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Yu L, Rios E, Castro L, Liu J, Yan Y, Dixon D. Genistein: Dual Role in Women's Health. Nutrients 2021; 13:3048. [PMID: 34578926 PMCID: PMC8472782 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced research in recent years has revealed the important role of nutrients in the protection of women's health and in the prevention of women's diseases. Genistein is a phytoestrogen that belongs to a class of compounds known as isoflavones, which structurally resemble endogenous estrogen. Genistein is most often consumed by humans via soybeans or soya products and is, as an auxiliary medicinal, used to treat women's diseases. In this review, we focused on analyzing the geographic distribution of soybean and soya product consumption, global serum concentrations of genistein, and its metabolism and bioactivity. We also explored genistein's dual effects in women's health through gathering, evaluating, and summarizing evidence from current in vivo and in vitro studies, clinical observations, and epidemiological surveys. The dose-dependent effects of genistein, especially when considering its metabolites and factors that vary by individuals, indicate that consumption of genistein may contribute to beneficial effects in women's health and disease prevention and treatment. However, consumption and exposure levels are nuanced because adverse effects have been observed at lower concentrations in in vitro models. Therefore, this points to the duplicity of genistein as a possible therapeutic agent in some instances and as an endocrine disruptor in others.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Darlene Dixon
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, Mechanistic Toxicology Branch (MTB), Division of the National Toxicology Program (DNTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA; (L.Y.); (E.R.); (L.C.); (J.L.); (Y.Y.)
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2
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Caponio GR, Wang DQH, Di Ciaula A, De Angelis M, Portincasa P. Regulation of Cholesterol Metabolism by Bioactive Components of Soy Proteins: Novel Translational Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010227. [PMID: 33379362 PMCID: PMC7794713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia represents one key pathophysiological factor predisposing to increasing risk of developing cardiovascular disease worldwide. Controlling plasma cholesterol levels and other metabolic risk factors is of paramount importance to prevent the overall burden of disease emerging from cardiovascular-disease-related morbidity and mortality. Dietary cholesterol undergoes micellization and absorption in the small intestine, transport via blood, and uptake in the liver. An important amount of cholesterol originates from hepatic synthesis, and is secreted by the liver into bile together with bile acids (BA) and phospholipids, with all forming micelles and vesicles. In clinical medicine, dietary recommendations play a key role together with pharmacological interventions to counteract the adverse effects of chronic hypercholesterolemia. Bioactive compounds may also be part of initial dietary plans. Specifically, soybean contains proteins and peptides with biological activity on plasma cholesterol levels and this property makes soy proteins a functional food. Here, we discuss how soy proteins modulate lipid metabolism and reduce plasma cholesterol concentrations in humans, with potential outcomes in improving metabolic- and dyslipidemia-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Rita Caponio
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy;
- Division of Internal Medicine Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - David Q.-H. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Agostino Di Ciaula
- Division of Internal Medicine Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Maria De Angelis
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.D.A.); (P.P.); Tel.: +39-080-5442949 (M.D.A.); +39-080-5478893 (P.P.)
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Division of Internal Medicine Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.D.A.); (P.P.); Tel.: +39-080-5442949 (M.D.A.); +39-080-5478893 (P.P.)
