not completely inhibit it. Collectively, these results identify a novel virus-host protein interaction that modulates host membrane rearrangement during infection and provide evidence that CP204L is a multifunctional protein engaged in distinct steps of the ASFV life cycle. IMPORTANCE African swine fever virus (ASFV) was first identified over a hundred years ago. Since then, much effort has been made to understand the pathogenesis of ASFV. However, the specific roles of many individual ASFV proteins during the infection remain enigmatic. This study provides evidence that CP204L, one of the most abundant ASFV proteins, modulates endosomal trafficking during virus infection. Through protein-protein interaction, CP204L prevents the recruitment of VPS39 to the endosomal and lysosomal membranes, resulting in their accumulation. Consequently, CP204L and VPS39 become sequestered in the ASFV replication and assembly site, known as the virus factory. These results uncover a novel function of viral protein CP204L and extend our understanding of complex interaction between virus and host.
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Miller AN, Houlihan PR, Matamala E, Cabezas-Bratesco D, Lee GY, Cristofori-Armstrong B, Dilan TL, Sanchez-Martinez S, Matthies D, Yan R, Yu Z, Ren D, Brauchi SE, Clapham DE. The SARS-CoV-2 accessory protein Orf3a is not an ion channel, but does interact with trafficking proteins. eLife 2023; 12:e84477. [PMID: 36695574 PMCID: PMC9910834 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and SARS-CoV-1 accessory protein Orf3a colocalizes with markers of the plasma membrane, endocytic pathway, and Golgi apparatus. Some reports have led to annotation of both Orf3a proteins as viroporins. Here, we show that neither SARS-CoV-2 nor SARS-CoV-1 Orf3a form functional ion conducting pores and that the conductances measured are common contaminants in overexpression and with high levels of protein in reconstitution studies. Cryo-EM structures of both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 Orf3a display a narrow constriction and the presence of a positively charged aqueous vestibule, which would not favor cation permeation. We observe enrichment of the late endosomal marker Rab7 upon SARS-CoV-2 Orf3a overexpression, and co-immunoprecipitation with VPS39. Interestingly, SARS-CoV-1 Orf3a does not cause the same cellular phenotype as SARS-CoV-2 Orf3a and does not interact with VPS39. To explain this difference, we find that a divergent, unstructured loop of SARS-CoV-2 Orf3a facilitates its binding with VPS39, a HOPS complex tethering protein involved in late endosome and autophagosome fusion with lysosomes. We suggest that the added loop enhances SARS-CoV-2 Orf3a's ability to co-opt host cellular trafficking mechanisms for viral exit or host immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ella Matamala
- Physiology Institute and Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases, Universidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile
| | - Deny Cabezas-Bratesco
- Physiology Institute and Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases, Universidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile
| | - Gi Young Lee
- Department of Biology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | | | | | | | | | - Rui Yan
- Janelia Research CampusAshburnUnited States
| | - Zhiheng Yu
- Janelia Research CampusAshburnUnited States
| | - Dejian Ren
- Department of Biology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Sebastian E Brauchi
- Janelia Research CampusAshburnUnited States
- Physiology Institute and Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases, Universidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile
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Smeele PH, Vaccari T. Snapshots from within the cell: Novel trafficking and non trafficking functions of Snap29 during tissue morphogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 133:42-52. [PMID: 35256275 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking is a core cellular process that supports diversification of cell shapes and behaviors relevant to morphogenesis during development and in adult organisms. However, how precisely trafficking components regulate specific differentiation programs is incompletely understood. Snap29 is a multifaceted Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor Attachment protein Receptor, involved in a wide range of trafficking and non-trafficking processes in most cells. A body of knowledge, accrued over more than two decades since its discovery, reveals that Snap29 is essential for establishing and maintaining the operation of a number of cellular events that support cell polarity and signaling. In this review, we first summarize established functions of Snap29 and then we focus on novel ones in the context of autophagy, Golgi trafficking and vesicle fusion at the plasma membrane, as well as on non-trafficking activities of Snap29. We further describe emerging evidence regarding the compartmentalisation and regulation of Snap29. Finally, we explore how the loss of distinct functions of human Snap29 may lead to the clinical manifestations of congenital disorders such as CEDNIK syndrome and how altered SNAP29 activity may contribute to the pathogenesis of cancer, viral infection and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulien H Smeele
- Department of Biosciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Thomas Vaccari
- Department of Biosciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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33
