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Lim J, Kim KW, Ko Y, Jang IY, Lee YS, Chung YH, Lee HC, Lim YS, Kim KM, Shim JH, Choi J, Lee D. The role of muscle depletion and visceral adiposity in HCC patients aged 65 and over undergoing TACE. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:1164. [PMID: 34715813 PMCID: PMC8557070 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08905-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been increasing among the elderly populations. Trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE), a widely used first-line non-curative therapy for HCCs is an issue in geriatrics. We investigated the prognosis of elderly HCC patients treated with TACE and determined the factors that affect the overall survival. Methods We included 266 patients who were older than 65 years and had received TACE as initial treatment for HCC. We analyzed the skeletal muscle index (SMI) and visceral-to-subcutaneous fat ratio (VSR) around the third lumbar vertebrae using computed tomography scans. Muscle depletion with visceral adiposity (MDVA) was defined by falling below the median SMI and above the median VSR value sex-specifically. We evaluated the overall survival in association with MDVA and other clinical factors. Results The mean age was 69.9 ± 4.5 years, and 70.3% of the patients were men. According to the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system, 29, 136, and 101 patients were classified as BCLC 0, A, and B stages, respectively, and 79 (29.7%) had MDVA. During the median follow-up of 4.1 years, patients with MDVA had a shorter life expectancy than those without MDVA (P = 0.007) even though MDVA group had a higher objective response rate after the first TACE (82.3% vs. 75.9%, P = 0.035). Multivariate analysis revealed that MDVA (Hazard ratio [HR] 1.515) age (HR 1.057), liver function (HR 1.078), tumor size (HR 1.083), serum albumin level (HR 0.523), platelet count (HR 0.996), tumor stage (stage A, HR 1.711; stage B, HR 2.003), and treatment response after the first TACE treatment (HR 0.680) were associated with overall survival. Conclusions MDVA is a critical prognostic factor for predicting survival in the elderly patients with HCC who have undergone TACE. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08905-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Lim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 44-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Won Kim
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yousun Ko
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Young Jang
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Sang Lee
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 44-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.,Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hwa Chung
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 44-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.,Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Chu Lee
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 44-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.,Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Suk Lim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 44-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.,Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Mo Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 44-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.,Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyun Shim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 44-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.,Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonggi Choi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 44-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.,Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Danbi Lee
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 44-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea. .,Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Padilha CS, Figueiredo C, Minuzzi LG, Chimin P, Deminice R, Krüger K, Rosa-Neto JC, Lira FS. Immunometabolic responses according to physical fitness status and lifelong exercise during aging: New roads for exercise immunology. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 68:101341. [PMID: 33839332 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecules such as cytokines, energetic substrates, and hormones found in the immune cell environment, especially lymphocytes and monocytes, are crucial for directing energy metabolism. In turn, changes in energy metabolism occur in a synchronized manner with the activation of certain signaling pathways, thereby this crosstalk is responsible for determining the functionality of immune cells. The immunometabolism field has grown over time and that is becoming increasingly promising in several populations; here we discuss the mechanisms involved in sedentary and physically active middle-aged individuals and master athletes. In this context, this review shows that the physical activity status and lifelong exercise seems to be good strategies for the promotion of metabolic and functional adaptations in T lymphocytes and monocytes, counteracting inflammatory environments caused by expanded adipose tissue and sedentary behavior, as well as delaying the immunosenescence caused by aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila S Padilha
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Postgraduation Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Caique Figueiredo
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Postgraduation Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciele Guerra Minuzzi
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Postgraduation Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Chimin
- Laboratory of Biochemistry Exercise, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Rafael Deminice
- Laboratory of Biochemistry Exercise, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Institute of Sports Science, Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - José Cesar Rosa-Neto
- Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Cell Biology and Development, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio Santos Lira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Postgraduation Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
