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Dauter UM, Gliga AR, Albin M, Broberg K. Longitudinal changes in cardiovascular disease-related proteins in welders. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2024:10.1007/s00420-024-02086-8. [PMID: 38958674 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-024-02086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Occupational exposure to welding fumes is linked to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease; however, the threshold exposure level is unknown. Here, we aimed to identify changes in proteins associated with cardiovascular disease in relation to exposure to welding fumes. METHODS Data were obtained from two timepoints six years apart for 338 non-smoking men (171 welders, 167 controls); of these, 174 (78 welders, 96 controls) had measurements available at both timepoints. Exposure was measured as personal respirable dust (adjusted for personal protective equipment), welding years, and cumulative exposure. Proximity extension assays were used to measure a panel of 92 proteins involved in cardiovascular processes in serum samples. Linear mixed models were used for longitudinal analysis. The biological functions and diseases related to the identified proteins were explored using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. RESULTS At both timepoints, the median respirable dust exposure was 0.7 mg/m3 for the welders. Seven proteins were differentially abundant between the welders and controls and increased incrementally with respirable dust: FGF23, CEACAM8, CD40L, PGF, CXCL1, CD84, and HO1. CD84 was significant after adjusting for multiple comparisons. These proteins have been linked to disorders of blood pressure, damage related to clogged blood vessels, and chronic inflammatory disorders. CONCLUSION Exposure to mild steel welding fumes below current occupational exposure limits for respirable particles and welding fumes in Europe and the US (1-5 mg/m3) was associated with changes in the abundance of proteins related to cardiovascular disease. Further research should evaluate the utility of these proteins as prospective biomarkers of occupational cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Maria Dauter
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Nobels Väg 13, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anda Roxana Gliga
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Nobels Väg 13, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Albin
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Nobels Väg 13, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Broberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Nobels Väg 13, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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2
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Nwogueze BC, Ofili MI, Uzuegbue UE, Brotobor D, Esievo NJ. Modulatory role of welding fumes on serum zinc and copper levels and oxidative stress markers among welders: Considering smoking as a possible implication. Toxicol Rep 2024; 12:48-55. [PMID: 38269071 PMCID: PMC10805626 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The presence of heavy metals in welding fumes and the numerous metals that make up welding gases expose welders to numerous occupational dangers, including major occupational health issues worldwide. The gases from welding are a significant and highly skilled process that have a considerable negative impact on welders' overall health and wellbeing. This study evaluated the influence of welding fumes on serum zinc and copper levels and oxidative stress biomarkers in welders considering smoking as a potential risk factor. The study used a case-control experimental design. Forty (40) healthy adult males were randomly selected comprising twenty (20) in the experimental group involving smokers and nonsmokers with welding experience and twenty (20) in the control group involving smokers and nonsmokers without welding experience. Data are expressed as the mean±SEM, and comparisons of means across groups were performed using one-way ANOVA, followed by Turkey's multiple comparisons test. The results showed that the serum zinc and copper levels of smokers were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in comparison to the control group, and a graded increase in the serum GST and MDA levels was observed across groups. The serum SOD level of smoker nonwelders was significantly (p < 0.05) increased when compared with the control group. Smokers who did not weld had significantly (p < 0.05) higher serum SOD levels. The results likewise showed a statistically nonsignificant reduction in glutathione levels and a substantial decrease in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the experimental group. Overall, changes in the antioxidant parameters showed that smoking and welding fumes can exacerbate an increase in the activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in deteriorated health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary Isioma Ofili
- Department of Nursing Science, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Ugochukwu E. Uzuegbue
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Deliverance Brotobor
- Department of Nursing Science, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
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3
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Soltanpour Z, Rasoulzadeh Y, Mohammadian Y. Occupational Exposure to Metal Fumes Among Iranian Welders: Systematic Review and Simulation-Based Health Risk Assessment. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:1090-1100. [PMID: 35508890 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03246-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There have been numerous reports of welder's worker exposure to metal fumes. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic (neurological, dermal, and etc.) effects are the adverse outcomes of exposure to welding fumes. In this review study, data were collected from previous studies conducted in Iran from 1900 to 2020. The risk of carcinogenicity and non-carcinogenicity due to exposure to welding metal fumes was assessed using the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) method based on the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). Results showed mean of metal fume concentration in gas welding was in the range of 1.8248 to 1060.6 (µg/m3) and in arc welding was 54.935 to 4882.72 (µg/m3). The mean concentration of fumes in gas welding is below the recommended American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) standard exposure limit except for manganese, and in the arc welding, all metal fume concentrations are below the standard exposure limit except for manganese and aluminum. The results showed that the risk of carcinogenicity due to exposure to nickel, manganese in both gas and arc welding, and cadmium in gas welding was higher than standard level (hazard quotient (HQ) more than 1). Cancer risk due to exposure to nickel in both gas and arc welding was probable (1 × 10-6 < cancer risk (CR) < 1 × 10-4). Health risk assessment showed that welders are exposed to health risks. Preventive measures should be applied in welding workplaces to reduce the concentrations of metal fumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Soltanpour
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yahya Rasoulzadeh
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yousef Mohammadian
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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4
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Kővágó C, Szekeres B, Szűcs-Somlyó É, Májlinger K, Jerzsele Á, Lehel J. Preliminary study to investigate the distribution and effects of certain metals after inhalation of welding fumes in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:49147-49160. [PMID: 35212899 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19234-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The most important welding processes used are the gas metal arc (GMA) welding, the tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding, and the manual metal arc (MMA) welding processes. The goal of our investigation was to monitor the distribution of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) in the lung, spleen, liver, and kidney of mice after inhalation exposure of different welding methods using different steel base materials. The treatment groups were the following: MMA-mild steel, MMA-molybdenum-manganese (MoMn) alloy, TIG-mild steel, and TIG-stainless steel. The samples were taken 24 and 96 h after the treatments. Most importantly, it was found that the Mn concentration in the lung' samples of the MMA-mild steel and the MMA-MoMn groups was increased extremely at both sampling times and in the spleen' samples also. In the TIG groups, the rise of the Mn concentration was only considerable in the lungs and spleens at 24 h, and emerged concentration was found in the liver in 96 h samples. Histopathology demonstrated emerged siderin content in the spleens of the treated animals and in siderin filled macrophages in the lungs mostly in all treated groups. Traces of high-level glycogen retention was found in the MMA groups at both sampling times. Similar glycogen retention in TIG-Ms and TIG stainless group's liver samples and emerged number of vacuoles, especially in the hepatocytes of the TIG-stainless steel 96 h group were also found. The mentioned results raise the consequence that there is a considerable difference in the kinetics of the Mn distribution between the MMA- and the TIG-fume-treated groups. Hence, the result suggests that manganese has a particle-size-dependent toxico-kinetics property. The anomaly of the glycogen metabolism indicates the systemic effect of the welding fumes. Also, the numerous vacuoles mentioned above show a possible liver-specific adverse effect of some components of the TIG-stainless steel welding fumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Kővágó
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.
