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McNichol BH, Russo SE. Plant Species' Capacity for Range Shifts at the Habitat and Geographic Scales: A Trade-Off-Based Framework. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1248. [PMID: 36986935 PMCID: PMC10056461 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is causing rapid shifts in the abiotic and biotic environmental conditions experienced by plant populations, but we lack generalizable frameworks for predicting the consequences for species. These changes may cause individuals to become poorly matched to their environments, potentially inducing shifts in the distributions of populations and altering species' habitat and geographic ranges. We present a trade-off-based framework for understanding and predicting whether plant species may undergo range shifts, based on ecological strategies defined by functional trait variation. We define a species' capacity for undergoing range shifts as the product of its colonization ability and the ability to express a phenotype well-suited to the environment across life stages (phenotype-environment matching), which are both strongly influenced by a species' ecological strategy and unavoidable trade-offs in function. While numerous strategies may be successful in an environment, severe phenotype-environment mismatches result in habitat filtering: propagules reach a site but cannot establish there. Operating within individuals and populations, these processes will affect species' habitat ranges at small scales, and aggregated across populations, will determine whether species track climatic changes and undergo geographic range shifts. This trade-off-based framework can provide a conceptual basis for species distribution models that are generalizable across plant species, aiding in the prediction of shifts in plant species' ranges in response to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey H. McNichol
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, 1101 T Street, 402 Manter Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0118, USA;
| | - Sabrina E. Russo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, 1101 T Street, 402 Manter Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0118, USA;
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, 1901 Vine Street, N300 Beadle Center, Lincoln, NE 68588-0118, USA
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2
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Manoj KM, Bazhin NM, Jacob VD, Parashar A, Gideon DA, Manekkathodi A. Structure-function correlations and system dynamics in oxygenic photosynthesis: classical perspectives and murburn precepts. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:10997-11023. [PMID: 34323659 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1953606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
HIGHLIGHTS Contemporary beliefs on oxygenic photosynthesis are critiqued.Murburn model is suggested as an alternative explanation.In the new model, diffusible reactive species are the main protagonists.All pigments are deemed photo-redox active in the new stochastic mechanism.NADPH synthesis occurs via simple electron transfers, not via elaborate ETC.Oxygenesis is delocalized and not just centered at Mn-Complex.Energetics of murburn proposal for photophosphorylation is provided.The proposal ushers in a paradigm shift in photosynthesis research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vivian David Jacob
- Satyamjayatu: The Science & Ethics Foundation, Kulappully, Kerala, India
| | - Abhinav Parashar
- Satyamjayatu: The Science & Ethics Foundation, Kulappully, Kerala, India
| | | | - Afsal Manekkathodi
- Satyamjayatu: The Science & Ethics Foundation, Kulappully, Kerala, India
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Lei Z, Westerband AC, Wright IJ, He Y, Zhang W, Cai X, Zhou Z, Liu F, Zhang Y. Leaf trait covariation and controls on leaf mass per area (LMA) following cotton domestication. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 130:231-243. [PMID: 35849070 PMCID: PMC9445596 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The process of domestication has driven dramatic shifts in plant functional traits, including leaf mass per area (LMA). It remains unclear whether domestication has produced concerted shifts in the lower-level anatomical traits that underpin LMA and how these traits in turn affect photosynthesis. METHODS In this study we investigated controls of LMA and leaf gas exchange by leaf anatomical properties at the cellular, tissue and whole-leaf levels, comparing 26 wild and 31 domesticated genotypes of cotton (Gossypium). KEY RESULTS As expected, domesticated plants expressed lower LMA, higher photosynthesis and higher stomatal conductance, suggesting a shift towards the 'faster' end of the leaf economics spectrum. At whole-leaf level, variation in LMA was predominantly determined by leaf density (LD) both in wild and domesticated genotypes. At tissue level, higher leaf volume per area (Vleaf) in domesticated genotypes was driven by a simultaneous increase in the volume of epidermal, mesophyll and vascular bundle tissue and airspace, while lower LD resulted from a lower volume of palisade tissue and vascular bundles (which are of high density), paired with a greater volume of epidermis and airspace, which are of low density. The volume of spongy mesophyll exerted direct control on photosynthesis in domesticated genotypes but only indirect control in wild genotypes. At cellular level, a shift to larger but less numerous cells with thinner cell walls underpinned a lower proportion of cell wall mass, and thus a reduction in LD. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, cotton domestication has triggered synergistic shifts in the underlying determinants of LMA but also photosynthesis, at cell, tissue and whole-leaf levels, resulting in a marked shift in plant ecological strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangying Lei
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, P.R. China
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrea C Westerband
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian J Wright
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- ARC Centre for Plant Success in Nature & Agriculture, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Yang He
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, P.R. China
| | - Wangfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, P.R. China
| | - Zhongli Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, P.R. China
