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Cha E, Choi Y, Bancks M, Faulkner MS, Dunbar SB, Umpierrez GE, Reis J, Carnethon MR, Shikany JM, Yan F, Jacobs DR. Longitudinal changes in diet quality and food intake before and after diabetes awareness in American adults: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2024; 12:e003800. [PMID: 38453235 PMCID: PMC10921527 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2023-003800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Limited longitudinal research is available examining how American adults make dietary changes after learning they have diabetes. We examined the associations between diabetes awareness and changes in dietary quality and food intake in a prospective cohort from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A nested case-control design was used. In the original CARDIA study, black and white participants were recruited from four US urban areas and partitioned into one control group (no diabetes over 30-year follow-up) and three case groups (early-onset, intermediate-onset, later-onset diabetes groups) based on timing of diagnosis and first awareness of diabetes. Estimated mean A Priori Diet Quality Score (APDQS), and food subgroup intake were examined at three CARDIA examinations (year (Y)0, Y7, and Y20). The mean APDQS with 95% CIs and food intake (servings/day) were compared across the one control group and three case groups using exam-specific and repeated measures linear regression. RESULTS Among 4576 participants (mean age: 25±4 years; 55% female; 49% black race), 653 incident cases (14.3%) of diabetes were observed over 30 years. APDQS was lowest at Y0 when the diabetes-free participants were aged 18-30 years (61.5-62.8), but increased over 20 years with advancing age across all groups (64.6-73.3). Lower APDQS in young adulthood was associated with a higher incidence of diabetes later in life. Diabetes awareness was associated with a net increase of 2.95 points in APDQS. The greatest increase of APDQS was when people learned of their diabetes for the first time (an increase of 5.71 in early-onset and 6.64 in intermediate-onset diabetes groups, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Advancing age and diabetes awareness were associated with more favorable dietary changes leading to improved diet quality. Optimal diet quality and healthy food intake in young adulthood seem important to prevent diabetes later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- EunSeok Cha
- College of Nursing, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, The Republic of Korea
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yuni Choi
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Bancks
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Sandra B Dunbar
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Jared Reis
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mercedes R Carnethon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - James M Shikany
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Fengxia Yan
- Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David R Jacobs
- School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Muñoz-Alvarez KY, Gutiérrez-Aguilar R, Frigolet ME. Metabolic effects of milk fatty acids: A literature review. NUTR BULL 2024; 49:19-39. [PMID: 38226553 DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Milk and dairy products are known to have a significant role in human development and tissue maintenance due to their high nutritional value. With the higher incidence of obesity and metabolic diseases, nutrition and public health authorities have recommended the intake of fat-free or low-fat dairy due to the saturated fatty acid content of whole-fat products and their effect on serum cholesterol levels. However, recent studies have questioned the association between milk fat consumption and cardiometabolic risk. This literature review aims to compile the scientific evidence of the metabolic effects of milk fatty acids in clinical and basic research studies, as well as their relationship with metabolic disorders and gut microbiota composition. Research shows that various milk fatty acids exert effects on metabolic alterations (obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases) by modifying glucose homeostasis, inflammation and lipid profile-related factors. Additionally, recent studies have associated the consumption of milk fatty acids with the production of metabolites and the promotion of healthy gut microbiota. From mainly observational studies, evidence suggests that milk and dairy fatty acids are not directly linked to cardiometabolic risk, but further controlled research is necessary to clarify such findings and to assess whether dietary recommendations to choose low-fat dairy foods are necessary for the population for the prevention of obesity and cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Y Muñoz-Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas: Obesidad y Diabetes, Hospital Infantil de México 'Federico Gómez' (HIMFG), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ruth Gutiérrez-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas: Obesidad y Diabetes, Hospital Infantil de México 'Federico Gómez' (HIMFG), Mexico City, Mexico
- División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María E Frigolet
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas: Obesidad y Diabetes, Hospital Infantil de México 'Federico Gómez' (HIMFG), Mexico City, Mexico
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Nestel PJ, Mori TA. Dairy Foods: Beneficial Effects of Fermented Products on Cardiometabolic Health. Curr Nutr Rep 2023; 12:478-485. [PMID: 37226031 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00476-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review of recent observational studies and understanding of the complex nature of dairy foods is intended to reappraise the effects of different types of dairy foods on cardiovascular disease (CVD). RECENT FINDINGS Recent guidelines from major cardiovascular societies suggest that apart from the adverse effect of butter, consumption of more complex dairy products notably fermented varieties and yogurt in particular, appear to be inversely associated with outcomes of CVD and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Reduced fat in dairy food remains preferred for people at increased CVD risk. Changed evidence has led to new advice regarding consumption of some dairy foods. The apparent beneficial effects of fermented milk products, particularly yogurt, allow for increased consumption of nutritious staple foods. Recent national guidelines reflect this view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Nestel
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, 3004, Australia.
| | - Trevor A Mori
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Mente A, Dehghan M, Rangarajan S, O'Donnell M, Hu W, Dagenais G, Wielgosz A, Lear SA, Wei L, Diaz R, Avezum A, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Lanas F, Swaminathan S, Kaur M, Vijayakumar K, Mohan V, Gupta R, Szuba A, Iqbal R, Yusuf R, Mohammadifard N, Khatib R, Nasir NM, Karsidag K, Rosengren A, Yusufali A, Wentzel-Viljoen E, Chifamba J, Dans A, Alhabib KF, Yeates K, Teo K, Gerstein HC, Yusuf S. Diet, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in 80 countries. Eur Heart J 2023:ehad269. [PMID: 37414411 PMCID: PMC10361015 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To develop a healthy diet score that is associated with health outcomes and is globally applicable using data from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study and replicate it in five independent studies on a total of 245 000 people from 80 countries. METHODS AND RESULTS A healthy diet score was developed in 147 642 people from the general population, from 21 countries in the PURE study, and the consistency of the associations of the score with events was examined in five large independent studies from 70 countries. The healthy diet score was developed based on six foods each of which has been associated with a significantly lower risk of mortality [i.e. fruit, vegetables, nuts, legumes, fish, and dairy (mainly whole-fat); range of scores, 0-6]. The main outcome measures were all-cause mortality and major cardiovascular events [cardiovascular disease (CVD)]. During a median follow-up of 9.3 years in PURE, compared with a diet score of ≤1 points, a diet score of ≥5 points was associated with a lower risk of mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 0.70; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.63-0.77)], CVD (HR 0.82; 0.75-0.91), myocardial infarction (HR 0.86; 0.75-0.99), and stroke (HR 0.81; 0.71-0.93). In three independent studies in vascular patients, similar results were found, with a higher diet score being associated with lower mortality (HR 0.73; 0.66-0.81), CVD (HR 0.79; 0.72-0.87), myocardial infarction (HR 0.85; 0.71-0.99), and a non-statistically significant lower risk of stroke (HR 0.87; 0.73-1.03). Additionally, in two case-control studies, a higher diet score was associated with lower first myocardial infarction [odds ratio (OR) 0.72; 0.65-0.80] and stroke (OR 0.57; 0.50-0.65). A higher diet score was associated with a significantly lower risk of death or CVD in regions with lower than with higher gross national incomes (P for heterogeneity <0.0001). The PURE score showed slightly stronger associations with death or CVD than several other common diet scores (P < 0.001 for each comparison). CONCLUSION A diet comprised of higher amounts of fruit, vegetables, nuts, legumes, fish, and whole-fat dairy is associated with lower CVD and mortality in all world regions, especially in countries with lower income where consumption of these foods is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Mente
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, 2nd Floor, Room C2-105, 237 Barton St East, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Mahshid Dehghan
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, 2nd Floor, Room C2-105, 237 Barton St East, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - Sumathy Rangarajan
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, 2nd Floor, Room C2-105, 237 Barton St East, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - Martin O'Donnell
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- HRB-Clinical Research Facility, University of Galway, Galway, Connacht, Ireland
| | - Weihong Hu
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, 2nd Floor, Room C2-105, 237 Barton St East, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - Gilles Dagenais
- Department of Medicine, Université Laval Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Andreas Wielgosz
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott A Lear
- Faculty of Health Sciences, and Department of Biomedical Physiology & Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University Vancouver, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Li Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, Xicheng District, China
| | - Rafael Diaz
