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Brobak KM, Halvorsen LV, Aass HCD, Søraas CL, Aune A, Olsen E, Bergland OU, Rognstad S, Blom KB, Birkeland JAK, Høieggen A, Larstorp ACK, Solbu MD. Novel biomarkers in patients with uncontrolled hypertension with and without kidney damage. Blood Press 2024; 33:2323980. [PMID: 38606688 DOI: 10.1080/08037051.2024.2323980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urine albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) are insensitive biomarkers for early detection of hypertension-mediated organ damage (HMOD). In this nationwide cross-sectional study, we assessed potential biomarkers for early HMOD in healthy persons and patients with hypertension. We hypothesised that plasma levels of biomarkers: (1) are different between healthy controls and patients with hypertension, (2): can classify patients with hypertension according to the degree of hypertension severity. DESIGN AND METHODS Patients with hypertension prescribed ≥2 antihypertensive agents were selected from a multicentre study. Healthy controls were selected from an ongoing study of living kidney donor candidates. Uncontrolled hypertension was defined as systolic daytime ambulatory blood pressure ≥135 mmHg. Kidney HMOD was defined by ACR > 3.0 mg/mmol or eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Patients with hypertension were categorised into three groups: (1) controlled hypertension; (2) uncontrolled hypertension without kidney HMOD; (3) uncontrolled hypertension with kidney HMOD. Fifteen biomarkers were analysed using a Luminex bead-based immunoassay, and nine fell within the specified analytical range. RESULTS Plasma levels of Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and uromodulin were significantly different between healthy controls (n = 39) and patients with hypertension (n = 176). In regression models, with controlled hypertension (n = 55) as the reference category, none of the biomarkers were associated with uncontrolled hypertension without (n = 59) and with (n = 62) kidney HMOD. In models adjusted for cardiovascular risk factors and eGFR, osteopontin (OPN) was associated with uncontrolled hypertension without kidney HMOD (odds ratio (OR) 1.77 (1.05-2.98), p = 0.03), and regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) with uncontrolled hypertension with kidney HMOD (OR 0.57 (0.34-0.95), p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS None of the biomarkers could differentiate our hypertension groups when established risk factors were considered. Plasma OPN may identify patients with uncontrolled hypertension at risk for kidney HMOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Marius Brobak
- Section of Nephrology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Metabolic and Renal Research Group, UiT The Artic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lene V Halvorsen
- Department of Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Camilla L Søraas
- Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Section for Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arleen Aune
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eirik Olsen
- Clinic of Emergency Medicine and Prehospital Care, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, University of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ola Undrum Bergland
- Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stine Rognstad
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmacology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjersti B Blom
- Department of Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, and KG Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Aud Høieggen
- Department of Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Cecilie K Larstorp
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section for Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marit D Solbu
- Section of Nephrology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Metabolic and Renal Research Group, UiT The Artic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Zhang Y, Sheikh AM, Tabassum S, Iwasa K, Shibly AZ, Zhou X, Wang R, Bhuiya J, Abdullah FB, Yano S, Aoki Y, Nagai A. Effect of high-fat diet on cerebral pathological changes of cerebral small vessel disease in SHR/SP rats. GeroScience 2024; 46:3779-3800. [PMID: 38319539 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel diseases (CSVD) are neurological disorders associated with microvessels, manifested pathologically as white matter (WM) changes and cortical microbleeds, with hypertension as a risk factor. Additionally, a high-fat diet (HFD) can affect peripheral vessel health. Our study explored how HFD affects cerebral small vessels in normotensive WKY, hypertensive SHR, and SHR/SP rats. The MRI results revealed that HFD specifically increased WM hyperintensity in SHR/SP rats. Pathologically, it increased WM pallor and vacuolation in SHR and SHR/SP rats. Levels of blood-brain barrier (BBB) protein claudin 5 were decreased in SHR and SHR/SP compared to WKY, with HFD having minimal impact on these levels. Conversely, collagen IV levels remained consistent among the rat strains, which were increased by HFD. Consequently, HFD caused vessel leakage in all rat strains, particularly within the corpus callosum of SHR/SP rats. To understand the underlying mechanisms, we assessed the levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), Gp91-phox, and neuroinflammatory markers astrocytes, and microglia were increased in SHR and SHR/SP compared to WKY and were further elevated by HFD in all rat strains. Gp91-phox was also increased in SHR and SHR/SP compared to WKY, with HFD causing an increase in WKY but little effect in SHR and SHR/SP. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that HFD, in combined with hypertension, intensifies cerebral pathological alterations in CSVD rats. This exacerbation involves increased oxidative stress and HIF-1α in cerebral vessels, triggering neuroinflammation, vascular basement membrane remodeling, IgG leakage, and ultimately WM damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-Cho, Izumo, 693-8501, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Abdullah Md Sheikh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Shatera Tabassum
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Kenichi Iwasa
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-Cho, Izumo, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Abu Zaffar Shibly
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-Cho, Izumo, 693-8501, Japan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Xiaojing Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-Cho, Izumo, 693-8501, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Zhoushan Hospital, Zhoushan, 316004, China
| | - Ruochen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-Cho, Izumo, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Jubo Bhuiya
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-Cho, Izumo, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Fatema Binte Abdullah
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-Cho, Izumo, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Shozo Yano
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Aoki
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-Cho, Izumo, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nagai
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-Cho, Izumo, 693-8501, Japan.
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Totoń-Żurańska J, Mikolajczyk TP, Saju B, Guzik TJ. Vascular remodelling in cardiovascular diseases: hypertension, oxidation, and inflammation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:817-850. [PMID: 38920058 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Optimal vascular structure and function are essential for maintaining the physiological functions of the cardiovascular system. Vascular remodelling involves changes in vessel structure, including its size, shape, cellular and molecular composition. These changes result from multiple risk factors and may be compensatory adaptations to sustain blood vessel function. They occur in diverse cardiovascular pathologies, from hypertension to heart failure and atherosclerosis. Dynamic changes in the endothelium, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, pericytes or other vascular wall cells underlie remodelling. In addition, immune cells, including macrophages and lymphocytes, may infiltrate vessels and initiate inflammatory signalling. They contribute to a dynamic interplay between cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, inflammation, and extracellular matrix reorganisation, all critical mechanisms of vascular remodelling. Molecular pathways underlying these processes include growth factors (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor), inflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α), reactive oxygen species, and signalling pathways, such as Rho/ROCK, MAPK, and TGF-β/Smad, related to nitric oxide and superoxide biology. MicroRNAs and long noncoding RNAs are crucial epigenetic regulators of gene expression in vascular remodelling. We evaluate these pathways for potential therapeutic targeting from a clinical translational perspective. In summary, vascular remodelling, a coordinated modification of vascular structure and function, is crucial in cardiovascular disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Totoń-Żurańska
- Center for Medical Genomics OMICRON, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz P Mikolajczyk
- Center for Medical Genomics OMICRON, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Blessy Saju
- BHF Centre for Research Excellence, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Center for Medical Genomics OMICRON, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- BHF Centre for Research Excellence, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
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de Freitas RA, Dos Passos RR, Dos Santos FCA, Bressan AFM, Carneiro FS, Lima VV, Giachini FRC. Interleukin-10 deficiency induces thoracic perivascular adipose tissue whitening and vascular remodeling. J Mol Histol 2024:10.1007/s10735-024-10202-8. [PMID: 38898139 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-024-10202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is an adipose layer, surrounding blood vessels, with a local modulatory role. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) has been shown to modulate vascular tissue. This study aimed to characterize the endogenous role of IL-10 in vascular remodeling, and PVAT phenotyping. Thoracic aortic segments from control (C57BL/6J) and IL-10 knockout (IL-10-/-) male mice were used. Analyzes of aorta/PVAT morphometry, and elastin, collagen and reticulin deposition were performed. Tissue uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) was accessed by Western blotting. Endogenous absence of IL-10 reduced total PVAT area (p = 0.0310), and wall/lumen ratio (p = 0.0024), whereas increased vascular area and thickness (p < 0.0001). Total collagen deposition was augmented in IL-10-/-, but under polarized light, the reduction of collagen-I (p = 0.0075) and the increase of collagen-III (p = 0.0055) was found, simultaneously with reduced elastic fibers deposition (p = 0.0282) and increased deposition of reticular fibers (p < 0.0001). Adipocyte area was augmented in the IL-10 absence (p = 0.0225), and UCP1 expression was reduced (p = 0.0420). Moreover, relative frequency of white adipose cells and connective tissue was augmented in IL-10-/- (p < 0.0001), added to a reduction in brown adipose cells (p < 0.0001). Altogether, these data characterize aorta PVAT from IL-10-/- as a white-like adipocyte phenotype. Endogenous IL-10 prevents vascular remodeling and favors a brown-like adipocyte phenotype, suggesting a modulatory role for IL-10 in PVAT plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raiany A de Freitas
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
- Federal University of Mato Grosso Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alecsander F M Bressan
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernando S Carneiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Victor V Lima
- Federal University of Mato Grosso Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
| | - Fernanda R C Giachini
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil.
- Federal University of Mato Grosso Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil.
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van der Laan KWF, Reesink KD, Lambrichts S, Bitsch NJJE, van der Taelen L, Foulquier S, Delhaas T, Spronck B, Giudici A. Effect of rapid cooling, frozen storage, and thawing on the passive viscoelastic properties and structure of the rat aorta. J Biomech 2024; 171:112190. [PMID: 38897049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.112190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Biological tissues decay over time after harvesting, which alters their biomechanical properties. This poses logistical challenges for studies investigating passive arterial biomechanics as tissues need to be characterized shortly after excision. Freezing and cryopreservation methods can help alleviate the need for biomechanical testing of fresh tissue in human ex vivo studies. However, these methods tend to eliminate or reduce arterial cell functionality and affect passive biomechanics. Furthermore, their impact on dynamic arterial biomechanics remains unknown despite arterial viscoelastic properties being an integral component contributing to arterial stiffness under in vivo loading conditions. The present study aims to investigate the impact of rapid cooling and subsequent storage at -80 °C on the passive viscoelastic properties of arterial tissue and aid in ascertaining whether this is a suitable method to delay tissue analysis for studies investigating passive arterial biomechanics. Control and frozen abdominal rat aorta segments were quasi-statically and dynamically tested using a biaxial testing set-up. The results were modeled using a constituent-based quasi-linear viscoelastic modeling framework, yielding directional stiffness parameters, individual constituent biomechanical contributions, and a quantification of viscoelastic stiffening under dynamic pressurization conditions. Frozen samples displayed significantly decreased wall thickness, viscoelastic dissipation, viscoelastic stiffening, and significantly decreased circumferential deformation with changes in luminal pressure. Furthermore, frozen samples displayed significantly increased circumferential stiffness, pulse wave velocity, and collagen load bearing. Consequently, these changes should be considered when utilizing this tissue preservation method to delay biomechanical characterization of rat aortic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen W F van der Laan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Koen D Reesink
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sara Lambrichts
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; MHENS School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Laura van der Taelen
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sébastien Foulquier
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; MHENS School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tammo Delhaas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Spronck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alessandro Giudici
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Sharebiani H, Mokaram M, Mirghani M, Fazeli B, Stanek A. The Effects of Antioxidant Supplementation on the Pathologic Mechanisms of Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease Development. Nutrients 2024; 16:1641. [PMID: 38892574 PMCID: PMC11175159 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In people with obesity, diabetes, and hypertension, lipid and glucose metabolism and oxidative stress generation interact. This condition, known as a "metabolic syndrome" (MetS), presents a global challenge and appears to be the underlying mechanism for the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This review is designed based on evidence indicating the pathogenic mechanisms of MetS. In detail, we will look at the mechanisms of oxidative stress induction in MetS, the effects of elevated oxidative stress levels on the condition's pathophysiology, and matters related to endothelial function. According to different components of the MetS pathophysiological network, the effects of antioxidants and endothelial dysfunction are reviewed. After considering the strategic role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of MetS and its associated CVDs, oxidative stress management by antioxidant supplementation seems an appropriate therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiva Sharebiani
- VAS-European Independent Foundation in Angiology/Vascular Medicine, Via GB Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy; (H.S.); (M.M.); (B.F.)