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Lei Z, Liu F, Wright IJ, Carriquí M, Niinemets Ü, Han J, Jia M, Atwell BJ, Cai X, Zhang W, Zhou Z, Zhang Y. Comparisons of photosynthetic and anatomical traits between wild and domesticated cotton. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:873-885. [PMID: 34153103 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mesophyll conductance (gm) is a crucial leaf trait contributing to the photosynthetic rate (AN). Plant domestication typically leads to an enhancement of AN that is often associated with profound anatomical modifications, but it is unclear which of these structural alterations influence gm. We analyzed the implication of domestication on leaf anatomy and its effect on gm in 26 wild and 31 domesticated cotton genotypes (Gossypium sp.) grown under field conditions. We found that domesticated genotypes had higher AN but similar gm to wild genotypes. Consistent with this, domestication did not translate into significant differences in the fraction of mesophyll occupied by intercellular air spaces (fias) or mesophyll and chloroplast surface area exposed to intercellular air space (Sm/S and Sc/S, respectively). However, leaves of domesticated genotypes were significantly thicker, with larger but fewer mesophyll cells with thinner cell walls. Moreover, domesticated genotypes had higher cell wall conductance (gcw) but smaller cytoplasmic conductance (gcyt) than wild genotypes. It appears that domestication in cotton has not generally led to significant improvement in gm, in part because their thinner mesophyll cell walls (increasing gcw) compensate for their lower gcyt, itself due to larger distance between plasmalemma and chloroplast envelopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangying Lei
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, PR China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, PR China
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Marc Carriquí
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Bag 55, 7001 Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jimei Han
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Soil and Crop Science Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Mengmeng Jia
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, PR China
| | - Brian J Atwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Xiaoyan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, PR China
| | - Wangfeng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, PR China
| | - Zhongli Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, PR China
| | - Yali Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, PR China
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5
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Eckert D, Martens HJ, Gu L, Jensen AM. CO2 refixation is higher in leaves of woody species with high mesophyll and stomatal resistances to CO2 diffusion. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1450-1461. [PMID: 33595079 PMCID: PMC8359682 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The percentage of respiratory and photorespiratory CO2 refixed in leaves (Pr) represents part of the CO2 used in photosynthesis. The importance of Pr as well as differences between species and functional types are still not well investigated. In this study, we examine how Pr differs between six temperate and boreal woody species: Betula pendula, Quercus robur, Larix decidua, Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies and Vaccinium vitis-idaea. The study covers early and late successional species, deciduous broadleaves, deciduous conifers, evergreen conifers and evergreen broadleaves. We investigated whether some species or functional types had higher refixation percentages than others, whether leaf traits could predict higher Pr and whether these traits and their impact on Pr changed during growing seasons. Photosynthesis CO2 response (A/Ci)-curves, measured early, mid and late season, were used to estimate and compare Pr, mesophyll resistance (rm) and stomatal resistance (rs) to CO2 diffusion. Additionally, light images and transmission electron microscope images were used to approximate the fraction of intercellular airspace and cell wall thickness. We found that evergreens, especially late successional species, refixed a significantly higher amount of CO2 than the other species throughout the entire growing season. In addition, rm, rs and leaf mass per area, traits that typically are higher in evergreen species, were also significantly, positively correlated with Pr. We suggest that this is due to higher rm decreasing diffusion of (photo) respiratory CO2 out of the leaf. Cell wall thickness had a positive effect on Pr and rm, while the fraction of intercellular airspace had no effect. Both were significantly different between evergreen conifers and other types. Our findings suggest that species with a higher rm use a greater fraction of mitochondria-derived CO2, especially when stomatal conductance is low. This should be taken into account when modeling the overall CO2 fertilization effect for terrestrial ecosystems dominated by high rm species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Eckert
- Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Linnaeus University, 351 95 Växjö, Sweden
| | - Helle Juel Martens
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, Frederiksberg C, 1958 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lianhong Gu
- Climate Change Science Institute & Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6301, USA
| | - Anna Monrad Jensen
- Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Linnaeus University, 351 95 Växjö, Sweden
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6
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Wakatsuki Y, Nishizawa K, Mori AS. Leaf trait variability explains how plant community composition changes under the intense pressure of deer herbivory. Ecol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Wakatsuki
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences Yokohama National University Yokohama Japan
| | - Keita Nishizawa
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences Yokohama National University Yokohama Japan
| | - Akira S. Mori
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences Yokohama National University Yokohama Japan
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7
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Chen S, Wang Y, Yu L, Zheng T, Wang S, Yue Z, Jiang J, Kumari S, Zheng C, Tang H, Li J, Li Y, Chen J, Zhang W, Kuang H, Robertson JS, Zhao PX, Li H, Shu S, Yordanov YS, Huang H, Goodstein DM, Gai Y, Qi Q, Min J, Xu C, Wang S, Qu GZ, Paterson AH, Sankoff D, Wei H, Liu G, Yang C. Genome sequence and evolution of Betula platyphylla. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:37. [PMID: 33574224 PMCID: PMC7878895 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00481-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Betula L. (birch) is a pioneer hardwood tree species with ecological, economic, and evolutionary importance in the Northern Hemisphere. We sequenced the Betula platyphylla genome and assembled the sequences into 14 chromosomes. The Betula genome lacks evidence of recent whole-genome duplication and has the same paleoploidy level as Vitis vinifera and Prunus mume. Phylogenetic analysis of lignin pathway genes coupled with tissue-specific expression patterns provided clues for understanding the formation of higher ratios of syringyl to guaiacyl lignin observed in Betula species. Our transcriptome analysis of leaf tissues under a time-series cold stress experiment revealed the presence of the MEKK1-MKK2-MPK4 cascade and six additional mitogen-activated protein kinases that can be linked to a gene regulatory network involving many transcription factors and cold tolerance genes. Our genomic and transcriptome analyses provide insight into the structures, features, and evolution of the B. platyphylla genome. The chromosome-level genome and gene resources of B. platyphylla obtained in this study will facilitate the identification of important and essential genes governing important traits of trees and genetic improvement of B. platyphylla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), Harbin, China
| | - Yucheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), Harbin, China
| | - Lili Yu
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, China
| | - Tao Zheng
- BGI-Tech, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), Harbin, China
| | - Zhen Yue
- BGI-Tech, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), Harbin, China
| | - Sapna Kumari
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Institute of Computing and Cybersystems, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Chunfang Zheng
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Haibao Tang
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Noble Research Institute, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, USA
| | - Yuqi Li
- BGI-Tech, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiongjiong Chen
- Department of Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), Harbin, China
| | - Hanhui Kuang
- Department of Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jon S Robertson
- Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Patrick X Zhao
- Noble Research Institute, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, USA
| | - Huiyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), Harbin, China
| | - Shengqiang Shu
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA
| | - Yordan S Yordanov
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL, USA
| | - Haijiao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), Harbin, China
| | - David M Goodstein
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA
| | - Ying Gai
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qi Qi
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | | | | | | | - Guan-Zheng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), Harbin, China
| | - Andrew H Paterson
- Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - David Sankoff
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hairong Wei
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Institute of Computing and Cybersystems, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Guifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), Harbin, China.
| | - Chuanping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), Harbin, China.
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Kruger EL, Keefover-Ring K, Holeski LM, Lindroth RL. To compete or defend: linking functional trait variation with life-history tradeoffs in a foundation tree species. Oecologia 2020; 192:893-907. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04622-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Sugai T, Okamoto S, Agathokleous E, Masui N, Satoh F, Koike T. Leaf defense capacity of Japanese elm (Ulmus davidiana var. japonica) seedlings subjected to a nitrogen loading and insect herbivore dynamics in a free air ozone-enriched environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:3350-3360. [PMID: 31845267 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06918-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Japanese elm (Ulmus davidiana var. japonica) is a native species in cool-temperate forests in Japan. We investigated growth, physiological reactions, and leaf defense capacity of Japanese elm seedlings under nitrogen (N) loading (45.3 kg N ha-1 year-1) and seasonal insect dynamics in a free-air ozone (O3)-enriched environment (about 54.5 nmol O3 mol-1) over a growing season. Higher leaf N content and lower condensed tannin content in the presence of N loading and lower condensed tannin content in elevated O3 were observed, suggesting that both N loading and elevated O3 decreased the leaf defense capacity and that N loading further enhanced the leaf quality as food resource of insect herbivores. Two major herbivores were observed on the plants, elm leaf beetle (Pyrrhalta maculicollis) and elm sawfly (Arge captiva). The peak number of observed insects was decreased by N loading. Visible foliar injury caused by N loading might directly induce the reduction of number of the observed elm sawfly individuals. While elevated O3 slightly suppressed the chemical defense capacity, significantly lower number of elm leaf beetle was observed in elevated O3. We conclude that N loading and elevated O3 can alter not only the leaf defense capacity of Japanese elm seedlings but also the dynamics of elm leaf beetle and sawfly herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuto Sugai
- Silviculture and Forest Ecological Studies, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
- Plant Nutrient Ecology Laboratory, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Shota Okamoto
- Silviculture and Forest Ecological Studies, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Noboru Masui
- Silviculture and Forest Ecological Studies, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Satoh
- Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0809, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Koike
- Silviculture and Forest Ecological Studies, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
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10
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Zohner CM, Ramm E, Renner SS. Examining the support-supply and bud-packing hypotheses for the increase in toothed leaf margins in northern deciduous floras. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:1404-1411. [PMID: 31670844 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The proportion of woody dicots with toothed leaves increases toward colder regions, a relationship used to reconstruct past mean annual temperatures. Recent hypotheses explaining this relationship are that (1) leaves in colder regions are thinner, requiring thick veins for support and water supply, with the resulting craspedodromous venation leading to marginal teeth (support-supply hypothesis) or that (2) teeth are associated with the packing of leaf primordia in winter buds (bud-packing hypothesis). METHODS We addressed these hypotheses by examining leaf thickness, number of primordia in buds, growing season length (mean annual temperature, MAT), and other traits in 151 deciduous woody species using georeferenced occurrences and a Bayesian model controlling for phylogeny. We excluded evergreen species because longer leaf life spans correlate with higher leaf mass per area, precluding the detection of independent effects of leaf thickness on leaf-margin type. RESULTS The best model predicted toothed leaves with 94% accuracy, with growing season length the strongest predictor. Neither leaf thickness nor number of leaves preformed in buds significantly influenced margin type, rejecting the support-supply and bud-packing hypotheses. CONCLUSIONS A direct selective benefit of leaf teeth via a carbon gain early in the spring as proposed by Royer and Wilf (2006) would match the strong correlation between toothed species occurrence and short growing season found here using Bayesian hierarchical models. Efforts should be directed to physiological work quantifying seasonal photosynthate production in toothed and nontoothed leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin M Zohner