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3
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Jun SH, Shin WK, Kim Y. Association of Soybean Food Intake and Cardiometabolic Syndrome in Korean Women: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007 to 2011). Diabetes Metab J 2020; 44:143-157. [PMID: 31950771 PMCID: PMC7043982 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2019.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soybean food consumption has been considered as a possible way to lower incidence of cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS) among Asians. However, results from studies investigating its efficacy on CMS in Asians have been inconsistent. METHODS We analyzed the association between soybean intake frequency and prevalence of CMS based on data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007 to 2011. Data of 9,287 women aged 20 to 64 years were analyzed. Food frequency questionnaire was used to assess soybean food consumption frequency. General linear model and multivariable logistic regression model were used to examine the association of soybean intake quintile with CMS and its risk factors. Least square means of metabolic factors mostly showed no significant relevance except liver indexes. RESULTS Compared to participants in the 1st quintile (<2 times/week of soybean food), odds ratios (OR) for CMS and abdominal obesity (AO) in the 4th quintile (8.5 times/week<soybean food≤17 times/week) were 0.73 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57 to 0.95) and 0.72 (95% CI, 0.58 to 0.90), respectively. After excluding Tofu products, ORs of CMS, AO, high blood pressure, and hypertriglyceridemia were lower than those without excluding Tofu products. However, results still did not show significant inverse linear trend across frequency quintiles. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that soybean intake of 8.5 to 17 times/week was inversely associated with CMS in Korean women. The relation between soybean intake >17 times/week and CMS varied depending on soybean food items.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook Hyun Jun
- Department of Human Ecology, Graduate School of Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Kyoung Shin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Yookyung Kim
- Department of Human Ecology, Graduate School of Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
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Afifah DN, Nabilah N, Supraba GT, Pratiwi SN, Nuryanto, Sulchan M. The Effects of Tempeh Gembus, an Indonesian Fermented Food, on Lipid Profiles in Women with Hyperlipidemia. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401314666180807112549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Hyperlipidemia is the major precursor of lipid-related diseases. Consumption
of high fiber foods may decrease lipid profiles. The fiber content in tempeh gembus is three times
higher than regular tempeh.
Objective:
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of tempeh gembus on lipid profiles in
women with hyperlipidemia.
Methods:
This research used the quasi-experimental design with nonequivalent control group design.
Subjects were 41 women with hyperlipidemia, classified into 3 groups: control group, treatment group
1 given 103 g/day tempeh gembus, and treatment group 2 given 206 g/day tempeh gembus for 14 days.
All of the groups received nutrition education. Total cholesterol and HDL-C were determined by
CHOD-PAP method, triglyceride determined by enzymatic GPO-PAP method after subjects had been
fasting for approximately 10 hours. LDL-C was calculated by Friedewald equation.
Results:
These results showed that consumption of tempeh gembus 103 g/day and 206 g/day decreased
LDL-C 27.9% and 30.9% as well as decreased total cholesterol 17.7% and 19.8% respectively. However,
HDL-C increased 3.91% and 8.79% and triglyceride increased 2.3% and 3.1%. Tempeh gembus
given 206 g/day was more effective to decrease total cholesterol and LDL-C than 103 g/day.
Conclusion:
Increasing tempeh gembus consumption in women with hyperlipidemia should be addressed
to decrease LDL-C and total cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Nur Afifah
- Department of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Nida Nabilah
- Department of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Galuh Tamarasani Supraba
- Department of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Syafira Noor Pratiwi
- Department of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Nuryanto
- Department of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Mohammad Sulchan
- Department of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
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Mayo B, Vázquez L, Flórez AB. Equol: A Bacterial Metabolite from The Daidzein Isoflavone and Its Presumed Beneficial Health Effects. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092231. [PMID: 31527435 PMCID: PMC6770660 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data suggest that regular intake of isoflavones from soy reduces the incidence of estrogen-dependent and aging-associated disorders, such as menopause symptoms in women, osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Equol, produced from daidzein, is the isoflavone-derived metabolite with the greatest estrogenic and antioxidant activity. Consequently, equol has been endorsed as having many beneficial effects on human health. The conversion of daidzein into equol takes place in the intestine via the action of reductase enzymes belonging to incompletely characterized members of the gut microbiota. While all animal species analyzed so far produce equol, only between one third and one half of human subjects (depending on the community) are able to do so, ostensibly those that harbor equol-producing microbes. Conceivably, these subjects might be the only ones who can fully benefit from soy or isoflavone consumption. This review summarizes current knowledge on the microorganisms involved in, the genetic background to, and the biochemical pathways of, equol biosynthesis. It also outlines the results of recent clinical trials and meta-analyses on the effects of equol on different areas of human health and discusses briefly its presumptive mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baltasar Mayo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Lucía Vázquez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Ana Belén Flórez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