- Estudios Clinicos Latinoamerica ECLA, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Alvaro Avezum
- International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz & UNISA, Sao Paulo, São Paulo estado, SP Brazil
| | - Patricio Lopez-Jaramillo
- Masira Research Institute, Medical School, Universidad de Santander (UDES), Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| | - Fernando Lanas
- Francisco Salazar, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Araucanía, Chile
| | - Sumathi Swaminathan
- Division of Nutrition, St John's Research Institute, Koramangala, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Manmeet Kaur
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, School of Public Health, Chandigarh, Punjab and Haryana, India
| | - K Vijayakumar
- Health Action by People, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Director and Chief of Diabetes Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajeev Gupta
- Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Andrzej Szuba
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 4th Military Hospital, Wroclaw, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland
| | - Romaina Iqbal
- Department of Community Health Sciences and Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Rita Yusuf
- Department of Life Sciences, Independent University, Bangladesh, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Dhaka District, Bangladesh
| | - Noushin Mohammadifard
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Isfahan Province, Iran
| | - Rasha Khatib
- Departments of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nafiza Mat Nasir
- Department of Primary Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kubilay Karsidag
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Medical Faculty of Istanbul University, Istanbul, Istanbul Province, Turkey
| | - Annika Rosengren
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra Hospital, Gothenburg, Västergötland, Sweden
| | - Afzalhussein Yusufali
- Hatta Hospital, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai Medical University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Edelweiss Wentzel-Viljoen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, Potchefstroom, North West Province, South Africa
| | - Jephat Chifamba
- College of Health Sciences, Physiology Department, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Harare Metropolitan Province, Zimbabwe
| | - Antonio Dans
- Department of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Ermita, Manila, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Khalid F Alhabib
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, King Fahad Cardiac Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Riyadh Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karen Yeates
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, 94 Stuart Street, Etherington Hall, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Koon Teo
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, 2nd Floor, Room C2-105, 237 Barton St East, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hertzel C Gerstein
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, 2nd Floor, Room C2-105, 237 Barton St East, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Salim Yusuf
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, 2nd Floor, Room C2-105, 237 Barton St East, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Can individual fatty acids be used as functional biomarkers of dairy fat consumption in relation to cardiometabolic health? A narrative review. Br J Nutr 2022; 128:2373-2386. [PMID: 35086579 PMCID: PMC9723489 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522000289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In epidemiological studies, dairy food consumption has been associated with minimal effect or decreased risk of some cardiometabolic diseases (CMD). However, current methods of dietary assessment do not provide objective and accurate measures of food intakes. Thus, the identification of valid and reliable biomarkers of dairy product intake is an important challenge to best determine the relationship between dairy consumption and health status. This review investigated potential biomarkers of dairy fat consumption, such as odd-chain, trans- and branched-chain fatty acids (FA), which may improve the assessment of full-fat dairy product consumption. Overall, the current use of serum/plasma FA as biomarkers of dairy fat consumption is mostly based on observational evidence, with a lack of well-controlled, dose-response intervention studies to accurately assess the strength of the relationship. Circulating odd-chain SFA and trans-palmitoleic acid are increasingly studied in relation to CMD risk and seem to be consistently associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes in prospective cohort studies. However, associations with CVD are less clear. Overall, adding less studied FA such as vaccenic and phytanic acids to the current available evidence may provide a more complete assessment of dairy fat intake and minimise potential confounding from endogenous synthesis. Finally, the current evidence base on the direct effect of dairy fatty acids on established biomarkers of CMD risk (e.g. fasting lipid profiles and markers of glycaemic control) mostly derives from cross-sectional, animal and in vitro studies and should be strengthened by well-controlled human intervention studies.
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Huang W, Zhang Y, Zhong L, Sun C, Zhang Z. Simultaneous determination of cis- and trans-palmitoleic acid in rat serum by UPLC-MS/MS. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16637. [PMID: 36198714 PMCID: PMC9535024 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20739-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoleic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid which could affect glucose and lipid metabolism and reduce insulin resistance has two isomers, i.e. cis-palmitoleic acid (cPOA) and trans-palmitoleic acid (tPOA). However, the pharmacokinetic, metabolic transformation and structure–activity relationship of the two isomers have not been reported. A precise and accurate ultra performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectroscopy (UPLC–MS/MS) method was developed to determine cPOA and tPOA simultaneously. Both the cPOA and tPOA were administered i.g. (intragastric gavage) to rats at 75 mg/kg. Serum samples were collected and analyzed for the two isomers by UPLC–MS/MS on a reverse-phase BDS C18 column equilibrated and eluted with water (A) and acetonitrile (B) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The calibration curves for cPOA and tPOA were linear over the range 0.1–12 μg/mL. Analytes were monitored by selected-reaction monitoring in negative electrospray ionization mode. The Tmax of cPOA was 0.94 ± 0.44 h and the Cmax 8.17 ± 1.97 μg/L, and the Tmax and Cmax of tPOA were 1.50 ± 0.98 h and 14.77 ± 11.91 μg/L, respectively. AUC0–24 h of cPOA and tPOA were 59.45 ± 29.83 and 113.88 ± 72.25 mg/L·h. The method was applied in pharmacokinetic study of cPOA and tPOA in rat serum successfully. Besides, the concentrations of cPOA and tPOA in rat serums were observed fluctuating with a consistent trend, which may be due to reciprocal bio-convert in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Huang
- Binzhou Key Laboratory of Chemical Drug R&D and Quality Control, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Wild Plant Resources Development and Application of Yellow River Delta, Binzhou University, Binzhou, 256603, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yiping Zhang
- The Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Zhong
- Technical Center of Xiamen Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Xiamen, 361026, China
| | - Chunlong Sun
- Binzhou Key Laboratory of Chemical Drug R&D and Quality Control, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Wild Plant Resources Development and Application of Yellow River Delta, Binzhou University, Binzhou, 256603, People's Republic of China
| | - Zaiwang Zhang
- Binzhou Key Laboratory of Chemical Drug R&D and Quality Control, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Wild Plant Resources Development and Application of Yellow River Delta, Binzhou University, Binzhou, 256603, People's Republic of China
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Li Z, Lei H, Jiang H, Fan Y, Shi J, Li C, Chen F, Mi B, Ma M, Lin J, Ma L. Saturated fatty acid biomarkers and risk of cardiometabolic diseases: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Front Nutr 2022; 9:963471. [PMID: 36046138 PMCID: PMC9421298 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.963471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Evidence regarding associations of circulating saturated fatty acids (SFAs) with chronic diseases is mixed. The objective of this study was to determine the associations between total or individual SFA biomarkers and the risk of cardiometabolic diseases. Methods Four electronic databases were searched from inception to March 2022. Three investigators independently assessed for inclusion and extracted data. Random-effects or fixed-effects models was used to estimate the pooled relative risks (RRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association of total or individual SFA biomarkers, including even-chain SFAs (e.g., 14:0, myristic acid; 16:0, palmitic acid; 18:0, stearic acid), odd-chain SFAs (e.g., 15:0, pentadecanoic acid; 17:0, margaric acid) and very-long-chain SFAs (VLCSFAs; e.g., 20:0, arachidic acid; 22:0, behenic acid; 24:0, lignoceric acid), with risk of incident type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease [CVD; coronary heart disease (CHD) inclusive of stroke], CHD and stroke. Results A total of 49 prospective studies reported in 45 articles were included. Higher concentration of circulating total SFAs was associated with an increasing risk of cardiometabolic diseases, the risk increased significantly by 50% for CVD (95%CI:1.31–1.71), 63% for CHD (95%CI:1.38–1.94), 38% for stroke (95%CI:1.05–1.82), respectively. Similarly, levels of even-chain SFAs were positively associated with higher risk of chronic diseases, with RRs ranging from 1.15 to 1.43. In contrast, the risk of cardiometabolic diseases was reduced with increasing odd-chain SFA levels, with RRs ranging from 0.62 to 0.91. A higher level of VLCSFAs corresponded to 19% reduction in CVD. Further dose-response analysis indicated that each 50% increment in percentage of total SFAs in circulating was associated with an 8% higher risk of T2D (RR: 1.08, 95%CI: 1.02–1.14) and trends toward higher risk of CVD (RR: 1.15, 95%CI: 0.98–1.34). Inverse linear relationships were observed between 17:0 biomarker and T2D or CVD risk. Conclusion Our findings support the current recommendations of reducing intake of saturated fat as part of healthy dietary patterns. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings on these SFAs in relation to cardiometabolic outcomes and to elucidate underlying mechanisms. Systematic review registration [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022329182], identifier [CRD42022329182].
