1
|
Smith K, Watson AW, Lonnie M, Peeters WM, Oonincx D, Tsoutsoura N, Simon-Miquel G, Szepe K, Cochetel N, Pearson AG, Witard OC, Salter AM, Bennett M, Corfe BM. Meeting the global protein supply requirements of a growing and ageing population. Eur J Nutr 2024; 63:1425-1433. [PMID: 38430450 PMCID: PMC11329409 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-024-03358-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Human dietary patterns are a major cause of environmental transformation, with agriculture occupying ~ 50% of global land space, while food production itself is responsible for ~ 30% of all greenhouse gas emissions and 70% of freshwater use. Furthermore, the global population is also growing, such that by 2050, it is estimated to exceed ~ 9 billion. While most of this expansion in population is expected to occur in developing countries, in high-income countries there are also predicted changes in demographics, with major increases in the number of older people. There is a growing consensus that older people have a greater requirement for protein. With a larger and older population, global needs for protein are set to increase. This paper summarises the conclusions from a Rank Prize funded colloquium evaluating novel strategies to meet this increasing global protein need.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Smith
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Human Nutrition and Exercise Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Anthony W Watson
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Human Nutrition and Exercise Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Marta Lonnie
- The Rowett Institute, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Sloneczna 45F, Olsztyn, 10-718, Poland
| | - Wouter M Peeters
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Dennis Oonincx
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niki Tsoutsoura
- Division of Food, Nutrition & Dietetics and Future Food Beacon, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Genis Simon-Miquel
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Kamil Szepe
- Division of Food, Nutrition & Dietetics and Future Food Beacon, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- School of Life Sciences and Food Systems Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Noriane Cochetel
- Division of Food, Nutrition & Dietetics and Future Food Beacon, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Alice G Pearson
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Oliver C Witard
- Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew M Salter
- Division of Food, Nutrition & Dietetics and Future Food Beacon, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Malcom Bennett
- Division of Food, Nutrition & Dietetics and Future Food Beacon, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Bernard M Corfe
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Human Nutrition and Exercise Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lampová B, Doskočil I, Šmíd P, Kouřimská L. Comparison of Cricket Protein Powder and Whey Protein Digestibility. Molecules 2024; 29:3598. [PMID: 39125003 PMCID: PMC11313836 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
With the global population projected to reach nine billion by 2050, the search for alternative protein sources has become critical. This study evaluated the digestibility of cricket protein powder compared with that of whey protein powder. Cricket protein powder had a slightly lower protein content but higher fat content than whey protein powder. Although both contained all essential amino acids, their quantities varied. The most abundant essential amino acid was leucine in both samples. The essential amino acid index (EAAI) for cricket protein powder reached 79% when utilising crude protein for calculation. When using the amino acid sum calculation method, it increased by nearly 13%. The EAAI for whey protein was then 94% when calculated based on crude protein, with a slight increase observed when using the amino acid sum calculation method. Cricket protein exhibited a gradual increase in digestibility during intestinal digestion, reaching nearly 80%, whereas whey protein digestibility surpassed 97%. Despite the lower digestibility of cricket protein compared with whey protein, it remains sufficiently high for consideration as a valuable protein source. This study highlights the potential of cricket proteins and underscores the importance of assessing their protein content and digestibility in evaluating their nutritional value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Lampová
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.D.); (L.K.)
| | - Ivo Doskočil
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.D.); (L.K.)
| | - Petr Šmíd
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Lenka Kouřimská
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.D.); (L.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Monteyne AJ, West S, Stephens FB, Wall BT. Reconsidering the pre-eminence of dietary leucine and plasma leucinemia for predicting the stimulation of postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 120:7-16. [PMID: 38705358 PMCID: PMC11251220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The regulation of postprandial muscle protein synthesis (MPS) with or without physical activity has been an intensely studied area within nutrition and physiology. The leucine content of dietary protein and the subsequent plasma leucinemia it elicits postingestion is often considered the primary drivers of the postprandial MPS response. This concept, generally known as the leucine "trigger" hypothesis, has also been adopted within more applied aspects of nutrition. Our view is that recent evidence is driving a more nuanced picture of the regulation of postprandial MPS by revealing a compelling dissociation between ingested leucine or plasma leucinemia and the magnitude of the postprandial MPS response. Much of this lack of coherence has arisen as experimental progress has demanded relevant studies move beyond reliance on isolated amino acids and proteins to use increasingly complex protein-rich meals, whole foods, and mixed meals. Our overreliance on the centrality of leucine in this field has been reflected in 2 recent systematic reviews. In this perspective, we propose a re-evaluation of the pre-eminent role of these leucine variables in the stimulation of postprandial MPS. We view the development of a more complex intellectual framework now a priority if we are to see continued progress concerning the mechanistic regulation of postprandial muscle protein turnover, but also consequential from an applied perspective when evaluating the value of novel dietary protein sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Sam West
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lisboa HM, Nascimento A, Arruda A, Sarinho A, Lima J, Batista L, Dantas MF, Andrade R. Unlocking the Potential of Insect-Based Proteins: Sustainable Solutions for Global Food Security and Nutrition. Foods 2024; 13:1846. [PMID: 38928788 PMCID: PMC11203160 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The present review highlights the potential of insect-based proteins to address the growing need for sustainable and secure food systems. The key findings suggest that edible insects offer a viable and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional livestock, requiring significantly less land, water, and feed while emitting lower levels of greenhouse gases. Insect farming can also reduce waste and recycle nutrients, supporting circular economy models. Nutritionally, insects provide high-quality protein, essential amino acids, and beneficial fats, making them valuable to human diets. Despite these benefits, this review emphasizes the need for comprehensive regulatory frameworks to ensure food safety, manage potential allergenicity, and mitigate contamination risks from pathogens and environmental toxins. Additionally, developing innovative processing technologies can enhance the palatability and marketability of insect-based products, promoting consumer acceptance. This review concludes that with appropriate regulatory support and technological advancements, insect-based proteins have the potential to significantly contribute to global food security and sustainability efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo M. Lisboa
- Unidade Academica Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal Campina Grande, Av. Aprigio Veloso, 882, Campina Grande 58429-900, PB, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lampová B, Doskočil I, Kulma M, Kurečka M, Kouřimská L. Culinary treatments impact the digestibility and protein quality of edible insects: a case study with Tenebrio molitor and Gryllus assimilis. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1399827. [PMID: 38883861 PMCID: PMC11179427 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1399827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The escalating global population is anticipated to intensify the demand for high-quality proteins, necessitating the exploration of alternative protein sources. Edible insects are a promising solution, owing to their nutritional richness and sustainability. However, their digestibility and protein quality, particularly after culinary treatment, remains underexplored. In the present study, we investigated the effects of various culinary treatments on the protein digestibility of two insect species, Tenebrio molitor and Gryllus assimilis. Our findings revealed that culinary treatments such as boiling, roasting, drying, and microwave heating significantly influenced the digestibility of both insect species. Notably, drying emerged as the most effective method, leading to a substantial increase in digestibility. Furthermore, we assessed protein quality using the digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) and found that the choice of the calculation method significantly influenced the evaluation of protein quality. By including the sum of the anhydrous amino acids, we eliminated the potential overestimation of protein content and obtained a more reliable assessment of protein quality. Our results underscore the importance of culinary treatments and calculation methods in determining the suitability of insects as protein sources for human nutrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Lampová
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ivo Doskočil
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Kulma
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Michal Kurečka
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lenka Kouřimská