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Jakše B, Jakše B, Pajek M, Pajek J. Uric Acid and Plant-Based Nutrition. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081736. [PMID: 31357560 PMCID: PMC6722549 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-based diets (PBDs) are associated with decreased risk of morbidity and mortality associated with important noncommunicable chronic diseases. Similar to animal-based food sources (e.g., meat, fish, and animal visceral organs), some plant-based food sources (e.g., certain soy legume products, sea vegetables, and brassica vegetables) also contain a high purine load. Suboptimally designed PBDs might consequently be associated with increased uric acid levels and gout development. Here, we review the available data on this topic, with a great majority of studies showing reduced risk of hyperuricemia and gout with vegetarian (especially lacto-vegetarian) PBDs. Additionally, type of ingested purines, fiber, vitamin C, and certain lifestyle factors work in concordance to reduce uric acid generation in PBDs. Recent limited data show that even with an exclusive PBD, uric acid concentrations remain in the normal range in short- and long-term dieters. The reasonable consumption of plant foods with a higher purine content as a part of PBDs may therefore be safely tolerated in normouricemic individuals, but additional data is needed in hyperuricemic individuals, especially those with chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boštjan Jakše
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Maja Pajek
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Gortanova 22, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Pajek
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Zaloška 2, 1525 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Temprano-Vera F, Rodríguez-Navarro DN, Acosta-Jurado S, Perret X, Fossou RK, Navarro-Gómez P, Zhen T, Yu D, An Q, Buendía-Clavería AM, Moreno J, López-Baena FJ, Ruiz-Sainz JE, Vinardell JM. Sinorhizobium fredii Strains HH103 and NGR234 Form Nitrogen Fixing Nodules With Diverse Wild Soybeans ( Glycine soja) From Central China but Are Ineffective on Northern China Accessions. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2843. [PMID: 30519234 PMCID: PMC6258812 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sinorhizobium fredii indigenous populations are prevalent in provinces of Central China whereas Bradyrhizobium species (Bradyrhizobium japonicum, B. diazoefficiens, B. elkanii, and others) are more abundant in northern and southern provinces. The symbiotic properties of different soybean rhizobia have been investigated with 40 different wild soybean (Glycine soja) accessions from China, Japan, Russia, and South Korea. Bradyrhizobial strains nodulated all the wild soybeans tested, albeit efficiency of nitrogen fixation varied considerably among accessions. The symbiotic capacity of S. fredii HH103 with wild soybeans from Central China was clearly better than with the accessions found elsewhere. S. fredii NGR234, the rhizobial strain showing the broadest host range ever described, also formed nitrogen-fixing nodules with different G. soja accessions from Central China. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing an effective symbiosis between S. fredii NGR234 and G. soja. Mobilization of the S. fredii HH103 symbiotic plasmid to a NGR234 pSym-cured derivative (strain NGR234C) yielded transconjugants that formed ineffective nodules with G. max cv. Williams 82 and G. soja accession CH4. By contrast, transfer of the symbiotic plasmid pNGR234a to a pSym-cured derivative of S. fredii USDA193 generated transconjugants that effectively nodulated G. soja accession CH4 but failed to nodulate with G. max cv. Williams 82. These results indicate that intra-specific transference of the S. fredii symbiotic plasmids generates new strains with unpredictable symbiotic properties, probably due to the occurrence of new combinations of symbiotic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sebastian Acosta-Jurado
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes, Seville, Spain
| | - Xavier Perret
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Romain K Fossou
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pilar Navarro-Gómez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes, Seville, Spain
| | - Tao Zhen
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Deshui Yu
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qi An
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ana Maria Buendía-Clavería
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes, Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Moreno
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier López-Baena
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes, Seville, Spain
| | - Jose Enrique Ruiz-Sainz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes, Seville, Spain
| | - Jose Maria Vinardell
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes, Seville, Spain
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Rizzo G, Baroni L. Soy, Soy Foods and Their Role in Vegetarian Diets. Nutrients 2018; 10:E43. [PMID: 29304010 PMCID: PMC5793271 DOI: 10.3390/nu10010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Soy is a basic food ingredient of traditional Asian cuisine used for thousands of years. In Western countries, soybeans have been introduced about a hundred years ago and recently they are mainly used for surrogate foods production. Soy and soy foods are common nutritional solutions for vegetarians, due to their high protein content and versatility in the production of meat analogues and milk substitutes. However, there are some doubts about the potential effects on health, such as the effectiveness on cardiovascular risk reduction or, conversely, on the possible disruption of thyroid function and sexual hormones. The soy components that have stimulated the most research interest are isoflavones, which are polyphenols with estrogenic properties highly contained in soybeans. In this review, we discuss the characteristics of soy and soy foods, focusing on their nutrient content, including phytoestrogens and other bioactive substances that are noteworthy for vegetarians, the largest soy consumers in the Western countries. The safety of use will also be discussed, given the growing trend in adoption of vegetarian styles and the new soy-based foods availability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciana Baroni
- Primary Care Unit, Northern District, Local Health Unit 2, 31100 Treviso, Italy.