- Support Association of Patients of Buerger’s Disease, Buerger’s Disease NGO, Mashhad 9183785195, Iran;
| | - Mina Mokaram
- Support Association of Patients of Buerger’s Disease, Buerger’s Disease NGO, Mashhad 9183785195, Iran;
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-175, Iran
| | - Melika Mirghani
- VAS-European Independent Foundation in Angiology/Vascular Medicine, Via GB Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy; (H.S.); (M.M.); (B.F.)
- Support Association of Patients of Buerger’s Disease, Buerger’s Disease NGO, Mashhad 9183785195, Iran;
| | - Bahare Fazeli
- VAS-European Independent Foundation in Angiology/Vascular Medicine, Via GB Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy; (H.S.); (M.M.); (B.F.)
- Support Association of Patients of Buerger’s Disease, Buerger’s Disease NGO, Mashhad 9183785195, Iran;
| | - Agata Stanek
- VAS-European Independent Foundation in Angiology/Vascular Medicine, Via GB Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy; (H.S.); (M.M.); (B.F.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15 St., 41-902 Bytom, Poland
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Al Ashmar S, Anlar GG, Krzyslak H, Djouhri L, Kamareddine L, Pedersen S, Zeidan A. Proteomic Analysis of Prehypertensive and Hypertensive Patients: Exploring the Role of the Actin Cytoskeleton. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4896. [PMID: 38732116 PMCID: PMC11084483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a pervasive and widespread health condition that poses a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease, which includes conditions such as heart attack, stroke, and heart failure. Despite its widespread occurrence, the exact cause of hypertension remains unknown, and the mechanisms underlying the progression from prehypertension to hypertension require further investigation. Recent proteomic studies have shown promising results in uncovering potential biomarkers related to disease development. In this study, serum proteomic data collected from Qatar Biobank were analyzed to identify altered protein expression between individuals with normal blood pressure, prehypertension, and hypertension and to elucidate the biological pathways contributing to this disease. The results revealed a cluster of proteins, including the SRC family, CAMK2B, CAMK2D, TEC, GSK3, VAV, and RAC, which were markedly upregulated in patients with hypertension compared to those with prehypertension (fold change ≥ 1.6 or ≤-1.6, area under the curve ≥ 0.8, and q-value < 0.05). Pathway analysis showed that the majority of these proteins play a role in actin cytoskeleton remodeling. Actin cytoskeleton reorganization affects various biological processes that contribute to the maintenance of blood pressure, including vascular tone, endothelial function, cellular signaling, inflammation, fibrosis, and mechanosensing. Therefore, the findings of this study suggest a potential novel role of actin cytoskeleton-related proteins in the progression from prehypertension to hypertension. The present study sheds light on the underlying pathological mechanisms involved in hypertension and could pave the way for new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Al Ashmar
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (S.A.A.); (G.G.A.); (L.D.)
| | - Gulsen Guliz Anlar
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (S.A.A.); (G.G.A.); (L.D.)
| | - Hubert Krzyslak
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark;
| | - Laiche Djouhri
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (S.A.A.); (G.G.A.); (L.D.)
| | - Layla Kamareddine
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Shona Pedersen
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (S.A.A.); (G.G.A.); (L.D.)
| | - Asad Zeidan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (S.A.A.); (G.G.A.); (L.D.)
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Mello DS, Gioppato S, Antoniassi DQ, Vieira DC, Matos PH, Fernandes SA, Coelho-Filho OR, Schreiber R, Okawa RT, Sposito AC, Matos-Souza JR, Nadruz W. Association between carotid wall layers and invasively measured central blood pressure. Vasc Med 2024:1358863X241238708. [PMID: 38557167 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x241238708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ss Mello
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvio Gioppato
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego Q Antoniassi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Demétrio Cs Vieira
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ha Matos
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvério A Fernandes
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Otavio R Coelho-Filho
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Schreiber
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rogério Tp Okawa
- Department of Medicine, State University of Maringá, Marinas, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Andrei C Sposito
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José R Matos-Souza
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilson Nadruz
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Khoshneviszadeh M, Henneicke S, Pirici D, Senthilnathan A, Morton L, Arndt P, Kaushik R, Norman O, Jukkola J, Dunay IR, Seidenbecher C, Heikkinen A, Schreiber S, Dityatev A. Microvascular damage, neuroinflammation and extracellular matrix remodeling in Col18a1 knockout mice as a model for early cerebral small vessel disease. Matrix Biol 2024; 128:39-64. [PMID: 38387749 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Collagen type XVIII (COL18) is an abundant heparan sulfate proteoglycan in vascular basement membranes. Here, we asked (i) if the loss of COL18 would result in blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, pathological alterations of small arteries and capillaries and neuroinflammation as found in cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) and (ii) if such changes may be associated with remodeling of synapses and neural extracellular matrix (ECM). We found that 5-month-old Col18a1-/- mice had elevated BBB permeability for mouse IgG in the deep gray matter, and intravascular erythrocyte accumulations were observed brain-wide in capillaries and arterioles. BBB permeability increased with age and affected cortical regions and the hippocampus in 12-month-old Col18a1-/- mice. None of the Col18a1-/- mice displayed hallmarks of advanced CSVD, such as hemorrhages, and did not show perivascular space enlargement. Col18a1 deficiency-induced BBB leakage was accompanied by activation of microglia and astrocytes, a loss of aggrecan in the ECM of perineuronal nets associated with fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons and accumulation of the perisynaptic ECM proteoglycan brevican and the microglial complement protein C1q at excitatory synapses. As the pathway underlying these regulations, we found increased signaling through the TGF-ß1/Smad3/TIMP-3 cascade. We verified the pivotal role of COL18 for small vessel wall structure in CSVD by demonstrating the protein's involvement in vascular remodeling in autopsy brains from patients with cerebral hypertensive arteriopathy. Our study highlights an association between the alterations of perivascular ECM, extracellular proteolysis, and perineuronal/perisynaptic ECM, as a possible substrate of synaptic and cognitive alterations in CSVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsima Khoshneviszadeh
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Solveig Henneicke
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Pirici
- Department of Histology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | | | - Lorena Morton
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Arndt
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rahul Kaushik
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Oula Norman
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Jari Jukkola
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Ildiko Rita Dunay
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Jena-Magdeburg-Halle, Germany
| | - Constanze Seidenbecher
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Jena-Magdeburg-Halle, Germany
| | - Anne Heikkinen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Stefanie Schreiber
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Jena-Magdeburg-Halle, Germany.
| | - Alexander Dityatev
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany; Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
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10
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Chen YL, Yang XN, Liu YL, Li WT, Huo LJ. Ocular decompression retinopathy after phacoemulsification in a patient with primary acute angle-closure glaucoma undergoing chemotherapy. Int J Ophthalmol 2024; 17:397-400. [PMID: 38371269 PMCID: PMC10827622 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.02.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lin Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Nan Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ying-Li Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wen-Tao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li-Jun Huo
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
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11
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Buckley DJ, Sharma S, Joseph B, Fayyaz AH, Canizales A, Terrebonne KJ, Trott DW. Early life thymectomy induces arterial dysfunction in mice. GeroScience 2024; 46:1035-1051. [PMID: 37354388 PMCID: PMC10828352 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00853-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging of the arteries is characterized by increased large artery stiffness and impaired endothelium-dependent dilation. We have previously shown that in old (22-24 month) mice T cells accumulate within aorta and mesentery. We have also shown that pharmacologic and genetic deletion of these T cells ameliorates age-related arterial dysfunction. These data indicate that T cells contribute to arterial aging; however, it is unknown if aged T cells alone can induce arterial dysfunction in otherwise young mice. To produce an aged-like T cell phenotype, mice were thymectomized at three-weeks of age or were left with their thymus intact. At 9 months of age, thymectomized mice exhibited greater proportions of both CD4 + and CD8 + memory T cells compared to controls in the blood. Similar changes were observed in the T cells accumulating in the aorta and mesentery. We also observed greater numbers of proinflammatory cytokine producing T cells in the aorta and mesentery. The phenotypic T cell changes in the blood, aorta and mesentery of thymectomized mice were similar to those observed when we compared young (4-6 month) to old thymus intact mice. Along with these alterations, compared to controls, thymectomized mice exhibited augmented large artery stiffness and greater aortic collagen deposition as well as impaired mesenteric artery endothelium dependent dilation due to blunted nitric oxide bioavailability. These results indicate that early life thymectomy results in arterial dysfunction and suggest that an aged-like T cell phenotype alone is sufficient to induce arterial dysfunction in otherwise young mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Buckley
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, The University of Texas at Arlington, 655 W. Mitchell St., Arlington, TX, 76010, USA
| | - Sunita Sharma
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, The University of Texas at Arlington, 655 W. Mitchell St., Arlington, TX, 76010, USA
| | - Blessy Joseph
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, The University of Texas at Arlington, 655 W. Mitchell St., Arlington, TX, 76010, USA
| | - Alia H Fayyaz
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, The University of Texas at Arlington, 655 W. Mitchell St., Arlington, TX, 76010, USA
| | - Alexandra Canizales
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, The University of Texas at Arlington, 655 W. Mitchell St., Arlington, TX, 76010, USA
| | - Konner J Terrebonne
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, The University of Texas at Arlington, 655 W. Mitchell St., Arlington, TX, 76010, USA
| | - Daniel W Trott
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, The University of Texas at Arlington, 655 W. Mitchell St., Arlington, TX, 76010, USA.
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12
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Nemtsova V, Vischer AS, Burkard T. Hypertensive Heart Disease: A Narrative Review Series-Part 3: Vasculature, Biomarkers and the Matrix of Hypertensive Heart Disease. J Clin Med 2024; 13:505. [PMID: 38256639 PMCID: PMC10816030 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13020505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the last few decades, research efforts have resulted in major advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of hypertensive heart disease (HHD). This is the third part of a three-part review series. Here, we focus on the influence of high blood pressure on the micro- and macroalterations that occur in the vasculature in HHD. We also provide an overview of circulating cardiac biomarkers that may prove useful for a better understanding of the pathophysiology, development and progression of HHD, and may play a unique role in the diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of patients with HHD, taking into account their properties showing as abnormal long before the onset of the disease. In the conclusion, we propose an updated definition of HHD and a matrix for clinical classification, which we suspect will be useful in practice, allowing an individual approach to HHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriya Nemtsova
- Medical Outpatient Department and Hypertension Clinic, ESH Hypertension Centre of Excellence, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (V.N.); (A.S.V.)