| | | | - Éva Szűcs-Somlyó
- Department of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kornél Májlinger
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Jerzsele
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Lehel
- Department of Food Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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5
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Cediel-Ulloa A, Isaxon C, Eriksson A, Primetzhofer D, Sortica MA, Haag L, Derr R, Hendriks G, Löndahl J, Gudmundsson A, Broberg K, Gliga AR. Toxicity of stainless and mild steel particles generated from gas-metal arc welding in primary human small airway epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21846. [PMID: 34750422 PMCID: PMC8575907 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01177-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Welding fumes induce lung toxicity and are carcinogenic to humans but the molecular mechanisms have yet to be clarified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of stainless and mild steel particles generated via gas-metal arc welding using primary human small airway epithelial cells (hSAEC) and ToxTracker reporter murine stem cells, which track activation of six cancer-related pathways. Metal content (Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr) of the particles was relatively homogenous across particle size. The particles were not cytotoxic in reporter stem cells but stainless steel particles activated the Nrf2-dependent oxidative stress pathway. In hSAEC, both particle types induced time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity, and stainless steel particles also increased generation of reactive oxygen species. The cellular metal content was higher for hSAEC compared to the reporter stem cells exposed to the same nominal dose. This was, in part, related to differences in particle agglomeration/sedimentation in the different cell media. Overall, our study showed differences in cytotoxicity and activation of cancer-related pathways between stainless and mild steel welding particles. Moreover, our data emphasizes the need for careful assessment of the cellular dose when comparing studies using different in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cediel-Ulloa
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christina Isaxon
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Axel Eriksson
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Primetzhofer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Applied Nuclear Physics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- The Tandem Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Lars Haag
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Jakob Löndahl
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Gudmundsson
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Broberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anda R Gliga
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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6
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Genotoxicity and inflammatory potential of stainless steel welding fume particles: an in vitro study on standard vs Cr(VI)-reduced flux-cored wires and the role of released metals. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2961-2975. [PMID: 34287684 PMCID: PMC8380239 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03116-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Welders are daily exposed to various levels of welding fumes containing several metals. This exposure can lead to an increased risk for different health effects which serves as a driving force to develop new methods that generate less toxic fumes. The aim of this study was to explore the role of released metals for welding particle-induced toxicity and to test the hypothesis that a reduction of Cr(VI) in welding fumes results in less toxicity by comparing the welding fume particles of optimized Cr(VI)-reduced flux-cored wires (FCWs) to standard FCWs. The welding particles were thoroughly characterized, and toxicity (cell viability, DNA damage and inflammation) was assessed following exposure to welding particles as well as their released metal fraction using cultured human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC-3kt, 5–100 µg/mL) and human monocyte-derived macrophages (THP-1, 10–50 µg/mL). The results showed that all Cr was released as Cr(VI) for welding particles generated using standard FCWs whereas only minor levels (< 3% of total Cr) were released from the newly developed FCWs. Furthermore, the new FCWs were considerably less cytotoxic and did not cause any DNA damage in the doses tested. For the standard FCWs, the Cr(VI) released in cell media seemed to explain a large part of the cytotoxicity and DNA damage. In contrast, all particles caused rather similar inflammatory effects suggesting different underlying mechanisms. Taken together, this study suggests a potential benefit of substituting standard FCWs with Cr(VI)-reduced wires to achieve less toxic welding fumes and thus reduced risks for welders.