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqing Li
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Haoyuan Lei
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yahui Fan
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia Shi
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Fangyao Chen
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Baibing Mi
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Mao Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Lin
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Le Ma
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, China
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Bethancourt HJ, Schmidt KA, Cromer G, Burhans MS, Kuzma JN, Hagman DK, Fernando I, Murray M, Utzschneider KM, Holte S, Prentice RL, Kraft J, Kratz M. Assessing the validity of plasma phospholipid fatty acids as biomarkers of dairy fat intake using data from a randomized controlled intervention trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 115:1577-1588. [PMID: 35134818 PMCID: PMC9170464 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma phospholipid pentadecanoic acid (C15:0), heptadecanoic acid (C17:0), and trans-palmitoleic acid (trans-C16:1n-7) are correlates of dairy fat intake. However, their relative concentrations may be influenced by other endogenous factors, such as liver fat content, and their validity as biomarkers of dairy fat intake has yet to be established. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether liver fat content modifies relations between concentrations of C15:0, C17:0, and trans-C16:1n-7 (alone and in combination with iso-C17:0) and known dairy fat intake in the context of a randomized controlled intervention study. We further examined the proportion of dairy fat intake explained by these fatty acids on their own and when considering liver fat content. METHODS We used data from a 12-wk intervention trial in which participants (n = 62) consumed diets limited in dairy (0.3 g/d of dairy fat), rich in low-fat dairy (8.7 g/d of dairy fat), or rich in full-fat dairy (28.5 g/d of dairy fat). We used linear regression models to examine relations between relative fatty acid concentrations and grams per day of dairy fat intake, liver fat percentage, and their interaction. RESULTS Only trans-C16:1n-7 in isolation (β: 0.0004 ± 0.0002, P = 0.03) and combined with iso-C17:0 (β: 0.002 ± 0.0005, P < 0.0001) were consistently positively associated with dairy fat intake regardless of liver fat content. Trans-C16:1n-7 combined with iso-C17:0 also explained the greatest proportion of variation (35.4%) in dairy fat intake. C15:0 and C17:0 were not associated with dairy fat intake after adjusting for liver fat and were predicted to be higher in relation to increased dairy fat intake only among individuals with elevated liver fat. CONCLUSIONS The potential for liver fat to affect relative plasma phospholipid concentrations of C15:0 and C17:0 raises questions about their validity as biomarkers of dairy fat intake. Of the fatty acid measures tested, trans-C16:1n-7 combined with iso-C17:0, especially with adjustment of liver fat, age, and sex, may provide the most robust estimate of dairy fat consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelsey A Schmidt
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Prevention Program, Seattle, WA, USA,Nutritional Sciences Program, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gail Cromer
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Prevention Program, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maggie S Burhans
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Prevention Program, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jessica N Kuzma
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Prevention Program, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Derek K Hagman
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Prevention Program, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Imashi Fernando
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Prevention Program, Seattle, WA, USA,Nutritional Sciences Program, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Merideth Murray
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Prevention Program, Seattle, WA, USA,Nutritional Sciences Program, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kristina M Utzschneider
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah Holte
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Prevention Program, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ross L Prentice
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Prevention Program, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jana Kraft
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Mario Kratz
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Prevention Program, Seattle, WA, USA,Nutritional Sciences Program, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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9
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Nestel PJ, Mori TA. Dairy Foods: Is Its Cardiovascular Risk Profile Changing? Curr Atheroscler Rep 2022; 24:33-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s11883-022-00984-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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Pigsborg K, Gürdeniz G, Rangel-Huerta OD, Holven KB, Dragsted LO, Ulven SM. Effects of changing from a diet with saturated fat to a diet with n-6 polyunsaturated fat on the serum metabolome in relation to cardiovascular disease risk factors. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:2079-2089. [PMID: 34999928 PMCID: PMC9106625 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02796-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Replacing saturated fatty acids (SFA) with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Yet, the changes in the serum metabolome after this replacement is not well known. Therefore, the present study aims to identify the metabolites differentiating diets where six energy percentage SFA is replaced with PUFA and to elucidate the association of dietary metabolites with cardiometabolic risk markers. Methods In an 8-week, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial, 99 moderately hyper-cholesterolemic adults (25–70 years) were assigned to a control diet (C-diet) or an experimental diet (Ex-diet). Both groups received commercially available food items with different fatty acid compositions. In the Ex-diet group, products were given where SFA was replaced mostly with n-6 PUFA. Fasting serum samples were analysed by untargeted ultra-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS). Pre-processed data were analysed by double cross-validated Partial Least-Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) to detect features differentiating the two diet groups. Results PLS-DA differentiated the metabolic profiles of the Ex-diet and the C-diet groups with an area under the curve of 0.83. The Ex-diet group showed higher levels of unsaturated phosphatidylcholine plasmalogens, an unsaturated acylcarnitine, and a secondary bile acid. The C-diet group was characterized by odd-numbered phospholipids and a saturated acylcarnitine. The Principal Component analysis scores of the serum metabolic profiles characterizing the diets were significantly associated with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels but not with glycaemia. Conclusion The serum metabolic profiles confirmed the compliance of the participants based on their diet-specific metabolome after replacing SFA with mostly n-6 PUFA. The participants' metabolic profiles in response to the change in diet were associated with cardiovascular disease risk markers. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT 01679496 on September 6th 2012. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00394-021-02796-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Pigsborg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Gözde Gürdeniz
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Kirsten B Holven
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian National Advisory Unit On Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Aker, Nydalen, PO Box 4959, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Ove Dragsted
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Stine M Ulven
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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11
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Hidayat K, Chen JS, Wang HP, Wang TC, Liu YJ, Zhang XY, Rao CP, Zhang JW, Qin LQ. OUP accepted manuscript. Nutr Rev 2022; 80:1959-1973. [PMID: 35380734 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Khemayanto Hidayat
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing-Si Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hai-Peng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tian-Ci Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu-Jie Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xue-Ying Zhang
- Department of Medical Technology, Suzhou Vocational Health College, Suzhou, China
| | - Chun-Ping Rao
- Department of Medical Technology, Suzhou Vocational Health College, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian-Wei Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Li-Qiang Qin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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12
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Maki KC, Dicklin MR, Kirkpatrick CF. Saturated fats and cardiovascular health: Current evidence and controversies. J Clin Lipidol 2021; 15:765-772. [PMID: 34649831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2021.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A diet high in saturated fatty acids (SFA) is a suspected contributor to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk, in large part because of an effect to raise the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration. Most dietary guidance from health authorities advocates limiting intake of SFA, particularly for people with clinical ASCVD, dyslipidemia, or diabetes mellitus. However, recent reviews have highlighted controversies regarding SFA intake and cardiovascular health. This brief editorial commentary includes a discussion of the evidence regarding SFA intake and cardiovascular health, outlines gaps in the available evidence, and proposes tentative conclusions based on what is known today about SFA consumption and ASCVD risk. Results from observational studies demonstrate that dietary patterns with lower average intakes of SFA are associated with favorable cardiovascular outcomes. Additionally, although the number of randomized controlled trials testing the effects of reducing SFA intake on ASCVD outcomes is limited, the available evidence supports the view that replacing SFA with unsaturated fatty acids, particularly polyunsaturated fatty acids, may reduce ASCVD risk. Beyond raising LDL-C and atherogenic lipoprotein particle concentrations, higher intakes of SFA may influence pathways affecting inflammation, cardiac rhythm, hemostasis, apolipoprotein CIII production, and high-density lipoprotein function. However, the impacts of these effects on ASCVD risk remain uncertain. In the authors' view, the totality of the evidence supports the current recommendation to limit SFA intake to <10% of total daily energy for the general healthy population and further (e.g., to 5-6% of total daily energy) for patients with hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Maki
- Indiana University, Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health, 1025 East 7th Street, Suite 111, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Midwest Biomedical Research, 211 East Lake Street, Suite 3, Addison, IL 60101, USA.
| | - Mary R Dicklin
- Midwest Biomedical Research, 211 East Lake Street, Suite 3, Addison, IL 60101, USA.
| | - Carol F Kirkpatrick
- Kasiska Division of Health Sciences, Idaho State University, 921 South 8th Avenue, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA.