- Internal Diseases and Family Medicine Department, Educational and Scientific Medical Institute of National Technical University «Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute», 61000 Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Annina S. Vischer
- Medical Outpatient Department and Hypertension Clinic, ESH Hypertension Centre of Excellence, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (V.N.); (A.S.V.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Burkard
- Medical Outpatient Department and Hypertension Clinic, ESH Hypertension Centre of Excellence, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (V.N.); (A.S.V.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
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13
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Tachibana A, Iga JI, Tatewaki Y, Thyreau B, Chen H, Ozaki T, Yoshida T, Yoshino Y, Shimizu H, Mori T, Furuta Y, Shibata M, Ohara T, Hata J, Taki Y, Nakaji S, Maeda T, Ono K, Mimura M, Nakashima K, Takebayashi M, Ninomiya T, Ueno SI. Late-Life High Blood Pressure and Enlarged Perivascular Spaces in the Putaminal Regions of Community-Dwelling Japanese Older Persons. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2024; 37:61-72. [PMID: 37537887 DOI: 10.1177/08919887231195235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS) of the brain may be involved in dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease and cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). Hypertension has been reported to be a risk factor for dementia and CSVD, but the association between blood pressure (BP) and perivascular spaces is still unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the association between BP and EPVS volumes and to examine the interactions of relevant factors. METHODS A total of 9296 community-dwelling subjects aged ≥65 years participated in a brain magnetic resonance imaging and health status screening examination. Perivascular volume was measured using a software package based on deep learning that was developed in-house. The associations between BP and EPVS volumes were examined by analysis of covariance and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS Mean EPVS volumes increased significantly with rising systolic and diastolic BP levels (P for trend = .003, P for trend<.001, respectively). In addition, mean EPVS volumes increased significantly for every 1-mmHg-increment in systolic and diastolic BPs (both P values <.001). These significant associations were still observed in the sensitivity analysis after excluding subjects with dementia. CONCLUSIONS The present data suggest that higher systolic and diastolic BP levels are associated with greater EPVS volumes in cognitively normal older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Tachibana
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Neuroscience, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Iga
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Neuroscience, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yasuko Tatewaki
- Department of Aging Research and Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Benjamin Thyreau
- Department of Aging Research and Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hongkun Chen
- Department of Aging Research and Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ozaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Neuroscience, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
| | - Taku Yoshida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Zaidan Niihama Hospital, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yuta Yoshino
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Neuroscience, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
| | | | - Takaaki Mori
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Neuroscience, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Furuta
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mao Shibata
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ohara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyusyu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jun Hata
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Taki
- Department of Aging Research and Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Nakaji
- Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Maeda
- Division of Neurology and Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Ono
- Department of Neurology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Nakashima
- National Hospital Organization, Matsue Medical Center, Shimane, Japan
| | - Minoru Takebayashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Ninomiya
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shu-Ichi Ueno
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Neuroscience, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
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14
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Martins NS, Barreto J, Kimura-Medorima ST, Vitte SH, Quinaglia T, Assato B, Coelho-Filho OR, Matos-Souza JR, Nadruz W, Sposito AC. Carotid intima layer thickness but not intima-media thickness is related to coronary artery calcification in type 2 diabetes individuals: Results from the Brazilian diabetes study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 33:2384-2388. [PMID: 37798228 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) is inconsistent in predicting cardiovascular risk. This may stem from the variability of the media thickness (cM) outweighing the intimal thickness (cIT) as the sign of atherosclerosis. Thus, we evaluated in type 2 diabetes (T2D) individuals, the association between carotid measures and coronary artery calcification (CAC). METHODS AND RESULTS Association between the presence of CAC and cIT, cM, and cIMT were examined on 224 individuals. Logistic binary regression was used to assess CAC predictors. The Akaike information criterion (AIC) and log-likelihood test (LLT) were used to assess differences among univariate models. The cIT (0.335 mm vs 0.363 mm; p = 0.001) and cIMT (0.715 vs 0.730; p = 0.019), but not cM (0.386 mm vs 0,393 mm; p = 0.089) were higher among individuals with CAC. In unadjusted analysis, cIT (273;-134; p = 0.001) showed greater relationship with CAC, when compared to cIMT (279;-137; p = 0.022) and cM (281;-139; p = 0.112) based on the AIC and LLT, respectively. In multivariate logistic regression, CAC was related to carotid plaque (OR): 1.91, 95% confidence interval (CI):1.08, 3.38; p = 0.027), and high-cIT (OR: 2.70, 95%CI:1.51, 4.84; p = 0.001), but not to high-cIMT (OR:1.70, 95%CI:0.96, 3.00; p = 0.067) nor high-cM (OR:1.33, 95%CI:0.76, 2.34; p = 0.322). CONCLUSION In T2D individuals, cIT is a better predictor of CAC than cIMT; cM is not associated with CAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor S Martins
- Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joaquim Barreto
- Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Sao Paulo, Brazil; Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Aterolab), Cardiology Division, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sheila Tatsumi Kimura-Medorima
- Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Sao Paulo, Brazil; Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Aterolab), Cardiology Division, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sofia Helena Vitte
- Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Aterolab), Cardiology Division, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Quinaglia
- Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Sao Paulo, Brazil; Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Aterolab), Cardiology Division, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Barbara Assato
- Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Sao Paulo, Brazil; Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Aterolab), Cardiology Division, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Otavio Rizzi Coelho-Filho
- Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Roberto Matos-Souza
- Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilson Nadruz
- Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrei C Sposito
- Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Sao Paulo, Brazil; Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Aterolab), Cardiology Division, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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15
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Katoh K. Effects of Mechanical Stress on Endothelial Cells In Situ and In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16518. [PMID: 38003708 PMCID: PMC10671803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells lining blood vessels are essential for maintaining vascular homeostasis and mediate several pathological and physiological processes. Mechanical stresses generated by blood flow and other biomechanical factors significantly affect endothelial cell activity. Here, we review how mechanical stresses, both in situ and in vitro, affect endothelial cells. We review the basic principles underlying the cellular response to mechanical stresses. We also consider the implications of these findings for understanding the mechanisms of mechanotransducer and mechano-signal transduction systems by cytoskeletal components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Katoh
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tsukuba University of Technology, Tsukuba 305-8521, Japan
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16
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Zoccali C, Mallamaci F, Tripepi G, Fu EL, Stel VS, Dekker FW, Jager KJ. The long-term benefits of early intensive therapy in chronic diseases-the legacy effect. Clin Kidney J 2023; 16:1917-1924. [PMID: 37915902 PMCID: PMC10616475 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfad186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The 'legacy effect' refers to the long-term benefits of intensive therapy that are observed long after the end of clinical trials and trial interventions in chronic diseases such as diabetes, hyperlipidaemia and hypertension. It emphasizes the importance of intensive treatment to prevent long-term complications and mortality. In chronic kidney disease (CKD), the legacy effect is evident in various studies. Long-term nephroprotection in diabetes is well documented in major studies in the early stages of diabetes, such as Diabetes Control and Complications Trial-Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT-EDIC), UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) and Intensified Multifactorial Intervention in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria (STENO-2). These studies highlight the importance of intensive glycaemic control in reducing microvascular complications, including nephropathy, in patients with recently diagnosed type 1 and type 2 diabetes. However, the legacy effect is less evident in patients with long-term, established diabetes. In chronic glomerulonephritis, studies on immunoglobulin A nephropathy showed that early immunosuppressive treatment could have long-term beneficial effects on kidney function in children and adults with CKD. The Frequent Hemodialysis (FH) and the EXerCise Introduction To Enhance Performance in Dialysis (EXCITE) trials indicated that frequent haemodialysis and a personalized walking exercise program could improve clinical outcomes and reduce the long-term risk of death and hospitalization. The legacy effect concept underscores the importance of intensive intervention in chronic diseases, including CKD. This concept has significant implications for public health and warrants in-depth basic and clinical research to be better understood and exploited in clinical practice. However, its limitations should be considered when interpreting long-term observational data collected after a clinical trial. Appropriate study designs are necessary to investigate an unbiased legacy effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Zoccali
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- BIOGEM, Ariano Irpino, Italy
- IPNET, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Francesca Mallamaci
- Nefrologia e Trapianto Renale, GOM, Reggio Calabria, Italy
- CNR-IFC, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tripepi
- CNR-IFC, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Edouard L Fu
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Vianda S Stel
- ERA Registry, Amsterdam UMC location the University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Informatics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Quality of Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Friedo W Dekker
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Kitty J Jager
- ERA Registry, Amsterdam UMC location the University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Informatics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Quality of Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Afsharan H, Silva D, Joo C, Cense B. Non-Invasive Retinal Blood Vessel Wall Measurements with Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography for Diabetes Assessment: A Quantitative Study. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1230. [PMID: 37627295 PMCID: PMC10452597 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes affects the structure of the blood vessel walls. Since the blood vessel walls are made of birefringent organized tissue, any change or damage to this organization can be evaluated using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT). In this paper, we used PS-OCT along with the blood vessel wall birefringence index (BBI = thickness/birefringence2) to non-invasively assess the structural integrity of the human retinal blood vessel walls in patients with diabetes and compared the results to those of healthy subjects. PS-OCT measurements revealed that blood vessel walls of diabetic patients exhibit a much higher birefringence while having the same wall thickness and therefore lower BBI values. Applying BBI to diagnose diabetes demonstrated high accuracy (93%), sensitivity (93%) and specificity (93%). PS-OCT measurements can quantify small changes in the polarization properties of retinal vessel walls associated with diabetes, which provides researchers with a new imaging tool to determine the effects of exercise, medication, and alternative diets on the development of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Afsharan
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
| | - Dilusha Silva
- Microelectronics Research Group, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
| | - Chulmin Joo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
| | - Barry Cense
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
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18
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Dennis MR, Pires PW, Banek CT. Vascular Dysfunction in Polycystic Kidney Disease: A Mini-Review. J Vasc Res 2023; 60:125-136. [PMID: 37536302 PMCID: PMC10947982 DOI: 10.1159/000531647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is one of the most common hereditary kidney diseases, which is characterized by progressive cyst growth and secondary hypertension. In addition to cystogenesis and renal abnormalities, patients with PKD can develop vascular abnormalities and cardiovascular complications. Progressive cyst growth substantially alters renal structure and culminates into end-stage renal disease. There remains no cure beyond renal transplantation, and treatment options remain largely limited to chronic renal replacement therapy. In addition to end-stage renal disease, patients with PKD also present with hypertension and cardiovascular disease, yet the timing and interactions between the cardiovascular and renal effects of PKD progression are understudied. Here, we review the vascular dysfunction found in clinical and preclinical models of PKD, including the clinical manifestations and relationship to hypertension, stroke, and related cardiovascular diseases. Finally, our discussion also highlights the critical questions and emerging areas in vascular research in PKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Dennis
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Paulo W Pires
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Christopher T Banek
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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19