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Trommelen J, van Loon LJC. Quantification and interpretation of postprandial whole-body protein metabolism using stable isotope methodology: a narrative review. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1391750. [PMID: 38812936 PMCID: PMC11133538 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1391750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Stable isotopes are routinely applied to determine the impact of factors such as aging, disease, exercise, and feeding on whole-body protein metabolism. The most common approaches to quantify whole-body protein synthesis, breakdown, and oxidation rates and net protein balance are based on the quantification of plasma amino acid kinetics. In the postabsorptive state, plasma amino acid kinetics can easily be assessed using a constant infusion of one or more stable isotope labeled amino acid tracers. In the postprandial state, there is an exogenous, dietary protein-derived amino acid flux that needs to be accounted for. To accurately quantify both endogenous as well as exogenous (protein-derived) amino acid release in the circulation, the continuous tracer infusion method should be accompanied by the ingestion of intrinsically labeled protein. However, the production of labeled protein is too expensive and labor intensive for use in more routine research studies. Alternative approaches have either assumed that 100% of exogenous amino acids are released in the circulation or applied an estimated percentage based on protein digestibility. However, such estimations can introduce large artifacts in the assessment of whole-body protein metabolism. The preferred estimation approach is based on the extrapolation of intrinsically labeled protein-derived plasma bioavailability data obtained in a similar experimental design setting. Here, we provide reference data on exogenous plasma amino acid release that can be applied to allow a more accurate routine assessment of postprandial protein metabolism. More work in this area is needed to provide a more extensive reference data set.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luc J. C. van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Koopmans L, Spoelder M, Bongers CCWG, Eijsvogels TMH, Hopman MTE. The effect of lesser mealworm protein on exercise-induced muscle damage in active older adults: a randomized controlled trial. J Nutr Health Aging 2024; 28:100204. [PMID: 38460318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnha.2024.100204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We compared the effect of 12 weeks lesser mealworm-based (Alphitobius diaperinus) protein supplementation to whey protein and placebo supplementation on Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage (EIMD) after long-distance walking in older adults. METHODS in this randomized controlled trial, 70 physically active older adults (>60 years) were randomly allocated to the following groups: I) lesser mealworm protein, II) whey protein or III) iso-caloric placebo. Participants received supplements 11 weeks before and 1 week during a 3-day long-distance walking challenge (30-50 km per day). Blood concentrations of creatinine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), handgrip strength and muscle soreness were measured pre-exercise and directly after each walking bout. RESULTS Significant elevations of CK concentrations (103 [76-161] U/l to 758 [342-1104] U/l, p < 0.001) and LDH concentrations (202 [175-220] to 283 [252-339] U/l, p < 0.001) were observed following 7h45 min ± 11 min of walking exercise per day, but the magnitude of this effect did not differ among suppletion groups. Hand grip strength decreased significantly (p < 0.001) while muscle soreness increased (p = 0.002) after the first walking day compared to pre-exercise, with no group differences. CONCLUSION 12-weeks of lesser mealworm-based protein supplementation (30 g/day) does not attenuate exercise induced muscle damage in older adults following three days of prolonged walking exercise in comparison to placebo or whey protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Koopmans
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcia Spoelder
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud, The Netherlands
| | - Coen C W G Bongers
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; School of Sport and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs M H Eijsvogels
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria T E Hopman
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rivero-Pino F, Gonzalez-de la Rosa T, Montserrat-de la Paz S. Edible insects as a source of biopeptides and their role in immunonutrition. Food Funct 2024; 15:2789-2798. [PMID: 38441670 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo03901c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Many edible insect species are attracting the attention of the food industry and consumers in Western societies due to their high content and quality of protein, and consequently, the potential to be used as a more environmentally friendly dietary source could be beneficial for humans. On the other hand, prevention of inflammatory diseases using nutritional interventions is currently being proposed as a sustainable and cost-effective strategy to improve people's health. In this regard, finding bioactive compounds such as peptides with anti-inflammatory properties from sustainable sources (e.g., edible insects) is one area of particular interest, which might have a relevant role in immunonutrition. This review aims to summarize the recent literature on the discovery of immunomodulatory peptides through in vitro studies from edible insects, as well as to describe cell-based assays aiming to prove their bioactivity. On top of that, in vivo studies (i.e., animal and human), although scarce, have been mentioned in relation to the topic. In addition, the challenges and future perspectives related to edible-insect peptides and their role in immunonutrition are discussed. The amount of literature aiming to demonstrate the potential immunomodulatory activity of edible-insect peptides is scarce but promising. Different approaches have been employed, especially cell assays and animal studies employing insect meal as supplementation in the diet. Insects such as Tenebrio molitor or Gryllodes sigillatus are some of the most studied and have demonstrated to contain bioactive peptides. Further investigations, mostly with humans, are needed in order to clearly state that peptides from edible insects may contribute to the modulation of the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Rivero-Pino
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Av. Sanchez Pizjuan s/n, 41009, Seville, Spain.
| | - Teresa Gonzalez-de la Rosa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Av. Sanchez Pizjuan s/n, 41009, Seville, Spain.
| | - Sergio Montserrat-de la Paz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Av. Sanchez Pizjuan s/n, 41009, Seville, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Habumugisha T, Engebretsen IMS, Måren IE, Kaiser CWM, Dierkes J. Reducing meat and/or dairy consumption in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of effects on protein intake, anthropometric values, and body composition. Nutr Rev 2024; 82:277-301. [PMID: 37236631 PMCID: PMC10859689 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Consumers are increasingly encouraged to reduce meat and dairy consumption. However, few meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effect of reducing meat and/or dairy on (absolute) protein intake, anthropometric values, and body composition are available. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of reducing meat and/or dairy consumption on (absolute) protein intake, anthropometric values, and body composition in adults aged ≥ 45 years. DATA SOURCES The MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, and International Clinical Trials Registry Platform databases were searched up to November 24, 2021. DATA EXTRACTION Randomized controlled trials reporting protein intake, anthropometric values, and body composition were included. DATA ANALYSIS Data were pooled using random-effects models and expressed as the mean difference (MD) with 95%CI. Heterogeneity was assessed and quantified using Cochran's Q and I2 statistics. In total, 19 RCTs with a median duration of 12 weeks (range, 4-24 weeks) and a total enrollment of 1475 participants were included. Participants who consumed meat- and/or dairy-reduced diets had a significantly lower protein intake than those who consumed control diets (9 RCTs; MD, -14 g/d; 95%CI, -20 to -8; I2 = 81%). Reducing meat and/or dairy consumption had no significant effect on body weight (14 RCTs; MD, -1.2 kg; 95%CI, -3 to 0.7; I2 = 12%), body mass index (13 RCTs; MD, -0.3 kg/m2; 95%CI, -1 to 0.4; I2 = 34%), waist circumference (9 RCTs; MD, -0.5 cm; 95%CI, -2.1 to 1.1; I2 = 26%), amount of body fat (8 RCTs; MD, -1.0 kg; 95%CI, -3.0 to 1.0; I2 = 48%), or lean body mass (9 RCTs; MD, -0.4 kg; 95%CI, -1.5 to 0.7; I2 = 0%). CONCLUSION Reduction of meat and/or dairy appears to reduce protein intake. There is no evidence of a significant impact on anthropometric values or body composition. More long-term intervention studies with defined amounts of meat and dairy are needed to investigate the long-term effects on nutrient intakes and health outcomes. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no. CRD42020207325.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theogene Habumugisha
- Centre for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Nutrition, Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Jutta Dierkes
- Centre for Nutrition, Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
López-Gámez G, Del Pino-García R, López-Bascón MA, Verardo V. From feed to functionality: Unravelling the nutritional composition and techno-functional properties of insect-based ingredients. Food Res Int 2024; 178:113985. [PMID: 38309922 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.113985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in using insects as a sustainable resource for biorefinery processes. This emerging field aims to convert insect biomass into valuable products while minimizing waste. The integration of emerging green technologies and the efficient extraction of high-value compounds from insects offer promising avenues for addressing the growing demand for sustainable food production and resource utilization. The review examines the impact of dietary modifications on the nutritional profile of insects. It highlights the potential for manipulating insect feed to optimize protein quality, amino acid profile, lipid content and fatty acid composition. Additionally, innovative green processing technologies such as ultrasound, high pressure processing, pulsed electric fields, cold plasma and enzymatic hydrolysis are discussed for their ability to enhance the extraction and techno-functional properties of insect-based ingredients. The review finds that dietary modifications can impact the nutritional composition of insects, allowing the customization of their nutrient content. By optimizing the insect feed, it is possible to increase the quantity and improve the quality of essential nutrients like proteins or lipids in the derived ingredients. Moreover, alternative processing technologies can improve the techno-functional properties (e.g., solubility, water and oil holding capacities, among others) of insect-based ingredients by modifying proteins' conformation. By harnessing these strategies, researchers and industry professionals can unlock the full potential of insects as a sustainable and nutritional food source, paving the way for innovative insect-based food products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gloria López-Gámez
- Research and Development of Functional Food Center (CIDAF), Avda. del Conocimiento, 37, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Raquel Del Pino-García
- Research and Development of Functional Food Center (CIDAF), Avda. del Conocimiento, 37, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - María Asunción López-Bascón
- Research and Development of Functional Food Center (CIDAF), Avda. del Conocimiento, 37, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Vito Verardo