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Song JW, Cao Q, Siegler JE, Thon JM, Woo JH, Cucchiara BL. Sex Differences in Carotid Plaque Composition in Patients With Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e020143. [PMID: 33904317 PMCID: PMC8200747 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background We examined sex differences in nonstenotic carotid plaque composition in patients with embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS). Methods and Results Patients with anterior circulation ischemic stroke imaged with neck computed tomographic angiography who met criteria for ESUS or had atrial fibrillation were identified. Patients with atrial fibrillation were included as a negative control. Semiautomated plaque quantification software analyzed carotid artery bifurcations. Plaque subcomponent (calcium, intraplaque hemorrhage [IPH], and lipid rich necrotic core) volumes were compared by sex and in paired analyses of plaque ipsilateral versus contralateral to stroke. Multivariate linear regressions tested for associations. Ninety‐four patients with ESUS (55% women) and 95 patients with atrial fibrillation (47% women) were identified. Men with ESUS showed significantly higher volumes of calcified plaque (63.9 versus 19.6 mm3, P<0.001), IPH (9.4 versus 3.3 mm3, P=0.008) and a IPH/lipid rich necrotic core ratio (0.17 versus 0.07, P=0.03) in carotid plaque ipsilateral to stroke side than women. The atrial fibrillation cohort showed no significant sex differences in plaque volumes ipsilateral to stroke. Multivariate analyses of the ESUS cohort showed male sex was associated with IPHipsi (β=0.49; 95% CI, 0.11–0.87) and calciumipsi (β=0.78; 95% CI, 0.33–1.23). Paired plaque analyses in men with ESUS showed significantly higher calcified plaque (63.9 versus 34.1 mm3, P=0.03) and a trend of higher IPHipsi (9.4 versus 7.5 mm3, P=0.73) and lipid rich necrotic coreipsi (59.0 versus 48.4 mm3, P=0.94) volumes. Conclusions Sex differences in carotid plaque composition in ESUS suggest the possibility of a differential contribution of nonstenosing carotid plaque as a stroke mechanism in men versus women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae W Song
- Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
| | - Quy Cao
- Department of Biostatistics University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
| | - James E Siegler
- Cooper Neurologic Institute Cooper University Hospital Camden NJ
| | - Jesse M Thon
- Cooper Neurologic Institute Cooper University Hospital Camden NJ
| | - John H Woo
- Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
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Quirós Cognuck S, Reis WL, Silva M, Debarba LK, Mecawi AS, de Paula FJ, Rodrigues Franci C, Elias LL, Antunes‐Rodrigues J. Sex differences in body composition, metabolism-related hormones, and energy homeostasis during aging in Wistar rats. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14597. [PMID: 33075214 PMCID: PMC7571994 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging affects the body composition and balance of energy metabolism. Here, we collected in a single work several physiological parameters to show how aging and sex differences can influence energy homeostasis. Body mass index (BMI), Lee index, glucose tolerance, glycemia, and lipidogram in fasting were measured in male and female Wistar rats at the ages of 2, 6, 9, 12, and 18 months. We also measured the lipid profile, free fatty acids, glycerol, glycemia, leptin, adiponectin, insulin, corticosterone (CORT), prolactin (PRL), thyroid stimulated hormone, and triiodothyronine (T3) in 3- and 18-month-old rats of both sexes, fed ad libitum. Animals were classified as obese beginning at 2 months in males and 6 months in females. Aged male rats showed hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance compared to young males and old females. In the ad libitum condition, the 18-month males presented higher serum levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and free fatty acids than females. The 18-month-old females had higher PRL and CORT concentration than males, but insulin and T3 were higher in 18-month-old males than females. Our work demonstrated that aging processes on energy metabolism in rats is sex specific, with a better lipid profile and glucose tolerance in aged females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Quirós Cognuck
- Physiology DepartmentRibeirao Preto Medicine School, University of Sao PauloRibeirao Preto, Sao PauloBrazil
| | - Wagner L. Reis
- Department of Physiological ScienceCenter of Biological SciencesFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolosBrazil
| | - Marcia Silva
- Physiology DepartmentRibeirao Preto Medicine School, University of Sao PauloRibeirao Preto, Sao PauloBrazil
| | - Lucas K. Debarba
- Physiology DepartmentRibeirao Preto Medicine School, University of Sao PauloRibeirao Preto, Sao PauloBrazil
| | - Andre S. Mecawi
- Laboratory of NeuroendocrinologyDepartment of BiophysicsEscola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de Sao PauloSao PauloBrazil
| | - Francisco J.A. de Paula
- Medical Clinic DepartmentRibeirao Preto Medicine SchoolUniversity of Sao PauloRibeirao Preto, Sao PauloBrazil
| | - Celso Rodrigues Franci
- Physiology DepartmentRibeirao Preto Medicine School, University of Sao PauloRibeirao Preto, Sao PauloBrazil
| | - Lucila L.K. Elias
- Physiology DepartmentRibeirao Preto Medicine School, University of Sao PauloRibeirao Preto, Sao PauloBrazil
| | - Jose Antunes‐Rodrigues
- Physiology DepartmentRibeirao Preto Medicine School, University of Sao PauloRibeirao Preto, Sao PauloBrazil
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5
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Heo JE, Shim JS, Lee H, Kim HC. Association between the Thigh Muscle and Insulin Resistance According to Body Mass Index in Middle-Aged Korean Adults. Diabetes Metab J 2020; 44:446-457. [PMID: 32431102 PMCID: PMC7332329 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2019.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined the associations between thigh muscle area (TMA) and insulin resistance (IR) according to body mass index (BMI) in middle-aged Korean general population. METHODS TMA was measured using quantitative computed tomography and corrected by body weight (TMA/Wt) in 1,263 men, 788 premenopausal women, and 1,476 postmenopausal women all aged 30 to 64 years. The tertiles of TMA/Wt were calculated separately for men and for premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was performed using fasting blood glucose and insulin levels, and increased IR was defined according to sex-specific, top quartiles of HOMA-IR. Associations between the TMA/Wt tertiles and increased IR according to the BMI categories (<25 and ≥25 kg/m²) were assessed using multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS In men with higher BMIs, but not in those with lower BMIs, the presence of an increased IR had significantly higher odds ratios in the lower TMA/Wt tertiles, even after adjustment for visceral fat area. However, in premenopausal and postmenopausal women, there was no significant inverse association between TMA/Wt tertiles and increased IR, regardless of BMI category. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the thigh muscle is inversely associated with IR in men, particularly in those with higher BMIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Heo
- Department of Public Health, Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Etiology Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Seon Shim
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Etiology Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hokyou Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeon Chang Kim