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Savić B, Brkljačić J, Glumac S, Šarenac O, Murphy D, Blagojević D, Japundžić‐Žigon N, Dušić ZO. Effects of salt and stress on blood pressure parameters and antioxidant enzyme function in the heart and aorta of borderline hypertensive rats. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:946-960. [PMID: 37128890 PMCID: PMC10988497 DOI: 10.1113/ep090714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Although the involvement of reactive oxidative species in triggering hypertension has been documented, there are no data about the role of antioxidant enzymes in the heart and aorta of borderline hypertensive rats kept in baseline conditions or exposed to high salt with or without repeated stress. What is the main finding and its importance? In borderline hypertensive rats, high salt intake and stress contribute significantly to increase blood pressure and antioxidative defence in the aorta but decrease it in the heart. Elucidating the early changes that accompany elevated blood pressure could provide new therapeutical venues for prevention and treatment of the condition. ABSTRACT Hypertension and its complications are a leading cause of death in the human population. Several factors can contribute to development of hypertension, such as genetic predisposition, high salt intake and environmental stressors, underlying oxidative stress as one of its key trademarks. We studied the effects of increased salt intake and chronic stress on blood pressure parameters and the activity and protein levels of antioxidant enzymes in the heart and aorta of borderline hypertensive rats (BHRs) with genetic susceptibility to hypertension. All animals were randomized into four groups: (1) Wistar rats kept in baseline conditions; (2) BHRs kept in baseline conditions; (3) BHRs drinking 0.9% saline solution; and (4) BHRs drinking 0.9% saline solution and exposed to repeated heterotypic stress. The BHRs exhibited significantly higher blood pressure, mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2) and catalase (CAT) protein levels and lower glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities in the aorta, followed by lower CAT and GPx protein levels and higher CAT and GR activities in the heart, compared with normotensive Wistar rats. In the BHR aorta, high salt intake elevated CAT and GPx activities, and when combined with stress it increased GPx and GR activities. In BHR hearts, high salt intake provoked lower CAT activity. Adding repeated stress to salt treatment further decreased CAT activity, in addition to Cu2+ -Zn2+ superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and GR activities. The protein level of CAT was lower, whereas SOD2 and GPx increased. Overall, our results suggest that BHR hearts are better adapted to oxidative pressure, compared with the aorta, when exposed to salt and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Savić
- Institute of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | - Jelena Brkljačić
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research ‘Siniša Stanković’, National Institute of Republic of SerbiaUniversity of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | - Sofija Glumac
- Institute of Pathology, School of MedicineUniversity of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | - Olivera Šarenac
- Institute of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | - David Murphy
- Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, Dorothy Hodgkin BuildingUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Duško Blagojević
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research ‘Siniša Stanković’, National Institute of Republic of SerbiaUniversity of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | - Nina Japundžić‐Žigon
- Institute of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | - Zorana Oreščanin Dušić
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research ‘Siniša Stanković’, National Institute of Republic of SerbiaUniversity of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
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ShamsEldeen AM, Fawzy A, Ashour H, Abdel-Rahman M, Nasr HE, Mohammed LA, Abdel Latif NS, Mahrous AM, Abdelfattah S. Hibiscus attenuates renovascular hypertension-induced aortic remodeling dose dependently: the oxidative stress role and Ang II/cyclophilin A/ERK1/2 signaling. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1116705. [PMID: 37415906 PMCID: PMC10321301 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1116705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The high levels of angiotensin II (Ang II) can modify the vascular tone, enhance vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proliferation and hypertrophy and increase the inflammatory cellular infiltration into the vessel wall. The old herbal nonpharmacological agent, Hibiscus (HS) sabdariffa L has multiple cardioprotective impacts; thus, we investigated the role of HS extract in amelioration of renovascular hypertension (RVH)-induced aortic remodeling. Materials and methods: Thirty-five rats (7/group) were randomly allocated into 5 groups; group: I: Control-sham group, and RVH groups; II, III, IV, and V. The rats in RVH groups were subjected to the modified Goldblatt two-kidneys, one clip (2K1C) for induction of hypertension. In group: II, the rats were left untreated whereas in group III, IV, and V: RVH-rats were treated for 6 weeks with low dose hibiscus (LDH), medium dose hibiscus (MDH), and high dose hibiscus (HDH) respectively. Results: We found that the augmented pro-contractile response of the aortic rings was ameliorated secondary to the in-vivo treatment with HS dose dependently. The cyclophilin A (CyPA) protein levels positively correlated with the vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and ERK1/2, which, in turn, contribute to the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Daily HS intake modified aortic renovation by enhancing the antioxidant capacity, restraining hypertrophy and fibrosis, downregulation of the metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript (MALAT1), and cyclophilin A (CyPA)/ERK1/2 levels. Discussion: Adding to the multiple beneficial effects, HS aqueous extract was able to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation induced by 2K1C model. Thus, adding more privilege for the utilization of the traditional herbal extracts to attenuate RVH-induced aortopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Fawzy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hend Ashour
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hend Elsayed Nasr
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | | | | | - Amr M. Mahrous
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, El Saleheya El Gadida University, Al Sharquia, Egypt
| | - Shereen Abdelfattah
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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21
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Onigbinde SO, Asaleye CM, Salako AA, Idowu BM, Onigbinde AO, Laoye A. The effect of systemic hypertension on prostatic artery resistive indices in patients with benign prostate enlargement. Prostate Int 2023; 11:46-50. [PMID: 36910898 PMCID: PMC9995693 DOI: 10.1016/j.prnil.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the effect of systemic hypertension on the prostatic artery resistive indices by a comparative ultrasonographic evaluation of the prostate gland in normotensive and hypertensive patients with benign prostatic enlargement (BPE). Materials and methods The participants had BPE and presented at the outpatient urologic clinic of a tertiary hospital. They were divided into normotensive and hypertensive groups. Each group had fifty patients. Calculation of international prostate symptom score, measurement of blood pressure, and transrectal ultrasonographic evaluation were done. Results The mean age for the normotensive and hypertensive groups were 66.9 ± 9.8 and 66.0 ± 10.7 years, respectively (P = 0.662). Patients with hypertensive BPE had a significantly higher mean transitional zone volume, transitional zone index, presumed circle area ratio, quality of life score, and prostatic arterial resistive indices than the age-matched normotensive BPE patients. Conclusion Patients with BPE and with hypertension had significantly higher prostate arteries resistive indices than normotensives with BPE. Even in patients with BPE and controlled hypertension, the prostatic artery resistance indices were still elevated than that of normotensive men with BPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen O Onigbinde
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, St George's University, Grenada
| | - Christianah M Asaleye
- Department of Radiology, Obafemi Awolowo University and Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Abdulkadir A Salako
- Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University and Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Bukunmi M Idowu
- Department of Radiology, Union Diagnostics and Clinical Services Plc, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Abimbola O Onigbinde
- Department of Physiology, Neurology and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, St George's University, Grenada
| | - Adeyinka Laoye
- Urology Department, Doncaster and Bassetlaw Teaching Hospitals NHS Found, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom
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22
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Harris NR, Bálint L, Dy DM, Nielsen NR, Méndez HG, Aghajanian A, Caron KM. The ebb and flow of cardiac lymphatics: a tidal wave of new discoveries. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:391-432. [PMID: 35953269 PMCID: PMC9576179 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00052.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is imbued with a vast lymphatic network that is responsible for fluid homeostasis and immune cell trafficking. Disturbances in the forces that regulate microvascular fluid movement can result in myocardial edema, which has profibrotic and proinflammatory consequences and contributes to cardiovascular dysfunction. This review explores the complex relationship between cardiac lymphatics, myocardial edema, and cardiac disease. It covers the revised paradigm of microvascular forces and fluid movement around the capillary as well as the arsenal of preclinical tools and animal models used to model myocardial edema and cardiac disease. Clinical studies of myocardial edema and their prognostic significance are examined in parallel to the recent elegant animal studies discerning the pathophysiological role and therapeutic potential of cardiac lymphatics in different cardiovascular disease models. This review highlights the outstanding questions of interest to both basic scientists and clinicians regarding the roles of cardiac lymphatics in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie R Harris
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - László Bálint
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Danielle M Dy
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Natalie R Nielsen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Hernán G Méndez
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Amir Aghajanian
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kathleen M Caron
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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23
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Tsiailanis AD, Vrettos EI, Choleva M, Kiriakidi S, Ganai AM, Patha TK, Karpoormath R, Mavromoustakos T, Fragopoulou E, Tzakos AG. Development of a DHA-Losartan hybrid as a potent inhibitor of multiple pathway-induced platelet aggregation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:13889-13900. [PMID: 34791990 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1996461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite the scientific progression in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) they remain the leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide. The classic treatment involves the simultaneous dosing of two antiplatelet drugs, aspirin and clopidogrel/prasugrel. However, besides drug resistance, severe side effects have been also manifested including acute bleeding and toxicity. Thus, new therapeutic agents with enhanced efficacy and diminished side effects are of importance. Towards this end, omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids have demonstrated potent efficacy against CVDs through inhibiting platelet aggregation that bears a pivotal role in atherothrombosis. Another factor that displays a critical role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases is the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), and especially the AT1R blocker losartan that has been reported to exert antiplatelet activity mediated by this receptor. Along these lines, we envisaged developing a molecular hybrid consisted of docosahexaenoic acid (ω-3 fatty acid) and losartan, that could exert a notable antiplatelet effect against CVDs. The design and synthesis of the new DHA-losartan hybrid, designated DHA-L, bestowed with the additive properties of the parent compounds, is reported. In silico studies were first exploited to validate the potential of DHA-L to retain losartan's ability to bind AT1R. The antiplatelet activity of DHA-L was evaluated against in vitro platelet aggregation induced by several platelet agonists. Notably, the hybrid illustrated a pleiotropic antiplatelet profile inhibiting platelet aggregation through multiple platelet activation pathways including P2Y12, PAR-1 (Protease-Activated Receptor-1), PAF (Platelet Activating Factor), COX-1 (cyclooxygenase-1) and collagen receptors. The stability of DHA-L in human plasma and in a wide range of pH values was also evaluated over time using an HPLC protocol. The hybridization approach described herein could pave the way for the development of novel potent multitargeted therapeutics with enhanced antiplatelet profile.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis D Tsiailanis
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Eirinaios I Vrettos
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Maria Choleva
- School of Health Science and Education, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Kiriakidi
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ab Majeed Ganai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, South Africa
| | - Tabasum Khan Patha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, South Africa
| | - Rajshekhar Karpoormath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, South Africa
| | - Thomas Mavromoustakos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Elizabeth Fragopoulou
- School of Health Science and Education, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas G Tzakos
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.,Institute of Materials Science and Computing, University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), Ioannina, Greece
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24
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Li X, Li Z, Jiang W, Wei J, Xu K, Bai T. Effect of lower extremity amputation on cardiovascular hemodynamic environment: An in vitro study. J Biomech 2022; 145:111368. [PMID: 36347116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Lower extremity amputation (LEA) was associated with a greater risk of cardiovascular disease, but its hemodynamic mechanisms have not been fully studied. Therefore, to clarify the interrelationship between them, and figure out the potential pathogenesis, the exploration of the hemodynamic environment change of patients after LEA was premeditatedly executed. A near-physiological mock circulatory system (MCS) was employed in the present work to replicate the cardiovascular circulation after LEA in a short time and the unsteady-state numerical simulation was utilized as an auxiliary method to observe the changes of the hemodynamic environment inside the blood vessel. Higher severity of LEA leads to higher peripheral vascular impedance, higher blood pressure, and more obvious redistribution of blood perfusion volume. In addition, higher severity of LEA leads to lower wall shear stress (WSS), higher oscillatory shear index (OSI), and higher relative residence time (RRT) appeared in the infrarenal abdominal aorta and the iliac artery, while these changes are closely related to the higher probability of cardiovascular diseases. Results showed that different degrees of LEA (varying heights, unilateral/bilateral) have diverse effects on the patient's hemodynamic environment. This study explained the potential pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases after LEA from a hemodynamic perspective and provided a certain reference value for the improvement of the cardiovascular hemodynamic environment and the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in lower extremity amputees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, China; Biomechanical Engineering Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongyou Li
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, China; Biomechanical Engineering Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Wentao Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, China; Biomechanical Engineering Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China.