- Research and Development of Functional Food Center (CIDAF), Avda. del Conocimiento, 37, 18016 Granada, Spain; Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Campus of Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology 'José Mataix', Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Avda. Conocimiento s/n, 18100 Granada, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kolobe SD, Manyelo TG, Malematja E, Sebola NA, Mabelebele M. Fats and major fatty acids present in edible insects utilised as food and livestock feed. Vet Anim Sci 2023; 22:100312. [PMID: 37736572 PMCID: PMC10509705 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2023.100312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Common food sources including meat, fish and vegetables are the main source of fats and fatty acids required by human body. Edible insects such as worms, locusts, termites, crickets and flies have also been identified as a potential source of essential fatty acids since they are highly documented to be rich in unsaturated fatty acids such as α-linolenic and linoleic acids which are vital for the normal functioning of the body. The approval of insects as edible food by the European Union has sparked research interest in their potential to form part of human and animal diets due to their abundant protein, amino acids, fats, and minerals. However, little attention has been given to the importance and health benefits of lipids and fatty acids present in edible insects consumed by human and animals. This article aims to review the biological significance of essential fatty acids found in edible insects. The accumulation of fats and essential fatty acids present in edible insects were identified and described based on recommended levels required in human diets. Furthermore, the health benefits associated with insect oils as well as different processing techniques that could influence the quality of fats and fatty acid in edible insects were discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sekobane Daniel Kolobe
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, 1710, South Africa
| | - Tlou Grace Manyelo
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, 1710, South Africa
| | - Emmanuel Malematja
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, 1710, South Africa
| | - Nthabiseng Amenda Sebola
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, 1710, South Africa
| | - Monnye Mabelebele
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, 1710, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Roberts MD, Moulding B, Forbes SC, Candow DG. Evidence-based nutritional approaches to enhance exercise adaptations. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2023; 26:514-520. [PMID: 37650704 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this opinion paper is to provide current-day and evidence-based information regarding dietary supplements that support resistance training adaptations or acutely enhance strength-power or endurance performance. RECENT FINDINGS Several independent lines of evidence support that higher protein diets, which can be readily achieved through animal-based protein supplements, optimize muscle mass during periods of resistance training, and this likely facilitates strength increases. Creatine monohydrate supplementation and peri-exercise caffeine consumption also enhance strength and power through distinct mechanisms. Supplements that favorably affect aspects of endurance performance include peri-exercise caffeine, nitrate-containing supplements (e.g., beet root juice), and sodium bicarbonate consumption. Further, beta-alanine supplementation can enhance high-intensity endurance exercise efforts. SUMMARY Select dietary supplements can enhance strength and endurance outcomes, and take-home recommendations will be provided for athletes and practitioners aiming to adopt these strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Blake Moulding
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Morgan PT, Witard OC, Højfeldt G, Church DD, Breen L. Dietary protein recommendations to support healthy muscle ageing in the 21st century and beyond: considerations and future directions. Proc Nutr Soc 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37818636 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665123003750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
This review explores the evolution of dietary protein intake requirements and recommendations, with a focus on skeletal muscle remodelling to support healthy ageing based on presentations at the 2023 Nutrition Society summer conference. In this review, we describe the role of dietary protein for metabolic health and ageing muscle, explain the origins of protein and amino acid (AA) requirements and discuss current recommendations for dietary protein intake, which currently sits at about 0⋅8 g/kg/d. We also critique existing (e.g. nitrogen balance) and contemporary (e.g. indicator AA oxidation) methods to determine protein/AA intake requirements and suggest that existing methods may underestimate requirements, with more contemporary assessments indicating protein recommendations may need to be increased to >1⋅0 g/kg/d. One example of evolution in dietary protein guidance is the transition from protein requirements to recommendations. Hence, we discuss the refinement of protein/AA requirements for skeletal muscle maintenance with advanced age beyond simply the dose (e.g. source, type, quality, timing, pattern, nutrient co-ingestion) and explore the efficacy and sustainability of alternative protein sources beyond animal-based proteins to facilitate skeletal muscle remodelling in older age. We conclude that, whilst a growing body of research has demonstrated that animal-free protein sources can effectively stimulate and support muscle remodelling in a manner that is comparable to animal-based proteins, food systems need to sustainably provide a diversity of both plant and animal source foods, not least for their protein content but other vital nutrients. Finally, we propose some priority research directions for the field of protein nutrition and healthy ageing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Morgan
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, 99 Oxford Road, Manchester M1 7EL, UK
| | - Oliver C Witard
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Grith Højfeldt
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David D Church
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wilkinson K, Koscien CP, Monteyne AJ, Wall BT, Stephens FB. Association of postprandial postexercise muscle protein synthesis rates with dietary leucine: A systematic review. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15775. [PMID: 37537134 PMCID: PMC10400406 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary protein ingestion augments post (resistance) exercise muscle protein synthesis (MPS) rates. It is thought that the dose of leucine ingested within the protein (leucine threshold hypothesis) and the subsequent plasma leucine variables (leucine trigger hypothesis; peak magnitude, rate of rise, and total availability) determine the magnitude of the postprandial postexercise MPS response. METHODS A quantitative systematic review was performed extracting data from studies that recruited healthy adults, applied a bout of resistance exercise, ingested a bolus of protein within an hour of exercise, and measured plasma leucine concentrations and MPS rates (delta change from basal). RESULTS Ingested leucine dose was associated with the magnitude of the MPS response in older, but not younger, adults over acute (0-2 h, r2 = 0.64, p = 0.02) and the entire postprandial (>2 h, r2 = 0.18, p = 0.01) period. However, no single plasma leucine variable possessed substantial predictive capacity over the magnitude of MPS rates in younger or older adults. CONCLUSION Our data provide support that leucine dose provides predictive capacity over postprandial postexercise MPS responses in older adults. However, no threshold in older adults and no plasma leucine variable was correlated with the magnitude of the postexercise anabolic response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiera Wilkinson
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Christopher P. Koscien
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Alistair J. Monteyne
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Benjamin T. Wall
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Francis B. Stephens
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Malla N, Nørgaard JV, Roos N. Protein quality of edible insects in the view of current assessment methods. Anim Front 2023; 13:50-63. [PMID: 37583798 PMCID: PMC10425142 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfad015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Navodita Malla
- Department of Nutrition Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jan V Nørgaard
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Rolighedsvej, Denmark
| | - Nanna Roos
- Department of Nutrition Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cunha N, Andrade V, Ruivo P, Pinto P. Effects of Insect Consumption on Human Health: A Systematic Review of Human Studies. Nutrients 2023; 15:3076. [PMID: 37513494 PMCID: PMC10386438 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects have been consumed as food in diverse cultures worldwide, gaining recognition as a sustainable and nutritious food source. This systematic review aims to update information on the impact of insect consumption on human health based on human randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and allergenicity assessment studies. Following PRISMA guidelines, studies published in the last 10 years were analyzed. From one-thousand and sixty-three retrieved references, nine RCTs and five allergenicity studies were analyzed. Post-prandial amino acid levels increased after insect protein consumption. In comparison with other protein sources, insect protein showed no significant differences in the area under the curve (AUC) values for essential amino acids but tended to have lower peaks and peak later. In terms of muscle protein synthesis, there were no significant differences between insect protein and other protein sources. Glucose levels did not differ; however, insulin levels were lower after the consumption of insect-based products. The effects on inflammatory markers and microbiota composition were inconclusive and the studies did not show significant effects on appetite regulation. Allergenicity assessments revealed a sensitisation and cross-reactivity between insect allergens and known allergens. A partial reduction of cross-allergenicity was observed via thermal processing. Insect protein is an adequate protein source with promising health benefits; however, further research is needed to fully understand its potential and optimise its inclusion into the human diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nair Cunha
- Escola Superior Agraria, Instituto Politécnico de Santarém, 2001-904 Santarém, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), IPSantarem/IPLeiria, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Vanda Andrade
- Escola Superior Agraria, Instituto Politécnico de Santarém, 2001-904 Santarém, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), IPSantarem/IPLeiria, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Paula Ruivo