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13
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Trieu K, Bhat S, Dai Z, Leander K, Gigante B, Qian F, Korat AVA, Sun Q, Pan XF, Laguzzi F, Cederholm T, de Faire U, Hellénius ML, Wu JHY, Risérus U, Marklund M. Biomarkers of dairy fat intake, incident cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality: A cohort study, systematic review, and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2021; 18:e1003763. [PMID: 34547017 PMCID: PMC8454979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to investigate the association of serum pentadecanoic acid (15:0), a biomarker of dairy fat intake, with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality in a Swedish cohort study. We also systematically reviewed studies of the association of dairy fat biomarkers (circulating or adipose tissue levels of 15:0, heptadecanoic acid [17:0], and trans-palmitoleic acid [t16:1n-7]) with CVD outcomes or all-cause mortality. METHODS AND FINDINGS We measured 15:0 in serum cholesterol esters at baseline in 4,150 Swedish adults (51% female, median age 60.5 years). During a median follow-up of 16.6 years, 578 incident CVD events and 676 deaths were identified using Swedish registers. In multivariable-adjusted models, higher 15:0 was associated with lower incident CVD risk in a linear dose-response manner (hazard ratio 0.75 per interquintile range; 95% confidence interval 0.61, 0.93, P = 0.009) and nonlinearly with all-cause mortality (P for nonlinearity = 0.03), with a nadir of mortality risk around median 15:0. In meta-analyses including our Swedish cohort and 17 cohort, case-cohort, or nested case-control studies, higher 15:0 and 17:0 but not t16:1n-7 were inversely associated with total CVD, with the relative risk of highest versus lowest tertile being 0.88 (0.78, 0.99), 0.86 (0.79, 0.93), and 1.01 (0.91, 1.12), respectively. Dairy fat biomarkers were not associated with all-cause mortality in meta-analyses, although there were ≤3 studies for each biomarker. Study limitations include the inability of the biomarkers to distinguish different types of dairy foods and that most studies in the meta-analyses (including our novel cohort study) only assessed biomarkers at baseline, which may increase the risk of misclassification of exposure levels. CONCLUSIONS In a meta-analysis of 18 observational studies including our new cohort study, higher levels of 15:0 and 17:0 were associated with lower CVD risk. Our findings support the need for clinical and experimental studies to elucidate the causality of these relationships and relevant biological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Trieu
- The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Saiuj Bhat
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Zhaoli Dai
- Centre for Health Systems and Safety Research, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Pharmacy School and the Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Karin Leander
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bruna Gigante
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frank Qian
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andres V. Ardisson Korat
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xiong-Fei Pan
- The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Federica Laguzzi
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tommy Cederholm
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mai-Lis Hellénius
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jason H. Y. Wu
- The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ulf Risérus
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Matti Marklund
- The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Cortés-Valencia A, Monge A, Tamayo-Ortiz M, Lopez-Ridaura R, Rodriguez BL, Cantú-Brito C, Catzin-Kuhlmann A, Lajous M. Dairy consumption and subclinical atherosclerosis: A cross-sectional study among middle-aged Mexican women. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:1747-1755. [PMID: 33965300 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Many dietary guidelines encourage low-fat dairy products; however, recent studies have found null and inverse associations between high-fat dairy intake and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. We examined the association between the intake of total dairy and different types of dairy and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis, in Mexican women. METHODS AND RESULTS Dairy consumption was assessed using a validated food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) in 1759 women in the Mexican Teachers' Cohort (MTC) study who were free of CVD or cancer. We categorized participants according to total dairy intake and consumption of four mutually exclusive dairy groups: high-fat, low-fat, yogurt, and dairy with added sugars. IMT and atherosclerotic plaque were measured by B-mode ultrasonography. Subclinical atherosclerosis was defined as an IMT ≥0.8 mm and/or the presence of plaque. Multivariable linear regression and logistic regression models were used to respectively assess the mean percentage difference of mean IMT and odds ratios (OR) for subclinical atherosclerosis across quantiles of dairy consumption. Mean (±SD) age was 45.4 ± 5.0 years and the median (interquartile range: IQR) total dairy consumption was 11.0 (6.6, 17.1) servings/week. After adjusting for lifestyle, clinical, and dietary factors, comparing the highest category of consumption, to the lowest, total dairy was associated with increased IMT (2.6%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.6, 4.3; p-trend<0.01). Moreover, yogurt consumption was associated with lower odds of subclinical atherosclerosis (OR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.47, 0.91; p-trend = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS While total dairy consumption was associated with carotid wall thickening, yogurt consumption was related to lower subclinical atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Cortés-Valencia
- Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adriana Monge
- Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcela Tamayo-Ortiz
- Occupational Health Resarch Unit, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ruy Lopez-Ridaura
- National Center for Preventive Programs and Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Mexico
| | - Beatriz L Rodriguez
- School of Medicine, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA; Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Carlos Cantú-Brito
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andres Catzin-Kuhlmann
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Department of Medicine, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Martin Lajous
- Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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15
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Sawh MC, Wallace M, Shapiro E, Goyal NP, Newton KP, Yu EL, Bross C, Durelle J, Knott C, Gangoiti JA, Barshop BA, Gengatharan JM, Meurs N, Schlein A, Middleton MS, Sirlin CB, Metallo CM, Schwimmer JB. Dairy Fat Intake, Plasma Pentadecanoic Acid, and Plasma Iso-heptadecanoic Acid Are Inversely Associated With Liver Fat in Children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2021; 72:e90-e96. [PMID: 33399331 PMCID: PMC8842839 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to evaluate the relevance of pediatric dairy fat recommendations for children at risk for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by studying the association between dairy fat intake and the amount of liver fat. The effects of dairy fat may be mediated by odd chain fatty acids (OCFA), such as pentadecanoic acid (C15:0), and monomethyl branched chain fatty acids (BCFA), such as iso-heptadecanoic acid (iso-C17:0). Therefore, we also evaluated the association between plasma levels of OCFA and BCFA with the amount of liver fat. METHODS Observational, cross-sectional, community-based sample of 237 children ages 8 to 17. Dairy fat intake was assessed by 3 24-hour dietary recalls. Plasma fatty acids were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Main outcome was hepatic steatosis measured by whole liver magnetic resonance imaging proton density fat fraction (MRI-PDFF). RESULTS Median dairy fat intake was 10.6 grams/day (range 0.0--44.5 g/day). Median liver MRI-PDFF was 4.5% (range 0.9%-45.1%). Dairy fat intake was inversely correlated with liver MRI-PDFF (r = -0.162; P = .012). In multivariable log linear regression, plasma C15:0 and iso-C17:0 were inverse predictors of liver MRI-PDFF (B = -0.247, P = 0.048; and B = -0.234, P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS Dairy fat intake, plasma C15:0, and plasma iso-C17:0 were inversely correlated with hepatic steatosis in children. These hypothesis-generating findings should be tested through clinical trials to better inform dietary guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Catherine Sawh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics; University of California San Diego; La Jolla, California
| | - Martina Wallace
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Emma Shapiro
- Boston University College of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences: Sargent College, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nidhi P. Goyal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics; University of California San Diego; La Jolla, California
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Kimberly P. Newton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics; University of California San Diego; La Jolla, California
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Elizabeth L. Yu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics; University of California San Diego; La Jolla, California
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Craig Bross
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics; University of California San Diego; La Jolla, California
| | - Janis Durelle
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics; University of California San Diego; La Jolla, California
| | - Cynthia Knott
- Altman Clinical and Translational Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Jon A. Gangoiti
- Division of Genetics, Biochemical Genetics and Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics; University of California San Diego; La Jolla, California
| | - Bruce A. Barshop
- Division of Genetics, Biochemical Genetics and Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics; University of California San Diego; La Jolla, California
| | - Jivani M. Gengatharan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Noah Meurs