| | - Junru Wei
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, China; Biomechanical Engineering Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Kairen Xu
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, China; Biomechanical Engineering Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Taoping Bai
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, China; Biomechanical Engineering Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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Tobbalseghir-Belarbi I, Khennaf-Hamlat N, Neggazi S, Beylot M, Aouichat-Bouguerra S. Evaluation of Proinflammatory Cytokines in Adipose Tissue of Hypertensive Lyon Rats. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359022140047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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26
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Min JY, Chang HJ, Chu SJ, Chung MY. The Perfusion Index of the Ear as a Predictor of Hypotension Following the Induction of Anesthesia in Patients with Hypertension: A Prospective Observational Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:6342. [PMID: 36362569 PMCID: PMC9657609 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11216342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with hypertension develop hemodynamic instability more frequently during anesthesia-particularly post-induction. Therefore, different monitoring methods may be required in patients with hypertension. Perfusion index-the ratio of the pulsatile blood flow to the non-pulsatile static blood flow in a patient's peripheral tissues, such as the fingers or ears-can show the hemodynamic status of the patient in a non-invasive way. Among the sites used for measuring the perfusion index, it is assumed that the ear is more reliable than the finger for hemodynamic monitoring, because proximity to the brain ensures appropriate perfusion. We hypothesized that the low value of preoperative ear PI could be a predictor of post-induction hypotension in patients with hypertension. Thirty patients with hypertension were enrolled. The perfusion index and pleth variability index were measured using the ear, finger, and blood pressure, and heart rate was recorded to monitor hypotension. After insertion of the supraglottic airway, 20 patients developed post-induction hypotension. Those who developed hypotension showed a significantly lower preoperative perfusion index of the ear. The preoperative perfusion index of the ear could predict post-induction hypotension in patients with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Min
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 1021 Tongil-ro, Eunpyeong-gu, Seoul 03312, Korea
| | - Hyun Jae Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 1021 Tongil-ro, Eunpyeong-gu, Seoul 03312, Korea
| | - Su Jung Chu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, T. Vincent’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 93 Jungbu-daero, Paldal-gu, Suwon-si 16247, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Mee Young Chung
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 1021 Tongil-ro, Eunpyeong-gu, Seoul 03312, Korea
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27
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Martín-Oropesa R, Rodríguez-Rodríguez P, Pazó-Sayós L, Arnalich-Montiel A, Arribas SM, González MC, Quintana-Villamandos B. Maintenance over Time of the Effect Produced by Esmolol on the Structure and Function of Coronary Arteries in Hypertensive Heart Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11102042. [PMID: 36290764 PMCID: PMC9598983 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11102042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously observed that esmolol treatment for 48 h reduced vascular lesions in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Therefore, we investigated whether this beneficial effect is persistent after withdrawal. Fourteen-month-old SHRs (SHR-Es) were treated with esmolol (300 μg/kg/min) or a vehicle for 48 h. Two separate groups were also given identical treatment, but they were then monitored for a further 1 week and 1 month after drug withdrawal. We analyzed the geometry and composition of the coronary artery, vascular reactivity and plasma redox status. Esmolol significantly decreased wall thickness (medial layer thickness and cell count), external diameter and cross-sectional area of the artery, and this effect persisted 1 month after drug withdrawal. Esmolol significantly improved endothelium-dependent relaxation by ACh (10−9–10−4 mol/L); this effect persisted 1 week (10−9–10−4 mol/L) and 1 month (10−6–10−4 mol/L) after withdrawal. Esmolol reduced the contraction induced by 5-HT (3 × 10−8–3 × 10−5 mol/L), and this effect persisted 1 week after withdrawal (10−6–3 × 10−5 mol/L). Esmolol increased nitrates and reduced glutathione, and it decreased malondialdehyde and carbonyls; this enhancement was maintained 1 month after withdrawal. This study shows that the effect of esmolol on coronary remodeling is persistent after treatment withdrawal in SHRs, and the improvement in plasma oxidative status can be implicated in this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Martín-Oropesa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Laia Pazó-Sayós
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Arnalich-Montiel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Magdalena Arribas
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Carmen González
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Quintana-Villamandos
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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28
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Birulina JG, Ivanov VV, Buyko EE, Bykov VV, Dzyuman AN, Nosarev АV, Grigoreva AV, Gusakova SV. Morphological changes in the heart and aorta of rats with diet-induced metabolic syndrome. BULLETIN OF SIBERIAN MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.20538/1682-0363-2022-3-13-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aim. To identify early morphological changes in the heart and aorta of rats with experimental metabolic syndrome induced by a high-fat and high-carbohydrate diet (HFHCD).Materials and methods. The study was carried out on male Wistar rats. The animals were divided into two groups: a control group (n = 10) and an experimental group (n = 10). The rats from the control group were fed with a standard laboratory diet. The rats from the experimental group received HFHCD for 12 weeks. Body weight, blood pressure (BP), and individual parameters of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism were assessed in the rats. A histologic examination of the heart and aorta in the animals was performed.Results. Feeding rats with HFHCD led to an increase in body weight, elevation of BP, obesity, hyperglycemia, and triglyceridemia. The histologic examination of the heart in the rats of the experimental group showed signs of vascular disease, lipomatosis, and focal myocardial degeneration. Lipid accumulation in the cells of the media, hyperplasia of adipocytes in the adventitia, and depletion and fragmentation of the elastic lamina were revealed in the aortic wall of the rats receiving HFHCD.Conclusion. The study indicated that HFHCD is an effective way to model metabolic syndrome. Structural disorders in the heart and aorta may be the mainstay for the development of cardiomyopathy and arterial hypertension in diet-induced metabolic syndrome.
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Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Pathological and Therapeutic Roles of Pericytes in Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911663. [PMID: 36232962 PMCID: PMC9570222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes are multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells playing an active role in angiogenesis, vessel stabilisation, maturation, remodelling, blood flow regulation and are able to trans-differentiate into other cells of the mesenchymal lineage. In this review, we summarised recent data demonstrating that pericytes play a key role in the pathogenesis and development of atherosclerosis (AS). Pericytes are involved in lipid accumulation, inflammation, growth, and vascularization of the atherosclerotic plaque. Decreased pericyte coverage, endothelial and pericyte dysfunction is associated with intraplaque angiogenesis and haemorrhage, calcification and cholesterol clefts deposition. At the same time, pericytes can be used as a novel therapeutic target to promote vessel maturity and stability, thus reducing plaque vulnerability. Finally, we discuss recent studies exploring effective AS treatments with pericyte-mediated anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects.
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Jimenez IA, Pool RR, Gabrielson KL. Canine Idiopathic Arteriopathy, Appendicular Bone Infarcts, and Neoplastic Transformation of Bone Infarcts in 108 Dogs ( Canis lupus familiaris). Comp Med 2022; 72:306-319. [PMID: 36113969 PMCID: PMC9827601 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-22-000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OSA) is the most common primary bone tumor in both dogs and humans. The dog is an important research model for OSA, yet dogs have much higher prevalence of bone tumors than do humans, a disparity that has yet to be explained. Neoplastic transformation of cells within or adjacent to bone infarcts into primary bone tumors has been described in humans but only sparsely characterized in the veterinary literature. In this study, 653 cases of canine bone infarcts were received through a referral veterinary osteopathology service over a 14-y period. We identified an idiopathic disorder affecting the nutrient artery, termed canine idiopathic arteriopathy (CIA), which to our knowledge has no direct counterpart in human medicine. This disorder was documented alongside ischemic necrosis of the medullary cavity in 114 bone infarcts in 108 dogs. We hypothesize that CIA precipitated an ischemic environment, resulting in development of a bone infarct down- stream of the abnormal artery. In 52% (59 of 114) of cases, bone infarcts demonstrated evidence of repair (termed reparative bone infarcts [RBI]), while in 48% (55 of 114) of infarcts, a bone tumor was also present, including pleomorphic sarcoma, OSA, fibrosarcoma, and chondrosarcoma. In some cases, a spectrum of tumors was present. We hypothesize that the ischemic infarct environment provoked bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to attempt repair of the stroma, and in approximately half of cases, MSCs underwent neoplastic transformation (BINT) to produce tumors. The most common sites of bone infarcts were the distal femur, distal radius, proximal humerus, and distal tibia, coinciding with common sites of canine OSA. The authors propose that CIA leading to bone infarcts and infarct-derived tumors, in combination with possible underdiagnosis of canine bone infarcts and misdiagnosis of some RBI as neoplasia, may contribute to the higher reported proportion of bone tumors in dogs compared with humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel A Jimenez
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;,
| | - Roy R Pool
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas
| | - Kathleen L Gabrielson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Li X, Wu J, Xu F, Chu C, Li X, Shi X, Zheng W, Wang Z, Jia Y, Xiao W. Use of Ferulic Acid in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27186010. [PMID: 36144745 PMCID: PMC9503003 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disease mainly characterized by hyperglycemia, is becoming a serious social health problem worldwide with growing prevalence. Many natural compounds have been found to be effective in the prevention and treatment of diabetes, with negligible toxic effects. Ferulic acid (FA), a phenolic compound commonly found in medicinal herbs and the daily diet, was proved to have several pharmacological effects such as antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant actions, which are beneficial to the management of diabetes and its complications. Data from PubMed, EM-BASE, Web of Science and CNKI were searched with the keywords ferulic acid and diabetes mellitus. Finally, 28 articles were identified after literature screening, and the research progress of FA for the management of DM and its complications was summarized in the review, in order to provide references for further research and medical applications of FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang 222001, China
| | - Jingxian Wu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Fanxing Xu
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang 222001, China
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chun Chu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xinyi Shi
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Wen Zheng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhenzhong Wang
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang 222001, China
| | - Ying Jia
- Faculty of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- Correspondence: (Y.J.); (W.X.)
| | - Wei Xiao
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang 222001, China
- Correspondence: (Y.J.); (W.X.)
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Association of carotid wall layers with atherosclerotic plaques and cardiac hypertrophy in hypertensive subjects. J Hum Hypertens 2022; 36:732-737. [PMID: 34131263 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-021-00565-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) is considered a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis and is related to target-organ damage in hypertensive patients. However, increased cIMT may be due to increases in the thickness of intima (cIT) and media (cMT) layers. This study evaluated whether cIMT layers (cIT and cMT) had a greater association with carotid atherosclerotic plaques and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) than cIMT in hypertensive subjects. We cross-sectionally evaluated clinical, carotid, and echocardiography characteristics of 186 hypertensive patients followed at an outpatient clinic. High-resolution images of common carotid arteries were obtained by ultrasonography equipped with 10-MHz transducers, and cIT, cMT, and cIMT were manually measured using an image-processing software. Among all participants (n = 186; age = 60.8 ± 10.9 years, 43% males), there were 58% with carotid plaques and 58% with LVH. Mean cIT, cMT, and cIMT values were 0.267 ± 0.060, 0.475 ± 0.107, and 0.742 ± 0.142 mm, respectively. In logistic regression analysis adjusted for relevant covariates, carotid plaques showed stronger association with cIT than with cMT and cIMT. Furthermore, cIT showed greater area under the ROC curve (0.92; 95% CI 0.87-0.96) than cIMT (0.79; 95% CI 0.72-0.85) and cMT (0.64; 95% CI 0.56-0.72) to identify plaques. Conversely, cIT, cMT, and cIMT had modest association and accuracy to identify LVH (area under the ROC curve = 0.61, 0.57, and 0.60, respectively). In conclusion, cIT is a more accurate marker of atherosclerosis than cMT or cIMT, while cIT and cMT provide no incremental value in identifying LVH when compared with cIMT among hypertensive subjects.