- Escola Superior Agraria, Instituto Politécnico de Santarém, 2001-904 Santarém, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), IPSantarem/IPLeiria, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Paula Pinto
- Escola Superior Agraria, Instituto Politécnico de Santarém, 2001-904 Santarém, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), IPSantarem/IPLeiria, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hammer L, Moretti D, Abbühl-Eng L, Kandiah P, Hilaj N, Portmann R, Egger L. Mealworm larvae ( Tenebrio molitor) and crickets ( Acheta domesticus) show high total protein in vitro digestibility and can provide good-to-excellent protein quality as determined by in vitro DIAAS. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1150581. [PMID: 37465141 PMCID: PMC10350632 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1150581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Edible insects, such as mealworms (Tenebrio molitor larvae; TM) and crickets (Acheta domesticus; AD), are a sustainable, protein-dense novel food with a favorable amino acid profile, which might be an alternative to animal proteins. To assess the protein quality of TM and AD, we assessed the digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS), considering individual amino acids and their ileal amino acid digestibility, using an in vitro model based on the INFOGEST digestion protocol. In addition, we evaluated if various processing and food preparation steps influenced the in vitro digestibility of individual amino acids and the in vitro DIAAS values of TM and AD and compared them to chicken breast as a reference of excellent protein quality. The total protein in vitro digestibility ranged from 91 to 99% for TM and from 79 to 93% for AD and was negatively affected by oven-drying and, to a lesser extent, by chitin-reduction. The in vitro DIAAS values were 113, 89, and 92 for chicken, blanched TM, and blanched AD, respectively, when considering the indispensable amino acid (IAA) requirements of young children between 6 months and 3 years. Across different processing and food preparation methods, the in vitro DIAAS values ranged between 59 and 89 for TM and between 40 and 92 for AD, with the lowest values found in chitin-reduced insects. Due to their similarities to chicken regarding protein composition, total protein in vitro digestibility, and in vitro DIAAS values, TM and AD might be an alternative to traditional animal proteins, provided that suitable processing and food preparation methods are applied. Our in vitro DIAAS results suggest that TM and AD can thus be considered good-quality protein sources for children older than 6 months. The DIAAS calculations are currently based on crude protein (total nitrogen × 6.25), resulting in an overestimation of insect protein content, and leading to an underestimation and potential misclassification of protein quality. The in vitro model applied in this study is a valuable tool for product development to optimize the protein quality of edible insects. Further studies are required to assess the in vivo DIAAS of insects in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laila Hammer
- Agroscope Liebefeld-Posieux, Berne, Switzerland
- Department of Health, Swiss Distant University of Applied Sciences (FFHS), Brig, Switzerland
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Diego Moretti
- Department of Health, Swiss Distant University of Applied Sciences (FFHS), Brig, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Nikolin Hilaj
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Human Nutrition Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Lotti Egger
- Agroscope Liebefeld-Posieux, Berne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Qian L, Chen BJ, Gui FR, Qin Y, Deng P, Liao HJ. Nutritional and Feeding Adaptability of Clanis bilineata tsingtauica Larvae to Different Cultivars of Soybean, ( Glycine max). Foods 2023; 12:foods12081721. [PMID: 37107517 PMCID: PMC10137361 DOI: 10.3390/foods12081721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The larvae of Clanis bilineata tsingtauica, a special species of Chinese edible insect, are of great nutritional, medicinal and economic value to humans. This study aimed to clarify the effect of different soybean varieties (Guandou-3 (G3), Ruidou-1 (R1), September cold (SC)) on the nutritional quality and feeding selection behavior of C. bilineata tsingtauica larvae. The results showed that soybean isoleucine (Ile) and phenylalanine (Phe) were positively correlated with larval host selection (HS) and protein content. The order of soybean plants selected by C. bilineata tsingtauica larvae was R1 > SC > G3, and they selected R1 significantly higher than SC and G3 by 50.55% and 109.01%, respectively. The protein content of the larvae fed on R1 was also the highest among the three cultivars. In addition, a total of 17 volatiles belonging to 5 classes were detected from soybeans: aldehydes, esters, alcohols, ketones, and heterocyclic compounds. Pearson's analysis showed that soybean methyl salicylate was positively correlated with larval HS and their protein content, and soybean 3-octenol was negatively correlated with larval HS and their palmitic acid content. In conclusion, C. bilineata tsingtauica larvae are more adapted to R1 than to the other two soybean species. This study provides a theoretical basis for the production of more protein-rich C. bilineata tsingtauica in the food industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qian
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Bo-Jian Chen
- College of Haide, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Fu-Rong Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yi Qin
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Pan Deng
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Huai-Jian Liao
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lanng SK, Oxfeldt M, Pedersen SS, Johansen FT, Risikesan J, Lejel T, Bertram HC, Hansen M. Influence of protein source (cricket, pea, whey) on amino acid bioavailability and activation of the mTORC1 signaling pathway after resistance exercise in healthy young males. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:1295-1308. [PMID: 36536114 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-03071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE New dietary proteins are currently introduced to replace traditional animal protein sources. However, not much is known about their bioaccessibility and ability to stimulate muscle protein synthesis compared to the traditional protein sources. We aimed to compare effects of ingesting a protein bolus (0.25 g/kg fat free mass) of either cricket (insect), pea, or whey protein on circulating amino acid levels and activation of the mTORC1 signaling pathway in the skeletal muscle at rest and after exercise. METHODS In a randomized parallel controlled trial, young males (n = 50) performed a one-legged resistance exercise followed by ingestion of one of the three protein sources. Blood samples were collected before and in the following 4 h after exercise. Muscle biopsies were obtained at baseline and after 3 h from the non-exercised and exercised leg. RESULTS Analysis of blood serum showed a significantly higher concentration of amino acids after ingestion of whey protein compared to cricket and pea protein. No difference between protein sources in activation of the mTORC1 signaling pathway was observed either at rest or after exercise. CONCLUSION Amino acid blood concentration after protein ingestion was higher for whey than pea and cricket protein, whereas activation of mTORC1 signaling pathway at rest and after exercise did not differ between protein sources. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Clinicaltrials.org ID NCT04633694.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Kaas Lanng
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
- CiFOOD, Centre for Innovative Food Research, Aarhus University, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Oxfeldt
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jeyanthini Risikesan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Diabetes and Hormones Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Trine Lejel
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Regional Hospital Horsens, 8700, Horsens, Denmark
| | - Hanne Christine Bertram
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
- CiFOOD, Centre for Innovative Food Research, Aarhus University, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Mette Hansen
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pinckaers PJM, Kouw IWK, Gorissen SHM, Houben LHP, Senden JM, Wodzig WKHW, de Groot LCPGM, Verdijk LB, Snijders T, van Loon LJC. The Muscle Protein Synthetic Response to the Ingestion of a Plant-Derived Protein Blend Does Not Differ from an Equivalent Amount of Milk Protein in Healthy Young Males. J Nutr 2023; 152:2734-2743. [PMID: 36170964 PMCID: PMC9839989 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant-derived proteins are considered to have lesser anabolic properties when compared with animal-derived proteins. The attenuated rise in muscle protein synthesis rates following ingestion of plant-derived compared with animal-derived protein has been, at least partly, attributed to deficiencies in specific amino acids such as leucine, lysine, and/or methionine. Combining different plant-derived proteins could provide plant-derived protein blends with a more balanced amino acid profile. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to compare postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates following the ingestion of 30 g milk protein with a 30 g blend combining wheat, corn, and pea protein in healthy young men. METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group design, 24 young males (aged 24 ± 4 y) received a primed continuous l-[ring-13C6]-phenylalanine infusion after which they ingested 30 g milk protein (MILK) or a 30 g plant-derived protein blend combining 15 g wheat, 7.5 g corn, and 7.5 g pea protein (PLANT-BLEND). Blood and muscle biopsies were collected frequently for 5 h to assess postprandial plasma amino acid profiles (secondary outcome) and subsequent muscle protein synthesis rates (primary outcome). Data were analyzed by 2-factor repeated measures ANOVA and 2-samples t tests. RESULTS MILK increased plasma essential amino acid concentrations more than PLANT-BLEND over the 5 h postprandial period (incremental AUC = 151 ± 31 compared with 79 ± 12 mmol·300 min·L-1, respectively; P < 0.001). Ingestion of both MILK and PLANT-BLEND increased myofibrillar protein synthesis rates (P < 0.001), with no significant differences between treatments (0.053 ± 0.013%/h and 0.064 ± 0.016%/h, respectively; P = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS Ingestion of 30 g plant-derived protein blend combining wheat-, corn-, and pea-derived protein increases muscle protein synthesis rates in healthy young males. The muscle protein synthetic response to the ingestion of 30 g of this plant-derived protein blend does not differ from the ingestion of an equivalent amount of a high-quality animal-derived protein.Clinical trial registry number for Nederlands Trial Register: NTR6548 (https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=NTR6548).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe J M Pinckaers
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Imre W K Kouw
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan H M Gorissen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisanne H P Houben