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Xu L, Qiu Y, Wang X, Shang W, Bai J, Shi K, Liu H, Liu JP, Wang L, Tong C. ER-mitochondrial contact protein Miga regulates autophagy through Atg14 and Uvrag. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111583. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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34
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CUR5g, a novel autophagy inhibitor, exhibits potent synergistic anticancer effects with cisplatin against non-small-cell lung cancer. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:435. [PMCID: PMC9622744 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01217-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, a highly conserved degradation process of eukaryotic cells, has been proven to be closely related to chemoresistance and metastasis of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Autophagy inhibitors, such as chloroquine (CQ) and its derivative hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), has been shown to mediate anticancer effects in preclinical models, especially when combined with chemotherapy. However, the vast majority of autophagy inhibitors, including CQ and HCQ, actually disrupt lysosomal or/and possibly non-lysosomal processes other than autophagy. It is therefore of great significance to discover more specific autophagy inhibitors. In this study, after screening a series of curcumin derivatives synthesized in our laboratory, we found that (3E,5E)-1-methyl-3-(4-hydroxybenzylidene)-5-(3-indolymethylene)-piperidine-4-one (CUR5g) selectively inhibited autophagosome degradation in cancer cells by blocking autophagosome-lysosome fusion. CUR5g did not affect the lysosomal pH and proteolytic function, nor did it disturb cytoskeleton. CUR5g blocked the recruitment of STX17, a soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) protein, to autophagosomes via a UVRAG-dependent mechanism, resulting in the inability of autophagosomes to fuse with lysosomes. CUR5g alone did not induce apoptosis and necrosis of A549 cells, but significantly inhibited the mobility and colony formation of A549 cells. More excitingly, CUR5g showed no obvious toxicity to normal HUVECs in vitro or mice in vivo. CUR5g enhances the cisplatin sensitivity of A549 cells and effectively inhibited autophagy in tumor tissues in vivo. Collectively, our study identified a new late-stage autophagy inhibitor and provided a novel option for NSCLC treatment, particular when combined with cisplatin.
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35
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Miller AN, Houlihan PR, Matamala E, Cabezas-Bratesco D, Lee GY, Cristofori-Armstrong B, Dilan TL, Sanchez-Martinez S, Matthies D, Yan R, Yu Z, Ren D, Brauchi SE, Clapham DE. The SARS-CoV-2 accessory protein Orf3a is not an ion channel, but does interact with trafficking proteins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.09.02.506428. [PMID: 36263072 PMCID: PMC9580380 DOI: 10.1101/2022.09.02.506428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and SARS-CoV-1 accessory protein Orf3a colocalizes with markers of the plasma membrane, endocytic pathway, and Golgi apparatus. Some reports have led to annotation of both Orf3a proteins as a viroporin. Here we show that neither SARS-CoV-2 nor SARS-CoV-1 form functional ion conducting pores and that the conductances measured are common contaminants in overexpression and with high levels of protein in reconstitution studies. Cryo-EM structures of both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 Orf3a display a narrow constriction and the presence of a basic aqueous vestibule, which would not favor cation permeation. We observe enrichment of the late endosomal marker Rab7 upon SARS-CoV-2 Orf3a overexpression, and co-immunoprecipitation with VPS39. Interestingly, SARS-CoV-1 Orf3a does not cause the same cellular phenotype as SARS-CoV-2 Orf3a and does not interact with VPS39. To explain this difference, we find that a divergent, unstructured loop of SARS-CoV-2 Orf3a facilitates its binding with VPS39, a HOPS complex tethering protein involved in late endosome and autophagosome fusion with lysosomes. We suggest that the added loop enhances SARS-CoV-2 Orf3a ability to co-opt host cellular trafficking mechanisms for viral exit or host immune evasion.
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36
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Molecular Mechanism and Regulation of Autophagy and Its Potential Role in Epilepsy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172621. [PMID: 36078029 PMCID: PMC9455075 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionally conserved degradation mechanism for maintaining cell homeostasis whereby cytoplasmic components are wrapped in autophagosomes and subsequently delivered to lysosomes for degradation. This process requires the concerted actions of multiple autophagy-related proteins and accessory regulators. In neurons, autophagy is dynamically regulated in different compartments including soma, axons, and dendrites. It determines the turnover of selected materials in a spatiotemporal control manner, which facilitates the formation of specialized neuronal functions. It is not surprising, therefore, that dysfunctional autophagy occurs in epilepsy, mainly caused by an imbalance between excitation and inhibition in the brain. In recent years, much attention has been focused on how autophagy may cause the development of epilepsy. In this article, we overview the historical landmarks and distinct types of autophagy, recent progress in the core machinery and regulation of autophagy, and biological roles of autophagy in homeostatic maintenance of neuronal structures and functions, with a particular focus on synaptic plasticity. We also discuss the relevance of autophagy mechanisms to the pathophysiology of epileptogenesis.