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Alexandra Schlein
- Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Michael S. Middleton
- Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Claude B. Sirlin
- Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Christian M. Metallo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jeffrey B. Schwimmer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics; University of California San Diego; La Jolla, California
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California
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16
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Sharp E, D'Cunha NM, Ranadheera CS, Vasiljevic T, Panagiotakos DB, Naumovski N. Effects of lactose-free and low-lactose dairy on symptoms of gastrointestinal health: A systematic review. Int Dairy J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Hess JM, Cifelli CJ, Fulgoni VL. Modeling the Impact of Fat Flexibility With Dairy Food Servings in the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans Healthy U.S.-Style Eating Pattern. Front Nutr 2020; 7:595880. [PMID: 33195378 PMCID: PMC7642593 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.595880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommends consuming low-fat or fat-free dairy foods due to concerns about energy and saturated fat intake. It also recommends consuming no more than 10% of daily calories from saturated fat. Objective: The objective was to assess the impact of replacing one serving of fat-free dairy foods in the Healthy U.S.-Style Eating Pattern (HUSEP) from the DGA with one serving of whole- or reduced-fat dairy foods. We hypothesized that this replacement would keep the HUSEP within calorie, saturated fat, and sodium limits. Methods: Utilizing the same modeling procedures as the 2015-2020 DGA, we assessed the nutrient composition of seven alternative models of the 2000-calorie HUSEP. These models replaced all three servings of dairy foods in the HUSEP with an updated fat-free dairy composite (Model 1) or one of three fat-free dairy servings in the HUSEP with: a whole-fat dairy food composite, a reduced-fat/low-fat dairy food composite, whole milk, reduced-fat milk, whole-fat cheese, or reduced-fat cheese (Models 2-7). Results: In all models, the amount of saturated fat did not exceed 10% of total calories, but the amount of energy increased by 45-94 calories. While still lower than current average intake (3,440 mg/d), sodium amounts in four of the seven models exceeded the 2,300 mg/d recommended intake level. Conclusions: Some reduced- and whole-fat dairy foods, especially milk, can fit into calorie-balanced healthy eating patterns that also align with saturated fat recommendations. Allowing some flexibility in fat level of dairy food servings aligns with the recommendations that calories from solid fats and added sugars are best used to increase the palatability of nutrient-dense foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Hess
- National Dairy Council, Rosemont, IL, United States
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18
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Mazidi M, Katsiki N, Shekoohi N, Banach M. Monounsaturated Fatty Acid Levels May Not Affect Cardiovascular Events: Results From a Mendelian Randomization Analysis. Front Nutr 2020; 7:123. [PMID: 32984395 PMCID: PMC7492609 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim: Several observational studies evaluated the links between serum monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and cardiovascular events with controversial results. In the present study, Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was applied to obtain unconfounded estimates of the causal associations of genetically determined serum MUFAs with coronary heart disease (CHD), myocardial infarction (MI), cardioembolic stroke (CS), and ischemic stroke (IS). Methods: Four MUFAs were studied (i.e., 10-heptadecenoate, myristoleic, oleic, and palmitoleic acid). Data from the largest genome-wide association studies on MUFAs, CHD, MI, and stroke were analyzed. Inverse variance weighted method (IVW), weighted median (WM)-based method, MR-Egger, as well as MR-pleiotropy residual sum and outlier were applied. To rule out the impact of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), the leave-one-out method was also performed. Results: Genetically higher-serum 10-heptadecenoate levels did not affect the risk of CHD (IVW = Beta: −0.304, p = 0.185), MI (IVW = Beta: −0.505, p = 0.066), CS (IVW = Beta: −0.056, p = 0.945), and IS (IVW = Beta: −0.121, p = 0.767). Similarly, no significant associations were observed for myristoleic acid (CHD: IVW = Beta: 0.008; MI: IVW = Beta: 0.041; CS: IVW = Beta: 0.881; IS: IVW = Beta: 0.162), oleic acid (CHD: IVW = Beta: −0.2417; MI: IVW = Beta: −0.119; CS: IVW = Beta: 1.059; IS: IVW = Beta: 0.008491), and palmitoleic acid (CHD: IVW = Beta: −0.06957; MI: IVW = Beta: −0.01255; CS: IVW = Beta: 1.042; IS: IVW = Beta: −0.1862). A low likelihood of heterogeneity and pleiotropy was reported, and the observed associations were not driven by single SNPs. Conclusions: In the present MR analysis, serum MUFA levels were not associated with the risk of CHD, MI, CS, and IS. Further research, evaluating more MUFAs, is required to elucidate the links between MUFAs and CVD to contribute to health policy decisions in reducing CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Mazidi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Niki Katsiki
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, Medical School, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Niloofar Shekoohi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Łódz, Poland.,Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Łódz, Poland.,Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
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Integrative Analysis of Lipid Profiles in Plasma Allows Cardiometabolic Risk Factor Clustering in Children with Metabolically Unhealthy Obesity. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:2935278. [PMID: 33299523 PMCID: PMC7710435 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2935278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension, central obesity, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia are key risk factors for cardiovascular disease. However, the specific factors contributing to the development of unfavorable cardiometabolic characteristics in children with obesity are unknown. In this study, we investigated the cross-sectional relationships between cytokines, irisin, and fatty acid (FA) composition in plasma in school-age children with metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity (MHO and MUO, respectively) of the same age and body mass index and waist circumference percentiles. We compared the data with that of children with normal weight (NW). We found that inflammatory cytokines and low irisin plasma concentrations are associated with obesity but not with cardiometabolic risk (CMR). Lipid profiles showed that children with MUO have a distinctive FA profile compared with children with MHO and NW, whereas children with MHO shared 88% of the FA profile with the NW group. Among all FAs, concentration of myristic acid (14 : 0), arachidic acid (20 : 0), and n-3 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) was higher in children with MHO, whereas n-6 PUFAs such as arachidonic acid (20 : 4n6) had a significant contribution in defining MUO. These data suggest that the plasma FA profile is not only a central link to obesity but also may act as an indicator of CMR presence.
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20
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Hidayat K, Du X, Shi BM, Qin LQ. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between dairy consumption and the risk of hip fracture: critical interpretation of the currently available evidence. Osteoporos Int 2020; 31:1411-1425. [PMID: 32383066 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-020-05383-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In the present meta-analysis, reductions in the risk of hip fracture with milk consumption were only observed among American adults, but not among Scandinavian adults, possibly because milk products are more commonly fortified with vitamin D in the former population than in Scandinavian countries. The reduction in the risk of hip fracture was also observed with yogurt consumption, which is often associated with healthy lifestyles and dietary patterns that contribute to improved bone health. INTRODUCTION Although dairy products contain bone-beneficial nutrients, the association between dairy consumption and the risk of hip fracture remains equivocal. Fueling this uncertainty, the elevated risk of hip fracture in association with milk consumption was observed in a cohort of Swedish women. A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies was performed to critically evaluate the association, or lack thereof, between dairy consumption (milk, yogurt, and cheese) and the risk of hip fracture. METHODS A random effects model was used to generate the summary relative risks (RRs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations of interest. RESULTS In the meta-analysis of the highest versus lowest category of consumption, higher consumption of yogurt (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.68, 0.90), but not milk (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.73, 1.02) or cheese (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.66, 1.08), was associated with a lower risk of hip fracture. For milk, the reduced risk of fracture with higher milk consumption was observed in the USA (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.65, 0.87), but not in Scandinavian countries (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.85, 1.17). These findings were further supported by the fact that American studies (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.88, 0.98; per 1 glass/day), but not Scandinavian studies (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.95, 1.07; per 1 glass/day), demonstrated a linear association between milk consumption and the risk of hip fracture. CONCLUSIONS The cumulative evidence from prospective cohort studies reassuringly suggests that the risk of hip fracture may not be elevated among people who consume milk, yogurt, and cheese, and that a greater consumption of milk or yogurt may even be associated with a lower risk of hip fracture depending on the factors that may differ across the population of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hidayat
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China.