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joan M Senden
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Will K H W Wodzig
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette C P G M de Groot
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition & Health, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Snijders
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
van der Heijden I, Monteyne AJ, Stephens FB, Wall BT. Alternative dietary protein sources to support healthy and active skeletal muscle aging. Nutr Rev 2023; 81:206-230. [PMID: 35960188 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To mitigate the age-related decline in skeletal muscle quantity and quality, and the associated negative health outcomes, it has been proposed that dietary protein recommendations for older adults should be increased alongside an active lifestyle and/or structured exercise training. Concomitantly, there are growing environmental concerns associated with the production of animal-based dietary protein sources. The question therefore arises as to where this dietary protein required for meeting the protein demands of the rapidly aging global population should (or could) be obtained. Various non-animal-derived protein sources possess favorable sustainability credentials, though much less is known (compared with animal-derived proteins) about their ability to influence muscle anabolism. It is also likely that the anabolic potential of various alternative protein sources varies markedly, with the majority of options remaining to be investigated. The purpose of this review was to thoroughly assess the current evidence base for the utility of alternative protein sources (plants, fungi, insects, algae, and lab-grown "meat") to support muscle anabolism in (active) older adults. The solid existing data portfolio requires considerable expansion to encompass the strategic evaluation of the various types of dietary protein sources. Such data will ultimately be necessary to support desirable alterations and refinements in nutritional guidelines to support healthy and active aging, while concomitantly securing a sustainable food future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ino van der Heijden
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hermans WJ, Fuchs CJ, Nyakayiru J, Hendriks FK, Houben LH, Senden JM, van Loon LJ, Verdijk LB. Acute Quark Ingestion Increases Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates at Rest with a Further Increase after Exercise in Young and Older Adult Males in a Parallel-Group Intervention Trial. J Nutr 2023; 153:66-75. [PMID: 36913480 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ingestion of protein concentrates or isolates increases muscle protein synthesis rates in young and older adults. There is far less information available on the anabolic response following the ingestion of dairy wholefoods, which are commonly consumed in a normal diet. OBJECTIVES This study investigates whether ingestion of 30 g protein provided as quark increases muscle protein synthesis rates at rest and whether muscle protein synthesis rates are further increased after resistance exercise in young and older adult males. METHODS In this parallel-group intervention trial, 14 young (18-35 y) and 15 older (65-85 y) adult males ingested 30 g protein provided as quark after a single-legged bout of resistance exercise on leg press and leg extension machines. Primed, continuous intravenous L-[ring-13C6]-phenylalanine infusions were combined with the collection of blood and muscle tissue samples to assess postabsorptive and 4-h postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates at rest and during recovery from exercise. Data represent means ± SDs; η2 was used to measure the effect size. RESULTS Plasma total amino acid and leucine concentrations increased after quark ingestion in both groups (both time: P < 0.001; η2 > 0.8), with no differences between groups (time × group: P = 0.127 and P = 0.172, respectively; η2<0.1). Muscle protein synthesis rates increased following quark ingestion at rest in both young (from 0.030 ± 0.011 to 0.051 ± 0.011 %·h-1) and older adult males (from 0.036 ± 0.011 to 0.062 ± 0.013 %·h-1), with a further increase in the exercised leg (to 0.071 ± 0.023 %·h-1 and to 0.078 ± 0.019 %·h-1, respectively; condition: P < 0.001; η2 = 0.716), with no differences between groups (condition × group: P = 0.747; η2 = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS Quark ingestion increases muscle protein synthesis rates at rest with a further increase following exercise in both young and older adult males. The postprandial muscle protein synthetic response following quark ingestion does not differ between healthy young and older adult males when an ample amount of protein is ingested. This trial was registered at the Dutch Trial register, which is accessible via trialsearch.who.int www.trialregister.nl as NL8403.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Jh Hermans
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Cas J Fuchs
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Floris K Hendriks
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Lisanne Hp Houben
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joan M Senden
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Luc Jc van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rivera-Jiménez J, Berraquero-García C, Pérez-Gálvez R, García-Moreno PJ, Espejo-Carpio FJ, Guadix A, Guadix EM. Peptides and protein hydrolysates exhibiting anti-inflammatory activity: sources, structural features and modulation mechanisms. Food Funct 2022; 13:12510-12540. [PMID: 36420754 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02223k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is the response of the immune system to harmful stimuli such as tissue injury, infection or toxic chemicals, which has the aim of eliminating irritants or pathogenic microorganisms and enhancing tissue repair. Uncontrolled long-lasting acute inflammation can gradually progress to chronic, causing a variety of chronic inflammatory diseases that are usually treated with anti-inflammatory drugs, but most of them are inadequate to control chronic responses and are also associated with adverse side effects. Thus, many efforts are being directed to develop alternative and more selective anti-inflammatory therapies from natural products. One main field of interest is the obtaining of bioactive peptides exhibiting anti-inflammatory activity from sustainable protein sources like edible insects or agroindustry and fishing by-products. This work highlighted the structure-activity relationship of anti-inflammatory peptides. Small peptides with molecular weight under 1 kDa and amino acid chain length between 2 to 20 residues are generally the most active because of the higher probability to be absorbed in the intestine and penetrate into cells when compared with the larger size peptides. The presence of hydrophobic (Val, Ile, Pro) and positively charged (His, Arg, Lys) amino acids is another common occurrence for anti-inflammatory peptides. Interestingly, a high percentage (77%) of these bioactive peptides can be found in alternative sustainable protein sources such as Tenebrio molitor or sunflower, apart from its original protein source. However, not all of these peptides with anti-inflammatory potential in vitro achieve good scores by the in silico bioactivity predictors studied. Therefore, it is essential to implement current bioinformatics tools, in order to complement in vitro experiments with prior prediction of potential bioactive peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rivera-Jiménez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | | | - Raúl Pérez-Gálvez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | | | | | - Antonio Guadix
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Emilia M Guadix
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fuchs CJ, Hermans WJ, Smeets JS, Senden JM, van Kranenburg J, Gorissen SH, Burd NA, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJ. Raw Eggs To Support Postexercise Recovery in Healthy Young Men: Did Rocky Get It Right or Wrong? J Nutr 2022; 152:2376-2386. [PMID: 36774104 PMCID: PMC9644172 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Egg protein is ingested during recovery from exercise to facilitate the postexercise increase in muscle protein synthesis rates and, as such, to support the skeletal muscle adaptive response to exercise training. The impact of cooking egg protein on postexercise muscle protein synthesis is unknown. OBJECTIVES We sought to compare the impact of ingesting unboiled (raw) compared with boiled eggs during postexercise recovery on postprandial myofibrillar protein synthesis rates. METHODS In a parallel design, 45 healthy, resistance-trained young men (age: 24 y; 95% CI: 23, 25 y) were randomly assigned to ingest 5 raw eggs (∼30 g protein), 5 boiled eggs (∼30 g protein), or a control breakfast (∼5 g protein) during recovery from a single session of whole-body resistance-type exercise. Primed continuous l-[ring-13C6]-phenylalanine infusions were applied, with frequent blood sampling. Muscle biopsies were collected immediately after cessation of resistance exercise and at 2 and 5 h into the postexercise recovery period. Primary (myofibrillar protein synthesis rates) and secondary (plasma amino acid concentrations) outcomes were analyzed using repeated-measures (time × group) ANOVA. RESULTS Ingestion of eggs significantly increased plasma essential amino acid (EAA) concentrations, with 20% higher peak concentrations following ingestion of boiled compared with raw eggs (time × group: P < 0.001). Myofibrillar protein synthesis rates were significantly increased during the postexercise period when compared with basal, postabsorptive values in all groups (2-4-fold increase: P < 0.001). Postprandial myofibrillar protein synthesis rates were 20% higher after ingesting raw eggs [0.067%/h; 95% CI: 0.056, 0.077%/h; effect size (Cohen d): 0.63], and 18% higher after ingesting boiled eggs (0.065%/h; 95% CI: 0.058, 0.073%/h; effect size: 0.69) when compared with the control breakfast (0.056%/h; 95% CI: 0.048, 0.063%/h), with no significant differences between groups (time × group: P = 0.077). CONCLUSIONS The ingestion of raw, as opposed to boiled, eggs attenuates the postprandial rise in circulating EAA concentrations. However, postexercise muscle protein synthesis rates do not differ after ingestion of 5 raw compared with 5 boiled eggs in healthy young men. This trial was registered at the Nederlands Trial Register as NL6506 (www.trialregister.nl).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cas J Fuchs
- Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wesley Jh Hermans
- Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joey Sj Smeets
- Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joan M Senden
- Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Janneau van Kranenburg
- Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Hm Gorissen
- Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Jc van Loon
- Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