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Ramm
- Systematic Botany and Mycology, Department of Biology, Munich University (LMU), 80638, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne S Renner
- Systematic Botany and Mycology, Department of Biology, Munich University (LMU), 80638, Munich, Germany
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11
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Ciupak A, Dziwulska-Hunek A, Gładyszewska B, Kwaśniewska A. The relationship between physiological and mechanical properties of Acer platanoides L. and Tilia cordata Mill. leaves and their seasonal senescence. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4287. [PMID: 30862899 PMCID: PMC6414727 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40645-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The seasonal senescence of leaves in the phenological cycle coincides with the change of their strength properties which determine resistance to environmental conditions and the efficiency of the photosynthesis process. That affects the development, growth and condition of the plant. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to observe and compare the results of strength tests performed on the leaves of two species of trees popular in Poland - lime and maple. As well as chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic pigments content in the context of the changes occurring during the entire leaf life cycle. Obtained results showed that the strength properties of the tested leaves reached the minimum values in spring and the maximum in the summer similarly to the leaf greenness index. Whereas the fluorescence increased which the seasonal senescence in opposition to the photosynthesis efficiency of the leaves. Collected data revealed that strength parameters and photosynthetic pigment content were significantly higher for maple leaves than for lime leaves. Studies showed differences between physiological and mechanical properties of the leaves of two trees species, even if they grew under the same environmental conditions. It is concluded from the results that phenotype and physical parameters of leaves are related to seasonal senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ciupak
- Department of Physics, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Agata Dziwulska-Hunek
- Department of Physics, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Bożena Gładyszewska
- Department of Physics, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anita Kwaśniewska
- Department of Applied Physics, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 38 D, 20-618, Lublin, Poland
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12
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Trends in leaf traits, litter dynamics and associated nutrient cycling along a secondary successional chronosequence of semi-evergreen tropical forest in South-Eastern Mexico. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467418000366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:Trends in structural and chemical leaf traits along a chronosequence of semi-evergreen tropical forest and their correlation with litter production and decomposition and associated carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) fluxes were assessed. Leaves of 15 dominant species in each plot were collected to measure leaf area, specific leaf area (SLA), C and N concentration and C:N ratio. Litterfall was measured and litter decomposition experiments were set up in 16 experimental plots in a chronosequence of secondary and mature forest. All five leaf traits combined discriminated the secondary forests from mature forest. SLA, N and C:N were significantly correlated to litter decomposition rates. Litter decomposition was significantly slower in mature forest compared with secondary forests. The N concentration of litter was lowest during the dry season, when litterfall was highest. N concentration in fresh leaves was higher than in litter, indicating that N is re-absorbed before leaf abscission. Leaf dynamics and associated nutrient cycling differ significantly between secondary forests and mature forest. Ecosystem-level leaf structural and chemical traits are good predictors of the stage of the forest and explain well the differences in decomposition rates between secondary and primary forests.
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13
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Schubert N, Freitas C, Silva A, Costa MM, Barrote I, Horta PA, Rodrigues AC, Santos R, Silva J. Photoacclimation strategies in northeastern Atlantic seagrasses: Integrating responses across plant organizational levels. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14825. [PMID: 30287907 PMCID: PMC6172194 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Seagrasses live in highly variable light environments and adjust to these variations by expressing acclimatory responses at different plant organizational levels (meadow, shoot, leaf and chloroplast level). Yet, comparative studies, to identify species' strategies, and integration of the relative importance of photoacclimatory adjustments at different levels are still missing. The variation in photoacclimatory responses at the chloroplast and leaf level were studied along individual leaves of Cymodocea nodosa, Zostera marina and Z. noltei, including measurements of variable chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthesis, photoprotective capacities, non-photochemical quenching and D1-protein repair, and assessments of variation in leaf anatomy and chloroplast distribution. Our results show that the slower-growing C. nodosa expressed rather limited physiological and biochemical adjustments in response to light availability, while both species of faster-growing Zostera showed high variability along the leaves. In contrast, the inverse pattern was found for leaf anatomical adjustments in response to light availability, which were more pronounced in C. nodosa. This integrative plant organizational level approach shows that seagrasses differ in their photoacclimatory strategies and that these are linked to the species' life history strategies, information that will be critical for predicting the responses of seagrasses to disturbances and to accordingly develop adequate management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Schubert
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Oceanografia, Centro de Ciências Físicas e Matemáticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, Brazil.