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37
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He W, Gao Y, Zhou J, Shi Y, Xia D, Shen HM. Friend or Foe? Implication of the autophagy-lysosome pathway in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:4690-4703. [PMID: 35874956 PMCID: PMC9305279 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.72544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing amount of evidence indicating the close interplays between the replication cycle of SARS-CoV-2 and the autophagy-lysosome pathway in the host cells. While autophagy machinery is known to either assist or inhibit the viral replication process, the reciprocal effects of the SARS-CoV-2 on the autophagy-lysosome pathway have also been increasingly appreciated. More importantly, despite the disappointing results from the clinical trials of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in treatment of COVID-19, there is still ongoing effort in discovering new therapeutics targeting the autophagy-lysosome pathway. In this review, we provide an update-to-date summary of the interplays between the autophagy-lysosome pathway in the host cells and the pathogen SARS-CoV-2 at the molecular level, to highlight the prognostic value of autophagy markers in COVID-19 patients and to discuss the potential of developing novel therapeutic strategies for COVID-19 by targeting the autophagy-lysosome pathway. Thus, understanding the nature of such interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and the autophagy-lysosome pathway in the host cells is expected to provide novel strategies in battling against this global pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Physiology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Dajing Xia
- Department of Toxicology of School of Public Health, Department of Gynecologic Oncology of Women's Hospital; Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Han-Ming Shen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
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38
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Oe Y, Kakuda K, Yoshimura SI, Hara N, Hasegawa J, Terawaki S, Kimura Y, Ikenaka K, Suetsugu S, Mochizuki H, Yoshimori T, Nakamura S. PACSIN1 is indispensable for amphisome-lysosome fusion during basal autophagy and subsets of selective autophagy. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010264. [PMID: 35771772 PMCID: PMC9246181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an indispensable process that degrades cytoplasmic materials to maintain cellular homeostasis. During autophagy, double-membrane autophagosomes surround cytoplasmic materials and either fuse with endosomes (called amphisomes) and then lysosomes, or directly fuse with lysosomes, in both cases generating autolysosomes that degrade their contents by lysosomal hydrolases. However, it remains unclear if there are specific mechanisms and/or conditions which distinguish these alternate routes. Here, we identified PACSIN1 as a novel autophagy regulator. PACSIN1 deletion markedly decreased autophagic activity under basal nutrient-rich conditions but not starvation conditions, and led to amphisome accumulation as demonstrated by electron microscopic and co-localization analysis, indicating inhibition of lysosome fusion. PACSIN1 interacted with SNAP29, an autophagic SNARE, and was required for proper assembly of the STX17 and YKT6 complexes. Moreover, PACSIN1 was required for lysophagy, aggrephagy but not mitophagy, suggesting cargo-specific fusion mechanisms. In C. elegans, deletion of sdpn-1, a homolog of PACSINs, inhibited basal autophagy and impaired clearance of aggregated protein, implying a conserved role of PACSIN1. Taken together, our results demonstrate the amphisome-lysosome fusion process is preferentially regulated in response to nutrient state and stress, and PACSIN1 is a key to specificity during autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Oe
- Laboratory of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keita Kakuda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Yoshimura
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naohiro Hara
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junya Hasegawa
- Department of Biochemical Pathophysiology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seigo Terawaki
- Department of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Kimura
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kensuke Ikenaka
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shiro Suetsugu
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
- Data Science Center, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
- Center for Digital Green-Innovation, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Yoshimori
- Laboratory of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail: (TY); (SN)
| | - Shuhei Nakamura
- Laboratory of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail: (TY); (SN)
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39