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Etiology Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Akay S, Urkan M, Balyemez U, Erşen M, Taşar M. Is visceral obesity associated with colorectal cancer? The first volumetric study using all CT slices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 25:338-345. [PMID: 31287430 DOI: 10.5152/dir.2019.18350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to examine the possible relationship between abdominal adiposity parameters and the presence of colorectal cancer (CRC) and between these adiposity parameters and various histopathologic findings of the tumor. METHODS A total of 60 control subjects and 111 CRC patients, 63 with early-stage and 48 with advanced-stage disease, were enrolled. Medical data and abdominopelvic computed tomography (CT) examinations of each study group were retrospectively reviewed. Abdominal adiposity parameters, including visceral adipose tissue (VAT) volume, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) volume, and total adipose tissue (TAT) volume, were calculated on all slices of the CT examinations with specialized software, and results for each study group were compared. Adiposity parameters were also compared with tumor histopathologic findings. RESULTS We found lower VAT and higher SAT volumes in advanced-stage CRC patients, compared with the early-stage group. However, this relationship was not statistically significant (P = 0.721 for VAT and P = 0.432 for SAT volumes). We detected significantly lower VAT and SAT volumes in the early-stage CRC group compared with the control group (P = 0.014 for both). There was no significant relationship between TAT volumes and the study groups (P = 0.06). No statistically significant relationship was detected between adipose tissue parameters and histopathologic features of the CRC group (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION We found statistically significant lower VAT and SAT volumes in patients with early-stage CRC compared with the control group. Volumetric adipose tissue measurements may be more accurate than area measurements and can easily be performed on abdominopelvic CT examination, which is the routine imaging modality for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Akay
- Department of Radiology, University of Health Sciences, Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murat Urkan
- Department of General Surgery, University of Health Sciences, Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Uğurcan Balyemez
- Department of Radiology, University of Health Sciences, Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Erşen
- Department of Radiology, University of Health Sciences, Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Taşar
- Department of Radiology, University of Health Sciences, Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Tabesh M, Callegari ET, Gorelik A, Garland SM, Nankervis A, Subasinghe AK, Wark JD. Associations between 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, body composition and metabolic profiles in young women. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018; 72:1093-1102. [PMID: 29367732 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-018-0086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity globally. Results from previous studies are inconsistent and it remains unclear whether low-serum 25 OHD levels are associated with an increased risk of CVD. These associations have been little studied in young women. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between serum 25 OHD and obesity, body composition, metabolic profiles and blood pressure in young women. SUBJECTS/METHODS Women aged 16-25 years living in Victoria, Australia, were recruited through Facebook advertising in this cross-sectional study. Participants completed an online survey and attended a site visit in a fasted state, where parameters, including blood pressure, anthropometry, metabolic profiles, serum 25 OHD levels and body composition (using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) were measured. RESULTS A total of 557 participants were recruited into this study. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that after adjusting for visceral fat, season, smoking, physical activity, age, alcohol intake, oral contraceptive use, country of birth, taking multivitamins and taking vitamin D supplement, a 10 nmol/L increase in 25 OHD levels was associated with 0.65% greater HDL levels (p = 0.016) and 0.92% greater triglyceride levels (p = 0.003). It was also associated with 0.48% lower BMI (p < 0.001), 0.50% lower total fat percentage (p < 0.001), 0.09% lower visceral fat percentage (p < 0.001), 0.14% lower visceral fat to total fat ratio (p < 0.001) and 0.36% lower trunk fat to total fat ratio (p < 0.001), after adjustment for season, smoking, physical activity, age, alcohol intake, oral contraceptive use, country of birth, taking multivitamins and taking vitamin D supplements. Although these associations were statistically significant, they were very small in magnitude and of uncertain clinical significance. CONCLUSIONS These findings may help to explain an association between 25 OHD levels and CVD risk factors through associations with HDL, BMI, total body and visceral fat mass. Possible underlying mechanisms warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Tabesh
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Emma T Callegari
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexandra Gorelik
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Institute for Health and Aging Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Suzanne M Garland
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Women's Centre for Infectious Diseases, Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alison Nankervis
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Diabetes Service, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Asvini K Subasinghe
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Women's Centre for Infectious Diseases, Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John D Wark
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia. .,Bone and Mineral Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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The Impact of Training Load on Bone Mineral Density of Adolescent Swimmers: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2017; 29:520-528. [PMID: 28605234 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2017-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the mediating effect of muscle mass on the relationship between training load and bone density in adolescent swimmers. METHODS A cross-sectional study involving 87 control and 22 swimmers aged 10-19 years (overall sample: n = 109). Swimmers had a minimum of 1 year of competition in regional and national championships, and control adolescents reported 1 year without any organized sport. Bone density was the main outcome (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), which was measured in upper limbs, lower limbs, spine, and whole body. Monthly training load was the independent variable, while the mediation effect of lean soft tissue was assessed. Maturity offset, age, inflammation, and vitamin D intake were treated as covariates. RESULTS Swimmers had lower bone density than controls; there was a significant and positive relationship between training load and muscle mass. In boys, training load presented a negative correlation with bone density in lower limbs [r = -.293; 95% confidence interval (CI), -.553 to -.034]. In girls, training load was negatively related to bone mineral density in lower limbs (r = .563; 95% CI, -.770 to -.356) and whole body (r = -.409; 95% CI, -.609 to -.209). CONCLUSION Training load had a negative relationship on bone density of swimmers of both sexes, independently of the positive effect of lean soft tissue on bone density.