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van Kampen KA, Fernández-Pérez J, Baker M, Mota C, Moroni L. Fabrication of a mimetic vascular graft using melt spinning with tailorable fiber parameters. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 139:212972. [PMID: 35882129 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Smooth muscle cells play a pivotal role in maintaining blood pressure and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. These cells have a characteristic spindle shape and are aligned in the radial direction to aid in the constriction of any artery. Tissue engineered grafts have the potential to recreate this alignment and offer a viable alternative to non-resorbable or autologous grafts. Specifically, with melt spinning small diameter fibers can be created that can align circumferentially on the scaffolds. In this study, a set of simplified equations were formulated to predict the final fiber parameters. Smooth muscle cell alignment was monitored on the fabricated scaffolds. Finally, a co-culture of smooth muscle cells in direct contact with endothelial cells was performed to assess the influence of the smooth muscle cell alignment on the morphology of the endothelial cells. The results show that the equations were able to accurately predict the fiber diameter, distance and angle. Primary vascular smooth muscle cells aligned according to the fiber direction mimicking the native orientation. The co-culture with endothelial cells showed that the aligned smooth muscle cells did not have an influence on the morphology of the endothelial cells. In conclusion, we formulated a series of equations that can predict the fiber parameters during melt spinning. Furthermore, the method described here can create a vascular graft with smooth muscle cells aligned circumferentially that morphologically mimics the native orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny A van Kampen
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Julia Fernández-Pérez
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthew Baker
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Carlos Mota
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229ER Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Proteostasis Response to Protein Misfolding in Controlled Hypertension. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101686. [PMID: 35626723 PMCID: PMC9139827 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is the most determinant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Early intervention and future therapies targeting hypertension mechanisms may improve the quality of life and clinical outcomes. Hypertension has a complex multifactorial aetiology and was recently associated with protein homeostasis (proteostasis). This work aimed to characterize proteostasis in easy-to-access plasma samples from 40 individuals, 20 with controlled hypertension and 20 age- and gender-matched normotensive individuals. Proteostasis was evaluated by quantifying the levels of protein aggregates through different techniques, including fluorescent probes, slot blot immunoassays and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). No significant between-group differences were observed in the absolute levels of various protein aggregates (Proteostat or Thioflavin T-stained aggregates; prefibrillar oligomers and fibrils) or total levels of proteostasis-related proteins (Ubiquitin and Clusterin). However, significant positive associations between Endothelin 1 and protein aggregation or proteostasis biomarkers (such as fibrils and ubiquitin) were only observed in the hypertension group. The same is true for the association between the proteins involved in quality control and protein aggregates. These results suggest that proteostasis mechanisms are actively engaged in hypertension as a coping mechanism to counteract its pathological effects in proteome stability, even when individuals are chronically medicated and presenting controlled blood pressure levels.
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Plekhova NG, Brodskaya TA, Nevzorova VA, Repina NI, Eliseeva VS. Single nucleotide substitutions in the matrix metalloproteinase 9 gene in hypertensive individuals of European and South Asian ethnicity in the Far Eastern Federal District. КАРДИОВАСКУЛЯРНАЯ ТЕРАПИЯ И ПРОФИЛАКТИКА 2022. [DOI: 10.15829/1728-8800-2022-2874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim. To determine the association of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) -1562C>T (rs3918242) in the matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) gene in hypertensive (HTN) in individuals of European and South Asian ethnicity of Primorsky Krai and Sakhalin Oblast.Material and methods. The analysis of conventional and additional risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (35 parameters) in 377 people as a part of regional stage of the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and their Risk Factors in Regions of Russian Federation (ESSE-RF) study (2014-2019), of whom 240 people of European (Slavic) and 137 people of South Asian (Korean, second- and third-generation immigrants) ethnicity. Substitutions in the MMP-9 gene -1562C>T (rs3918242) was identified by real-time polymerase chain reaction using TaqMan technology.Results. Compared to Koreans, the Slavs have a higher blood pressure (p=0,002). There were no significant differences between ethnic groups (p=0,07) in cardiovascular risk levels using the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE). Significant differences (p=0,003) were determined in cardiovascular risk levels for healthy Koreans and HTN patients. It was shown that among patients with HTN, the pulse wave velocity exceeded the recommended values in 22,2% of Europeans and in 46,6% of Koreans (p=0,003). The number of hypertensive Europeans and minor MMP-9 rs3918242 T allele exceeded 2,6 times the number of healthy persons (odds ratio, 4,7; 95% confidence interval: 1,1 -7,8 (p=0,03)). MMP-9 rs3918242 T allele in Koreans of the Sakhalin Oblast was not associated with HTN (odds ratio, 0,81; 95% confidence interval: 0,12-5,54 (p=0,83)). Moreover, in South Asian population, heterozygous carriers of T allele prevailed, which significantly (p=0,002) differed from Europeans, who, in general, had a homozygous CC genotype.Conclusion. In Far Eastern Federal District, SNPs in the MMP-9 C-1562T gene were found mainly in hypertensive patients of European ethnicity, while in Koreans, a significant relationship between the carriage of minor T allele in this gene and the presence of HTN was not established.
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Microskeletal stiffness promotes aortic aneurysm by sustaining pathological vascular smooth muscle cell mechanosensation via Piezo1. Nat Commun 2022; 13:512. [PMID: 35082286 PMCID: PMC8791986 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27874-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical overload of the vascular wall is a pathological hallmark of life-threatening abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). However, how this mechanical stress resonates at the unicellular level of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) is undefined. Here we show defective mechano-phenotype signatures of VSMC in AAA measured with ultrasound tweezers-based micromechanical system and single-cell RNA sequencing technique. Theoretical modelling predicts that cytoskeleton alterations fuel cell membrane tension of VSMC, thereby modulating their mechanoallostatic responses which are validated by live micromechanical measurements. Mechanistically, VSMC gradually adopt a mechanically solid-like state by upregulating cytoskeleton crosslinker, α-actinin2, in the presence of AAA-promoting signal, Netrin-1, thereby directly powering the activity of mechanosensory ion channel Piezo1. Inhibition of Piezo1 prevents mice from developing AAA by alleviating pathological vascular remodeling. Our findings demonstrate that deviations of mechanosensation behaviors of VSMC is detrimental for AAA and identifies Piezo1 as a novel culprit of mechanically fatigued aorta in AAA.
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Restoring blood flow to the lateral plantar artery after elevation of an instep flap or medialis pedis flap. Arch Plast Surg 2022; 49:80-85. [PMID: 35086315 PMCID: PMC8795643 DOI: 10.5999/aps.2021.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The instep flap and medialis pedis flap are both originate based on the medial plantar artery. The medialis pedis flap is based from the deep branch and the instep flap is based from the superficial branch. To increase the axial rotation, it is acceptable to ligate the lateral plantar artery. However, this can partially affect the blood supply of the plantar metatarsal arch. We restored the blood flow with a vein graft between the posterior tibial artery and the ligated stump. From 2012 to 2020, 12 cases of heel reconstruction, including seven instep flaps and five medialis pedis flaps, were performed with ligation of the lateral plantar artery. The stump of the lateral plantar artery was restored with a vein graft and between the posterior tibial artery and the ligated stump. Patients were followed for 18 months. Long-term results showed the vascular restoration of the lateral plantar artery remained patent demonstrated by doppler ultrasonography. Restoring blood flow to the lateral plantar artery maintains good blood supply to the toes. If the patient in the future develops a chronic degenerative disease, with microvascular complications, bypass surgery can still be performed because of the patency of both branches.
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Panda A, Muni MK, Nanda A. A Comparative Study of Hemodynamic Parameters Following Subarachnoid Block in Patients With and Without Hypertension. Cureus 2022; 14:e20948. [PMID: 35154928 PMCID: PMC8820235 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.20948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypotension is common in patients receiving a subarachnoid block (SAB) and can decrease vital organ perfusion, causing increased morbidity and mortality. Patients may receive intraoperative intravenous (IV) fluids and rescue medications to avoid these adverse effects and maintain adequate hemodynamic parameters. We conducted this study to compare the hemodynamic parameters and heart rate following spinal anesthesia on patients receiving antihypertensive medications (e.g., calcium channel blockers with or without beta-blockers) with those without hypertension during surgical procedures requiring SAB. Methods We conducted this two-year, single-center, prospective observational study in patients with hypertension and blood pressure within reference ranges receiving elective surgical procedures that do not require a definitive airway. All participants were from the American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I and II. We assigned patients into three groups. Group 1 consisted of patients with hypertension receiving calcium channel blockers. Group 2 consisted of patients with hypertension receiving calcium channel blockers with beta-blockers. Patients whose blood pressure was within reference range were assigned to group 3. We collected patient ages and body weights, and we compared heart rate (HR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP; DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) between the groups. We also compared the use of intraoperative rescue medications, IV fluid administration, and patient outcomes. We used Epi Info version 7.1 (Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) public domain software for statistical analysis. Results Seventy-eight patients were included in the study (41 men, 37 women); group 1, HR, SBP, DBP, and MAP significantly declined over time in all groups, but there were no significant differences when comparing parameters between groups. Hypotension occurred in significantly more patients in group 1 (p=0.02) than groups 2 and 3. Bradycardia was experienced by significantly more patients in group 2 (p<0.05) than group 1 and group 3. Twenty-four patients in group 3, 17 patients in group 1, and 14 patients in group 2 required IV fluid in the first 20 minutes of the procedure, and the differences between the groups were not significant. Likewise, 15 patients in group 3, 14 in group 1, and 10 in group 2 required ephedrine, but the differences were not significant. Conclusions We compared intraoperative hemodynamic parameters following spinal anesthesia on patients receiving antihypertensive medications with patients without hypertension following SAB. Our results showed no meaningful differences in hemodynamic parameters between patients receiving antihypertensive drugs (calcium channel blockers without or in combination with beta-blockers) and those not receiving antihypertensive drugs after SAB. Therefore, calcium channel blockers alone or in combination with beta-blockers can be used to control patient blood pressure prior to surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Panda
- Anesthesia, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Manoja K Muni
- Anesthesia, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Abhijeet Nanda
- Anesthesia, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, IND
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Douglass A, Moffat G, Daly C. Using Confocal Microscopy to Generate an Accurate Vascular Model for Use in Patient Education Animation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1356:31-52. [PMID: 35146616 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-87779-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a condition requiring lifelong medication, where patients often feel well with or without treatment. Uncontrolled hypertension, however, can lead to permanent remodelling processes that occur to the vascular structure, which are seldom understood by the public. As a result, a significant burden is placed on healthcare systems globally as a result of the effects of hypertension and lack of adherence to prescribed treatment.Improving patient education through well-designed interactive applications and animation is a known strategy that can improve adherence rates to medication. In the context of hypertension, little attention has been given to helping patients understand the unseen damage that occurs to vessels exposed to high blood pressure. However, generating an accurate representation of a vessel and the changes that occur can be challenging. Using microscopy data is one way for creating an anatomically correct model, but this often needs careful consideration as data cannot be directly imported. Here we describe methods for creating an accurate 3D model of a small artery using confocal microscopy data. This model can then be animated to demonstrate the substructures and pathological changes that occur in hypertensive conditions to better inform patients about the dangers of uncontrolled blood pressure.