| | - Cátia Freitas
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - André Silva
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Monya M Costa
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Barrote
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Paulo A Horta
- Departamento de Botânica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Rodrigues
- Departamento de Botânica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Rui Santos
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - João Silva
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
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Mediavilla S, Babiano J, Martínez-Ortega M, Escudero A. Ontogenetic changes in anti-herbivore defensive traits in leaves of four Mediterranean co-occurring Quercus species. Ecol Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-018-1622-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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Zhang H, Liu D, Dong W, Cai W, Yuan W. Accurate representation of leaf longevity is important for simulating ecosystem carbon cycle. Basic Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Zhu SD, Li RH, Song J, He PC, Liu H, Berninger F, Ye Q. Different leaf cost-benefit strategies of ferns distributed in contrasting light habitats of sub-tropical forests. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 117:497-506. [PMID: 26684751 PMCID: PMC4765538 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Ferns are abundant in sub-tropical forests in southern China, with some species being restricted to shaded understorey of natural forests, while others are widespread in disturbed, open habitats. To explain this distribution pattern, we hypothesize that ferns that occur in disturbed forests (FDF) have a different leaf cost-benefit strategy compared with ferns that occur in natural forests (FNF), with a quicker return on carbon investment in disturbed habitats compared with old-growth forests. METHODS We chose 16 fern species from contrasting light habitats (eight FDF and eight FNF) and studied leaf functional traits, including leaf life span (LLS), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations (N and P), maximum net photosynthetic rates (A), leaf construction cost (CC) and payback time (PBT), to conduct a leaf cost-benefit analysis for the two fern groups. KEY RESULTS The two groups, FDF and FNF, did not differ significantly in SLA, leaf N and P, and CC, but FDF had significantly higher A, greater photosynthetic nitrogen- and phosphorus-use efficiencies (PNUE and PPUE), and shorter PBT and LLS compared with FNF. Further, across the 16 fern species, LLS was significantly correlated with A, PNUE, PPUE and PBT, but not with SLA and CC. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that leaf cost-benefit analysis contributes to understanding the distribution pattern of ferns in contrasting light habitats of sub-tropical forests: FDF employing a quick-return strategy can pre-empt resources and rapidly grow in the high-resource environment of open habitats; while a slow-return strategy in FNF allows their persistence in the shaded understorey of old-growth forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Dan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Rong-Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Guangzhou 510650, China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan road, Beijing 100049, China and
| | - Juan Song
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Guangzhou 510650, China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan road, Beijing 100049, China and
| | - Peng-Cheng He
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Guangzhou 510650, China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan road, Beijing 100049, China and
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Frank Berninger
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, 224 Helsingin Yliopisto, Finland
| | - Qing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Guangzhou 510650, China,
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17
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Bai K, He C, Wan X, Jiang D. Leaf economics of evergreen and deciduous tree species along an elevational gradient in a subtropical mountain. AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv064. [PMID: 26056133 PMCID: PMC4571104 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The ecophysiological mechanisms underlying the pattern of bimodal elevational distribution of evergreen tree species remain incompletely understood. Here we used leaf economics spectrum (LES) theory to explain such patterns. We measured leaf economic traits and constructed an LES for the co-existing 19 evergreen and 15 deciduous species growing in evergreen broad-leaved forest at low elevation, beech-mixed forest at middle elevation and hemlock-mixed forest at high elevation in Mao'er Mountain, Guangxi, Southern China (25°50'N, 110°49'E). Leaf economic traits presented low but significant phylogenetic signal, suggesting trait similarity between closely related species. After considering the effects of phylogenetic history, deciduous species in general showed a more acquisitive leaf strategy with a higher ratio of leaf water to dry mass, higher leaf nitrogen and phosphorous contents, higher photosynthetic and respiratory rates and greater photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency. In contrast, evergreen species exhibited a more conservative leaf strategy with higher leaf mass per area, greater construction costs and longer leaf life span. With the elevation-induced decreases of temperature and soil fertility, both evergreen and deciduous species showed greater resource conservation, suggesting the increasing importance of environmental filtering to community assembly with increasing elevation. We found close inter-specific correlations between leaf economic traits, suggesting that there are strong genetic constraints limiting the independent evolution of LES traits. Phylogenetic signal increased with decreasing evolutionary rate across leaf economic traits, suggesting that genetic constraints are important for the process of trait evolution. We found a significantly positive relationship between primary axis species score (PASS) distance and phylogenetic distance across species pairs and an increasing average PASS distance between evergreen and deciduous species with increasing elevation, implying that the frequency of distantly related evergreen and deciduous pairs with wide spreading of leaf economic values increases with increasing elevation. Our findings thus suggest that elevation acts as an environmental filter to both select the locally adapted evergreen and deciduous species with sufficient phylogenetic variation and regulate their distribution along the elevational gradient based on their coordinated spreading of phylogenetic divergence and leaf economic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundong Bai