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Jiang D, He Y, Zhou X, Cao Z, Pang L, Zhong S, Jiang L, Li R. Arabidopsis HOPS subunit VPS41 carries out plant-specific roles in vacuolar transport and vegetative growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1416-1434. [PMID: 35417008 PMCID: PMC9237685 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The homotypic fusion and protein sorting (HOPS) complex is a conserved, multi-subunit tethering complex in eukaryotic cells. In yeast and mammalian cells, the HOPS subunit vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 41 (VPS41) is recruited to late endosomes after Ras-related protein 7 (Rab7) activation and is essential for vacuole fusion. However, whether VPS41 plays conserved roles in plants is not clear. Here, we demonstrate that in the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), VPS41 localizes to distinct condensates in root cells in addition to its reported localization at the tonoplast. The formation of condensates does not rely on the known upstream regulators but depends on VPS41 self-interaction and is essential for vegetative growth regulation. Genetic evidence indicates that VPS41 is required for both homotypic vacuole fusion and cargo sorting from the adaptor protein complex 3, Rab5, and Golgi-independent pathways but is dispensable for the Rab7 cargo inositol transporter 1. We also show that VPS41 has HOPS-independent functions in vacuolar transport. Taken together, our findings indicate that Arabidopsis VPS41 is a unique subunit of the HOPS complex that carries out plant-specific roles in both vacuolar transport and developmental regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yilin He
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiangui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhiran Cao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lei Pang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Sheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at the College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Ruixi Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Kovács AL, Lőw P, Juhász G. The legacy of János Kovács: a lifelong devotion to advancing autophagy research. Autophagy 2022; 18:2017-2019. [PMID: 35737695 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2091263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Attila L Kovács
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Lőw
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
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41
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Autophagy is required for spermatogonial differentiation in the Drosophila testis. Biol Futur 2022; 73:187-204. [DOI: 10.1007/s42977-022-00122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAutophagy is a conserved, lysosome-dependent catabolic process of eukaryotic cells which is involved in cellular differentiation. Here, we studied its specific role in the differentiation of spermatogonial cells in the Drosophila testis. In the apical part of the Drosophila testis, there is a niche of germline stem cells (GSCs), which are connected to hub cells. Hub cells emit a ligand for bone morhphogenetic protein (BMP)-mediated signalling that represses Bam (bag of marbles) expression in GSCs to maintain them in an undifferentiated state. GSCs divide asymmetrically, and one of the daughter cells differentiates into a gonialblast, which eventually generates a cluster of spermatogonia (SG) by mitoses. Bam is active in SG, and defects in Bam function arrest these cells at mitosis. We show that BMP signalling represses autophagy in GSCs, but upregulates the process in SG. Inhibiting autophagy in SG results in an overproliferating phenotype similar to that caused by bam mutations. Furthermore, Bam deficiency leads to a failure in downstream mechanisms of the autophagic breakdown. These results suggest that the BMP-Bam signalling axis regulates developmental autophagy in the Drosophila testis, and that acidic breakdown of cellular materials is required for spermatogonial differentiation.
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42
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Gorący A, Rosik J, Szostak B, Ustianowski Ł, Ustianowska K, Gorący J. Human Cell Organelles in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: An Up-to-Date Overview. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051092. [PMID: 35632833 PMCID: PMC9144443 DOI: 10.3390/v14051092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the end of 2019, the whole world has been struggling with the life-threatening pandemic amongst all age groups and geographic areas caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has led to more than 468 million cases and over 6 million deaths reported worldwide (as of 20 March 2022), is one of the greatest threats to human health in history. Meanwhile, the lack of specific and irresistible treatment modalities provoked concentrated efforts in scientists around the world. Various mechanisms of cell entry and cellular dysfunction were initially proclaimed. Especially, mitochondria and cell membrane are crucial for the course of infection. The SARS-CoV-2 invasion depends on angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), and cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147), expressed on host cells. Moreover, in this narrative review, we aim to discuss other cell organelles targeted by SARS-CoV-2. Lastly, we briefly summarize the studies on various drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gorący
- Independent Laboratory of Invasive Cardiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (A.G.); (J.G.)
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jakub Rosik
- Independent Laboratory of Invasive Cardiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (A.G.); (J.G.)
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (B.S.); (Ł.U.); (K.U.)
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Bartosz Szostak
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (B.S.); (Ł.U.); (K.U.)
| | - Łukasz Ustianowski
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (B.S.); (Ł.U.); (K.U.)
| | - Klaudia Ustianowska
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (B.S.); (Ł.U.); (K.U.)
| | - Jarosław Gorący
- Independent Laboratory of Invasive Cardiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (A.G.); (J.G.)
