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Airapetov M, Eresko S, Ignatova P, Lebedev A, Bychkov E, Shabanov P. Effect of rifampicin on TLR4-signaling pathways in the nucleus accumbens of the rat brain during abstinence of long-term alcohol treatment. Alcohol Alcohol 2024; 59:agae016. [PMID: 38520481 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agae016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS The treatment with the antibiotic rifampicin (Rif) led to a decrease in the frequency of neurodegenerative pathologies. There are suggestions that the mechanism of action of Rif may be mediated by its effect on toll-like receptor (TLR)4-dependent pathways. We evaluated the expression status of TLR4-dependent genes during abstinence from long-term alcohol treatments in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of the rat brain, and also studied the effects of Rif to correct these changes. METHODS The long-term alcohol treatment was performed by intragastric delivery of ethanol solution. At the end of alcohol treatment intraperitoneal injections of Rif (100 mg/kg) or saline were made. Extraction of the brain structures was performed on the 10th day of abstinence from alcohol. We used the SYBR Green qPCR method to quantitatively analyze the relative expression levels of the studied genes. RESULTS The long-term alcohol treatment promotes an increase in the level of TLR4 mRNA and mRNA of its endogenous ligand high-mobility group protein B1 during abstinence drop alcohol in NAc of rats. The use of Rif in our study led to a decrease in the increased expression of high-mobility group protein B1, Tlr4, and proinflammatory cytokine genes (Il1β, Il6) in the NAc of the rat brain during abstinence of long-term alcohol treatment. In addition, Rif administration increased the decreased mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (Il10, Il11). CONCLUSION The data obtained indicate the ability of Rif to correct the mechanisms of the TLR4 system genes in the NAc of the rat brain during alcohol abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marat Airapetov
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, P.O. Box 197376, 12 Academician Pavlova str., St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Military Medical Academy of S.M. Kirov, P.O. Box 194044, 6G Akademika Lebedeva str., St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Sergei Eresko
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, P.O. Box 197376, 12 Academician Pavlova str., St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
- Center for Chemical Engineering, Saint-Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, P.O. Box 197101, 49 Kronverksky pr., St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Polina Ignatova
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, P.O. Box 197376, 12 Academician Pavlova str., St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Andrei Lebedev
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, P.O. Box 197376, 12 Academician Pavlova str., St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Evgenii Bychkov
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, P.O. Box 197376, 12 Academician Pavlova str., St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Petr Shabanov
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, P.O. Box 197376, 12 Academician Pavlova str., St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Military Medical Academy of S.M. Kirov, P.O. Box 194044, 6G Akademika Lebedeva str., St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
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Lovelock DF, Liu W, Langston SE, Liu J, Van Voorhies K, Giffin KA, Vetreno RP, Crews FT, Besheer J. The Toll-like receptor 7 agonist imiquimod increases ethanol self-administration and induces expression of Toll-like receptor related genes. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13176. [PMID: 35470561 PMCID: PMC9286850 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that immune signalling may be involved in both the causes and consequences of alcohol abuse. Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression is increased by alcohol consumption and is implicated in AUD, and specifically TLR7 may play an important role in ethanol consumption. We administered the TLR7-specific agonist imiquimod in male and female Long-Evans rats to determine (1) gene expression changes in brain regions involved in alcohol reinforcement, the nucleus accumbens core and anterior insular cortex, in rats with and without an alcohol history, and (2) whether TLR7 activation could modulate operant alcohol self-administration. Interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) was dramatically increased in both sexes at both 2- and 24-h post-injection regardless of alcohol history and TLR3 and 7 gene expression was increased as well. The proinflammatory cytokine TNFα was increased 24-h post-injection in rats with an alcohol self-administration history, but this effect did not persist after four injections, suggesting molecular tolerance. Ethanol consumption was increased 24 h after imiquimod injections but did not occur until the third injection, suggesting adaptation to repeated TLR7 activation is necessary for increased drinking to occur. Notably, imiquimod reliably induced weight loss, indicating that sickness behaviour persisted across repeated injections. These findings show that TLR7 activation can modulate alcohol drinking in an operant self-administration paradigm and suggest that TLR7 and IRF7 signalling pathways may be a viable druggable target for treatment of AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis F. Lovelock
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Wen Liu
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Sarah E. Langston
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Kalynn Van Voorhies
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Kaitlin A. Giffin
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Ryan P. Vetreno
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
- Department of Psychiatry University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Fulton T. Crews
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
- Department of Psychiatry University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