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin 541006, China Institute of New Forest Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Chengxin He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Xianchong Wan
- Institute of New Forest Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Debing Jiang
- Guangxi Mao'er Mountain National Nature Reserve, Guilin 541316, China
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18
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Forkner RE. Simulated herbivory advances autumn phenology in Acer rubrum. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2014; 58:499-507. [PMID: 23832182 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-013-0701-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To determine the degree to which herbivory contributes to phenotypic variation in autumn phenology for deciduous trees, red maple (Acer rubrum) branches were subjected to low and high levels of simulated herbivory and surveyed at the end of the season to assess abscission and degree of autumn coloration. Overall, branches with simulated herbivory abscised ∼7 % more leaves at each autumn survey date than did control branches within trees. While branches subjected to high levels of damage showed advanced phenology, abscission rates did not differ from those of undamaged branches within trees because heavy damage induced earlier leaf loss on adjacent branch nodes in this treatment. Damaged branches had greater proportions of leaf area colored than undamaged branches within trees, having twice the amount of leaf area colored at the onset of autumn and having ~16 % greater leaf area colored in late October when nearly all leaves were colored. When senescence was scored as the percent of all leaves abscised and/or colored, branches in both treatments reached peak senescence earlier than did control branches within trees: dates of 50 % senescence occurred 2.5 days earlier for low herbivory branches and 9.7 days earlier for branches with high levels of simulated damage. These advanced rates are of the same time length as reported delays in autumn senescence and advances in spring onset due to climate warming. Thus, results suggest that should insect damage increase as a consequence of climate change, it may offset a lengthening of leaf life spans in some tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Forkner
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, 4400 University Dr, MSN 5F2, Fairfax, VA, 22030-4444, USA,
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19
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Watanabe M, Hoshika Y, Koike T. Photosynthetic responses of Monarch birch seedlings to differing timings of free air ozone fumigation. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2014; 127:339-345. [PMID: 24366364 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-013-0622-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To study the effects of different periods of ozone (O3) fumigation on photosynthesis in leaves of the Monarch birch (Betula maximowicziana), we undertook free air O3 fumigation to Monarch birch seedlings at a concentration of 60 nmol mol(-1) during daytime. Plants were exposed to O3 at early, late or both periods in the growing season. The light-saturated net photosynthetic rate (A(sat)) in July and August was reduced by O3 exposure through a reduction in the maximum rate of carboxylation (V(c,max)). In early September, on the other hand, despite a reduction in V(c,max), A(sat) was not reduced by O3 due to a counteracting increase in the stomatal conductance. Through the experiment, there was no difference in sensitivity to O3 between maturing and matured leaves. We analyzed the relationship between A(sat), V(c,max) and accumulated stomatal O3 flux (AF(st)). Whereas V(c,max) decreased with increasing AF(st), the correlation between A(sat) and AF(st) was weak because the response of stomatal conductance to O3 was affected by season. We conclude photosynthetic response of Monarch birch to O3 exposure changes with season. This is due to the inconstant stomatal response to O3 but not due to the respose of biochemical assimilation capacity in chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Watanabe
- Silviculture and Forest Ecological Studies, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan
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20
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Hoshika Y, Watanabe M, Inada N, Mao Q, Koike T. Photosynthetic response of early and late leaves of white birch (Betula platyphylla var. japonica) grown under free-air ozone exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 182:242-247. [PMID: 23938447 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Betula platyphylla var. japonica (white birch) has heterophyllous leaves (i.e., early and late leaves) and is a typical pioneer tree species in northern Japan. Seedlings of white birch were exposed to ozone during two growing seasons, and measurements were carried out in the second year. Early leaves did not show an ozone-induced reduction in photosynthesis because of lower stomatal conductance resulting in higher avoidance capacity for ozone-induced stress. Also, an ozone-related increase in leaf nitrogen content may partly contribute to maintain the photosynthetic capacity in early leaves under elevated ozone in autumn. On the other hand, late leaves showed an ozone-induced decline of photosynthesis and early defoliation of leaves occurred. Also, smaller leaf size and higher stomatal density in late leaves were observed under elevated ozone. Differences in stress resistance to ozone may be related to differing functional roles of early and late leaves for birch species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutomo Hoshika
- Silviculture and Forest Ecological Studies, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8689, Japan.