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7
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Illarionova NB, Morozova KN, Petrovskii DV, Sharapova MB, Romashchenko AV, Troitskii SY, Kiseleva E, Moshkin YM, Moshkin MP. 'Trojan-Horse' stress-granule formation mediated by manganese oxide nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology 2020; 14:1432-1444. [PMID: 33320703 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2020.1856433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to nanomaterials is considered as one of the risk factors for neurodegenerative pathology. In vitro inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) absorb intrinsically disordered proteins, many of which are the constituents of stress-granules (SGs). SGs normally form in response to cellular stress and, here, we addressed whether selected inorganic NPs could trigger SGs formation in cells. To this end, we have tested a series of inorganic NPs for their ability to induce SGs formation in human glioblastoma and fibroblast cell lines. Among tested NPs, only Mn3O4 NPs triggered SGs formation in cell-type-specific and metabolic-dependent manner. In human glioblastoma U87 MG cell line, Mn3O4 NPs entered cells within minutes and resided inside intracellular vesicles for at least 48 h. Mn3O4 NPs induced a strong reduction in oxidative phosphorylation rate, but not glycolysis. We showed that Mn3O4 NPs slowly dissolve producing a local net of Mn2+ cations, which are known to inhibit oxidative phosphorylation. Indeed, direct incubation of cells with equimolar amounts of Mn2+ cations triggered SGs formation and reduced cellular respiration rate. However, while SGs formed in response to Mn3O4 NPs persisted for hours, SGs formation by Mn2+ peaked and dropped within minutes. Finally, Mn3O4 NPs mediated SGs formation via the phosphorylation of eIF2α. Thus, we conclude that exposure of U87 MG cells to Mn3O4 NPs caused a 'Trojan-horse' prolonged SGs response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ksenia N Morozova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Petrovskii
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | | | - Sergey Y Troitskii
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena Kiseleva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yuri M Moshkin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Mikhail P Moshkin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia.,National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
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8
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McCarrick S, Wei Z, Moelijker N, Derr R, Persson KA, Hendriks G, Odnevall Wallinder I, Hedberg Y, Karlsson HL. High variability in toxicity of welding fume nanoparticles from stainless steel in lung cells and reporter cell lines: the role of particle reactivity and solubility. Nanotoxicology 2019; 13:1293-1309. [PMID: 31418618 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2019.1650972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Millions of people in the world perform welding as their primary occupation resulting in exposure to metal-containing nanoparticles in the fumes generated. Even though health effects including airway diseases are well-known, there is currently a lack of studies investigating how different welding set-ups and conditions affect the toxicity of generated nanoparticles of the welding fume. The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity of nine types of welding fume particles generated via active gas shielded metal arc welding (GMAW) of chromium-containing stainless steel under different conditions and, furthermore, to correlate the toxicity to the particle characteristics. Toxicological endpoints investigated were generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and activation of ToxTracker reporter cell lines. The results clearly underline that the choice of filler material has a large influence on the toxic potential. Fume particles generated by welding with the tested flux-cored wire (FCW) were found to be more cytotoxic compared to particles generated by welding with solid wire or metal-cored wire (MCW). FCW fume particles were also the most potent in causing ROS and DNA damage and they furthermore activated reporters related to DNA double- strand breaks and p53 signaling. Interestingly, the FCW fume particles were the most soluble in PBS, releasing more chromium in the hexavalent form and manganese compared to the other fumes. These results emphasize the importance of solubility of different metal constituents of the fume particles, rather than the total metal content, for their acute toxic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McCarrick
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Inger Odnevall Wallinder
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yolanda Hedberg
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna L Karlsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Yang SY, Lin JM, Lin WY, Chang CW. Cancer risk assessment for occupational exposure to chromium and nickel in welding fumes from pipeline construction, pressure container manufacturing, and shipyard building in Taiwan. J Occup Health 2018; 60:515-524. [PMID: 30122732 PMCID: PMC6281631 DOI: 10.1539/joh.2018-0075-fs] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We assessed the cancer risks resulting from the exposure to chromium, hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI) ), oxidic nickel (Ni), and soluble Ni in welding fumes during pipeline and shipyard construction and pressure container manufacturing in Taiwan. We also determined the roles of welding performance and demographic characteristics during the exposure to Cr and Ni. METHODS Personal air samples were collected for the analysis of Cr and Ni, and the concentrations of Cr (VI), oxidic Ni, and soluble Ni were quantified. We assessed cancer slope factors for Cr, Cr (VI), oxidic Ni, and soluble Ni, and we used the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk model proposed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency to calculate excess risk. RESULTS The risks of exposure to Cr and Cr (VI) in welding fumes exceeded the acceptable level of occupational exposure (10-3). We ranked the excess cancer risk in three industries in decreasing order as follows: pipeline construction, shipyard construction, and pressure container manufacturing. The most sensitive parameters for the risk assessment were Cr and Ni concentrations. Statistically significant determinants of Cr (VI), oxidic Ni, and soluble Ni concentrations were the following: stainless steel as the base metal and the filler metals of shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) and of gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). CONCLUSION The study revealed that welders belong to a high cancer-risk group. Furthermore, we demonstrated the roles of filler metals and stainless steel in exposure to Cr and Ni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Show-Yi Yang
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University
- Institute of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health, Ministry of Labor in Taiwan
| | - Jia-Ming Lin
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University
| | - Wan-Yu Lin
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University
| | - Ching-Wen Chang
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University
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10
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Sailabaht A, Wang F, Cherrie J. Extension of the Advanced REACH Tool (ART) to Include Welding Fume Exposure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15102199. [PMID: 30304799 PMCID: PMC6211129 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Advanced REACH Tool (ART) is a mechanistic higher tier model to estimate inhalation exposure to chemicals using a Bayesian approach. Currently the ART model does not include exposure to welding fumes within its applicability domain; it has only been calibrated for vapours, mists, and dusts. To extend the scope to metal fumes it is necessary to review the model structure to ensure that it is appropriate, and to calibrate the updated model using available welding fume exposure measurements. This paper provides a discussion of the key modifying factors (MFs) that should be considered to extend the ART model to include welding fume exposure. Based on our literature review, welding process type, input power level, shield gas, and welding electrodes have important impact on fume formation rates (FFRs). In addition, the convective dispersion of the fume away from the weld and the interaction of the welder with the fume plume should be incorporated into the ART model. Other aspects of the ART, such as the local ventilation, do not require modification to accommodate welding fume exposure. The ART does not include the impact of wearing personal protective equipment and so this is not included in our evaluation. Proposals are made for extending the scope of the ART to include welding processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aduldatch Sailabaht
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
- Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand.
| | - Fan Wang
- Centre of Excellence in Sustainable Building Design, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - John Cherrie
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Research Avenue North, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK.