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, No. 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - X Du
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - B-M Shi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China.
| | - L-Q Qin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, No. 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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21
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Hirahatake KM, Astrup A, Hill JO, Slavin JL, Allison DB, Maki KC. Potential Cardiometabolic Health Benefits of Full-Fat Dairy: The Evidence Base. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:533-547. [PMID: 31904812 PMCID: PMC7231591 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their inception in 1980, the Dietary Guidelines for Americans have promoted low- or fat-free dairy foods. Removing fat from dairy does not reduce putatively beneficial nutrients per serving, including calcium, vitamin D, and potassium. Additionally, links between saturated fat and dietary cholesterol intakes with cardiovascular disease risk have helped to sustain the view that low-fat dairy foods should be recommended. Emerging evidence shows that the consumption of full-fat dairy foods has a neutral or inverse association with adverse cardiometabolic health outcomes, including atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and associated risk factors. Thus, although low-fat dairy is a practical, practice-based recommendation, its superiority compared with full-fat dairy is not obviously supported by results from recent prospective cohort studies or intervention trials. To evaluate the emerging science on full-fat dairy, a group of nutrition experts convened to summarize and discuss the scientific evidence regarding the health effects of consuming full-fat dairy foods. Future studies should focus on full-fat dairy foods (milk, yogurt, and cheese) in the context of recommended dietary patterns and consider meal composition and metabolic phenotype in assessing the relation between full-fat dairy consumption and cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Hirahatake
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - James O Hill
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Joanne L Slavin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - David B Allison
- School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Kevin C Maki
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA,Midwest Biomedical Research, Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Health, Addison, IL, USA,Address correspondence to KCM (e-mail: )
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22
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Development of a Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Method for the Determination of Free Fatty Acids in Milk. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071548. [PMID: 32231035 PMCID: PMC7181243 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The determination of free fatty acids (FFAs) in milk is of importance for quality control, legislative purposes, authentication and product development. We present herein a liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry method for the direct determination of FFAs in milk. The method involves mild sample preparation, avoids time-consuming derivatization and allows the direct quantification of twenty-two FFAs in a 10-min single run. It was validated and applied in thirteen cow milk and seven goat milk samples. Saturated fatty acids C16:0, C18:0 and unsaturated C18:1 (n-9) were found to be the major components of milk FFAs at concentrations of 33.1 ± 8.2 μg/mL, 16.5 ± 5.3 μg/mL and 14.8 ± 3.8 μg/mL, respectively, in cow milk and at concentrations of 22.8 ± 1.8 μg/mL, 12.7 ± 2.8 μg/mL and 13.3 ± 0.3 μg/mL, respectively, in goat milk. Other saturated and unsaturated FFAs were found in significantly lower quantities. Saturated fatty acids C6:0, C8:0 and C10:0 were found in higher quantities in goat milk than in cow milk. The levels of the important (for human health) odd-chain FFAs C15:0 and C17:0 were estimated in cow and goat milk.
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23
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The association between milk consumption and the metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study of the residents of Suzhou, China and a meta-analysis. Br J Nutr 2020; 123:1013-1023. [PMID: 31964442 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520000227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The association between milk consumption and the metabolic syndrome remains inconclusive, and data from Chinese populations are scarce. We conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate the association between milk consumption and the metabolic syndrome and its components among the residents of Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, China. A total of 5149 participants were included in the final analysis. A logistic regression model was applied to estimate the OR and 95 % CI for the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its components according to milk consumption. In addition, the results of our study were further meta-analysed with other published observational studies to quantify the association between the highest v. lowest categories of milk consumption and the metabolic syndrome and its components. There was no significant difference in the odds of having the metabolic syndrome between milk consumers and non-milk consumers (OR 0·86, 95 % CI 0·73, 1·01). However, milk consumers had lower odds of having elevated waist circumference (OR 0·78, 95 % CI 0·67, 0·92), elevated TAG (OR 0·83, 95 % CI 0·70, 0·99) and elevated blood pressure (OR 0·85, 95 % CI 0·73, 0·99). When the results were pooled together with other published studies, higher milk consumption was inversely associated with the risk of the metabolic syndrome (relative risk 0·80, 95 % CI 0·72, 0·88) and its components (except elevated fasting blood glucose); however, these results should be treated with caution as high heterogeneity was observed. In summary, the currently available evidence from observational studies suggests that higher milk consumption may be inversely associated with the metabolic syndrome.
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24
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Pertiwi K, Küpers LK, Wanders AJ, de Goede J, Zock PL, Geleijnse JM. Associations of dairy and fiber intake with circulating odd-chain fatty acids in post-myocardial infarction patients. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2019; 16:78. [PMID: 31754368 PMCID: PMC6854617 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-019-0407-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Circulating odd-chain fatty acids pentadecanoic (15:0) and heptadecanoic acid (17:0) are considered to reflect dairy intake. In cohort studies, higher circulating 15:0 and 17:0 were associated with lower type 2 diabetes risk. A recent randomized controlled trial in humans suggested that fiber intake also increased circulating 15:0 and 17:0, potentially resulting from fermentation by gut microbes. We examined the associations of dairy and fiber intake with circulating 15:0 and 17:0 in patients with a history of myocardial infarction (MI). Methods We performed cross-sectional analyses in a subsample of 869 Dutch post-MI patients of the Alpha Omega Cohort who had data on dietary intake and circulating fatty acids. Dietary intakes (g/d) were assessed using a 203-item food frequency questionnaire. Circulating 15:0 and 17:0 (as % of total fatty acids) were measured in plasma phospholipids (PL) and cholesteryl esters (CE). Spearman correlations (rs) were computed between intakes of total dairy, dairy fat, fiber, and circulating 15:0 and 17:0. Results Patients were on average 69 years old, 78% was male and 21% had diabetes. Total dairy intake comprised predominantly milk and yogurt (69%). Dairy fat was mainly derived from cheese (47%) and milk (15%), and fiber was mainly from grains (43%). Circulating 15:0 in PL was significantly correlated with total dairy and dairy fat intake (both rs = 0.19, p < 0.001), but not with dietary fiber intake (rs = 0.05, p = 0.11). Circulating 17:0 in PL was correlated both with dairy intake (rs = 0.14 for total dairy and 0.11 for dairy fat, p < 0.001), and fiber intake (rs = 0.19, p < 0.001). Results in CE were roughly similar, except for a weaker correlation of CE 17:0 with fiber (rs = 0.11, p = 0.001). Circulating 15:0 was highest in those with high dairy intake irrespective of fiber intake, while circulating 17:0 was highest in those with high dairy and fiber intake. Conclusions In our cohort of post-MI patients, circulating 15:0 was associated with dairy intake but not fiber intake, whereas circulating 17:0 was associated with both dairy and fiber intake. These data suggest that cardiometabolic health benefits previously attributed to 17:0 as a biomarker of dairy intake may partly be explained by fiber intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalita Pertiwi
- 1Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leanne K Küpers
- 1Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne J Wanders
- 2Future Health & Wellness, Unilever R&D, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Janette de Goede
- 1Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter L Zock
- 2Future Health & Wellness, Unilever R&D, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna M Geleijnse
- 1Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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25
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Bard JM, Drouet L, Lairon D, Cazaubiel M, Marmonier C, Ninio E, Bal Dit Sollier C, Martin JC, Boyer C, Bobin-Dubigeon C. Effect of milk fat on LDL cholesterol and other cardiovascular risk markers in healthy humans: the INNOVALAIT project. Eur J Clin Nutr 2019; 74:285-296. [PMID: 31712768 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-019-0528-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Milk has a specific saturated fatty acid profile and its calcium content may change the kinetics of fat absorption. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to compare the effect on LDL Cholesterol and other risk markers of four isolipidic diets differing by their fat food source, vegetable fat, spring milk fat, winter milk fat or winter milk fat supplemented with calcium, in healthy moderately hypercholesterolemic humans. INDIVIDUALS AND METHODS This double-blind, randomized trial with four parallel arms included 172 healthy adults with plasma LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) from 130 to 220 mg/dL and triglycerides below 300 mg/dL. Individual meal plans ensured a stable energy intake. In the three diets containing milk fat, milk fat provided 38% of energy. Vegetable fat and spring milk fat diets provided the same amount of saturated fatty acids while the winter milk fat diets were slightly richer in saturated fatty acids. Vegetable fat diet and winter milk fat diets provided the same amount of palmitic acid (7.0% EI), while the spring milk fat diet was slightly poorer in this fatty acid (5.1% EI). Cardiovascular risk markers were analyzed after 8 weeks of dietary intervention. RESULTS There was no significant difference in LDL-C and other markers, except total cholesterol (TC), apo C3 and CRP. TC was significantly higher with spring milk fat than with vegetable fat. CONCLUSIONS In this trial, the chosen vegetable fat did not have a significant beneficial effect on LDL-C compared to dairy fat. However, sub-group analysis showed differences in TC, apo C3 and CRP. These results need confirmation and long-term studies aiming at cardiovascular endpoints are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Bard
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Biopathologie, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Ouest, EA 2160 - IUML FR3473 CNRS, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.