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21
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Günthardt-Goerg MS, Kuster TM, Arend M, Vollenweider P. Foliage response of young central European oaks to air warming, drought and soil type. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2013; 15 Suppl 1:185-97. [PMID: 23009690 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00665.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Three Central European oak species, with four provenances each, were experimentally tested in 16 large model ecosystem chambers for their response to passive air warming (AW, ambient +1-2 °C), drought (D, -43 to -60% irrigation) and their combination (AWD) for 3 years on two forest soil types of pH 4 or 7. Throughout the entire experiment, the influence of the different ambient and experimental climates on the oak trees was strong. The morphological traits of the Quercus species were affected in opposing ways in AW and D treatments, with a neutral effect in the AWD treatment. Biochemical parameters and LMA showed low relative plasticity compared to the morphological and growth parameters. The high plasticity in physiologically important parameters of the three species, such as number of intercalary veins or leaf size, indicated good drought acclimation properties. The soil type influenced leaf chlorophyll concentration, C/N and area more than drought, whereas foliage mass was more dependent on drought than on soil type. Through comparison of visible symptom development with the water deficits, a drought tolerance threshold of -1.3 MPa was determined. Although Q. pubescens had xeromorphic leaf characteristics (small leaf size, lower leaf water content, high LMA, pilosity, more chlorophyll, higher C/N) and less response to the treatments than Q. petraea and Q. robur, it suffered more leaf drought injury and shedding of leaves than Q. petraea. However, if foliage mass were used as the criterion for sustainable performance under a future climate, Q. robur would be the most appropriate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Günthardt-Goerg
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
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22
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Kitajima K, Llorens AM, Stefanescu C, Timchenko MV, Lucas PW, Wright SJ. How cellulose-based leaf toughness and lamina density contribute to long leaf lifespans of shade-tolerant species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 195:640-652. [PMID: 22709147 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall fibre and lamina density may interactively affect leaf toughness and leaf lifespan. Here, we tested this with seedlings of 24 neotropical tree species differing in shade tolerance and leaf lifespan under standardized field conditions (140-867 d in gaps; longer in shade). We quantified toughness with a cutting test, explicitly seeking a mechanistic linkage to fibre. Lamina density, but not fracture toughness, exhibited a plastic response to gaps vs shade, while neither trait was affected by leaf age. Toughness corrected for lamina density, a recently recognized indicator of material strength per unit mass, was linearly correlated with cellulose content per unit dry mass. Leaf lifespan was positively correlated with cellulose and toughness in shade-tolerant species but only weakly in gap-dependent species. Leaf lifespan was uncorrelated with lamina thickness, phenolics and tannin concentrations. In path analysis including all species, leaf lifespan was directly enhanced by density and toughness, and indirectly by cellulose via its effect on toughness. Different suites of leaf traits were correlated with early seedling survival in gaps vs shade. In conclusion, cellulose and lamina density jointly enhance leaf fracture toughness, and these carbon-based physical traits, rather than phenolic-based defence, explain species differences in herbivory, leaf lifespan and shade survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Kitajima
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama
| | | | - Carla Stefanescu
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | | | - Peter W Lucas
- Department of Bioclinical Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait
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23
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Houter NC, Pons TL. Ontogenetic changes in leaf traits of tropical rainforest trees differing in juvenile light requirement. Oecologia 2011; 169:33-45. [PMID: 22038060 PMCID: PMC3338326 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-011-2175-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Relationships between leaf traits and the gap dependence for regeneration, and ontogenetic changes therein, were investigated in juvenile and adult tropical rainforest tree species. The juveniles of the 17 species included in the study were grown in high light, similar to the exposed crowns of the adult trees. The traits were structural, biomechanical, chemical and photosynthetic. With increasing species gap dependence, leaf mass per area (LMA) decreased only slightly in juveniles and remained constant in adults, whereas punch strength together with tissue density decreased, and photosynthetic capacity and chlorophyll increased. Contrary to what has been mostly found in evergreen tropical rainforest, the trade-off between investment in longevity and in productivity was evident at an essentially constant LMA. Of the traits pertaining to the chloroplast level, photosynthetic capacity per unit chlorophyll increased with gap dependence, but the chlorophyll a/b ratio showed no relationship. Adults had a twofold higher LMA, but leaf strength was on average only about 50% larger. Leaf tissue density, and chlorophyll and leaf N per area were also higher, whereas chlorophyll and leaf N per unit dry mass were lower. Ranking of the species, relationships between traits and with the gap dependence of the species were similar for juveniles and adults. However, the magnitudes of most ontogenetic changes were not clearly related to a species’ gap dependence. The adaptive value of the leaf traits for juveniles and adults is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico C. Houter
- Department Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3508 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs L. Pons
- Department Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3508 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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24