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Liu ZM, Ho S, Hao YT, Chen YM, Woo J, Wong SYS, He Q, Xie YJ, Tse LA, Chen B, Su XF, Lao XQ, Wong C, Chan R, Ling WH. Randomised controlled trial of effect of whole soy replacement diet on features of metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women: study protocol. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e012741. [PMID: 27678545 PMCID: PMC5051416 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a public health problem in postmenopausal women. Whole soy foods are rich in unsaturated fats, high quality plant protein and various bioactive phytochemicals that may have a beneficial role in the management of MetS. The aim of the study is to examine the effect of whole soy replacement diet on the features of MetS among postmenopausal women. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This will be a 12-month, randomised, single-blind, parallel controlled trial among 208 postmenopausal women at risk of MetS or with early MetS. After 4 weeks' run-in, subjects will be randomly allocated to one of two intervention groups, whole soy replacement group or control group, each for 12 months. Subjects in the whole soy group will be required to include four servings of whole soy foods (containing 25 g soy protein) into their daily diet iso-calorically, replacing red or processed meat and high fat dairy products. Subjects in the control group will remain on a usual diet. The outcome measures will include metabolic parameters as well as a 10-year risk for ischaemic cardiovascular disease. We hypothesise that the whole soy substitution diet will notably improve features of MetS in postmenopausal women at risk of MetS or with early MetS. The study will have both theoretical and practical significance. If proven effective, the application of the whole soy replacement diet model will be a safe, practical and economical strategy for MetS prevention and treatment. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval has been obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. The results will be disseminated via conference presentations and papers in academic peer reviewed journals. Data files will be deposited in an accessible repository. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02610322.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-min Liu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Suzanne Ho
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yuan-tao Hao
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-ming Chen
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jean Woo
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Samuel Yeung-shan Wong
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Qiqiang He
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Jie Xie
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lap Ah Tse
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Bailing Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-fen Su
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xiang-qian Lao
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Carmen Wong
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ruth Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wen-hua Ling
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Wocławek-Potocka I, Mannelli C, Boruszewska D, Kowalczyk-Zieba I, Waśniewski T, Skarżyński DJ. Diverse effects of phytoestrogens on the reproductive performance: cow as a model. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:650984. [PMID: 23710176 PMCID: PMC3655573 DOI: 10.1155/2013/650984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoestrogens, polyphenolic compounds derived from plants, are more and more common constituents of human and animal diets. In most of the cases, these chemicals are much less potent than endogenous estrogens but exert their biological effects via similar mechanisms of action. The most common source of phytoestrogen exposure to humans as well as ruminants is soybean-derived foods that are rich in the isoflavones genistein and daidzein being metabolized in the digestive tract to even more potent metabolites-para-ethyl-phenol and equol. Phytoestrogens have recently come into considerable interest due to the increasing information on their adverse effects in human and animal reproduction, increasing the number of people substituting animal proteins with plant-derived proteins. Finally, the soybean becomes the main source of protein in animal fodder because of an absolute prohibition of bone meal use for animal feeding in 1995 in Europe. The review describes how exposure of soybean-derived phytoestrogens can have adverse effects on reproductive performance in female adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Wocławek-Potocka
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10 Street, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Chiara Mannelli
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10 Street, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland