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11
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Dierschke K, Isaxon C, Andersson UBK, Assarsson E, Axmon A, Stockfelt L, Gudmundsson A, Jönsson BAG, Kåredal M, Löndahl J, Pagels J, Wierzbicka A, Bohgard M, Nielsen J. Acute respiratory effects and biomarkers of inflammation due to welding-derived nanoparticle aggregates. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2017; 90:451-463. [PMID: 28258373 PMCID: PMC5486570 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-017-1209-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Welders are exposed to airborne particles from the welding environment and often develop symptoms work-related from the airways. A large fraction of the particles from welding are in the nano-size range. In this study we investigate if the welders’ airways are affected by exposure to particles derived from gas metal arc welding in mild steel in levels corresponding to a normal welding day. Method In an exposure chamber, 11 welders with and 10 welders without work-related symptoms from the lower airways and 11 non-welders without symptoms, were exposed to welding fumes (1 mg/m3) and to filtered air, respectively, in a double-blind manner. Symptoms from eyes and upper and lower airways and lung function were registered. Blood and nasal lavage (NL) were sampled before, immediately after and the morning after exposure for analysis of markers of oxidative stress. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) for analysis of leukotriene B4 (LT-B4) was sampled before, during and immediately after exposure. Results No adverse effects of welding exposure were found regarding symptoms and lung function. However, EBC LT-B4 decreased significantly in all participants after welding exposure compared to filtered air. NL IL-6 increased immediately after exposure in the two non-symptomatic groups and blood neutrophils tended to increase in the symptomatic welder group. The morning after, neutrophils and serum IL-8 had decreased in all three groups after welding exposure. Remarkably, the symptomatic welder group had a tenfold higher level of EBC LT-B4 compared to the two groups without symptoms. Conclusion Despite no clinical adverse effects at welding, changes in inflammatory markers may indicate subclinical effects even at exposure below the present Swedish threshold limit (8 h TWA respirable dust).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Dierschke
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Christina Isaxon
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulla B K Andersson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Assarsson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Axmon
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Leo Stockfelt
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Gudmundsson
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bo A G Jönsson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Monica Kåredal
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jakob Löndahl
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Joakim Pagels
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Aneta Wierzbicka
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mats Bohgard
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jörn Nielsen
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
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12
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Hanley KW, Andrews R, Bertke S, Ashley K. Exploring Manganese Fractionation Using a Sequential Extraction Method to Evaluate Welders' Gas Metal Arc Welding Exposures during Heavy Equipment Manufacturing. Ann Work Expo Health 2017; 61:123-134. [PMID: 28395311 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxw005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has conducted an occupational exposure assessment study of manganese (Mn) in welding fume at three factories where heavy equipment was manufactured. The objective of this study was to evaluate exposures to different Mn fractions using a sequential extraction procedure. One hundred nine worker-days were monitored for either total or respirable Mn during gas metal arc welding. The samples were analyzed using an experimental method to separate different Mn fractions based on selective chemical solubility. The full-shift total particle size Mn time-weighted average (TWA) breathing zone concentrations ranged 0.38-26 for soluble Mn in a mild ammonium acetate solution; 3.2-170 for Mn0,2+ in acetic acid; 3.1-290 for Mn3+,4+ in hydroxylamine-hydrochloride; and non-detectable (ND)-130 µg m-3 for insoluble Mn fractions in hydrochloric and nitric acid. The summation of all the total particulate Mn TWA fractions yielded results that ranged from 6.9 to 610 µg m-3. The range of respirable size Mn TWA concentrations were 0.33-21 for soluble Mn; 15-140 for Mn0,2+; 14-170 for Mn3+,4+; 5.3-230 for insoluble Mn; and 36-530 µg m-3 for Mn (sum of fractions). Total particulate TWA GM concentrations of the Mn (sum) were 53 (GSD = 2.5), 150 (GSD = 1.7), and 120 (GSD = 1.8) µg m-3 for the three separate factories. Although all of the workers' exposures were measured below the OSHA regulatory permissible exposure limit and NIOSH recommended exposure limit for Mn, 70 welders' exposures exceeded the ACGIH Threshold Limit Values® for total Mn (100 µg m-3) and 29 exceeded the recently adopted respirable Mn TLV (20 µg m-3). This study shows that a welding fume exposure control and management program is warranted for Mn, which includes improved exhaust ventilation and may necessitate the use of respiratory protection, especially for welding parts that impede air circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Hanley
- Industrywide Studies Branch, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ronnee Andrews
- Chemical Exposure and Monitoring Branch, Division of Applied Research and Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Steven Bertke
- Industrywide Studies Branch, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kevin Ashley
- Division of Applied Research and Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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13
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Oladipo OO, Ayo JO, Ambali SF, Mohammed B. Evaluation of hepatorenal impairments in Wistar rats coexposed to low-dose lead, cadmium and manganese: insights into oxidative stress mechanism. Toxicol Mech Methods 2016; 26:674-684. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2016.1223242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olusola Olalekan Oladipo
- Biochemistry Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Bisalla Mohammed
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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14
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Han BC, Liu IJ, Chuang HC, Pan CH, Chuang KJ. Effect of welding fume on heart rate variability among workers with respirators in a shipyard. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34158. [PMID: 27677526 PMCID: PMC5039766 DOI: 10.1038/srep34158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Welding fume exposure is associated with heart rate variability (HRV) reduction. It is still unknown whether respirator can reduce effect of welding fume on HRV among welding workers in a shipyard. We recruited 68 welding workers with respirator and 52 welding workers without respirator to measure HRV indices, including standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN) and square root of the mean squared differences of successive intervals (r-MSSD) by ambulatory electrocardiographic (ECG). Personal exposure to particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) was measured by a dust monitor. The association between 5-minute mean PM2.5 and log10-transformed HRV indices was analyzed by mixed-effects models. We found 5-minute mean PM2.5 was associated with 8.9% and 10.3% decreases in SDNN and r-MSSD. Effect of PM2.5 on HRV indices was greatest among workers without respirator {SDNN: 12.4% (95% confidence interval = -18.8--6.9); r-MSSD: 14.7% (95% confidence interval = -20.8--8.6)}. Workers with respirator showed slight decreases in HRV indices {SDNN: 2.2% (95% confidence interval = -6.3--1.9); r-MSSD: 4.0% (95% confidence interval = -6.4--1.6)}. We conclude that respirator use reduces the effect of PM2.5 exposure on HRV among workers performing welding in a shipyard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor-Cheng Han