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Kim YM, Kim SH, Kim S, Yoo JS, Choe EY, Won YJ. Variations in fat mass contribution to bone mineral density by gender, age, and body mass index: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2008-2011. Osteoporos Int 2016; 27:2543-54. [PMID: 27112764 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-016-3566-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The relationship of body composition and bone mineral density is complex and controversial. When classifying Korean population based on gender, age, and body mass index, fat mass had varying contributions to bone mineral density. INTRODUCTION The relationship between body composition and bone mineral density (BMD) is complex, and it is uncertain how components of body mass variably affect BMD. METHODS This cross-sectional observational study was performed in subjects ≥20 years based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2008 to 2011. Among 17,583 subjects, the mean ages were 49.1 ± 16.0 years (M, n = 7495) and 49.3 ± 16.3 years (F, n = 10,088). Subjects were divided into age groups, either <50 or ≥50 years for males, or menopausal state, either premenopausal or postmenopausal, for females. A further classification used BMI, either <25 or ≥25 kg/m(2). Anthropometric and body composition parameters were compared and evaluated to look for correlations with BMD. Further, appendicular lean mass (ALM), fat mass (FM), fat percentage (FP), and waist circumference (WC) were included for multivariate analysis with BMD, controlling for covariates in each age group and BMI subgroup. RESULTS Anthropometric and body composition parameters significantly correlated with BMD in all age groups for both genders. After adjusting for covariates, ALM strongly affected BMD in all age groups for both genders. FM, FP, and WC significantly affected BMD in both age groups of women and in older men, but they did not affect BMD in younger men. Fat indices positively affected BMD of all sites in all non-obese women and in non-obese older men. However, little contribution was found in obese subgroups of both genders and in non-obese younger men. CONCLUSION Considering different weights of covariates, ALM strongly contributed to BMD in all gender, age, and BMI groups. On the other hand, fat indices positively affected BMD of both age groups in women and older men with normal BMI, but they showed little contribution to BMD within the same age groups with high BMI or any BMI subgroups of younger men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea
- Institute for Translational and Clinical Research, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - S H Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - S Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - J S Yoo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - E Y Choe
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Y J Won
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea.
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea.
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Aras Ş, Üstünsoy S, Armutçu F. Indices of Central and Peripheral Obesity; Anthropometric Measurements and Laboratory Parameters of Metabolic Syndrome and Thyroid Function. Balkan Med J 2015; 32:414-20. [PMID: 26740903 DOI: 10.5152/balkanmedj.2015.151218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and obesity are serious health problems in the World, including Turkey. Contemporary studies have suggested a meaningful association between insulin resistance (IR), MetS parameters, and thyroid function tests. AIMS We aimed to elucidate the impact of fat distribution on the anthropometric and laboratory parameters, especially indices of MetS, IR and thyroid function, in obese women. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Anthropometric measurements of all participants and biochemical tests in their serum samples were performed. RESULTS Weight, waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), and other parameters of fat distribution were significantly increased in all obese compared to control subjects; but there was no significant difference between central and peripheral obese groups. The central obese group had significantly higher insulin levels, components of MetS, the ratio free triiodothyronine (fT3) to free thyroxin fT4, and fT4 than those of peripheral obese and control groups. CONCLUSION Elevated triglyceride, glucose and insulin levels may be associated with increased IR, which in turn is related to MetS. Body fat composition may affect thyroid tests in the obese; the changes in fT3/fT4 could be the consequence of fat distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şükrü Aras
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Şifa University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Seyfettin Üstünsoy
- Department of Biochemistry, Fatih University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ferah Armutçu
- Department of Biochemistry, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey
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Danon-Hersch N, Santos-Eggimann B. Physical activity in daily life is associated with lower adiposity values than doing weekly sports in Lc65+ cohort at baseline. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:1175. [PMID: 24330641 PMCID: PMC3909343 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Overweight and obesity prevalence is the highest at age 65–75 years in Lausanne (compared with younger classes). We aimed to describe 1) eating habits, daily physical activity (PA), and sports frequency in community-dwelling adults aged 65–70, 2) the links of these behaviors with socio-economic factors, and 3) with adiposity. Methods Cross-sectional analysis of Lc65+ cohort at baseline, including 1260 adults from the general population of Lausanne aged 65–70 years. Eating habits (8 items from MNA) and PA (sports frequency and daily PA: walking and using stairs) were assessed by questionnaires. Body mass index (BMI), supra-iliac (SISF), triceps skin-folds (TSF), waist circumference (WC), and WHR were measured. Results Prevalence of overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9 kg/m2), obesity (BMI ≥30.0 kg/m2), and abdominal obesity was 53%, 24%, and 45% in men; 35%, 23%, and 45% in women. Intake of fruits or vegetables (FV) ≥ twice/day was negatively associated with male sex (prevalence 81% versus 90%, chi-square P < 0.001). The proportion avoiding stairs in daily life was higher among women (25%) than among men (20%, chi-square P = 0.003). In multivariate analyses among both sexes, eating FV, using stairs in daily life (“stairs”), and doing sports ≥ once/week were significantly negatively associated with financial difficulties (stairs: OR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.40-0.72) and positively with educational level (stairs: OR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.17-2.43 for high school). For all five log-transformed adiposity indicators in women, and for all indicators except SISF and TSF in men, a gradual decrease in adiposity was observed from category “no stairs, sports < once/week” (reference), to “no stairs, sports ≥ once/week”, to “stairs, sports < once/week”, and “stairs, sports ≥ once/week” (for example: WC in men, respectively: ß = −0.03, 95% CI = −0.07-0.02; ß = −0.06, 95% CI = −0.09- -0.03; ß = −0.10, 95% CI = −0.12- -0.07). Conclusions In this population with high overweight and obesity prevalence, eating FV and PA were strongly negatively associated with financial difficulties and positively with education. Using stairs in daily life was more strongly negatively associated with adiposity than doing sports ≥ once/week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Danon-Hersch
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), University of Lausanne Hospital Center, Route de la Corniche 10, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland.
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12
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Stemness and Osteogenic and Adipogenic Potential are Differently Impaired in Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipose Derived Stem Cells (ASCs) Isolated from Obese Donors. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2013; 26:11-21. [DOI: 10.1177/03946320130260s103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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13
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyse the relationship between body mass index (BMI) in middle-age and disability status in old-age using data from the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (MCCS). METHODS A total of 41 514 participants enroled in the MCCS between 1990-1994. Height and weight were measured at baseline and disability, defined as limitations to self-care activities of daily living (ADLs) and self-care plus mobility activities, was identified at follow-up (2003-2007). In all, 6300 participants were <65 years at baseline, 70 years at follow-up and not missing BMI at baseline or ADLs at follow-up. The association between BMI in six categories (BMI 18.5-22.5; 22.5-25; 25-27.5; 27.5-30; 30-35; 35+) and disability status was analysed using logistic regression. Models were stratified by sex, and sequentially adjusted for age, education, country of birth, then smoking, alcohol, fruit and vegetable intake, and physical activity. RESULTS Adjusted odds ratios for composite self-care ADL and mobility limitations compared with BMI 18.5-22.5 kg m(-2) were 1.73 (95%CI 1.14-2.64) for BMI 30-35 kg m(-2) and 3.46 (1.78-6.73) for BMI 35+ kg m(-2) in males. In females, adjusted odds ratios were 1.29 (1.00-1.68) for BMI 22.5-25 kg m(-2), 1.74 (1.35-2.24) for BMI 25-27.5 kg m(-2), 2.58 (1.98-3.36) for BMI 27.5-30 kg m(-2), 2.74 (2.10-3.58) for BMI 30-35 kg m(-2) and 4.21 (3.12-5.88) for BMI 35+ kg m(-2). CONCLUSION A graded relationship was observed between BMI and disability in males and females, across the continuum of BMI. These results highlight the importance of a healthy body weight at middle age in order to reduce the risk of disability in old age.