PINCKAERS PHILIPPEJM, HENDRIKS FLORISK, HERMANS WESLEYJ, GOESSENS JOYP, SENDEN JOANM, VAN KRANENBURG JANNEAUMX, WODZIG WILLKHW, SNIJDERS TIM, VAN LOON LUCJC. Potato Protein Ingestion Increases Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates at Rest and during Recovery from Exercise in Humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1572-1581. [PMID: 35438672 PMCID: PMC9390237 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Plant-derived proteins have received considerable attention as an alternative to animal-based proteins and are now frequently used in both plant-based diets and sports nutrition products. However, little information is available on the anabolic properties of potato-derived protein. This study compares muscle protein synthesis rates after the ingestion of 30 g potato protein versus 30 g milk protein at rest and during recovery from a single bout of resistance exercise in healthy, young males. METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group design, 24 healthy young males (24 ± 4 yr) received primed continuous l -[ ring - 13 C 6 ]-phenylalanine infusions while ingesting 30 g potato-derived protein or 30 g milk protein after a single bout of unilateral resistance exercise. Blood and muscle biopsies were collected for 5 h after protein ingestion to assess postprandial plasma amino acid profiles and mixed muscle protein synthesis rates at rest and during recovery from exercise. RESULTS Ingestion of both potato and milk protein increased mixed muscle protein synthesis rates when compared with basal postabsorptive values (from 0.020% ± 0.011% to 0.053% ± 0.017%·h -1 and from 0.021% ± 0.014% to 0.050% ± 0.012%·h -1 , respectively; P < 0.001), with no differences between treatments ( P = 0.54). In the exercised leg, mixed muscle protein synthesis rates increased to 0.069% ± 0.019% and 0.064% ± 0.015%·h -1 after ingesting potato and milk protein, respectively ( P < 0.001), with no differences between treatments ( P = 0.52). The muscle protein synthetic response was greater in the exercised compared with the resting leg ( P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Ingestion of 30 g potato protein concentrate increases muscle protein synthesis rates at rest and during recovery from exercise in healthy, young males. Muscle protein synthesis rates after the ingestion of 30 g potato protein do not differ from rates observed after ingesting an equivalent amount of milk protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- PHILIPPE J. M. PINCKAERS
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - FLORIS K. HENDRIKS
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - WESLEY J.H. HERMANS
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - JOY P.B. GOESSENS
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - JOAN M. SENDEN
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - JANNEAU M. X. VAN KRANENBURG
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - WILL K. H. W. WODZIG
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - TIM SNIJDERS
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - LUC J. C. VAN LOON
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Valorization of Agricultural Side-Streams for the Rearing of Larvae of the Lesser Mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer). SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14137680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, insects have shown up as a promising answer to the increasing animal protein demand for a continuously growing human population. A wide spectrum of substrates of plant origin can be currently used as insect feed; the sustainability of insect rearing though greatly increases when organic side-streams and wastes are valorized and upcycled through their bioconversion with insects. Additionally, the exploitation of low-cost organic residues as insect feed can also significantly suppress the rearing cost and, consequently, the price of the insect meal. In this context, the aim of our work was to evaluate organic side-streams, generated through several agro-industrial processes, as feeding substrates for the larvae of the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus. In a laboratory trial, eleven agricultural side-streams were provided to larvae singly to assess their potential to support complete larval development, whereas in the second trial, larvae were fed two groups of isoproteinic diets consisting of the side-streams that performed well in the first trial. Our results showed the suitability of several agricultural side-streams as feed for A. diaperinus larvae, e.g., barley by-products (classes I and II), sunflower meal, cotton cake and oat sidestream, which, when fed singly, efficiently supported larval growth, resulting in high survival rates and final larval weights, comparable to the control. Similarly, several of the side-streams-based diets tested were shown to be suitable for A. diaperinus rearing. These results aim to contribute to the utilization of agricultural side-streams singly or in composed diets for the rearing of A. diaperinus larvae.
Collapse
|
27
|
López-Martínez MI, Miguel M, Garcés-Rimón M. Protein and Sport: Alternative Sources and Strategies for Bioactive and Sustainable Sports Nutrition. Front Nutr 2022; 9:926043. [PMID: 35782926 PMCID: PMC9247391 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.926043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition and sport play an important role in achieving a healthy lifestyle. In addition to the intake of nutrients derived from the normal diet, some sport disciplines require the consumption of supplements that contribute positively to improved athletic performance. Protein intake is important for many aspects related to health, and current evidence suggests that some athletes require increased amounts of this nutrient. On the other hand, society's demand for more environmentally friendly products, focus on the search for alternative food sources more sustainable. This review aims to summarize the latest research on novel strategies and sources for greener and functional supplementation in sport nutrition. Alternative protein sources such as insects, plants or mycoproteins have proven to be an interesting substrate due to their high added value in terms of bioactivity and sustainability. Protein hydrolysis has proven to be a very useful technology to revalue by-products, such as collagen, by producing bioactive peptides beneficial on athletes performance and sport-related complications. In addition, it has been observed that certain amino acids from plant sources, as citrulline or theanine, can have an ergogenic effect for this target population. Finally, the future perspectives of protein supplementation in sports nutrition are discussed. In summary, protein supplementation in sports nutrition is a very promising field of research, whose future perspective lies with the search for alternatives with greater bioactive potential and more sustainable than conventional sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel I. López-Martínez
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimenos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Miguel
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimenos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Marta Miguel
| | - Marta Garcés-Rimón
- Grupo de Investigación en Biotecnología Alimentaria, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sarker A. A Review on the Application of Bioactive Peptides as Preservatives and Functional Ingredients in Food Model Systems. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Sarker
- Assistant Professor for Food Science Agricultural and Environmental Research Station, West Virginia State University Institute WV USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Qian L, Deng P, Chen F, Cao Y, Sun H, Liao H. The exploration and utilization of functional substances in edible insects: a review. FOOD PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND NUTRITION 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43014-022-00090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEdible insects as food have been considered as a core future protein source. Not only are edible insects abundant in nutrient value, but also have numbers of functional substances, which could provide a multiple valuable benefits for humans. This review examines and summarizes the functional substances in edible insects and their special effects for people, as well as the use and prospects for these functional substances. There are many functional substances in edible insects, such as antimicrobial peptides, interferon, sex attractant hormones, cordycepin, active polysaccharides, microelement, chitin/chitosan, steroidal material, vitamin, lecithin, etc., which could provide multiple benefits for human beings. These special functional substances could help people enhance immunity, inhibit tumor, regulate intestinal function, relieve fatigue, anti oxidation, protect against colds, improve sleeping, promote the growth and development, as well as reducing blood sugar and blood pressure, among others. According to these valuable efficacies, the functional substances extracted from edible insects can be exploited mainly in three ways: edible insects are used to discover new medicines or health care products for people; and edible insects are applied in chemical, agricultural, food technology, pollutant treatment and textile sectors; as well as being consumed as animal feedstuff for livestock and other animals, which indirectly meet the different requirements for humans. Currently, edible insects have generated global interest to be developed as different forms of products and has promoted more research and development. However, pupae and larvae are still the main consumption ways in the market, which is unacceptable to most people. It is expected that the edible insect industry would be prosperous and sustainable by integrating the power of beneficial policies and regulations, huge consumer demand and proper strategies of promotion and production.
Graphical Abstract
Collapse
|
30
|
Koczoń P, Josefsson H, Michorowska S, Tarnowska K, Kowalska D, Bartyzel BJ, Niemiec T, Lipińska E, Gruczyńska-Sękowska E. The Influence of the Structure of Selected Polymers on Their Properties and Food-Related Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14101962. [PMID: 35631843 PMCID: PMC9146511 DOI: 10.3390/polym14101962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Every application of a substance results from the macroscopic property of the substance that is related to the substance’s microscopic structure. For example, the forged park gate in your city was produced thanks to the malleability and ductility of metals, which are related to the ability of shifting of layers of metal cations, while fire extinguishing powders use the high boiling point of compounds related to their regular ionic and covalent structures. This also applies to polymers. The purpose of this review is to summarise and present information on selected food-related biopolymers, with special attention on their respective structures, related properties, and resultant applications. Moreover, this paper also highlights how the treatment method used affects the structure, properties, and, hence, applications of some polysaccharides. Despite a strong focus on food-related biopolymers, this review is addressed to a broad community of both material engineers and food researchers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Koczoń
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (K.T.); (D.K.)
| | | | - Sylwia Michorowska
- Department of Bioanalysis and Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Tarnowska
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (K.T.); (D.K.)
| | - Dorota Kowalska
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (K.T.); (D.K.)