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Jung Liu
- Department of Nursing, Cardinal Tien College of Healthcare & Management, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hong Pan
- Institute of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health, Ministry of Labor, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Jen Chuang
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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15
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Tian L, Inthavong K, Lidén G, Shang Y, Tu J. Transport and Deposition of Welding Fume Agglomerates in a Realistic Human Nasal Airway. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2016; 60:731-47. [PMID: 27074799 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mew018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Welding fume is a complex mixture containing ultra-fine particles in the nanometer range. Rather than being in the form of a singular sphere, due to the high particle concentration, welding fume particles agglomerate into long straight chains, branches, or other forms of compact shapes. Understanding the transport and deposition of these nano-agglomerates in human respiratory systems is of great interest as welding fumes are a known health hazard. The neurotoxin manganese (Mn) is a common element in welding fumes. Particulate Mn, either as soluble salts or oxides, that has deposited on the olfactory mucosa in human nasal airway is transported along the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb within the brain. If this Mn is further transported to the basal ganglia of the brain, it could accumulate at the part of the brain that is the focal point of its neurotoxicity. Accounting for various dynamic shape factors due to particle agglomeration, the current computational study is focused on the exposure route, the deposition pattern, and the deposition efficiency of the inhaled welding fume particles in a realistic human nasal cavity. Particular attention is given to the deposition pattern and deposition efficiency of inhaled welding fume agglomerates in the nasal olfactory region. For particles in the nanoscale, molecular diffusion is the dominant transport mechanism. Therefore, Brownian diffusion, hydrodynamic drag, Saffman lift force, and gravitational force are included in the model study. The deposition efficiencies for single spherical particles, two kinds of agglomerates of primary particles, two-dimensional planar and straight chains, are investigated for a range of primary particle sizes and a range of number of primary particles per agglomerate. A small fraction of the inhaled welding fume agglomerates is deposited on the olfactory mucosa, approximately in the range 0.1-1%, and depends on particle size and morphology. The strong size dependence of the deposition in olfactory mucosa on particle size implies that the occupation deposition of welding fume manganese can be expected to vary with welding method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tian
- 1Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Building 251.3, Plenty Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Kiao Inthavong
- 1Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Building 251.3, Plenty Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Göran Lidén
- 2Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, SE-11418 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yidan Shang
- 1Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Building 251.3, Plenty Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Jiyuan Tu
- 1Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Building 251.3, Plenty Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia;
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16
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Jeong JY, Park JS, Kim PG. Characterization of Total and Size-Fractionated Manganese Exposure by Work Area in a Shipbuilding Yard. Saf Health Work 2015; 7:150-5. [PMID: 27340603 PMCID: PMC4909851 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shipbuilding involves intensive welding activities, and welders are exposed to a variety of metal fumes, including manganese, that may be associated with neurological impairments. This study aimed to characterize total and size-fractionated manganese exposure resulting from welding operations in shipbuilding work areas. METHODS In this study, we characterized manganese-containing particulates with an emphasis on total mass (n = 86, closed-face 37-mm cassette samplers) and particle size-selective mass concentrations (n = 86, 8-stage cascade impactor samplers), particle size distributions, and a comparison of exposure levels determined using personal cassette and impactor samplers. RESULTS Our results suggest that 67.4% of all samples were above the current American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists manganese threshold limit value of 100 μg/m(3) as inhalable mass. Furthermore, most of the particles containing manganese in the welding process were of the size of respirable particulates, and 90.7% of all samples exceeded the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists threshold limit value of 20 μg/m(3) for respirable manganese. CONCLUSION The concentrations measured with the two sampler types (cassette: total mass; impactor: inhalable mass) were significantly correlated (r = 0.964, p < 0.001), but the total concentration obtained using cassette samplers was lower than the inhalable concentration of impactor samplers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Yeon Jeong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Yong In University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Su Park
- Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Gunsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Pan Gyi Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Yong In University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
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17
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Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin is associated with heavy metal exposure in welding workers. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18048. [PMID: 26673824 PMCID: PMC4682179 DOI: 10.1038/srep18048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metals cause nephrotoxicity with acute and/or chronic exposure; however, few epidemiological studies have examined impacts of exposure to metal fumes on renal injury in welding workers. In total, 66 welding workers and 12 office workers were recruited from a shipyard located in southern Taiwan. Urine samples from each subject were collected at the beginning (baseline) and end of the work week (1-week exposure). Personal exposure to PM2.5 was measured. The 8-h mean PM2.5 was 50.3 μg/m3 for welding workers and 27.4 μg/m3 for office workers. iTRAQs coupled with LC-MS/MS were used to discover the pathways in response to welding PM2.5 in the urine, suggesting that extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interactions are a critical mechanism. ECM-receptor interaction-related biomarkers for renal injury, kidney injury molecule (KIM)-1 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), were significantly elevated in welding workers post-exposure, as well as were urinary Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni levels. NGAL was more significantly associated with Al (r = 0.737, p < 0.001), Cr (r = 0.705, p < 0.001), Fe (r = 0.709, p < 0.001), and Ni (r = 0.657, p < 0.001) than was KIM-1, suggesting that NGAL may be a urinary biomarker for welding PM2.5 exposure. Nephrotoxicity (e.g., renal tubular injury) may be an emerging concern in occupational health.