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Chang SH, Beason TS, Hunleth JM, Colditz GA. A systematic review of body fat distribution and mortality in older people. Maturitas 2012; 72:175-91. [PMID: 22595204 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a systematic review investigating body fat distribution in older adults and its association with morbidity and mortality. Our search yielded 2702 citations. Following three levels of screening, 25 studies were selected to evaluate the association between body fat distribution and comorbidity, and 17 studies were used in the mortality analysis. Most of the selected studies in our analyses used anthropometric measures, e.g., body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and waist-hip ratio; relatively few studies used direct measures, such as body fat/lean mass, and percentage body fat. Studies reported inconsistent findings regarding the strongest predictor(s) of morbidity and mortality. However, the majority of studies suggested that BMI per se was not the most appropriate predictor of morbidity and mortality in the elderly because of its inability to discern or detect age-related body fat redistribution. In addition, studies using BMI found that the optimal BMI range for the lowest mortality in the elderly was overweight (25 kg/m(2)≤BMI<30 kg/m(2)) or mildly obese (30 kg/m(2)≤BMI<35 kg/m(2)). Our findings suggest that the current clinical guidelines, recommending that overweight and obesity are major risk factors for increased morbidity and mortality are not applicable to this population. Therefore, the central message of this review is to advise the government to establish new guidelines specifically for this population, using a combination of body fat distribution measurements, and to certify that these guidelines will not be applied to inappropriate populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hsin Chang
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Shuster A, Patlas M, Pinthus JH, Mourtzakis M. The clinical importance of visceral adiposity: a critical review of methods for visceral adipose tissue analysis. Br J Radiol 2011; 85:1-10. [PMID: 21937614 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/38447238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 529] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As a result of the rising epidemic of obesity, understanding body fat distribution and its clinical implications is critical to timely treatment. Visceral adipose tissue is a hormonally active component of total body fat, which possesses unique biochemical characteristics that influence several normal and pathological processes in the human body. Abnormally high deposition of visceral adipose tissue is known as visceral obesity. This body composition phenotype is associated with medical disorders such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and several malignancies including prostate, breast and colorectal cancers. Quantitative assessment of visceral obesity is important for evaluating the potential risk of development of these pathologies, as well as providing an accurate prognosis. This review aims to compare different methods of measuring visceral adiposity with emphasis on their advantages and drawbacks in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shuster
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hamilton General Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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16
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Abdominal obesity and peripheral vascular disease in men and women: A comparison of waist-to-thigh ratio and waist circumference as measures of abdominal obesity. Atherosclerosis 2010; 208:253-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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64-row MDCT review of anatomic features and variations of the normal greater omentum. Surg Radiol Anat 2009; 31:489-500. [DOI: 10.1007/s00276-009-0470-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Henche SA, Torres RR, Pellico LG. An evaluation of patterns of change in total and regional body fat mass in healthy Spanish subjects using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 62:1440-8. [PMID: 17717537 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to describe the evolution of total and regional fat mass according to gender, and to establish age and gender-related differences in a largely non-obese sedentary Spanish sample population using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). SUBJECT/METHODS A total of 1113 healthy subjects (397 male and 716 female) from the city of Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain, were used in the study. Fat mass measures were obtained from DXA scans of all subjects. Total body fat and body fat in three subregions (trunk, arms and legs) were evaluated. RESULTS As opposed to males, females showed from early infancy a smaller rate of muscular mass and a larger percentage of body fat (from 10 years of age), with fat deposits being basically gynoid or peripheral. With age, females showed a greater increase in fat mass together with an accelerated loss of muscular mass. Both rates tended to level out between 51 and 65 years of age. Between the ages of 40 and 60, females exhibited significant morphological evidence of larger fat depots in their legs. CONCLUSIONS Gender differences in the patterns of proportion and distribution of body fat, as well as in the pattern of body fat evolution, were found from early infancy. Further research is required, including assessing fat mass variables in order to unravel the dynamic of body composition and to understand the complex relationship between trunk fat mass deposits and the health risks associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aguado Henche
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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19
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Yang WS, Yang YC, Chen CL, Wu IL, Lu JY, Lu FH, Tai TY, Chang CJ. Adiponectin SNP276 is associated with obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and diabetes in the elderly. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86:509-13. [PMID: 17684226 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/86.2.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic variations of the human adiponectin gene are associated with metabolic phenotypes, including obesity, insulin sensitivity, and diabetes. However, these associations have not been examined in an elderly population. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to investigate whether the genetic variants of adiponectin are associated with any metabolic phenotype in the elderly. DESIGN In a population-based, case-control genetic association study, a total of 1438 subjects >65 y old were recruited from the community. The phenotypes of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) were measured. Four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were genotyped by mass spectrometry. RESULTS The G allele of SNP276 in intron 2 was associated with a reduced risk of obesity, MetS, and diabetes mellitus. The GT genotype relative to the GG genotype had an age- and sex-adjusted odds ratio of 1.32 for obesity [body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) >or= 25; P = 0.014] and of 1.33 (P = 0.011) and 1.47 (P = 0.001) for MetS according to modified National Cholesterol Education Program and International Diabetes Federation criteria, respectively. The age-, sex-, and BMI-adjusted odds ratio of diabetes mellitus for the GT and TT genotypes relative to the GG genotype were 1.28 (P = 0.042) and 1.72 (P = 0.013), respectively, and there was an obvious dosage effect (P for trend = 0.004). In linear regression after adjustment for age, sex, and BMI, the GT and TT genotypes were associated with fasting plasma glucose concentrations 5.2 and 11.1 mg/dL higher, respectively, than those of the GG genotype. CONCLUSIONS Genetic variation of the adiponectin gene is associated with obesity, MetS, and diabetes mellitus in the elderly. The genetic effect on diabetes mellitus is partially independent of BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Shiung Yang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Wu CH, Heshka S, Wang J, Pierson RN, Heymsfield SB, Laferrère B, Wang Z, Albu JB, Pi-Sunyer X, Gallagher D. Truncal fat in relation to total body fat: influences of age, sex, ethnicity and fatness. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007; 31:1384-91. [PMID: 17452992 PMCID: PMC2752389 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of age, sex, ethnicity and total fatness on central obesity in four ethnic populations. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of study subjects enrolled from 1993 to 2005. SUBJECTS A multi-ethnic (Caucasian (CA), African-American (AA), Hispanic-American (HA) and Asian (As)) convenience sample of 604 men and 1192 women (aged 18-96 years, body mass index 15.93-45.80 kg/m(2)). MEASUREMENTS Total body fat (TBF) and truncal fat were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. General linear regression models were used to test for independent associations with log(10)-transformed truncal fat. RESULTS For all ethnicities, men had a lower percent body fat and more truncal fat than women. Log(10-)transformed truncal fat increased with TBF approximately as a square root function. At older ages, there was a greater amount of truncal fat in CA, HA and As men (approximately 0.20-0.25 kg/decade) with the effect more pronounced in AA men ( approximately 0.33 kg/decade). For women, the increment of truncal fat per decade was reduced in CA and AA women (approximately 0.07 kg) compared with As and HA women (approximately 0.33 kg). Adjusted for mean values of covariates in our sample, AA had less truncal fat than As. CONCLUSION The accumulation of truncal fat is strongly related to age, ethnicity and total fatness in both men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-H Wu
- Obesity Research Center, St-Luke’ s-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - S Heshka
- Obesity Research Center, St-Luke’ s-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Wang
- Obesity Research Center, St-Luke’ s-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - RN Pierson
- Obesity Research Center, St-Luke’ s-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - SB Heymsfield
- Obesity Research Center, St-Luke’ s-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - B Laferrère
- Obesity Research Center, St-Luke’ s-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Z Wang
- Obesity Research Center, St-Luke’ s-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - JB Albu
- Obesity Research Center, St-Luke’ s-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - X Pi-Sunyer
- Obesity Research Center, St-Luke’ s-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - D Gallagher
- Obesity Research Center, St-Luke’ s-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY, USA
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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Shaw KA, Srikanth VK, Fryer JL, Blizzard L, Dwyer T, Venn AJ. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry body composition and aging in a population-based older cohort. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 31:279-84. [PMID: 16788568 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of this cross-sectional study were (1) to examine the effect of age on body composition in older adults using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and (2) to evaluate the agreement of DXA with standard indirect anthropometric measures (body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)). RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES A population-based sample of 731 adults aged between 50 and 79 years underwent measurement of BMI, waist circumference, WHR, DXA total body fat mass, DXA % total body fat, DXA % trunk fat and DXA lean body mass. Linear regression was used to test for trend in measures of body composition between age categories in men and women. Partial correlations and Bland-Altman analysis were used to examine the agreement of DXA measures with indirect measures. RESULTS DXA lean body mass decreased significantly with increasing age in both sexes (P<0.05). In males, BMI (P=0.01) and body weight (P<0.01) decreased with age, and in females, WHR (P=0.05), DXA % total fat (P=0.02) and DXA % trunk fat (P=0.05) increased with age. There was good agreement between DXA measures of fatness and indirect anthropometric measures, except for WHR, which showed greater variability in its comparisons with DXA. CONCLUSION Using the highly sensitive and direct DXA method of measuring body composition, a decline in lean body mass and an increase in adiposity was observed with aging. Except for WHR, indirect anthropometric measures generally showed high levels of agreement with DXA fat measures in this older cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Shaw
- Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
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22
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Regidor E, Gutiérrez-Fisac JL, Banegas JR, Domínguez V, Rodríguez-Artalejo F. Association of adult socioeconomic position with hypertension in older people. J Epidemiol Community Health 2006; 60:74-80. [PMID: 16361458 PMCID: PMC2465541 DOI: 10.1136/jech.2005.038331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the role of obesity, adult behavioural risk factors, and markers of specific childhood exposures in the association between adult socioeconomic position and hypertension in a cohort of people aged 60 years and older. DESIGN Cross sectional study. SETTING Spain. PARTICIPANTS 4009 subjects representative of the Spanish non-institutionalised population aged 60 years and older. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Prevalence of hyperteMarinhonsion according to education and social class, and proportion of excess difference in hypertension prevalence in lower socioeconomic groups explained by different risk factors for hypertension. RESULTS The highest prevalence of hypertension was seen in subjects with less education and in those belonging to a low social class. In men, the hypertension risk factors analysed did not explain the difference in prevalence by education, but they explained almost half of the difference by social class. In women, these risk factors explained the differences in hypertension prevalence by education and a substantial part of the differences by social class. Central and general obesity, and physical inactivity were the risk factors that were the most important in this association in women. CONCLUSIONS In women, socioeconomic position has no direct effect on hypertension in the case of education and only a small effect in the case of social class. In contrast, most of the effect of education and half of the effect of social class on hypertension in men is direct or, at least, is not explained by the risk factors analysed. The mechanisms that can explain the association between socioeconomic position and hypertension in older men remain to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Regidor