| | - Ludovic Drouet
- LTA-IVS INSERM U689, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - Denis Lairon
- UMR 1062-INSERM/1260-INRA, Faculté de Médecine, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Ewa Ninio
- Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, ICAN, Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM UMR_S 1166-ICAN, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | | | - Jean-Charles Martin
- UMR 1062-INSERM/1260-INRA, Faculté de Médecine, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | | | - Christine Bobin-Dubigeon
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Biopathologie, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Ouest, EA 2160 - IUML FR3473 CNRS, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
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26
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Hidayat K, Du X, Shi BM. Milk in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: The potential role of milk proteins. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2019; 35:e3187. [PMID: 31111646 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Globally, diabetes mellitus is not only considered a leading cause of mortality and morbidities but has also created a substantial economic burden. There is growing evidence that foods and their components can be implemented in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Increased dairy consumption has been linked to a lower risk of T2DM. The protective role of dairy foods in the development of T2DM is thought to be largely attributable to dairy nutrients, one of them being dairy protein. There is considerable evidence that milk proteins increase the postprandial insulin response and lower the postprandial blood glucose response in both healthy subjects and patients with T2DM. The exact mechanisms by which milk proteins lower postprandial glucose levels are yet to established; however, the amino acids and bioactive peptides derived from milk proteins are thought to modify a physiological milieu, which includes delayed gastric emptying and the enhancement of incretin and insulin responses, consequently leading to lower postprandial glucose levels. The present review will focus on providing a clear presentation of the potential implementation of milk proteins as a dietary supplement in the prevention and management of T2DM by summarizing the relevant supporting evidence for this particular topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khemayanto Hidayat
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xuan Du
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bi-Min Shi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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27
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The Association between Milk and Dairy Products Consumption and Nutrient Intake Adequacy among Japanese Adults: Analysis of the 2016 National Health and Nutrition Survey. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102361. [PMID: 31623382 PMCID: PMC6835801 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of dairy products in the usual diet may be important for improving the overall quality of dietary intake. This study aimed to assess the difference in nutrient intake adequacy according to the intake of dairy products based on a 1-day weighed dietary record of Japanese adults from the 2016 National Health and Nutrition Survey. Nutritional adequacy was determined based on the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese 2015, with 2 goals: Tentative dietary goals (DG) for preventing lifestyle-related diseases, and the estimated average requirement (EAR). According to the dairy products consumption, participants were categorized into three groups (milk, other dairy product, or non-dairy), and the total number of those not meeting DG and EAR was compared. Non-dairy consumers were less likely to meet both DG and EAR compared to dairy consumers. Dairy consumers were more likely to exceed the DG for saturated fat than non-dairy consumers. Japanese adult dairy consumers were more likely to have adequate nutritional intake than non-dairy consumers, especially for calcium. We also observed a higher saturated fat intake in dairy consumers, which might be due to a certain dietary pattern in this group. Further investigation is needed to determine dairy intake and its influence on dietary quality among the Japanese population.
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28
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Milk and Dairy Products and Their Nutritional Contribution to the Average Polish Diet. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081771. [PMID: 31374893 PMCID: PMC6723869 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to identify the dairy sources of energy and 44 nutrients in the average Polish diet. Our research included: carbohydrates, protein, total fat, saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), cholesterol, 18 amino acids, 9 minerals, and 10 vitamins. The analysis was conducted based on the data from the 2016 Household Budget Survey, a representative sample of the Polish population (i.e., 36,886 households). The category of milk and dairy products was divided into three main groups (i.e., milk, cheeses, and yoghurts, milk drinks and other dairy products) and seven sub-groups (i.e., whole milk, reduced fat milk, condensed and powdered milk, ripened and melted cheese, cottage cheese, yoghurts, milk drinks and other dairy products). Milk and dairy products provided 9.1% of the total energy supply. A high share (above 20%) in the supply of nutrients was noted in the case of calcium (54.7%), riboflavin (28.1%), vitamin B12 (26.1%), and phosphorus (24.6%). Supply at the level of 10-20% was observed for protein, SFA, zinc, total fat, cholesterol, potassium, magnesium, and vitamin A. Of the amino acids, the share above 20% from dairy category was recorded in the case of 6 amino acids (proline, tyrosine, serine, lysine, valine, and leucine) and at the level of 10-20% for 10 amino acids (isoleucine, histidine, threonine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, methionine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, and arginine).
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29
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Verruck S, Balthazar CF, Rocha RS, Silva R, Esmerino EA, Pimentel TC, Freitas MQ, Silva MC, da Cruz AG, Prudencio ES. Dairy foods and positive impact on the consumer's health. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2019; 89:95-164. [PMID: 31351531 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present chapter was to demonstrate the state of the art in the recent advances in nutritional and functional components of dairy products research. In this chapter, the main mechanisms responsible and essential for a better understanding of nutritional and functional values of the components of milk and dairy products are highlighted. It also includes a discussion about the positive impacts of fermented milk, cheese, butter, ice cream, and dairy desserts components on the consumer's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvani Verruck
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Ramon Silva Rocha
- Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Faculdade de Veterinária, Niterói, Brazil; Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Departamento de Alimentos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ramon Silva
- Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Faculdade de Veterinária, Niterói, Brazil; Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Departamento de Alimentos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marcia Cristina Silva
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Departamento de Alimentos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriano Gomes da Cruz
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Departamento de Alimentos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Elane Schwinden Prudencio
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Kahleova H, Barnard ND. Serial measures of circulating biomarkers of dairy fat: something is missing. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 109:219-220. [PMID: 30624601 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Kahleova
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - Neal D Barnard
- Adjunct Faculty, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
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de Oliveira Otto MC, Mozaffarian D. Reply to H Kahleova and ND Barnard. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 109:220-221. [PMID: 30624590 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marcia C de Oliveira Otto
- From the Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Public Health, Houston, TX
| | - Dariush Mozaffarian
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA
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Dehghan M, Mente A, Rangarajan S, Sheridan P, Mohan V, Iqbal R, Gupta R, Lear S, Wentzel-Viljoen E, Avezum A, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Mony P, Varma RP, Kumar R, Chifamba J, Alhabib KF, Mohammadifard N, Oguz A, Lanas F, Rozanska D, Bostrom KB, Yusoff K, Tsolkile LP, Dans A, Yusufali A, Orlandini A, Poirier P, Khatib R, Hu B, Wei L, Yin L, Deeraili A, Yeates K, Yusuf R, Ismail N, Mozaffarian D, Teo K, Anand SS, Yusuf S. Association of dairy intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 21 countries from five continents (PURE): a prospective cohort study. Lancet 2018; 392:2288-2297. [PMID: 30217460 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31812-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary guidelines recommend minimising consumption of whole-fat dairy products, as they are a source of saturated fats and presumed to adversely affect blood lipids and increase cardiovascular disease and mortality. Evidence for this contention is sparse and few data for the effects of dairy consumption on health are available from low-income and middle-income countries. Therefore, we aimed to assess the associations between total dairy and specific types of dairy products with mortality and major cardiovascular disease. METHODS The Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study is a large multinational cohort study of individuals aged 35-70 years enrolled from 21 countries in five continents. Dietary intakes of dairy products for 136 384 individuals were recorded using country-specific validated food frequency questionnaires. Dairy products comprised milk, yoghurt, and cheese. We further grouped these foods into whole-fat and low-fat dairy. The primary outcome was the composite of mortality or major cardiovascular events (defined as death from cardiovascular causes, non-fatal myocardial infarction, stroke, or heart failure). Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using multivariable Cox frailty models with random intercepts to account for clustering of participants by centre. FINDINGS Between Jan 1, 2003, and July 14, 2018, we recorded 10 567 composite events (deaths [n=6796] or major cardiovascular events [n=5855]) during the 9·1 years of follow-up. Higher intake of total dairy (>2 servings per day compared with no intake) was associated with a lower risk of the composite outcome (HR 0·84, 95% CI 0·75-0·94; ptrend=0·0004), total mortality (0·83, 0·72-0·96; ptrend=0·0052), non-cardiovascular mortality (0·86, 0·72-1·02; ptrend=0·046), cardiovascular mortality (0·77, 0·58-1·01; ptrend=0·029), major cardiovascular disease (0·78, 0·67-0·90; ptrend=0·0001), and stroke (0·66, 0·53-0·82; ptrend=0·0003). No significant association with myocardial infarction was observed (HR 0·89, 95% CI 0·71-1·11; ptrend=0·163). Higher intake (>1 serving vs no intake) of milk (HR 0·90, 95% CI 0·82-0·99; ptrend=0·0529) and yogurt (0·86, 0·75-0·99; ptrend=0·0051) was associated with lower risk of the composite outcome, whereas cheese intake was not significantly associated with the composite outcome (0·88, 0·76-1·02; ptrend=0·1399). Butter intake was low and was not significantly associated with clinical outcomes (HR 1·09, 95% CI 0·90-1·33; ptrend=0·4113). INTERPRETATION Dairy consumption was associated with lower risk of mortality and major cardiovascular disease events in a diverse multinational cohort. FUNDING Full funding sources are listed at the end of the paper (see Acknowledgments).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Dehghan
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Andrew Mente
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sumathy Rangarajan
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick Sheridan
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Romaina Iqbal
- Department of Community Health Sciences and Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rajeev Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, India
| | - Scott Lear
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, BC, Canada
| | | | - Alvaro Avezum
- Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricio Lopez-Jaramillo
- Research Department, Fundacion Oftalmologica de Santander, Medical School, University of Santander, Floridablanca-Santander, Colombia
| | - Prem Mony
- Division of Epidemiology and Population Health, St John's Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Ravi Prasad Varma
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies Health Action by People, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER) School of Public Health, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jephat Chifamba
- College of Health Sciences, Physiology Department, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Khalid F Alhabib
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, King Fahad Cardiac Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noushin Mohammadifard
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Aytekin Oguz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fernando Lanas
- Department of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Francisco Salazar, Temuco, Chile
| | - Dorota Rozanska
- Department of Dietetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kristina Bengtsson Bostrom
- Närhälsan R&D Centre Skaraborg Primary Care Skövde and Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Primary Health Care, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Khalid Yusoff
- Department of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Medicine, UCSI University, Cheras, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lungiswa P Tsolkile
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, Western Cape Province, South Africa
| | - Antonio Dans
- Department of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - AfzalHussein Yusufali
- Dubai Medical University, Hatta Hospital, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Paul Poirier
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et pneumologie de Québec, Université laval, QC, Canada
| | - Rasha Khatib
- Departments of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ai Deeraili
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang Hetian, Xinjiang, China
| | - Karen Yeates
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Rita Yusuf
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Noorhassim Ismail
- Department of Community Health, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Malaysia
| | - Dariush Mozaffarian
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Koon Teo
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sonia S Anand
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Salim Yusuf
- School of Life Sciences, Independent University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Intake of fermented and non-fermented dairy products and risk of incident CHD: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Br J Nutr 2018; 120:1288-1297. [PMID: 30370878 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518002830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent dairy product studies have suggested that fermented rather than non-fermented dairy products might provide benefits on cardiovascular health, but the evidence is inconclusive. Therefore, we investigated whether fermented and non-fermented dairy products have distinct associations with the risk of incident CHD in a population with high dairy product intake. The present study included a total of 1981 men, aged 42-60 years, from the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study, with no CHD at baseline. Dietary intakes were assessed with instructed 4-d food records. We used Cox's proportional hazards regression model to estimate the associations with the risk of CHD. Fatal and non-fatal CHD events were ascertained from national registries. During a mean follow-up of 20·1 years, 472 CHD events were recorded. Median intakes were 105 g/d for fermented (87 % low-fat products) and 466 g/d for non-fermented dairy products (60 % low-fat products). After adjusting for potential confounders, those in the highest (v. lowest) intake quartile of fermented dairy products had 27 % (95 % CI 5, 44; P-trend=0·02) lower risk of CHD. In contrast, those in the highest intake quartile of non-fermented dairy products had 52 % (95 % CI 13, 104; P-trend=0·003) higher risk of CHD. When analysed based on fat content, low-fat (<3·5 % fat) fermented dairy product intake was associated with lower risk (hazard ratio in the highest quartile=0·74; 95 % CI 0·57, 0·97; P-trend=0·03), but high-fat fermented dairy and low-fat or high-fat non-fermented dairy products had no association. These results suggest that fermented and non-fermented dairy products can have opposite associations with the risk of CHD.
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Hannon BA, Khan NA, Teran-Garcia M. Nutrigenetic Contributions to Dyslipidemia: A Focus on Physiologically Relevant Pathways of Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1404. [PMID: 30279335 PMCID: PMC6213032 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the number one cause of death worldwide, and dyslipidemia is a major predictor of CVD mortality. Elevated lipid concentrations are the result of multiple genetic and environmental factors. Over 150 genetic loci have been associated with blood lipid levels. However, not all variants are present in pathways relevant to the pathophysiology of dyslipidemia. The study of these physiologically relevant variants can provide mechanistic understanding of dyslipidemia and identify potential novel therapeutic targets. Additionally, dietary fatty acids have been evidenced to exert both positive and negative effects on lipid profiles. The metabolism of both dietary and endogenously synthesized lipids can be affected by individual genetic variation to produce elevated lipid concentrations. This review will explore the genetic, dietary, and nutrigenetic contributions to dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget A Hannon
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Naiman A Khan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA.
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Margarita Teran-Garcia
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA.
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA.
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Cooperative Extension, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA.
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Cross-Sectional Associations between Dietary Fat-Related Behaviors and Continuous Metabolic Syndrome Score among Young Australian Adults. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10080972. [PMID: 30050025 PMCID: PMC6116055 DOI: 10.3390/nu10080972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary guidelines recommend removing visible fat from meat, choosing low-fat options and cooking with oil instead of butter. This study examined cross-sectional associations between fat-related eating behaviors and a continuous metabolic syndrome (cMetSyn) score among young adults. During 2004–2006, 2071 participants aged 26–36 years reported how often they trimmed fat from meat, consumed low-fat dairy products and used different types of fat for cooking. A fasting blood sample was collected. Blood pressure, weight and height were measured. To create the cMetSyn score, sex-specific principal component analysis was applied to normalized risk factors of the harmonized definition of metabolic syndrome. Higher score indicates higher risk. For each behavior, differences in mean cMetSyn score were calculated using linear regression adjusted for confounders. Analyses were stratified by weight status (Body mass index (BMI) < 25 kg/m2 or ≥ 25 kg/m2). Mean cMetSyn score was positively associated with consumption of low-fat oily dressing (PTrend = 0.013) among participants who were healthy weight and frequency of using canola/sunflower oil for cooking (PTrend = 0.008) among participants who were overweight/obese. Trimming fat from meat, cooking with olive oil, cooking with butter, and consuming low-fat dairy products were not associated with cMetSyn score. Among young adults, following fat-related dietary recommendations tended to not be associated with metabolic risk.
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