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18
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Reiss B, Simpson CD, Baker MG, Stover B, Sheppard L, Seixas NS. Hair Manganese as an Exposure Biomarker among Welders. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2015; 60:139-49. [PMID: 26409267 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mev064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying exposure and dose to manganese (Mn) containing airborne particles in welding fume presents many challenges. Common biological markers such as Mn in blood or Mn in urine have not proven to be practical biomarkers even in studies where positive associations were observed. However, hair Mn (MnH) as a biomarker has the advantage over blood and urine that it is less influenced by short-term variability of Mn exposure levels because of its slow growth rate. The objective of this study was to determine whether hair can be used as a biomarker for welders exposed to manganese. Hair samples (1cm) were collected from 47 welding school students and individual air Mn (MnA) exposures were measured for each subject. MnA levels for all days were estimated with a linear mixed model using welding type as a predictor. A 30-day time-weighted average MnA (MnA30d) exposure level was calculated for each hair sample. The association between MnH and MnA30d levels was then assessed. A linear relationship was observed between log-transformed MnA30d and log-transformed MnH. Doubling MnA30d exposure levels yields a 20% (95% confidence interval: 11-29%) increase in MnH. The association was similar for hair washed following two different wash procedures designed to remove external contamination. Hair shows promise as a biomarker for inhaled Mn exposure given the presence of a significant linear association between MnH and MnA30d levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Reiss
- 1.Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Christopher D Simpson
- 1.Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Marissa G Baker
- 1.Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Bert Stover
- 1.Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lianne Sheppard
- 1.Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; 2.Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Noah S Seixas
- 1.Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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19
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Minigalieva IA, Katsnelson BA, Privalova LI, Sutunkova MP, Gurvich VB, Shur VY, Shishkina EV, Valamina IE, Makeyev OH, Panov VG, Varaksin AN, Grigoryeva EV, Meshtcheryakova EY. Attenuation of Combined Nickel(II) Oxide and Manganese(II, III) Oxide Nanoparticles' Adverse Effects with a Complex of Bioprotectors. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:22555-83. [PMID: 26393577 PMCID: PMC4613324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160922555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable suspensions of NiO and Mn₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs) with a mean (±s.d.) diameter of 16.7±8.2 and 18.4±5.4 nm, respectively, purposefully prepared by laser ablation of 99.99% pure nickel or manganese in de-ionized water, were repeatedly injected intraperitoneally (IP) to rats at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg 3 times a week up to 18 injections, either alone or in combination. A group of rats was injected with this combination with the background oral administration of a "bio-protective complex" (BPC) comprising pectin, vitamins A, C, E, glutamate, glycine, N-acetylcysteine, selenium, iodide and omega-3 PUFA, this composition having been chosen based on mechanistic considerations and previous experience. After the termination of injections, many functional and biochemical indices and histopathological features (with morphometric assessment) of the liver, spleen, kidneys and brain were evaluated for signs of toxicity. The Ni and Mn content of these organs was measured with the help of the atomic emission and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies. We obtained blood leukocytes for performing the RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) test. Although both metallic NPs proved adversely bio-active in many respects considered in this study, Mn₃O₄-NPs were somewhat more noxious than NiO-NPs as concerns most of the non-specific toxicity manifestations and they induced more marked damage to neurons in the striatum and the hippocampus, which may be considered an experimental correlate of the manganese-induced Parkinsonism. The comparative solubility of the Mn₃O₄-NPs and NiO-NPs in a biological medium is discussed as one of the factors underlying the difference in their toxicokinetics and toxicities. The BPC has attenuated both the organ-systemic toxicity and the genotoxicity of Mn₃O₄-NPs in combination with NiO-NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilzira A Minigalieva
- The Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, 30 Popov Str., Ekaterinburg 620014, Russia.
| | - Boris A Katsnelson
- The Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, 30 Popov Str., Ekaterinburg 620014, Russia.
| | - Larisa I Privalova
- The Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, 30 Popov Str., Ekaterinburg 620014, Russia.
| | - Marina P Sutunkova
- The Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, 30 Popov Str., Ekaterinburg 620014, Russia.
| | - Vladimir B Gurvich
- The Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, 30 Popov Str., Ekaterinburg 620014, Russia.
| | - Vladimir Y Shur
- The Institute of Natural Sciences, The Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620000, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina V Shishkina
- The Institute of Natural Sciences, The Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620000, Russia.
| | - Irene E Valamina
- The Central Research Laboratory, The Ural State Medical University, 17 Klyuchevskaya Str., Ekaterinburg 620109, Russia.
| | - Oleg H Makeyev
- The Central Research Laboratory, The Ural State Medical University, 17 Klyuchevskaya Str., Ekaterinburg 620109, Russia.
| | - Vladimir G Panov
- Institute of Industrial Ecology, the Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 20 Sofia Kovalevskaya Str., Ekaterinburg 620990, Russia.
| | - Anatoly N Varaksin
- Institute of Industrial Ecology, the Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 20 Sofia Kovalevskaya Str., Ekaterinburg 620990, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina V Grigoryeva
- The Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, 30 Popov Str., Ekaterinburg 620014, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina Y Meshtcheryakova
- The Central Research Laboratory, The Ural State Medical University, 17 Klyuchevskaya Str., Ekaterinburg 620109, Russia.