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Hinterdobler J, Schunkert H, Kessler T, Sager HB. Impact of Acute and Chronic Psychosocial Stress on Vascular Inflammation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:1531-1550. [PMID: 34293932 PMCID: PMC8713271 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Atherosclerosis and its complications, such as acute coronary syndromes, are the leading causes of death worldwide. A wide range of inflammatory processes substantially contribute to the initiation and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In addition, epidemiological studies strongly associate both chronic stress and acute psychosocial stress with the occurrence of CVDs. Recent Advances: Extensive research during recent decades has not only identified major pathways in cardiovascular inflammation but also revealed a link between psychosocial factors and the immune system in the context of atherosclerosis. Both chronic and acute psychosocial stress drive systemic inflammation via neuroimmune interactions and promote atherosclerosis progression. Critical Issues: The associations human epidemiological studies found between psychosocial stress and cardiovascular inflammation have been substantiated by additional experimental studies in mice and humans. However, we do not yet fully understand the mechanisms through which psychosocial stress drives cardiovascular inflammation; consequently, specific treatment, although urgently needed, is lacking. Future Directions: Psychosocial factors are increasingly acknowledged as risk factors for CVD and are currently treated via behavioral interventions. Additional mechanistic insights might provide novel pharmacological treatment options to reduce stress-related morbidity and mortality. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 1531-1550.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hinterdobler
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Centre Munich, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Centre Munich, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Thorsten Kessler
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Centre Munich, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Hendrik B. Sager
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Centre Munich, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
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Quencer KB, Anand K. Kidney Tissue Biopsy. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2021; 24:100775. [PMID: 34895708 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvir.2021.100775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Kidney tissue biopsy is a commonly performed procedure which is valuable in the work-up for patients with medical renal disease and renal transplant. This article will review indications, contraindications, technique and potential complications of kidney biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith B Quencer
- Division of Interventional Radiology, University of Utah Department of Radiology, Salt Lake City, UT.
| | - Keshav Anand
- Division of Interventional Radiology, University of Utah Department of Radiology, Salt Lake City, UT
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Arishe OO, Priviero F, Wilczynski SA, Webb RC. Exosomes as Intercellular Messengers in Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111685. [PMID: 34769116 PMCID: PMC8583750 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
People living with hypertension have a higher risk of developing heart diseases, and hypertension remains a top cause of mortality. In hypertension, some detrimental changes occur in the arterial wall, which include physiological and biochemical changes. Furthermore, this disease is characterized by turbulent blood flow, increased fluid shear stress, remodeling of the blood vessels, and endothelial dysfunction. As a complex disease, hypertension is thought to be caused by an array of factors, its etiology consisting of both environmental and genetic factors. The Mosaic Theory of hypertension states that many factors, including genetics, environment, adaptive, neural, mechanical, and hormonal perturbations are intertwined, leading to increases in blood pressure. Long-term efforts by several investigators have provided invaluable insight into the physiological mechanisms responsible for the pathogenesis of hypertension, and these include increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system, overactivation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), dysfunction of the vascular endothelium, impaired platelet function, thrombogenesis, vascular smooth muscle and cardiac hypertrophy, and altered angiogenesis. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released by all cells and carry nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and metabolites into the extracellular environment. They play a role in intercellular communication and are involved in the pathophysiology of diseases. Since the discovery of exosomes in the 1980s, numerous studies have been carried out to understand the biogenesis, composition, and function of exosomes. In this review, we will discuss the role of exosomes as intercellular messengers in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufunke Omolola Arishe
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA; (F.P.); (S.A.W.); (R.C.W.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-706-394-3582
| | - Fernanda Priviero
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA; (F.P.); (S.A.W.); (R.C.W.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Stephanie A. Wilczynski
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA; (F.P.); (S.A.W.); (R.C.W.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - R. Clinton Webb
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA; (F.P.); (S.A.W.); (R.C.W.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
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Morphological Study of the Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Organs and Arteries in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9081066. [PMID: 34442203 PMCID: PMC8391532 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9081066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is usually accompanied by the impairment of organs and arteries, and seriously threatens human health. Aerobic exercise can effectively prevent and treat hypertension. However, the mechanism of exercise therapy in hypertension is still unclear. In this study, we explored how aerobic exercise effectively reversed the impairment of the heart, kidney, and arteries caused by hypertension through a pathomorphological perspective. Spontaneously hypertensive rats were subjected to fifteen weeks of 45 min and 90 min swimming training without weight, and we then tested the effect of exercise on the morphology and structure of the heart, kidney, iliac artery, and branch of the mesenteric artery. We found that the myocardial fibers became thinner, the cross-sectional area of myocardial cells decreased, and cardiomyocyte edema disappeared after 45 min of aerobic exercise. Additionally, the pathological microstructure of glomeruli and renal tubules were improved. At the same time, aerobic exercise could also reverse the morphology and structure of arteries and mesenteric artery branches in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
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Mohammadi H, Vincent T, Peng K, Nigam A, Gayda M, Fraser S, Joanette Y, Lesage F, Bherer L. Coronary artery disease and its impact on the pulsatile brain: A functional NIRS study. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:3760-3776. [PMID: 33991155 PMCID: PMC8288102 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that optical indices of cerebral pulsatility are associated with cerebrovascular health in older adults. Such indices, including cerebral pulse amplitude and the pulse relaxation function (PRF), have been previously applied to quantify global and regional cerebral pulsatility. The aim of the present study was to determine whether these indices are modulated by cardiovascular status and whether they differ between individuals with low or high cardiovascular risk factors (LCVRF and HCVRF) and coronary artery disease (CAD). A total of 60 older adults aged 57-79 were enrolled in the study. Participants were grouped as LCVRF, HCVRF, and CAD. Participants were asked to walk freely on a gym track while a near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) device recorded hemodynamics data. Low-intensity, short-duration walking was used to test whether a brief cardiovascular challenge could increase the difference of pulsatility indices with respect to cardiovascular status. Results indicated that CAD individuals have higher global cerebral pulse amplitude compared with the other groups. Walking reduced global cerebral pulse amplitude and PRF in all groups but did not increase the difference across the groups. Instead, walking extended the spatial distribution of cerebral pulse amplitude to the anterior prefrontal cortex when CAD was compared to the CVRF groups. Further research is needed to determine whether cerebral pulse amplitude extracted from data acquired with NIRS, which is a noninvasive, inexpensive method, can provide an index to characterize the cerebrovascular status associated with CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Mohammadi
- Laboratory of Optical and Molecular ImagingBiomedical Engineering Institute, Polytechnique MontrealQuebecCanada
- Research CenterUniversity Institute of Geriatrics of MontrealMontrealQuebecCanada
- Research CenterEPIC Centre of Montreal Heart InstituteMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Thomas Vincent
- Research CenterEPIC Centre of Montreal Heart InstituteMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Ke Peng
- Center for Pain and the BrainBoston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Research CenterUniversity of Montreal Health CentreMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Anil Nigam
- Research CenterEPIC Centre of Montreal Heart InstituteMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Mathieu Gayda
- Research CenterEPIC Centre of Montreal Heart InstituteMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Sarah Fraser
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Yves Joanette
- Research CenterUniversity Institute of Geriatrics of MontrealMontrealQuebecCanada
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of MontrealMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Frédéric Lesage
- Laboratory of Optical and Molecular ImagingBiomedical Engineering Institute, Polytechnique MontrealQuebecCanada
- Research CenterEPIC Centre of Montreal Heart InstituteMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Louis Bherer
- Research CenterUniversity Institute of Geriatrics of MontrealMontrealQuebecCanada
- Research CenterEPIC Centre of Montreal Heart InstituteMontrealQuebecCanada
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of MontrealMontrealQuebecCanada
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Lapi D, Di Maro M, Serao N, Chiurazzi M, Varanini M, Sabatino L, Scuri R, Colantuoni A, Guida B. Geometric Features of the Pial Arteriolar Networks in Spontaneous Hypertensive Rats: A Crucial Aspect Underlying the Blood Flow Regulation. Front Physiol 2021; 12:664683. [PMID: 34295257 PMCID: PMC8289703 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.664683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies indicate that hypertension causes major changes in the structure of the vessel wall by affecting the regulation of blood supply to the tissues. Recently, it has been observed that capillary blood flow is also considerably influenced by the structural arrangement of the microvascular networks that undergo rarefaction (reduction of the perfused vessel number). Therefore, this study aimed to assess the geometric arrangements of the pial arteriolar networks and the arteriolar rhythmic diameter changes in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Methods Fluorescence microscopy was utilized to observe in vivo the pial microcirculation through a closed cranial window. Pial arterioles were classified according to Strahler’s method. The arteriolar rhythmic diameter changes were evaluated by a generalization short-time Fourier transform. Result Young SHRs showed four orders of vessels while the adult ones only three orders. The diameter, length, and branching number obeyed Horton’s law; therefore, the vessels were distributed in a fractal manner. Larger arterioles showed more asymmetrical branches than did the smaller ones in young SHRs, while in adult SHRs smaller vessels presented asymmetrical branchings. In adult SHRs, there was a significant reduction in the cross-sectional area compared with the young SHRs: this implies an increase in peripheral resistance. Young and adult age-matched normotensive rats did not show significant alterations in the geometric arteriolar arrangement with advancing age, both had four orders of arteriolar vessels, and the peripheral resistance did not change significantly. Conversely, the frequency components evaluated in arteriolar rhythmic diameter changes of young and adult SHRs showed significant differences because of a reduction in the frequency components related to endothelial activity detected in adult SHRs. Conclusion In conclusion, hypertension progressively causes changes in the microarchitecture of the arteriolar networks with a smaller number of vessels and consequent reduced conductivity, characteristic of rarefaction. This was accompanied by a reduction in the formation and release of independent and dependent – endothelial nitric oxide components regulating arterial vasomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominga Lapi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Martina Di Maro
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Serao
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Chiurazzi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Varanini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Lina Sabatino
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, Sannio University, Benevento, Italy
| | - Rossana Scuri
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Colantuoni
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Bruna Guida
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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Silva CBP, Elias-Oliveira J, McCarthy CG, Wenceslau CF, Carlos D, Tostes RC. Ethanol: striking the cardiovascular system by harming the gut microbiota. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 321:H275-H291. [PMID: 34142885 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00225.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol consumption represents a significant public health problem, and excessive ethanol intake is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. The mechanisms underlying the effects of ethanol on the cardiovascular system are complex and not fully comprehended. The gut microbiota and their metabolites are indispensable symbionts essential for health and homeostasis and therefore, have emerged as potential contributors to ethanol-induced cardiovascular system dysfunction. By mechanisms that are not completely understood, the gut microbiota modulates the immune system and activates several signaling pathways that stimulate inflammatory responses, which in turn, contribute to the development and progression of CVD. This review summarizes preclinical and clinical evidence on the effects of ethanol in the gut microbiota and discusses the mechanisms by which ethanol-induced gut dysbiosis leads to the activation of the immune system and cardiovascular dysfunction. The cross talk between ethanol consumption and the gut microbiota and its implications are detailed. In summary, an imbalance in the symbiotic relationship between the host and the commensal microbiota in a holobiont, as seen with ethanol consumption, may contribute to CVD. Therefore, manipulating the gut microbiota, by using antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation might prove a valuable opportunity to prevent/mitigate the deleterious effects of ethanol and improve cardiovascular health and risk prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla B P Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Elias-Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Cameron G McCarthy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Camilla F Wenceslau
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Daniela Carlos
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Rita C Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Lin SK, Hsiu H, Chen HS, Yang CJ. Classification of patients with Alzheimer's disease using the arterial pulse spectrum and a multilayer-perceptron analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8882. [PMID: 33903610 PMCID: PMC8076260 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87903-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular atherosclerosis has been identified as a prominent pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD); the link between vessel pathology and AD risk may also extend to extracranial arteries. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of using arterial pulse-wave measurements and multilayer perceptron (MLP) analysis in distinguishing between AD and control subjects. Radial blood pressure waveform (BPW) and finger photoplethysmography signals were measured noninvasively for 3 min in 87 AD patients and 74 control subjects. The 5-layer MLP algorithm employed evaluated the following 40 harmonic pulse indices: amplitude proportion and its coefficient of variation, and phase angle and its standard deviation. The BPW indices differed significantly between the AD patients (6247 pulses) and control subjects (6626 pulses). Significant intergroup differences were found between mild, moderate, and severe AD (defined by Mini-Mental-State-Examination scores). The hold-out test results indicated an accuracy of 82.86%, a specificity of 92.31%, and a 0.83 AUC of ROC curve when using the MLP-based classification between AD and Control. The identified differences can be partly attributed to AD-induced changes in vascular elastic properties. The present findings may be meaningful in facilitating the development of a noninvasive, rapid, inexpensive, and objective method for detecting and monitoring the AD status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Ku Lin
- Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Taipei City Hospital, Renai Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
- General Education Center, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin Hsiu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No. 43, Section 4, Keelung Road, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan.