| | - Bartłomiej J. Bartyzel
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Niemiec
- Animals Nutrition Department, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Edyta Lipińska
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Eliza Gruczyńska-Sękowska
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (K.T.); (D.K.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Dai J, Lov J, Martin-Arrowsmith PW, Gritsas A, Churchward-Venne TA. The acute effects of insect vs. beef-derived protein on postprandial plasma aminoacidemia, appetite hormones, appetite sensations, and energy intake in healthy young men. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022; 76:1548-1556. [PMID: 35538144 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01157-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acute effects of ingesting beef- and insect-derived protein on postprandial plasma amino acid and appetite hormone concentrations, appetite sensations, and ad libitum energy intake. SUBJECTS/METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, crossover study, 20 young men (23 (SD: 4) y) completed two trials during which arterialized blood samples and VAS questionnaires were collected at baseline, and over 300-min after ingestion of beverages with similar energy and macronutrient content containing 25 g beef- or insect-derived (cricket) protein. Blood samples were analyzed for plasma amino acid and appetite hormone concentrations, while VAS questionnaires were applied to assess appetite sensations. After each trial, an ad libitum meal was immediately provided to assess energy intake. RESULTS Adjusted mean postprandial incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was greater for cricket vs. beef-derived protein for plasma leucine, branched-chain amino acid, and essential amino acid concentrations (all P < 0.0001). Adjusted mean postprandial iAUC for hunger was lower following beef (-3030 (SE: 860)) vs. cricket-derived (-1197 (SE: 525)) protein (Difference: -1833 (95% CI: -3358, -308); P = 0.02), but was not different for other appetite sensations or appetite hormones (all P > 0.05). Adjusted mean ad libitum energy intake was 4072 (SE: 292) and 4408 (SE: 316) kJ following beef- and cricket-derived protein (Difference: -336 (95% CI: -992, 320); P = 0.30). CONCLUSION Acute ingestion of cricket and beef-derived protein leads to differences in postprandial plasma amino acid concentrations, but elicits similar effects on appetite hormones, appetite sensations, and ad libitum energy intake in young men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Dai
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jamie Lov
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Ari Gritsas
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tyler A Churchward-Venne
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Division of Geriatric Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Malla N, Nørgaard JV, Lærke HN, Heckmann LHL, Roos N. Some Insect Species Are Good-Quality Protein Sources for Children and Adults: Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS) Determined in Growing Pigs. J Nutr 2022; 152:1042-1051. [PMID: 35102372 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insect species are suitable for farming as "mini livestock" for human and animal consumption. It is important to assess the protein quality of relevant species to understand the potential of these novel protein sources in future sustainable food systems. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine the protein quality of 5 insect species-lesser mealworm (LMW), yellow mealworm, house cricket (HC), banded cricket (BC), and black soldier fly-using the digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) in a pig model. METHODS Five diets were formulated to contain 10% insect crude protein (CP). A nitrogen (N)-free diet was included to estimate endogenous losses. In a 6 × 6 Latin square design, 6 ileal cannulated crossbred [Duroc × (Danish Landrace × Yorkshire)] male pigs with an initial body weight of 35 ± 2 kg were fed the 6 diets. Each diet was fed for 1 wk over 6 wk. Ileal digesta were collected for 8 h on days 5 and 7 each week. Analyzed CP, amino acid (AA) contents, and calculated values of standardized ileal digestibility for CP and AAs were used to assess the DIAAS of each insect. RESULTS The DIAAS for young children aged 6 mo-3 y and for older children, adolescents, and adults identified sulfur AAs (cysteine + methionine) as the first limiting AA in all 4 species of cricket and mealworm. For young children, both cricket species had DIAASs > 75 and for older children, adolescents, and adults both cricket species and LMW had DIAASs > 75. CONCLUSIONS Both cricket species (HC and BC) are classified as good-quality protein sources for young children aged 6 mo-3 y and for older children, adolescents, and adults. One mealworm species, LMW, is a good-quality protein source for older children, adolescents, and adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navodita Malla
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jan V Nørgaard
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Helle N Lærke
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | | | - Nanna Roos
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Plant- and Animal-Based Protein-Rich Foods and Cardiovascular Health. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2022; 24:197-213. [PMID: 35332443 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-022-01003-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize recent evidence from randomized controlled feeding trials (RCTs) on the effects of consuming plant- and animal-based protein-rich foods on cardiovascular health of adults. RECENT FINDINGS Results from meta-analyses of RCTs exemplify the importance of considering relative effects of protein-rich foods, i.e., when intake of one food increases, intake of another food likely decreases. Results from short-term RCTs showed that overall diet quality is more influential for improving cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors than intake of a single protein-rich food, e.g., red meat. Yet, assessing long-term CVD risk associated with intake of a single protein-rich food as part of a dietary pattern is methodologically challenging. While accumulating evidence suggests gut microbiota as a potential mediator for such effects, current knowledge is preliminary and restricts causal or functional inferences. A variety of protein-rich foods, both plant- and animal-based, should be consumed as part of nutrient-dense dietary patterns to meet nutrient needs and improve cardiovascular health for adults.
Collapse
|
34
|
Life Cycle Environmental Impacts and Health Effects of Protein-Rich Food as Meat Alternatives: A Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14020979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The food sector is responsible for a considerable impact on the environment in most environmental contexts: the food supply chain causes greenhouse gas emissions, water consumption, reduction in cultivable land, and other environmental impacts. Thus, a change in food supply is required to reduce the environmental impacts caused by the food supply chain and to meet the increasing demand for sufficient and qualitative nutrition. Large herds of livestock are inappropriate to achieve these goals due to the relevant impact of meat supply chain on the environment, e.g., the land used to grow feed for animals is eight times more than that for human nutrition. The search for meat alternatives, especially for the intake of critical nutrients such as protein, is a consequent step. In the above context, this paper summarizes the health aspects of protein-rich food alternatives to meat and carries out a literature review on the life-cycle environmental impacts of this alternative food.
Collapse
|
35
|
Hermans WJH, Fuchs CJ, Hendriks FK, Houben LHP, Senden JM, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. Cheese Ingestion Increases Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates Both at Rest and During Recovery from Exercise in Healthy, Young Males: A Randomized Parallel-group Trial. J Nutr 2022; 152:1022-1030. [PMID: 36967159 PMCID: PMC8971000 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protein ingestion increases muscle protein synthesis rates. The food matrix in which protein is provided can strongly modulate the postprandial muscle protein synthetic response. So far, the muscle protein synthetic response to the ingestion of whole foods remains largely unexplored. Objectives To compare the impact of ingesting 30 g protein provided as milk protein or cheese on postprandial plasma amino acid concentrations and muscle protein synthesis rates at rest and during recovery from exercise in vivo in young males. Methods In this randomized, parallel-group intervention trial, 20 healthy males aged 18–35 y ingested 30 g protein provided as cheese or milk protein concentrate following a single-legged resistance-type exercise session consisting of 12 sets of leg press and leg extension exercises. Primed, continuous intravenous L-[ring-13C6]-phenylalanine infusions were combined with the collection of blood and muscle tissue samples to assess postabsorptive and 4-h postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates at rest and during recovery from exercise. Data were analyzed using repeated measures Time × Group (× Leg) ANOVA. Results Plasma total amino acid concentrations increased after protein ingestion (Time: P < 0.001), with 38% higher peak concentrations following milk protein than cheese ingestion (Time × Group: P < 0.001). Muscle protein synthesis rates increased following both cheese and milk protein ingestion from 0.037 ± 0.014 to 0.055 ± 0.018%·h–1 and 0.034 ± 0.008 to 0.056 ± 0.010%·h–1 at rest and even more following exercise from 0.031 ± 0.010 to 0.067 ± 0.013%·h–1 and 0.030 ± 0.008 to 0.063 ± 0.010%·h–1, respectively (Time: all P < 0.05; Time × Leg: P = 0.002), with no differences between cheese and milk protein ingestion (Time × Group: both P > 0.05). Conclusion Cheese ingestion increases muscle protein synthesis rates both at rest and during recovery from exercise. The postprandial muscle protein synthetic response to the ingestion of cheese or milk protein does not differ when 30 g protein is ingested at rest or during recovery from exercise in healthy, young males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley J H Hermans
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Cas J Fuchs
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Floris K Hendriks
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisanne H P Houben
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joan M Senden
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
|
37
|
Thøgersen R, Egsgaard KL, Kjølbæk L, Jensen KJ, Astrup A, Hammershøj M, Raben A, Bertram HC. Effect of Dairy Matrix on the Postprandial Blood Metabolome. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124280. [PMID: 34959831 PMCID: PMC8709269 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the postprandial plasma metabolome following consumption of four dairy matrices different in texture and structure: cheddar cheese (Cheese), homogenized cheddar cheese (Hom. Cheese), and micellar casein isolate (MCI) with cream (MCI Drink) or a MCI Gel. An acute, randomized, crossover trial in male participants (n = 25) with four test days was conducted. Blood samples were collected during an 8-h postprandial period after consumption of a meal similar in micro- and macronutrients containing one of the four dairy matrices, and the metabolome was analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. A liquid dairy matrix (MCI Drink) resulted in a faster absorption of amino acids compared to products, representing either a semi-solid (MCI Gel and Hom. Cheese) or solid (Cheese) dairy matrix. For the MCI Gel, plasma concentration of acetic acid and formic acid increased approximately 2 h following consumption, while 3-hydroxybyturate and acetoacetic acid increased approximately 6 h after consumption. The structure and texture of the dairy matrix affected the postprandial absorption of amino acids, as revealed by the plasma metabolome. Our study furthermore pointed at endogenous effects associated with consumption of dairy products containing glucono-δ-lactone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Thøgersen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (R.T.); (K.L.E.); (M.H.)
| | - Kristian Leth Egsgaard
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (R.T.); (K.L.E.); (M.H.)
| | - Louise Kjølbæk
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (L.K.); (A.A.); (A.R.)
| | | | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (L.K.); (A.A.); (A.R.)