- Department of Life Sciences, Doctoral School in Life Sciences, University of Siena, Miniato via A. Moro 2 St., 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Dorota Boruszewska
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10 Street, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Ilona Kowalczyk-Zieba
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10 Street, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Tomasz Waśniewski
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Masuria, Zolnierska 14 C St., 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Dariusz J. Skarżyński
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10 Street, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland
- *Dariusz J. Skarżyński:
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11
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Liu ZM, Ho SC, Chen YM, Ho YP. The effects of isoflavones combined with soy protein on lipid profiles, C-reactive protein and cardiovascular risk among postmenopausal Chinese women. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 22:712-719. [PMID: 21429720 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Observational studies note that regular dietary soy protein intake (6-11 g day(-1)) has a significant association with lower blood lipids; however, these observations have not been confirmed by clinical trials. This study aimed to ascertain the effects of moderate intake of soy protein (15 g) with isoflavones or isoflavones alone on serum lipid profiles, inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein and uric acid) and composite cardiovascular risk in Chinese postmenopausal, prediabetic women. METHODS AND RESULTS A double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled trial was conducted among 180 postmenopausal Chinese women with prediabetes or early untreated diabetes, aged 46-70 years and, on average, 6.0 years since menopause. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the three arms to receive 15-g soy protein and 100-mg isoflavone (Soy group), or 15-g milk protein and 100 mg isoflavone (Iso group) or 15-g milk protein (placebo group) on a daily basis for 6 months. The results showed that no significant difference was observed in serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), triaclyglycerol (TG), high sensitive C-reactive protein and a composite 10-year cardiovascular risk between the three groups at both 3 and 6 months. Serum uric acid marginally increased by 1.22% in the Soy group and decreased by 4.28% and 4.82% in the Iso and placebo groups at 3 months (P = 0.087), but no difference was observed at 6 months (P = 0.264). CONCLUSION Soy protein with isoflavones or isoflavones alone at the provided dosage showed no significantly beneficial effects on measured cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal Chinese women with early hyperglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z-M Liu
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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12
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Consumers’ knowledge of food label information: an exploratory investigation in Potchefstroom, South Africa. Public Health Nutr 2012; 16:403-8. [DOI: 10.1017/s136898001200287x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveTo determine the ability of consumers to: locate and manipulate food label information; assess the accuracy of nutrient content claims and which health/nutrient claims are allowed; and identify symbols on food labels. Associations pertaining to use and knowledge regarding food label information were also determined for consumers from different demographic and related groups.DesignAn exploratory descriptive study was undertaken, employing a face-to-face survey focusing on demographic information, shopping behaviour, nutrition is important beliefs, label use, label knowledge and label preference and information sources.SettingSelected public locations in Potchefstroom in the North West Province of South Africa.SubjectsRespondents (n 229) complying with set inclusion criteria were recruited through purposive sampling.ResultsThe results indicated respondents’ general health and label awareness, as most of them (>80 %) could locate label information and identify symbols and specific nutrient content claims although only 53 % were able to calculate the number of servings. Nevertheless, an inability was found to assess the accuracy of some nutrient content claims and permissible health/nutrient claims. More educated, younger, Afrikaans- and English-speaking respondents seemed to be more knowledgeable regarding food label information.ConclusionsRespondents who were informed about nutrition were also informed about label information, while label reading practices resulted in label-influenced purchasing decisions. Educational programmes on food labels should start with nutritional background that could be implemented by consumers during label reading and purchasing decisions.