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20
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Lee EY, Flynn MR, Du G, Lewis MM, Fry R, Herring AH, Van Buren E, Van Buren S, Smeester L, Kong L, Yang Q, Mailman RB, Huang X. T1 Relaxation Rate (R1) Indicates Nonlinear Mn Accumulation in Brain Tissue of Welders With Low-Level Exposure. Toxicol Sci 2015; 146:281-9. [PMID: 25953701 PMCID: PMC4607746 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the essential element manganese (Mn) is neurotoxic at high doses, the effects of lower exposure are unclear. MRI T1-weighted (TIW) imaging has been used to estimate brain Mn exposure via the pallidal index (PI), defined as the T1W intensity ratio in the globus pallidus (GP) versus frontal white matter (FWM). PI may not, however, be sensitive to Mn in GP because Mn also may accumulate in FWM. This study explored: (1) whether T1 relaxation rate (R1) could quantify brain Mn accumulation more sensitively; and (2) the dose-response relationship between estimated Mn exposure and T1 relaxation rate (R1). Thirty-five active welders and 30 controls were studied. Occupational questionnaires were used to estimate hours welding in the past 90 days (HrsW) and lifetime measures of Mn exposure. T1W imaging and T1-measurement were utilized to generate PI and R1 values in brain regions of interest (ROIs). PI did not show a significant association with any measure of Mn and/or welding-related exposure. Conversely, in several ROIs, R1 showed a nonlinear relationship to HrsW, with R1 signal increasing only after a critical exposure was reached. The GP had the greatest rate of Mn accumulation. Welders with higher exposure showed significantly higher R1 compared either with controls or with welders with lower exposure. Our data are additional evidence that Mn accumulation can be assessed more sensitively by R1 than by PI. Moreover, the nonlinear relationship between welding exposure and Mn brain accumulation should be considered in future studies and policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Lee
- *Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael R Flynn
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Guangwei Du
- *Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Mechelle M Lewis
- *Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Rebecca Fry
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Amy H Herring
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Eric Van Buren
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Scott Van Buren
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Lisa Smeester
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Lan Kong
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania and
| | - Qing Yang
- Departments of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Richard B Mailman
- *Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Xuemei Huang
- *Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, Departments of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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21
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Hanley KW, Andrews R, Bertke S, Ashley K. Manganese Fractionation Using a Sequential Extraction Method to Evaluate Welders' Shielded Metal Arc Welding Exposures During Construction Projects in Oil Refineries. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2015; 12:774-84. [PMID: 26011602 PMCID: PMC4658655 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2015.1047022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has conducted an occupational exposure assessment study of manganese (Mn) in welding fume of construction workers rebuilding tanks, piping, and process equipment at two oil refineries. The objective of this study was to evaluate exposures to different Mn fractions using a sequential extraction procedure. Seventy-two worker-days were monitored for either total or respirable Mn during stick welding and associated activities both within and outside of confined spaces. The samples were analyzed using an experimental method to separate different Mn fractions by valence states based on selective chemical solubility. The full-shift total particulate Mn time-weighted average (TWA) breathing zone concentrations ranged from 0.013-29 for soluble Mn in a mild ammonium acetate solution; from 0.26-250 for Mn(0,2+) in acetic acid; from non-detectable (ND) - 350 for Mn(3+,4+) in hydroxylamine-hydrochloride; and from ND - 39 micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m(3)) for insoluble Mn fractions in hydrochloric and nitric acid. The summation of all Mn fractions in total particulate TWA ranged from 0.52-470 μg/m(3). The range of respirable particulate Mn TWA concentrations were from 0.20-28 for soluble Mn; from 1.4-270 for Mn(0,2+); from 0.49-150 for Mn(3+,4+); from ND - 100 for insoluble Mn; and from 2.0-490 μg/m(3) for Mn (sum of fractions). For all jobs combined, total particulate TWA GM concentrations of the Mn(sum) were 99 (GSD = 3.35) and 8.7 (GSD = 3.54) μg/m(3) for workers inside and outside of confined spaces; respirable Mn also showed much higher levels for welders within confined spaces. Regardless of particle size and confined space work status, Mn(0,2+) fraction was the most abundant followed by Mn(3+,4+) fraction, typically >50% and ∼30-40% of Mn(sum), respectively. Eighteen welders' exposures exceeded the ACGIH Threshold Limit Values for total Mn (100 μg/m(3)) and 25 exceeded the recently adopted respirable Mn TLV (20 μg/m(3)). This study shows that a welding fume exposure control and management program is warranted, especially for welding jobs in confined spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronnee Andrews
- Chemical Exposure and Monitoring Branch, Division of Applied Research and Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA,
| | - Steven Bertke
- Industrywide Studies Branch, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA,
| | - Kevin Ashley
- Chemical Exposure and Monitoring Branch, Division of Applied Research and Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA,
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22
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Baker MG, Simpson CD, Sheppard L, Stover B, Morton J, Cocker J, Seixas N. Variance components of short-term biomarkers of manganese exposure in an inception cohort of welding trainees. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 29:123-9. [PMID: 24916793 PMCID: PMC4241381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Various biomarkers of exposure have been explored as a way to quantitatively estimate an internal dose of manganese (Mn) exposure, but given the tight regulation of Mn in the body, inter-individual variability in baseline Mn levels, and variability in timing between exposure and uptake into various biological tissues, identification of a valuable and useful biomarker for Mn exposure has been elusive. Thus, a mixed model estimating variance components using restricted maximum likelihood was used to assess the within- and between-subject variance components in whole blood, plasma, and urine (MnB, MnP, and MnU, respectively) in a group of nine newly-exposed apprentice welders, on whom baseline and subsequent longitudinal samples were taken over a three month period. In MnB, the majority of variance was found to be between subjects (94%), while in MnP and MnU the majority of variance was found to be within subjects (79% and 99%, respectively), even when controlling for timing of sample. While blood seemed to exhibit a homeostatic control of Mn, plasma and urine, with the majority of the variance within subjects, did not. Results presented here demonstrate the importance of repeat measure or longitudinal study designs when assessing biomarkers of Mn, and the spurious associations that could result from cross-sectional analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa G Baker
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Christopher D Simpson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lianne Sheppard
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Bert Stover
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Health Services, University of Washington, 1959 Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jackie Morton