- Healthy Weight Center, Novo Nordisk Foundation, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Marianne Hammershøj
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (R.T.); (K.L.E.); (M.H.)
| | - Anne Raben
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (L.K.); (A.A.); (A.R.)
- Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital—Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Hanne Christine Bertram
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (R.T.); (K.L.E.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-61687389
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Yellow Mealworm and Black Soldier Fly Larvae for Feed and Food Production in Europe, with Emphasis on Iceland. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112744. [PMID: 34829029 PMCID: PMC8625742 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects are part of the diet of over 2 billion people worldwide; however, insects have not been popular in Europe, neither as food nor as a feed ingredient. This has been changing in recent years, due to increased knowledge regarding the nutritional benefits, the need for novel protein production and the low environmental impact of insects compared to conventional protein production. The purpose of this study is to give an overview of the most popular insects farmed in Europe, yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor, and black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, together with the main obstacles and risks. A comprehensive literature study was carried out and 27 insect farming companies found listed in Europe were contacted directly. The results show that the insect farming industry is increasing in Europe, and the success of the frontrunners is based on large investments in technology, automation and economy of scale. The interest of venture capital firms is noticeable, covering 90% of the investment costs in some cases. It is concluded that insect farming in Europe is likely to expand rapidly in the coming years, offering new proteins and other valuable products, not only as a feed ingredient, but also for human consumption. European regulations have additionally been rapidly changing, with more freedom towards insects as food and feed. There is an increased knowledge regarding safety concerns of edible insects, and the results indicate that edible insects pose a smaller risk for zoonotic diseases than livestock. However, knowledge regarding risk posed by edible insects is still lacking, but food and feed safety is essential to put products on the European market.
Collapse
|
39
|
Beć KB, Grabska J, Plewka N, Huck CW. Insect Protein Content Analysis in Handcrafted Fitness Bars by NIR Spectroscopy. Gaussian Process Regression and Data Fusion for Performance Enhancement of Miniaturized Cost-Effective Consumer-Grade Sensors. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216390. [PMID: 34770798 PMCID: PMC8587585 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Future food supply will become increasingly dependent on edible material extracted from insects. The growing popularity of artisanal food products enhanced by insect proteins creates particular needs for establishing effective methods for quality control. This study focuses on developing rapid and efficient on-site quantitative analysis of protein content in handcrafted insect bars by miniaturized near-infrared (NIR) spectrometers. Benchtop (Büchi NIRFlex N-500) and three miniaturized (MicroNIR 1700 ES, Tellspec Enterprise Sensor and SCiO Sensor) in hyphenation to partial least squares regression (PLSR) and Gaussian process regression (GPR) calibration methods and data fusion concept were evaluated via test-set validation in performance of protein content analysis. These NIR spectrometers markedly differ by technical principles, operational characteristics and cost-effectiveness. In the non-destructive analysis of intact bars, the root mean square error of cross prediction (RMSEP) values were 0.611% (benchtop) and 0.545–0.659% (miniaturized) with PLSR, and 0.506% (benchtop) and 0.482–0.580% (miniaturized) with GPR calibration, while the analyzed total protein content was 19.3–23.0%. For milled samples, with PLSR the RMSEP values improved to 0.210% for benchtop spectrometer but remained in the inferior range of 0.525–0.571% for the miniaturized ones. GPR calibration improved the predictive performance of the miniaturized spectrometers, with RMSEP values of 0.230% (MicroNIR 1700 ES), 0.326% (Tellspec) and 0.338% (SCiO). Furthermore, Tellspec and SCiO sensors are consumer-oriented devices, and their combined use for enhanced performance remains a viable economical choice. With GPR calibration and test-set validation performed for fused (Tellspec + SCiO) data, the RMSEP values were improved to 0.517% (in the analysis of intact samples) and 0.295% (for milled samples).
Collapse
|
40
|
Calvez J, Gaudichon C. Insects on the menu: characterization of protein quality to evaluate potential as an alternative protein source for human consumption. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:833-834. [PMID: 34036332 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Calvez
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Claire Gaudichon
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Pinckaers PJM, Trommelen J, Snijders T, van Loon LJC. The Anabolic Response to Plant-Based Protein Ingestion. Sports Med 2021; 51:59-74. [PMID: 34515966 PMCID: PMC8566416 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01540-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a global trend of an increased interest in plant-based diets. This includes an increase in the consumption of plant-based proteins at the expense of animal-based proteins. Plant-derived proteins are now also frequently applied in sports nutrition. So far, we have learned that the ingestion of plant-derived proteins, such as soy and wheat protein, result in lower post-prandial muscle protein synthesis responses when compared with the ingestion of an equivalent amount of animal-based protein. The lesser anabolic properties of plant-based versus animal-derived proteins may be attributed to differences in their protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics, as well as to differences in amino acid composition between these protein sources. Most plant-based proteins have a low essential amino acid content and are often deficient in one or more specific amino acids, such as lysine and methionine. However, there are large differences in amino acid composition between various plant-derived proteins or plant-based protein sources. So far, only a few studies have directly compared the muscle protein synthetic response following the ingestion of a plant-derived protein versus a high(er) quality animal-derived protein. The proposed lower anabolic properties of plant- versus animal-derived proteins may be compensated for by (i) consuming a greater amount of the plant-derived protein or plant-based protein source to compensate for the lesser quality; (ii) using specific blends of plant-based proteins to create a more balanced amino acid profile; (iii) fortifying the plant-based protein (source) with the specific free amino acid(s) that is (are) deficient. Clinical studies are warranted to assess the anabolic properties of the various plant-derived proteins and their protein sources in vivo in humans and to identify the factors that may or may not compromise the capacity to stimulate post-prandial muscle protein synthesis rates. Such work is needed to determine whether the transition towards a more plant-based diet is accompanied by a transition towards greater dietary protein intake requirements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe J M Pinckaers
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jorn Trommelen
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Snijders
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lanng SK, Zhang Y, Christensen KR, Hansen AK, Nielsen DS, Kot W, Bertram HC. Partial Substitution of Meat with Insect ( Alphitobius diaperinus) in a Carnivore Diet Changes the Gut Microbiome and Metabolome of Healthy Rats. Foods 2021; 10:1814. [PMID: 34441592 PMCID: PMC8393340 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects are suggested as a sustainable protein source of high nutritional quality, but the effects of insect ingestion on processes in the gastrointestinal tract and gut microbiota (GM) remain to be established. We examined the effects of partial substitution of meat with insect protein (Alphitobius diaperinus) in a four-week dietary intervention in a healthy rat model (n = 30). GM composition was characterized using' 16S rRNA gene amplicon profiling while the metabolomes of stomach, small intestine, and colon content, feces and blood were investigated by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Metabolomics analyses revealed a larger escape of protein residues into the colon and a different microbial metabolization pattern of aromatic amino acids when partly substituting pork with insect. Both for rats fed a pork diet and rats fed a diet with partial replacement of pork with insect, the GM was dominated by Lactobacillus, Clostridium cluster XI and Akkermansia. However, Bray-Curtis dissimilarity metrics were different when insects were included in the diet. Introduction of insects in a common Western omnivore diet alters the gut microbiome diversity with consequences for endogenous metabolism. This finding highlights the importance of assessing gastrointestinal tract effects when evaluating new protein sources as meat replacements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Kaas Lanng
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark;
- CiFOOD, Centre for Innovative Food Research, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Yichang Zhang
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (Y.Z.); (D.S.N.)
| | - Kristine Rothaus Christensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (K.R.C.); (A.K.H.)
| | - Axel Kornerup Hansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (K.R.C.); (A.K.H.)
| | - Dennis Sandris Nielsen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (Y.Z.); (D.S.N.)
| | - Witold Kot
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | - Hanne Christine Bertram
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark;
- CiFOOD, Centre for Innovative Food Research, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|