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Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to isolated soy protein and reduction of blood LDL-cholesterol concentrations pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Dini C, García MA, Viña SZ. Non-traditional flours: frontiers between ancestral heritage and innovation. Food Funct 2012; 3:606-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c2fo30036b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Crops that feed the World 2. Soybean—worldwide production, use, and constraints caused by pathogens and pests. Food Secur 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12571-010-0108-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Messina M, Messina V. The role of soy in vegetarian diets. Nutrients 2010; 2:855-88. [PMID: 22254060 PMCID: PMC3257705 DOI: 10.3390/nu2080855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 07/31/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Soyfoods have long been prized among vegetarians for both their high protein content and versatility. Soybeans differ markedly in macronutrient content from other legumes, being much higher in fat and protein, and lower in carbohydrate. In recent years however, soyfoods and specific soybean constituents, especially isoflavones, have been the subject of an impressive amount of research. Nearly 2,000 soy-related papers are published annually. This research has focused primarily on the benefits that soyfoods may provide independent of their nutrient content. There is particular interest in the role that soyfoods have in reducing risk of heart disease, osteoporosis and certain forms of cancer. However, the estrogen-like effects of isoflavones observed in animal studies have also raised concerns about potential harmful effects of soyfood consumption. This review addresses questions related to soy and chronic disease risk, provides recommendations for optimal intakes, and discusses potential contraindications. As reviewed, the evidence indicates that, with the exception of those individuals allergic to soy protein, soyfoods can play a beneficial role in the diets of vegetarians. Concerns about adverse effects are not supported by the clinical or epidemiologic literature. Based on the soy intake associated with health benefits in the epidemiologic studies and the benefits noted in clinical trials, optimal adult soy intake would appear to be between two and four servings per day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Messina
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Nutrition Matters, Inc., Port Townsend, WA 98368, USA;
| | - Virginia Messina
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Nutrition Matters, Inc., Port Townsend, WA 98368, USA;
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Kondo I, Funahashi K, Nakamura M, Ojima T, Yoshita K, Nakamura Y. Association between food group intake and serum total cholesterol in the Japanese population: NIPPON DATA 80/90. J Epidemiol 2010; 20 Suppl 3:S576-81. [PMID: 20351480 PMCID: PMC3920384 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20090227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary habit is one of the important determinants of health. Investigation of the association between diet and blood lipids at the food product level is more advantageous than that at the nutrient level because the results can be applied more directly to improving dietary habits for disease prevention. Methods The integrated datasets of the NIPPON DATA and National Nutrition Surveys in Japan conducted in 1980 and 1990 were used for analysis. The association between serum total cholesterol concentration and food group intake was examined by multiple linear regression analysis separately for sex and survey year with data adjusted for age, body mass index and total energy intake. Results Intakes of rice, sugar, sweets and snacks, fruit and vegetables other than green and yellow ones were lower and intakes of green and yellow vegetables, mushrooms, seaweed, eggs and milk were higher in the 1990 survey than in the 1980 survey. Intakes of meat, milk and eggs showed a positive association with serum total cholesterol concentration in both sexes while intake of legumes showed a negative association only in men in both the 1980 and 1990 surveys. Conclusions Sex- and age-specific food group intakes for 1980 and 1990 were identified, and positive and negative associations between serum total cholesterol concentration and food group intake were revealed in a representative sample of the Japanese population. The results provide some insights into the improvements in dietary habits that can be made for disease prevention in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imako Kondo
- Faculty of Health Promotional Sciences, Hamamatsu University, Shizuoka, Japan
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Jackson JC, Duodu KG, Holse M, Lima de Faria MD, Jordaan D, Chingwaru W, Hansen A, Cencic A, Kandawa-Schultz M, Mpotokwane SM, Chimwamurombe P, de Kock HL, Minnaar A. The morama bean (Tylosema esculentum): a potential crop for southern Africa. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2010; 61:187-246. [PMID: 21092905 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374468-5.00005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The morama bean is an underutilized leguminous oilseed native to the Kalahari Desert and neighboring sandy regions of Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa (Limpopo, North-West, Gauteng, and Northern Cape provinces), and forms part of the diet of the indigenous population in these countries. It is also known as gemsbok bean, moramaboontjie, elandboontjie, braaiboonjie, marama, marumana, tsi, tsin, gami, and ombanui. It is reported as an excellent source of good quality protein (29-39%); its oil (24-48%) is rich in mono- and di-unsaturated fatty acids and contains no cholesterol. Morama is a good source of micronutrients such as calcium, iron, zinc, phosphate, magnesium, and B vitamins including folate. It is also reported to be a potential source of phytonutrients including phenolic compounds (e.g., tannins), trypsin inhibitors, phytates, and oligosaccharides, components which have been shown in other foods to contribute to health in particular, prevention of noncommunicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and some cancers. From a nutritional and health perspective, the morama bean has potential commercial value as a cash crop and value-added products, particularly in the communities where it is found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose C Jackson
- Centre for Scientific Research, Indigenous Knowledge and Innovation (CESRIKI), University of Botswana, Botswana.