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43
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Tang H, Huang H, Wang D, Li P, Tian Z, Li D, Wang S, Ma R, Xia T, Wang A. TFEB ameliorates autophagy flux disturbance induced by PBDE-47 via up-regulating autophagy-lysosome fusion. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 430:128483. [PMID: 35739666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47), the widely used brominated flame retardant, has remarkable neurotoxicity which is associated with autophagy disorder. However, the mechanism remains unclear. The results showed that PBDE-47 damaged lysosomal biogenesis and interfered with autophagy-lysosome fusion both in vivo and in vitro. Our investigation further demonstrated that PBDE-47 could downregulate TFEB expression and inhibit the nuclear translocation of TFEB. Knockdown of TFEB in PC12 cells increased the reduction of lysosomal-associated proteins and the expression of STX17-SNAP29-VAMP8 proteins involved in autophagy-lysosomal fusion. Conversely, Overexpression TFEB in vitro significantly improved lysosomal abundance and ameliorated the autophagosome-lysosome fusion inhibition, thus restoring autophagic flux and improving PC12 cells survival. In addition, TFEB biologically interacted with STX17 by not inducing or inducing TFEB overexpression. Collectively, our results indicate that the autophagy flux compromised by PBDE-47 is related to the defective fusion of autophagosome and lysosome. TFEB may serve as a promising molecular target for future study of PBDE-47 developmental neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayang Tang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoying Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Tian
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongjie Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Sumei Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Rulin Ma
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Xia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiguo Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Guo W, Du K, Luo S, Hu D. Recent Advances of Autophagy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: From Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Application. Front Oncol 2022; 12:861959. [PMID: 35600411 PMCID: PMC9115384 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.861959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is characterized by the most common oncological disease and leading cause of cancer death worldwide, of which a group of subtypes known as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85%. In the past few decades, important progression in the therapies of NSCLC has enhanced our understanding of the biology and progression mechanisms of tumor. The application of immunotherapy and small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors has brought significant clinical benefits in certain patients. However, early metastasis and the emergence of resistance to antitumor therapy have resulted in the relatively low overall cure and survival rates for NSCLC. Autophagy is a conserved process that allows cells to recycle unused or damaged organelles and cellular components. It has been reported to be related to the progression of NSCLC and resistance to targeted therapy and cytotoxic chemotherapy. Therefore, autophagy is considered as a potential therapeutic target for NSCLC. Mounting results have been reported about the combination of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and inhibitors of autophagy in models of NSCLC. This review aims to provide a comprehensive review on the roles of autophagy in NSCLC, focusing on related clinical data of agents that regulate autophagy in NSCLC. Furthermore, this study will provide a theoretical basis for further improvement of autophagy-based cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Guo
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Keye Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shanshan Luo
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Desheng Hu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, The Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
- Department of immunology, Hubei Clinical Research Center of Cancer Immunotherapy, Wuhan, China
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Cesar-Silva D, Pereira-Dutra FS, Moraes Giannini AL, Jacques G. de Almeida C. The Endolysosomal System: The Acid Test for SARS-CoV-2. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094576. [PMID: 35562967 PMCID: PMC9105036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to describe and discuss the different functions of the endolysosomal system, from homeostasis to its vital role during viral infections. We will initially describe endolysosomal system's main functions, presenting recent data on how its compartments are essential for host defense to explore later how SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) and other coronaviruses subvert these organelles for their benefit. It is clear that to succeed, pathogens' evolution favored the establishment of ways to avoid, escape, or manipulate lysosomal function. The unavoidable coexistence with such an unfriendly milieu imposed on viruses the establishment of a vast array of strategies to make the most out of the invaded cell's machinery to produce new viruses and maneuvers to escape the host's defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Cesar-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (D.C.-S.); (F.S.P.-D.)
| | - Filipe S. Pereira-Dutra
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (D.C.-S.); (F.S.P.-D.)
| | - Ana Lucia Moraes Giannini
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Signal Transduction, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil;
| | - Cecília Jacques G. de Almeida
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (D.C.-S.); (F.S.P.-D.)