- Department of Pharmacology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Joyce Besheer
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
- Department of Psychiatry University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
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Lovelock DF, Randall PA, Van Voorhies K, Vetreno RP, Crews FT, Besheer J. Increased alcohol self-administration following repeated Toll-like receptor 3 agonist treatment in male and female rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 216:173379. [PMID: 35395252 PMCID: PMC9263963 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling may play an important role in the neuroimmune system's involvement in the development and maintenance of alcohol use disorder (AUD). In the present study we administered the TLR3 agonist poly(I:C) in male and female Long-Evans rats to determine whether TLR3 agonism can increase alcohol consumption on a daily 15% alcohol operant self-administration paradigm. We found few effects when poly(I:C) was given every-other-day at 0.3 or 1.0 mg/kg. However, when 1.0 mg/kg was given on consecutive days, alcohol intake increased in the days following injections specifically in females. In a second experiment, we found that this effect only emerged when rats had a history of multiple poly(I:C) injections. In the final experiment the poly(I:C) dose was increased to 3.0 mg/kg on consecutive days which resulted in significant reductions in alcohol intake on injection days in females that were not accompanied by subsequent increases. The poly(I:C) dose was increased to 9.0 mg/kg for one final pair of injections which led to reductions in intake in both males and females followed by a male specific delayed increase in alcohol intake. Overall, repeated poly(I:C) administration was able to increase subsequent alcohol consumption in both sexes, with females showing an increase at a lower dose than males. These findings support TLR3 agonism in contributing to increased alcohol consumption and add to the body of work identifying the neuroimmune system as a potential therapeutic target for AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis F Lovelock
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Patrick A Randall
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Kalynn Van Voorhies
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ryan P Vetreno
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Fulton T Crews
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joyce Besheer
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Vore AS, Deak T. Alcohol, inflammation, and blood-brain barrier function in health and disease across development. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 161:209-249. [PMID: 34801170 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol is the most commonly used drug of abuse in the world and binge drinking is especially harmful to the brain, though the mechanisms by which alcohol compromises overall brain health remain somewhat elusive. A number of brain diseases and pathological states are accompanied by perturbations in Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) function, ultimately exacerbating disease progression. The BBB is critical for coordinating activity between the peripheral immune system and the brain. Importantly, BBB integrity is responsive to circulating cytokines and other immune-related signaling molecules, which are powerfully modulated by alcohol exposure. This review will highlight key cellular components of the BBB; discuss mechanisms by which permeability is achieved; offer insight into methodological approaches for assessing BBB integrity; and forecast how alcohol-induced changes in the peripheral and central immune systems might influence BBB function in individuals with a history of binge drinking and ultimately Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD).
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Vore
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - T Deak
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Binghamton, NY, United States.
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Gipson CD, Rawls S, Scofield MD, Siemsen BM, Bondy EO, Maher EE. Interactions of neuroimmune signaling and glutamate plasticity in addiction. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:56. [PMID: 33612110 PMCID: PMC7897396 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic use of drugs of abuse affects neuroimmune signaling; however, there are still many open questions regarding the interactions between neuroimmune mechanisms and substance use disorders (SUDs). Further, chronic use of drugs of abuse can induce glutamatergic changes in the brain, but the relationship between the glutamate system and neuroimmune signaling in addiction is not well understood. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to bring into focus the role of neuroimmune signaling and its interactions with the glutamate system following chronic drug use, and how this may guide pharmacotherapeutic treatment strategies for SUDs. In this review, we first describe neuroimmune mechanisms that may be linked to aberrant glutamate signaling in addiction. We focus specifically on the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, a potentially important neuroimmune mechanism that may be a key player in driving drug-seeking behavior. We highlight the importance of astroglial-microglial crosstalk, and how this interacts with known glutamatergic dysregulations in addiction. Then, we describe the importance of studying non-neuronal cells with unprecedented precision because understanding structure-function relationships in these cells is critical in understanding their role in addiction neurobiology. Here we propose a working model of neuroimmune-glutamate interactions that underlie drug use motivation, which we argue may aid strategies for small molecule drug development to treat substance use disorders. Together, the synthesis of this review shows that interactions between glutamate and neuroimmune signaling may play an important and understudied role in addiction processes and may be critical in developing more efficacious pharmacotherapies to treat SUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra D Gipson
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, BBSRB, Room 363, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA.