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Shidfar F, Ehramphosh E, Heydari I, Haghighi L, Hosseini S, Shidfar S. Effects of soy bean on serum paraoxonase 1 activity and lipoproteins in hyperlipidemic postmenopausal women. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2009; 60:195-205. [DOI: 10.1080/09637480701669463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Shidfar
- School of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Ehramphosh
- School of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iraj Heydari
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ladan Haghighi
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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BORODIN EA, MENSHIKOVA IG, DOROVSKIKH VA, FEOKTISTOVA NA, SHTARBERG MA, YAMAMOTO T, TAKAMATSU K, MORI H, YAMAMOTO S. Effects of Two-Month Consumption of 30 g a Day of Soy Protein Isolate or Skimmed Curd Protein on Blood Lipid Concentration in Russian Adults with Hyperlipidemia. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2009; 55:492-7. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.55.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Harland JI, Haffner TA. Systematic review, meta-analysis and regression of randomised controlled trials reporting an association between an intake of circa 25 g soya protein per day and blood cholesterol. Atherosclerosis 2008; 200:13-27. [PMID: 18534601 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the effect of a daily intake of circa 25 g soya protein on blood lipids in adults with normal or mildly elevated cholesterolaemia. METHODS Medline and other scientific databases were searched to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs); these were systematically reviewed against pre-determined criteria. Eligible RCTs evaluated the effect of 25 g (range 15-40 g) soya protein on measures of blood lipids. Results from RCTs were pooled using standard meta-analysis methods. RESULTS Thirty studies containing 42 treatment arms (n=2913), with an average soya protein intake of 26.9 g met the inclusion criteria. Soya protein inclusion led to reductions in standard difference in mean low density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol and blood triglycerides of 0.23 mmol/L (95% confidence interval (CI) -0.160 to -0.306, p<0.0001), 0.22 mmol/L (95% CI -0.142 to -0.291, p<0.0001) and 0.08 mmol/L (95% CI -0.004 to -0.158, p=0.04), respectively. There was no effect on mean difference in apolipoprotein A (ApoA), but ApoB was reduced by 0.021 g/L (p=0.01) in the soya group. Meta-regression analysis indicated no dose response relationship between soya protein intake in the range of 15-40 g and standard difference in LDL or HDL. All data were tested for heterogeneity and none identified. CONCLUSIONS The inclusion of modest amounts soya protein (ca. 25 g) into the diet of adults with normal or mild hypercholesterolaemia resulted in small, highly significant reductions in total and LDL cholesterol, equivalent to ca. 6% LDL reduction. This practically achievable intake, particularly when combined with other dietary measures, can make a useful contribution to blood cholesterol management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice I Harland
- HarlandHall Associates, The Stables, Ranbury Ring, London Road, Poulton, Cirencester, Glos GL7 5HN, UK.
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Weghuber D, Widhalm K. Effect of 3-month treatment of children and adolescents with familial and polygenic hypercholesterolaemia with a soya-substituted diet. Br J Nutr 2008; 99:281-6. [PMID: 17697400 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507807999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Soya protein has well-documented beneficial effects on serum lipid levels in adults, the potential beneficial effect of a prolonged soya protein-substituted diet in children and adolescents with familial (FH) and polygenic hypercholesterolaemia (PH) being unknown. To assess the effect of 3 months’ treatment of children and adolescents with FH and PH with a soya-substituted diet on serum lipids and lipoproteins, twenty-three children and adolescents were initially assigned to a standard phase 1 diet for 3 months, after which they were instructed to include soya protein (0·25–0·5 g/kg body weight) into their diet for 3 months. Sixteen patients (ten males and six females, thirteen with FH (eight males and five females), three with PH (two males and one female); mean age 8·8 (sd4·2) years (range 4–18 years); mean BMI 16·7 (sd2·6) kg/m2)) completed both phases. The phase 1 diet resulted in a significant reduction of total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol and apo B by 12·3, 11·8 and 10·6 %, respectively, HDL-cholesterol, TAG, apo A1 and lipoprotein(a) not being different. Dietary intake of soya protein during phase 2 resulted in a significant decrease of TC, LDL-cholesterol and apo B by 7·7, 6·4, and 12·6 %, respectively. TAG, HDL-cholesterol, apo A1, and lipoprotein(a) did not change significantly. Substitution of soya protein for animal protein in a low-fat, fat-modified diet is of additional benefit in many, but not all, children and adolescents with FH and PH when aiming at lowering serum TC, LDL and apo B. It seems to be a feasible long-term dietary lifestyle intervention and may grant additive benefit in the prevention of early vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Weghuber