- Correspondence: or
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Lauzier A, Bossanyi MF, Larcher R, Nassari S, Ugrankar R, Henne WM, Jean S. Snazarus and its human ortholog SNX25 modulate autophagic flux. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:273525. [PMID: 34821359 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy, the degradation and recycling of cytosolic components in the lysosome, is an important cellular mechanism. It is a membrane-mediated process that is linked to vesicular trafficking events. The sorting nexin (SNX) protein family controls the sorting of a large array of cargoes, and various SNXs impact autophagy. To improve our understanding of their functions in vivo, we screened all Drosophila SNXs using inducible RNA interference in the fat body. Significantly, depletion of Snazarus (Snz) led to decreased autophagic flux. Interestingly, we observed altered distribution of Vamp7-positive vesicles with Snz depletion, and the roles of Snz were conserved in human cells. SNX25, the closest human ortholog to Snz, regulates both VAMP8 endocytosis and lipid metabolism. Through knockout-rescue experiments, we demonstrate that these activities are dependent on specific SNX25 domains and that the autophagic defects seen upon SNX25 loss can be rescued by ethanolamine addition. We also demonstrate the presence of differentially spliced forms of SNX14 and SNX25 in cancer cells. This work identifies a conserved role for Snz/SNX25 as a regulator of autophagic flux and reveals differential isoform expression between paralogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Lauzier
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Département d'immunologie et de biologie cellulaire, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201, Rue Jean Mignault, Sherbrooke, Québec, CanadaJ1E 4K8
| | - Marie-France Bossanyi
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Département d'immunologie et de biologie cellulaire, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201, Rue Jean Mignault, Sherbrooke, Québec, CanadaJ1E 4K8
| | - Raphaëlle Larcher
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Département d'immunologie et de biologie cellulaire, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201, Rue Jean Mignault, Sherbrooke, Québec, CanadaJ1E 4K8
| | - Sonya Nassari
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Département d'immunologie et de biologie cellulaire, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201, Rue Jean Mignault, Sherbrooke, Québec, CanadaJ1E 4K8
| | - Rupali Ugrankar
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Hary Lines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - W Mike Henne
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Hary Lines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Steve Jean
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Département d'immunologie et de biologie cellulaire, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201, Rue Jean Mignault, Sherbrooke, Québec, CanadaJ1E 4K8
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Ferritinophagy and α-Synuclein: Pharmacological Targeting of Autophagy to Restore Iron Regulation in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042378. [PMID: 35216492 PMCID: PMC8878351 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A major hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the fatal destruction of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra pars compacta. This event is preceded by the formation of Lewy bodies, which are cytoplasmic inclusions composed of α-synuclein protein aggregates. A triad contribution of α-synuclein aggregation, iron accumulation, and mitochondrial dysfunction plague nigral neurons, yet the events underlying iron accumulation are poorly understood. Elevated intracellular iron concentrations up-regulate ferritin expression, an iron storage protein that provides cytoprotection against redox stress. The lysosomal degradation pathway, autophagy, can release iron from ferritin stores to facilitate its trafficking in a process termed ferritinophagy. Aggregated α-synuclein inhibits SNARE protein complexes and destabilizes microtubules to halt vesicular trafficking systems, including that of autophagy effectively. The scope of this review is to describe the physiological and pathological relationship between iron regulation and α-synuclein, providing a detailed understanding of iron metabolism within nigral neurons. The underlying mechanisms of autophagy and ferritinophagy are explored in the context of PD, identifying potential therapeutic targets for future investigation.