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Hsi-Sheng Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No. 43, Section 4, Keelung Road, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Jen Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No. 43, Section 4, Keelung Road, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan
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de Queiroz NNM, de Melo FTC, de Souza Resende F, Janaú LC, de Souza Neto NJK, de Lemos MN, de Oliveira MCNI, de Alcântara AL, de Moraes LV, da Mota Queiroz A, de Souza ÍJA, Said NM, Dos Santos MC, de Souza D'Albuquerque Silva L, Motta ARB, de Sá Oliveira Dos Reis M, Lobato IJC, de Figueiredo PBB, de Souza ACCB, Freire Piani PP, Felício KM, Abrahão Neto JF, Felício JS. High-dose Cholecalciferol Supplementation Reducing Morning Blood Pressure in Normotensive DM1 Patients. Curr Diabetes Rev 2021; 17:378-386. [PMID: 32729423 DOI: 10.2174/1573399816999200729131508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D (VD) deficiency has been related to several endocrine metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. The effect of VD supplementation on blood pressure (BP) in patients with diabetes is controversial. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate high-dose vitamin D supplementation effects on blood pressure of normotensive patients with diabetes mellitus 1 (DM1) patients by 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). METHODS We performed a clinical trial including 35 DM1 normotensive patients, who received doses of 4,000 or 10,000 IU/day of cholecalciferol for 12 weeks according to previous VD levels. They underwent 24-hour ABPM, along with glycated hemoglobin, creatine, lipids profile and PCRus dosage before and after VD supplementation. RESULTS We found an expressive reduction of systolic and diastolic morning blood pressures (117±14 vs 112±14, p<0,05; 74±9 vs 70±10 mmHg, p<0,05, respectively) with no changes in other pressoric markers. Besides, we noticed a relationship between levels of VD after supplementation and diastolic morning blood pressure (r= -0,4; p<0.05). CONCLUSION Our study suggests an association between supplementation of high doses of vitamin D and the reduction of morning blood pressure in normotensive DM1 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natércia Neves Marques de Queiroz
- Endocrinology Division, University Hospital Joao de Barros Barreto, Federal University of Para, Mundurucus Street, 4487, Guama, Belem 66073-000, Para, Brazil
| | - Franciane Trindade Cunha de Melo
- Endocrinology Division, University Hospital Joao de Barros Barreto, Federal University of Para, Mundurucus Street, 4487, Guama, Belem 66073-000, Para, Brazil
| | - Fabrício de Souza Resende
- Endocrinology Division, University Hospital Joao de Barros Barreto, Federal University of Para, Mundurucus Street, 4487, Guama, Belem 66073-000, Para, Brazil
| | - Luísa Corrêa Janaú
- State University of Para, Platter Perebebui, 2623, Marco, Belem 66087-662, Para, Brazil
| | - Norberto Jorge Kzan de Souza Neto
- Endocrinology Division, University Hospital Joao de Barros Barreto, Federal University of Para, Mundurucus Street, 4487, Guama, Belem 66073-000, Para, Brazil
| | - Manuela Nascimento de Lemos
- Endocrinology Division, University Hospital Joao de Barros Barreto, Federal University of Para, Mundurucus Street, 4487, Guama, Belem 66073-000, Para, Brazil
| | - Maria Clara Neres Iunes de Oliveira
- Endocrinology Division, University Hospital Joao de Barros Barreto, Federal University of Para, Mundurucus Street, 4487, Guama, Belem 66073-000, Para, Brazil
| | - Angélica Leite de Alcântara
- Endocrinology Division, University Hospital Joao de Barros Barreto, Federal University of Para, Mundurucus Street, 4487, Guama, Belem 66073-000, Para, Brazil
| | - Lorena Vilhena de Moraes
- Endocrinology Division, University Hospital Joao de Barros Barreto, Federal University of Para, Mundurucus Street, 4487, Guama, Belem 66073-000, Para, Brazil
| | - Apolone da Mota Queiroz
- Endocrinology Division, University Hospital Joao de Barros Barreto, Federal University of Para, Mundurucus Street, 4487, Guama, Belem 66073-000, Para, Brazil
| | - Ícaro José Araújo de Souza
- Endocrinology Division, University Hospital Joao de Barros Barreto, Federal University of Para, Mundurucus Street, 4487, Guama, Belem 66073-000, Para, Brazil
| | - Nivin Mazen Said
- Endocrinology Division, University Hospital Joao de Barros Barreto, Federal University of Para, Mundurucus Street, 4487, Guama, Belem 66073-000, Para, Brazil
| | - Márcia Costa Dos Santos
- Endocrinology Division, University Hospital Joao de Barros Barreto, Federal University of Para, Mundurucus Street, 4487, Guama, Belem 66073-000, Para, Brazil
| | - Lilian de Souza D'Albuquerque Silva
- Endocrinology Division, University Hospital Joao de Barros Barreto, Federal University of Para, Mundurucus Street, 4487, Guama, Belem 66073-000, Para, Brazil
| | - Ana Regina Bastos Motta
- Endocrinology Division, University Hospital Joao de Barros Barreto, Federal University of Para, Mundurucus Street, 4487, Guama, Belem 66073-000, Para, Brazil
| | - Melissa de Sá Oliveira Dos Reis
- Endocrinology Division, University Hospital Joao de Barros Barreto, Federal University of Para, Mundurucus Street, 4487, Guama, Belem 66073-000, Para, Brazil
| | - Isabel Jane Campos Lobato
- Endocrinology Division, University Hospital Joao de Barros Barreto, Federal University of Para, Mundurucus Street, 4487, Guama, Belem 66073-000, Para, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Carolina Contente Braga de Souza
- Endocrinology Division, University Hospital Joao de Barros Barreto, Federal University of Para, Mundurucus Street, 4487, Guama, Belem 66073-000, Para, Brazil
| | - Pedro Paulo Freire Piani
- Endocrinology Division, University Hospital Joao de Barros Barreto, Federal University of Para, Mundurucus Street, 4487, Guama, Belem 66073-000, Para, Brazil
| | - Karem Miléo Felício
- Endocrinology Division, University Hospital Joao de Barros Barreto, Federal University of Para, Mundurucus Street, 4487, Guama, Belem 66073-000, Para, Brazil
| | - João Felício Abrahão Neto
- Endocrinology Division, University Hospital Joao de Barros Barreto, Federal University of Para, Mundurucus Street, 4487, Guama, Belem 66073-000, Para, Brazil
| | - João Soares Felício
- Endocrinology Division, University Hospital Joao de Barros Barreto, Federal University of Para, Mundurucus Street, 4487, Guama, Belem 66073-000, Para, Brazil
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Yuan S, Jordan LC, Davis LT, Cogswell PM, Lee CA, Patel NJ, Waddle SL, Juttukonda M, Sky Jones R, Griffin A, Donahue MJ. A cross-sectional, case-control study of intracranial arterial wall thickness and complete blood count measures in sickle cell disease. Br J Haematol 2020; 192:769-777. [PMID: 33326595 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In sickle cell disease (SCD), cerebral oxygen delivery is dependent on the cerebral vasculature's ability to increase blood flow and volume through relaxation of the smooth muscle that lines intracranial arteries. We hypothesised that anaemia extent and/or circulating markers of inflammation lead to concentric macrovascular arterial wall thickening, visible on intracranial vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging (VW-MRI). Adult and pediatric SCD (n = 69; age = 19.9 ± 8.6 years) participants and age- and sex-matched control participants (n = 38; age = 22.2 ± 8.9 years) underwent 3-Tesla VW-MRI; two raters measured basilar and bilateral supraclinoid internal carotid artery (ICA) wall thickness independently. Mean wall thickness was compared with demographic, cerebrovascular and haematological variables. Mean vessel wall thickness was elevated (P < 0·001) in SCD (1·07 ± 0·19 mm) compared to controls (0·97 ± 0·07 mm) after controlling for age and sex. Vessel wall thickness was higher in participants on chronic transfusions (P = 0·013). No significant relationship between vessel wall thickness and flow velocity, haematocrit, white blood cell count or platelet count was observed; however, trends (P < 0·10) for wall thickness increasing with decreasing haematocrit and increasing white blood cell count were noted. Findings are discussed in the context of how anaemia and circulating inflammatory markers may impact arterial wall morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yuan
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lori C Jordan
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Division of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Larry T Davis
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Petrice M Cogswell
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Chelsea A Lee
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Division of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Niral J Patel
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Division of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Spencer L Waddle
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Meher Juttukonda
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - R Sky Jones
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Division of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Allison Griffin
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Manus J Donahue
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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JAK1 Inhibition Blocks Lethal Immune Hypersensitivity in a Mouse Model of Down Syndrome. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108407. [PMID: 33207208 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS; trisomy 21) display hyperactivation of interferon (IFN) signaling and chronic inflammation, which could potentially be explained by the extra copy of four IFN receptor (IFNR) genes encoded on chromosome 21. However, the clinical effects of IFN hyperactivity in DS remain undefined. Here, we report that a commonly used mouse model of DS overexpresses IFNR genes and shows hypersensitivity to IFN ligands in diverse immune cell types. When treated repeatedly with a TLR3 agonist to induce chronic inflammation, these animals overexpress key IFN-stimulated genes, induce cytokine production, exhibit liver pathology, and undergo rapid weight loss. Importantly, the lethal immune hypersensitivity and cytokine production and the ensuing pathology are ameliorated by JAK1 inhibition. These results indicate that individuals with DS may experience harmful hyperinflammation upon IFN-inducing immune stimuli, as observed during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, pointing to JAK1 inhibition as a strategy to restore immune homeostasis in DS.
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