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Makovey J, Naganathan V, Sambrook P. Gender differences in relationships between body composition components, their distribution and bone mineral density: a cross-sectional opposite sex twin study. Osteoporos Int 2005; 16:1495-505. [PMID: 15838718 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-005-1841-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2004] [Accepted: 12/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies indicate that bone mineral density (BMD) is closely related to body mass and its components. Most studies have examined these relationships in women with little attention given to how these relationships differ by gender. The aims of the present study were to use the opposite sex twin model to determine if there were gender differences in the relationship between body composition and its relation to BMD and how any such differences were influenced by age. We measured body composition and bone mass by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in 93 pairs of opposite sex twins. To examine the effect of age, they were divided into two age groups: under 50 years old (45 pairs) and over 50 years old (48 pairs). Lean mass (LM) had stronger positive relationships with the most bone variables than fat mass in both genders at all ages. Fat mass (FM) had positive relationships with total body and hip BMD in women under age 50, but not over 50. There was no significant relationship between FM and total or regional BMD in men under age 50, but men over 50 showed positive relationships between FM measures and total and some regional BMD measures. Central adiposity showed a positive relationship with BMD in men over 50 and women under 50. Fat mass (FM) and lean mass (LM) and their distribution in the body have different relationships with regional BMD in men and women that differ by age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Makovey
- Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Regidor E, Banegas JR, Gutiérrez-Fisac JL, Domínguez V, Rodríguez-Artalejo F. Influence of childhood socioeconomic circumstances, height, and obesity on pulse pressure and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in older people. J Hum Hypertens 2005; 20:73-82. [PMID: 16121198 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jhh.1001925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study assesses the association of childhood socioeconomic circumstances, height, and obesity with components of blood pressure. We selected 4009 people representative of the Spanish population aged 60 years and older, and estimated systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and pulse pressure (PP) according to childhood social class, height, and obesity. No association was found between childhood social class and blood pressure. SBP showed an inverse gradient and DBP a direct gradient with height, although an independent association between height and DBP was found only in women. Stature was independently associated with increased DBP in women with central obesity, but there was no association between height and DBP in women without central obesity. Short stature was independently associated with increased PP. Body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio were independently associated with increased DBP in women, and waist-to-hip ratio was independently associated with increased PP in men, while waist circumference was independently associated with increased DBP and increased PP in women. These results do not support the assumed effect of socioeconomic circumstances in early life on blood pressure, which may depend on the context and/or study population. The relations observed between height and blood pressure support the hypothesis that PP could be a mediator of the association between short stature and increased cardiovascular risk. The relationship between obesity measures and components of blood pressure reinforces the recommendation to reduce body weight in order to reduce blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Regidor
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Goya Wannamethee S, Gerald Shaper A, Whincup PH, Walker M. Overweight and obesity and the burden of disease and disability in elderly men. Int J Obes (Lond) 2004; 28:1374-82. [PMID: 15356666 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the prevalence of disease burden and disability associated with overweight and obesity in men aged 60-79 y and to assess whether the current WHO weight guidelines are appropriate in the elderly. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey 20 y after enrollment. SETTING General practices in 24 British towns. PARTICIPANTS In total, 4232 men aged 60-79 y (77% of survivors) with measured weight and height. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, prevalence of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, disability and regular medication. RESULTS In total, 17% of the men were obese (body mass index (BMI) >/=30 kg/m(2)) and a further 52% were overweight (BMI 25-29.9 kg/m(2)). Prevalence of hypertension, low HDL-cholesterol, high triglycerides and insulin resistance and the prevalence of most disease outcomes increased with increasing degrees of overweight/obesity. Men in the normal weight range (18.5-24.9 kg/m(2)) had the lowest prevalence of ill health. Compared with normal weight men, obese men showed a two-fold risk of major CVD (odds ratio (OR)=1.96, 95% CI 1.44-2.67) and locomotor disability (OR=2.26, 95% CI 1.66, 3.09) and were nearly three times as likely to have diabetes, CV interventions or to be on CV medication. Over 60% of the prevalence of high insulin resistance was attributable to overweight and obesity as was over a third of diabetes and hypertension, a quarter of locomotor disability and a fifth of major CVD. CONCLUSION In elderly men, overweight and obesity are associated with a significantly increased burden of disease, in particular CV-related disorders and disability. The current guidelines for overweight and obesity appear to be appropriate in elderly men.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Goya Wannamethee
- Department of Primary Care and Population Science, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK.
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Shen W, Wang Z, Punyanita M, Lei J, Sinav A, Kral JG, Imielinska C, Ross R, Heymsfield SB. Adipose tissue quantification by imaging methods: a proposed classification. OBESITY RESEARCH 2003; 11:5-16. [PMID: 12529479 PMCID: PMC1894646 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2003.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in imaging techniques and understanding of differences in the molecular biology of adipose tissue has rendered classical anatomy obsolete, requiring a new classification of the topography of adipose tissue. Adipose tissue is one of the largest body compartments, yet a classification that defines specific adipose tissue depots based on their anatomic location and related functions is lacking. The absence of an accepted taxonomy poses problems for investigators studying adipose tissue topography and its functional correlates. The aim of this review was to critically examine the literature on imaging of whole body and regional adipose tissue and to create the first systematic classification of adipose tissue topography. Adipose tissue terminology was examined in over 100 original publications. Our analysis revealed inconsistencies in the use of specific definitions, especially for the compartment termed "visceral" adipose tissue. This analysis leads us to propose an updated classification of total body and regional adipose tissue, providing a well-defined basis for correlating imaging studies of specific adipose tissue depots with molecular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shen
- Obesity Research Center, St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital and Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10025, USA.
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