- Department of Paediatrics, Paracelsus Private Medical School, Salzburg, Austria
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Sirtori CR, Anderson JW, Arnoldi A. Nutritional and nutraceutical considerations for dyslipidemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.2217/17460875.2.3.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Schryver T, Smith C, Wall M. Self-identities and BMI of Minnesotan soy consumers and non-consumers. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15:1101-6. [PMID: 17495186 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2007.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to identify self-identities among mainstream and natural foods shoppers and the relationship of these self-identities to soy consumption and BMI. We hypothesized that soy consumers (SCs) would have lower BMIs than non-consumers (NCs) and that persons who self-identify themselves as SCs, natural foods, organic foods, health conscious, whole foods consumers, and vegetarians would have higher intakes of soy. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES A validated soy foods frequency questionnaire was administered to 298 adult mainstream and natural foods grocery store shoppers in Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN. An additional survey gathered information on consumers' self-identification with several dietary and lifestyle descriptors. Principal component analysis was used to extract factors representing overarching self-identities. Correlation coefficients between derived scales for each factor and BMI and soy servings per week were generated using a Spearman correlation. One-way ANOVA was used to test significance between derived scales for factors and demographic variables and store type. Multiple regression models were used to test association between derived scales and BMI and soy servings per week while adjusting for demographic covariates. RESULTS Asians and those who shopped at natural food grocery stores consumed more soy foods and had lower BMIs than other ethnicities or those who shopped at mainstream grocery stores. Five overarching self-identities were found: vegetarian, mainstream, nouveau gourmet, pleasure, and bargain. Vegetarian and nouveau gourmet self-identities consumed significantly greater amounts of soy foods and had significantly lower BMIs, whereas mainstream self-identities consumed significantly less soy foods and had significantly higher BMIs. DISCUSSION Self-identities influence soy food consumption and BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Schryver
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Torres N, Torre-Villalvazo I, Tovar AR. Regulation of lipid metabolism by soy protein and its implication in diseases mediated by lipid disorders. J Nutr Biochem 2006; 17:365-73. [PMID: 16481155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2005] [Revised: 09/30/2005] [Accepted: 11/01/2005] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Soybeans have a high-quality protein that has been consumed for approximately 5000 years in Oriental countries. The awareness that soy products are healthy has increased their consumption in Western countries. Substantial data from epidemiological surveys and nutritional interventions in humans and animals indicate that soy protein reduces serum total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglycerides as well as hepatic cholesterol and triglycerides. This review examines the evidence on the possible mechanisms for which soy protein has beneficial effects in diabetes, obesity and some forms of chronic renal disease. Consumption of soy protein due to low methionine content reduces serum homocysteine concentration, decreasing the risk of acquiring a cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, soy protein reduces the insulin/glucagon ratio, which in turn down-regulates the expression of the hepatic transcription factor sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-1. The reduction of this factor decreases the expression of several lipogenic enzymes, decreasing in this way serum and hepatic triglycerides as well as LDL cholesterol and very LDL triglycerides in diabetes and obesity, reducing lipotoxicity in the liver. Soy protein intake also reduces hepatic lipotoxicity by maintaining the number of functional adipocytes, preventing the transfer of fatty acids to extra adipose tissues. Furthermore, soy protein isoflavones stimulate the transcription factor SREBP-2, increasing serum cholesterol clearance. The reduction of serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations by soy protein intake produces beneficial effects in the kidney preventing the inflammatory response, increasing the renal flow by releasing endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase from the caveolae, facilitating the synthesis of NO. Thus, soy protein consumption may reduce the clinical and biochemical abnormalities in diseases mediated by lipid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimbe Torres
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico, DF 14000, Mexico
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Messina M, Erdman JW. Need to establish threshold soy protein intake for cholesterol reduction. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81:942-3. [PMID: 15817878 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/81.4.942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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