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Induced Responses to Herbivory and Jasmonate in Three Milkweed Species. J Chem Ecol 2009; 35:1326-34. [PMID: 20012168 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-009-9719-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Tang J, Zielinski R, Aldea M, DeLucia E. Spatial association of photosynthesis and chemical defense in Arabidopsis thaliana following herbivory by Trichoplusia ni. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2009; 137:115-124. [PMID: 19656330 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2009.01265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Because they share common precursors and require significant amounts of energy, photosynthesis and defense against herbivores and pathogens may be inversely related. This relationship was examined in Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to herbivory by Trichoplusia ni neonates. The spatial pattern of photosynthesis was compared statistically with that of induction of the defense-related cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H) gene across individual leaves exposed to herbivory in transgenic plants harboring a C4H:GUS gene fusion. In portions of the leaf where C4H:GUS expression was upregulated, photosynthesis was depressed, while non-photochemical quenching was increased, suggesting a trade-off between these two processes. However, photosynthetic damage spread further into surrounding areas than the induction of C4H:GUS expression. Photosynthetic depression was observed up to 1 mm from the edges of holes, whereas C4H:GUS induction typically was limited to about 0.5 mm or less from edges. Other mechanisms may be responsible for the spread of photosynthetic damage beyond where C4H-related defense was induced. Alternatively, C4H induction may reflect a subset of defensive responses more limited in their spatial distribution than the downregulation of photosynthesis. The suppression of photosynthesis in remaining leaf tissue represents a 'hidden cost' of herbivore damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie Tang
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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26
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Hallik L, Niinemets Ü, Wright IJ. Are species shade and drought tolerance reflected in leaf-level structural and functional differentiation in Northern Hemisphere temperate woody flora? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 184:257-274. [PMID: 19674334 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02918.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Leaf-level determinants of species environmental stress tolerance are still poorly understood. Here, we explored dependencies of species shade (T(shade)) and drought (T(drought)) tolerance scores on key leaf structural and functional traits in 339 Northern Hemisphere temperate woody species. In general, T(shade) was positively associated with leaf life-span (L(L)), and negatively with leaf dry mass (M(A)), nitrogen content (N(A)), and photosynthetic capacity (A(A)) per area, while opposite relationships were observed with drought tolerance. Different trait combinations responsible for T(shade) and T(drought) were observed among the key plant functional types: deciduous and evergreen broadleaves and evergreen conifers. According to principal component analysis, resource-conserving species with low N content and photosynthetic capacity, and high L(L) and M(A), had higher T(drought), consistent with the general stress tolerance strategy, whereas variation in T(shade) did not concur with the postulated stress tolerance strategy. As drought and shade often interact in natural communities, reverse effects of foliar traits on these key environmental stress tolerances demonstrate that species niche differentiation is inherently constrained in temperate woody species. Different combinations of traits among key plant functional types further explain the contrasting bivariate correlations often observed in studies seeking functional explanation of variation in species environmental tolerances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Hallik
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu EE-51014, Estonia
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai St, EE-51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu EE-51014, Estonia
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
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Domestication and defence: Foliar tannins and C/N ratios in cassava and a close wild relative. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2008.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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28
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Ishida A, Nakano T, Yazaki K, Matsuki S, Koike N, Lauenstein DL, Shimizu M, Yamashita N. Coordination between leaf and stem traits related to leaf carbon gain and hydraulics across 32 drought-tolerant angiosperms. Oecologia 2008; 156:193-202. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-008-0965-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Lusk CH, Warton DI. Global meta-analysis shows that relationships of leaf mass per area with species shade tolerance depend on leaf habit and ontogeny. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 176:764-774. [PMID: 17997762 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
It was predicted that relationships of leaf mass per area (LMA) with juvenile shade tolerance will depend on leaf habit, and on whether species are compared at a common age as young seedlings, or at a common size as saplings. A meta-analysis of 47 comparative studies (372 species) was used to test predictions, and the effect of light environment on this relationship. The LMA of evergreens was positively correlated with shade tolerance, irrespective of ontogeny or light environment. The LMA of young seedlings (<or=1 yr) of deciduous species in low light was also positively correlated with shade tolerance; more weakly so in high light. By contrast, size-specific comparisons of deciduous saplings gave negative correlations of LMA with shade tolerance. Independent contrasts and cross-species analyses yielded broadly similar results. We conclude that ontogeny strongly influences the relationship of LMA with shade tolerance of deciduous trees, but has little impact on that of evergreens. Size-specific comparisons reveal opposing trends in deciduous and evergreen taxa: the negative relationship of LMA with shade tolerance of deciduous species is probably dominated by interspecific differences in palisade thickness, whereas patterns in evergreens are probably shaped more by the degree of structural reinforcement, linked to wide variation in leaf lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Lusk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - David I Warton
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
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