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Peña-Ramos O, Chiao L, Liu X, Yu X, Yao T, He H, Zhou Z. Autophagosomes fuse to phagosomes and facilitate the degradation of apoptotic cells in Caenorhabditis elegans. eLife 2022; 11:72466. [PMID: 34982028 PMCID: PMC8769646 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagosomes are double-membrane intracellular vesicles that degrade protein aggregates, intracellular organelles, and other cellular components. During the development of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, many somatic and germ cells undergo apoptosis. These cells are engulfed and degraded by their neighboring cells. We discovered a novel role of autophagosomes in facilitating the degradation of apoptotic cells using a real-time imaging technique. Specifically, the double-membrane autophagosomes in engulfing cells are recruited to the surfaces of phagosomes containing apoptotic cells and subsequently fuse to phagosomes, allowing the inner vesicle to enter the phagosomal lumen. Mutants defective in the production of autophagosomes display significant defects in the degradation of apoptotic cells, demonstrating the importance of autophagosomes to this process. The signaling pathway led by the phagocytic receptor CED-1, the adaptor protein CED-6, and the large GTPase dynamin (DYN-1) promotes the recruitment of autophagosomes to phagosomes. Moreover, the subsequent fusion of autophagosomes with phagosomes requires the functions of the small GTPase RAB-7 and the HOPS complex. Further observations suggest that autophagosomes provide apoptotic cell-degradation activities in addition to and in parallel of lysosomes. Our findings reveal that, unlike the single-membrane, LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) vesicles reported to facilitate phagocytosis in mammals, it is the canonical double-membrane autophagosomes that facilitate the clearance of C. elegans apoptotic cells. These findings add autophagosomes to the collection of intracellular organelles that contribute to phagosome maturation, identify novel crosstalk between the autophagy and phagosome maturation pathways, and discover the upstream signaling molecules that initiate this crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Peña-Ramos
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Lucia Chiao
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Xianghua Liu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Xiaomeng Yu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Tianyou Yao
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Henry He
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
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Ion Channels and Pumps in Autophagy: A Reciprocal Relationship. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123537. [PMID: 34944044 PMCID: PMC8700256 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, the process of cellular self-degradation, is intrinsically tied to the degradative function of the lysosome. Several diseases have been linked to lysosomal degradative defects, including rare lysosomal storage disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Ion channels and pumps play a major regulatory role in autophagy. Importantly, calcium signaling produced by TRPML1 (transient receptor potential cation channel, mucolipin subfamily) has been shown to regulate autophagic progression through biogenesis of autophagic-lysosomal organelles, activation of mTORC1 (mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1) and degradation of autophagic cargo. ER calcium channels such as IP3Rs supply calcium for the lysosome, and lysosomal function is severely disrupted in the absence of lysosomal calcium replenishment by the ER. TRPML1 function is also regulated by LC3 (microtubule-associated protein light chain 3) and mTORC1, two critical components of the autophagic network. Here we provide an overview of the current knowledge about ion channels and pumps-including lysosomal V-ATPase (vacuolar proton-ATPase), which is required for acidification and hence proper enzymatic activity of lysosomal hydrolases-in the regulation of autophagy, and discuss how functional impairment of some of these leads to diseases.
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Ishida H, Okashita Y, Ishida H, Hayashi M, Izumi M, Makino A, Bhuiyan NH, van Wijk KJ. GFS9 Affects Piecemeal Autophagy of Plastids in Young Seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1372-1386. [PMID: 34086965 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts, and plastids in general, contain abundant protein pools that can be major sources of carbon and nitrogen for recycling. We have previously shown that chloroplasts are partially and sequentially degraded by piecemeal autophagy via the Rubisco-containing body. This degradation occurs during plant development and in response to the environment; however, little is known about the fundamental underlying mechanisms. To discover the mechanisms of piecemeal autophagy of chloroplasts/plastids, we conducted a forward-genetics screen following ethyl-methanesulfonate mutagenesis of an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) transgenic line expressing chloroplast-targeted green fluorescent protein (CT-GFP). This screen allowed us to isolate a mutant, gfs9-5, which hyperaccumulated cytoplasmic bodies labeled with CT-GFP of up to 1.0 μm in diameter in the young seedlings. We termed these structures plastid bodies (PBs). The mutant was defective in a membrane-trafficking factor, green fluorescent seed 9 (GFS9), and PB accumulation in gfs9-5 was promoted by darkness and nutrient deficiency. Transmission electron microscopy indicated that gfs9-5 hyperaccumulated structures corresponding to autophagosomes and PBs. gfs9-5 hyperaccumulated membrane-bound endogenous ATG8 proteins, transgenic yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-ATG8e proteins and autophagosome-like structures labeled with YFP-ATG8e. The YFP-ATG8e signal was associated with the surface of plastids and their protrusions in gfs9-5. Double mutants of gfs9 and autophagy-defective 5 did not accumulate PBs. In gfs9-5, the YFP-ATG8e proteins and PBs could be delivered to the vacuole and autophagic flux was increased. We discuss a possible connection between GFS9 and autophagy and propose a potential use of gfs9-5 as a new tool to study piecemeal plastid autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ishida
- Department of Applied Plant Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Yu Okashita
- Department of Applied Plant Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ishida
- Department of Applied Plant Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Tamura 1266, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Masanori Izumi
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Amane Makino
- Department of Applied Plant Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Nazmul H Bhuiyan
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Eurofins Lancaster Lab PSS, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Klaas J van Wijk
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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