| | - Scott Rawls
- Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Michael D Scofield
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | - Benjamin M Siemsen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | - Emma O Bondy
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, BBSRB, Room 363, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA
| | - Erin E Maher
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, BBSRB, Room 363, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA
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Hu P, Wang D, Zhang Y, Cai Z, Ye T, Tong L, Xu X, Lu J, Liu F, Lu X, Huang C. Apoptosis-triggered decline in hippocampal microglia mediates adolescent intermittent alcohol exposure-induced depression-like behaviors in mice. Neuropharmacology 2020; 170:108054. [PMID: 32217088 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Depression-alcohol addiction comorbidity is a common clinical phenomenon. Alcohol exposure in adolescence has been shown to induce depression-like behaviors in rodents. However, the mechanism of action for this type of depression remains unclear. Previous studies have reported that several different types of stress, such as chronic unpredictable stress and early social isolation, trigger depression-like symptoms in mice by inducing hippocampal microglial decline, which is mediated by the initial activation of the microglial cells. Since alcohol also activates microglia, we evaluated the dynamic changes in hippocampal microglia in mice receiving adolescent intermittent alcohol exposure (AIE). Our results showed that 14 days of AIE, followed by 21 days period of no treatment, induced behavioral abnormalities as well as a significant loss and dystrophy of hippocampal microglia in mice. We found that this AIE-induced decline in hippocampal microglia was mediated by both microglial activation and apoptosis, as (i) 1 day of alcohol exposure induced a distinct activation of hippocampal microglia followed by their apoptosis, and (ii) blocking the initial activation of hippocampal microglia by pretreatment with minocycline suppressed the AIE-induced apoptosis and loss of hippocampal microglia as well as the AIE-induced depression-like symptoms. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a classical activator of microglia, ameliorated the AIE-induced depression-like symptoms by reversing the decline in the hippocampal microglia. These results reveal a possible mechanism for AIE-induced depression and demonstrate that the restoration of hippocampal microglial homeostasis may be a therapeutic strategy for depression induced by alcohol intake and withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peili Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Zixuan Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Lijuan Tong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Xing Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Jiashu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, The People's Hospital of Taizhou, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #210 Yingchun Road, Taizhou, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Fengguo Liu
- Department of Neurology, Danyang People's Hospital, #2 Xinmin Western Road, Danyang, 212300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China.
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Hood LE, Leyrer-Jackson JM, Olive MF. Pharmacotherapeutic management of co-morbid alcohol and opioid use. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:823-839. [PMID: 32103695 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1732349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) are two highly prevalent substance-related disorders worldwide. Co-use of the substances is also quite prevalent, yet there are no pharmacological treatment approaches specifically designed to treat co-morbid OUD and AUD. Here, the authors critically summarize OUD, AUD and opioid/alcohol co-use and their current pharmacotherapies for treatment. They also review the mechanisms of action of opioids and alcohol within the brain reward circuitry and discuss potential combined mechanisms of action and resulting neuroadaptations. Pharmacotherapies that aim to treat AUD or OUD that may be beneficial in the treatment of co-use are also highlighted. Preclinical models assessing alcohol and opioid co-use remain sparse. Lasting neuroadaptations in brain reward circuits caused by co-use of alcohol and opioids remains largely understudied. In order to fully understand the neurobiological underpinnings of alcohol and opioid co-use and develop efficacious pharmacotherapies, the preclinical field must expand its current experimental paradigms of 'single drug' use to encompass polysubstance use. Such studies will provide insights on the neural alterations induced by opioid and alcohol co-use, and may help develop novel pharmacotherapies for individuals with co-occurring alcohol and opioid use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Hood
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | - M Foster Olive
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ, USA
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Palmer E, Tyacke R, Sastre M, Lingford-Hughes A, Nutt D, Ward RJ. Alcohol Hangover: Underlying Biochemical, Inflammatory and Neurochemical Mechanisms. Alcohol Alcohol 2019; 54:196-203. [PMID: 30916313 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To review current alcohol hangover research in animals and humans and evaluate key evidence for contributing biological factors. METHOD Narrative review with alcohol hangover defined as the state the day after a single episode of heavy drinking, when the alcohol concentration in the blood approaches zero. RESULTS Many of the human studies of hangover are not well controlled, with subjects consuming different concentrations of alcohol over variable time periods and evaluation not blinded. Also, studies have measured different symptoms and use varying methods of measurement. Animal studies show variations with respect to the route of administration (intragastric or intraperitoneal), the behavioural tests utilised and discrepancy in the timepoint used for hangover onset. Human studies have the advantage over animal models of being able to assess subjective hangover severity and its correlation with specific behaviours and/or biochemical markers. However, animal models provide valuable insight into the neural mechanisms of hangover. Despite such limitations, several hangover models have identified pathological changes which correlate with the hangover state. We review studies examining the contribution of alcohol's metabolites, neurotransmitter changes with particular reference to glutamate, neuroinflammation and ingested congeners to hangover severity. CONCLUSION Alcohol metabolites, neurotransmitter alterations, inflammatory factors and mitochondrial dysfunction are the most likely factors in hangover pathology. Future research should aim to investigate the relationship between these factors and their causal role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Palmer
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Robin Tyacke
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - David Nutt
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Roberta J Ward
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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