- Health and Safety Laboratory, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK
| | - John Cocker
- Health and Safety Laboratory, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK
| | - Noah Seixas
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Fan T, Fang SC, Cavallari JM, Barnett IJ, Wang Z, Su L, Byun HM, Lin X, Baccarelli AA, Christiani DC. Heart rate variability and DNA methylation levels are altered after short-term metal fume exposure among occupational welders: a repeated-measures panel study. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:1279. [PMID: 25512264 PMCID: PMC4302115 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In occupational settings, boilermakers are exposed to high levels of metallic fine particulate matter (PM2.5) generated during the welding process. The effect of welding PM2.5 on heart rate variability (HRV) has been described, but the relationship between PM2.5, DNA methylation, and HRV is not known. Methods In this repeated-measures panel study, we recorded resting HRV and measured DNA methylation levels in transposable elements Alu and long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1) in peripheral blood leukocytes under ambient conditions (pre-shift) and right after a welding task (post-shift) among 66 welders. We also monitored personal PM2.5 level in the ambient environment and during the welding procedure. Results The concentration of welding PM2.5 was significantly higher than background levels in the union hall (0.43 mg/m3 vs. 0.11 mg/m3, p < 0.0001). The natural log of transformed power in the high frequency range (ln HF) had a significantly negative association with PM2.5 exposure (β = -0.76, p = 0.035). pNN10 and pNN20 also had a negative association with PM2.5 exposure (β = -0.16%, p = 0.006 and β = -0.13%, p = 0.030, respectively). PM2.5 was positively associated with LINE-1 methylation [β = 0.79%, 5-methylcytosince (%mC), p = 0.013]; adjusted for covariates. LINE-1 methylation did not show an independent association with HRV. Conclusions Acute decline of HRV was observed following exposure to welding PM2.5 and evidence for an epigenetic response of transposable elements to short-term exposure to high-level metal-rich particulates was reported. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1279) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David C Christiani
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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24
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Persoons R, Arnoux D, Monssu T, Culié O, Roche G, Duffaud B, Chalaye D, Maitre A. Determinants of occupational exposure to metals by gas metal arc welding and risk management measures: A biomonitoring study. Toxicol Lett 2014; 231:135-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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25
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Hulo S, Chérot-Kornobis N, Howsam M, Crucq S, de Broucker V, Sobaszek A, Edme JL. Manganese in exhaled breath condensate: a new marker of exposure to welding fumes. Toxicol Lett 2014; 226:63-9. [PMID: 24508310 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate manganese in exhaled breath condensate (Mn-EBC) as an indicator of exposure to fumes from metal inert gas welding process. METHODS We collected EBC and urine from 17 welders and 16 unexposed control subjects after 5 days exposure. Concentrations of manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe) and chromium (Cr) were measured in EBC and urine samples and correlated with cumulative exposure indices for the working week (CIW) and for the total welding years (WY), based on duration of welding activity and atmospheric metal measurements. RESULTS Concentrations of Mn and Ni in EBC were significantly higher among welders than controls whereas this difference was not significant for Mn in urine. Levels of Mn and Ni in EBC were not correlated with their respective levels in urine. The linear regressions found significant positive coefficients between Mn-EBC, Ni-EBC, Ni-U and Cr-U concentrations and the cumulative exposure indices. Taking into account tobacco use, statistical analysis showed the same trends except for the relationship between Mn-U and CIW. CONCLUSION This pilot study showed that Mn-EBC, as well as Ni-EBC, can serve as reliable indices of occupational exposure to welding fumes and provide complimentary toxicokinetic information to that provided by urine analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Hulo
- Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France; UDSL, EA 4483, F-59000 Lille, France; CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Nathalie Chérot-Kornobis
- Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France; UDSL, EA 4483, F-59000 Lille, France; CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Mike Howsam
- Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France; CUMA Lille, F-59006 Lille, France.
| | | | - Virginie de Broucker
- Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France; UDSL, EA 4483, F-59000 Lille, France; CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Annie Sobaszek
- Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France; UDSL, EA 4483, F-59000 Lille, France; CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Jean-Louis Edme
- Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France; UDSL, EA 4483, F-59000 Lille, France; CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
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26
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Butler O, Musgrove D, Stacey P. Preparation and certification of two new bulk welding fume reference materials for use in laboratories undertaking analysis of occupational hygiene samples. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2014; 11:604-612. [PMID: 24499055 PMCID: PMC4685606 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2014.889301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Workers can be exposed to fume, arising from welding activities, which contain toxic metals and metalloids. Occupational hygienists need to assess and ultimately minimize such exposure risks. The monitoring of the concentration of particles in workplace air is one assessment approach whereby fume, from representative welding activities, is sampled onto a filter and returned to a laboratory for analysis. Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry are generally employed as instrumental techniques of choice for the analysis of such filter samples. An inherent difficulty, however, with inductively coupled plasma-based analytical techniques is that they typically require a sample to be presented for analysis in the form of a solution. The efficiency of the required dissolution step relies heavily upon the skill and experience of the analyst involved. A useful tool in assessing the efficacy of this dissolution step would be the availability and subsequent analysis of welding fume reference materials with stated elemental concentrations and matrices that match as closely as possible the matrix composition of welding fume samples submitted to laboratories for analysis. This article describes work undertaken at the Health and Safety Laboratory to prepare and certify two new bulk welding fume reference materials that can be routinely used by analysts to assess the performance of the digestion procedures they employ in their laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Butler
- a Analytical Sciences Unit, Health and Safety Laboratory , Buxton , United Kingdom
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27
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Hedmer M, Karlsson JE, Andersson U, Jacobsson H, Nielsen J, Tinnerberg H. Exposure to respirable dust and manganese and prevalence of airways symptoms, among Swedish mild steel welders in the manufacturing industry. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2013; 87:623-34. [PMID: 23979145 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-013-0896-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hedmer
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden,
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