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Borràs J, Cursach J, Herrera C, Perelló-Suau S, Capó M. Ecological perspectives on female and male reproductive success with competition in two Serapias species. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 134:311-324. [PMID: 38712800 PMCID: PMC11232520 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The deceptive strategies by which orchids are pollinated and how these are capable of attracting pollinators remain understudied with regard to their implications for plant fitness. Despite their ecological importance, limited investigations have been conducted on sexual deception and shelter mimicry in orchid species, making this a compelling avenue in orchid biology research. To expand the knowledge of these reproductive mechanisms, we studied the pollination of Serapias lingua and S. parviflora in co-occurring and isolated sites in the Balearic Islands (Spain), further accentuated by the presence of a hybrid, indicating shared pollinators. METHODS We employed bagging and hand pollination experiments to examine the reproductive biology of the two species. Furthermore, we evaluated the influence of phenotypical and ecological factors on reproductive success, including biometric measurements, reproductive performance and neighbourhood diversity (co-flowering and pollinator communities). KEY RESULTS Reproductive mechanisms between these two orchid species exhibit substantial disparities. Serapias lingua relies primarily on insect-mediated pollination, while S. parviflora demonstrates self-reproduction capacity. Although events of open pollination are rare, hybridization occurs predominantly when S. lingua is the pollen donor. Fruit set in S. parviflora was positively correlated with plant height, while in S. lingua it was negatively associated with flower size. The coexistence of the two species positively affected pollinium removal in S. parviflora, but did not exert an influence on reproductive traits in S. lingua. Overall, biometric parameters were diminished in isolated compared with co-occurring sites. At the community level, the increased diversity of co-flowering species in the vicinity exhibited an inhibitory effect on pollinium removal in S. parviflora. CONCLUSIONS Under a context of pollinator loss or phenological mismatch between pollinator presence and flowering, the selfing capacity of S. parviflora would guarantee reproduction whereas S. lingua survival would be compromised. Furthers studies are needed to assess the effects of phenotypical and ecological factors on reproductive success of S. lingua in pollinator-decline scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Borràs
- Research Group of Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Department of Biology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Joana Cursach
- Research Group of Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Department of Biology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Cayetano Herrera
- Department of Biology (Zoology), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Sebastià Perelló-Suau
- Research Group of Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Department of Biology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Miquel Capó
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Plant & Animal Ecology Lab, Centro para la Conservación de la Biodiversidad y el Desarrollo Sostenible, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Sun J, Tian K, Jing L, Niu Y, Lou Q, Chen H. Identification of characteristic aroma compounds for spicy in Iris lactea var. chinensis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14016. [PMID: 37882258 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Iris lactea var. chinensis (Fisch.) Koidz has a unique floral fragrance that differs from that of other Iris spp.; however, its characteristic aroma composition remains unknown. This study aimed to identify the floral fragrance components of I. lactea var. chinensis during different flowering stages using headspace solid-phase microextraction in conjunction with gas chromatography mass spectrometry, electronic nose, and sensory evaluation. During the three flowering phases (bud stage, bloom stage, and decay stage), 70 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including 13 aldehydes, 13 esters, 11 alcohols, 10 alkanes, 8 ketones, 7 terpenes, 7 benzenoids, and 1 nitrogenous compound, were identified. According to principal component analysis, the primary VOCs were (-)-pinene, β-irone, methyl heptenone, phenylethanol, hexanol, and 2-pinene. A comparison of the differential VOCs across the different flowering stages using orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis revealed that 3-carene appeared only in the bud stage, whereas hexanol, ethyl caprate, ethyl caproate, linalool, (-)-pinene, and 2-pinene appeared or were present at significantly increased levels during the bloom stage. The phenylethanol, methyl heptenone, 3-methylheptane, and β-irone reached a peak in the decay stage. The odor activity value and sensory evaluation suggested that "spicy" is the most typical odor of I. lactea var. chinensis, mainly due to 2-methoxy-3-sec-butylpyrazine, which is rare in floral fragrances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junming Sun
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kexin Tian
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lu Jing
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yafei Niu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Lou
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongwu Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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3
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Lozada-Gobilard S, Nielsen N, Sapir Y. Flower Size as an Honest Signal in Royal Irises ( Iris Section Oncocyclus, Iridaceae). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2978. [PMID: 37631189 PMCID: PMC10459770 DOI: 10.3390/plants12162978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Flower traits, such as flower size or color changes, can act as honest signals indicating greater rewards such as nectar; however, nothing is known about shelter-rewarding systems. Large flowers of Royal irises offer overnight shelter as a reward to Eucera bees. A black patch might signal the entrance to the tunnel (shelter) and, together with the flower size, these might act as honest signals. We hypothesize that larger flowers and black patches indicate larger tunnels, and larger tunnels will increase pollinator visits, enhancing the plants' reproductive success. We measured seven species in a controlled environment and two species from three natural populations varying in flower size. Fruit and seed sets were assessed in these natural populations. We found a positive correlation between the flower, patch size, and tunnel volume, suggesting that the flowers and patch size act as honest signals, both under controlled conditions and in the wild. However, in natural populations, this positive relationship and its effect on fitness was population-specific. Flower size increased the fitness in YER I. petrana, and interactions between flower/patch size and tunnel size increased the fitness in YER and I. atropurpurea NET populations. This suggests that the honesty of the signal is positively selected in these two populations. This study supports the hypothesis that pollinator-mediated selection leads to the honest signaling of flower advertisement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sissi Lozada-Gobilard
- The Botanical Garden, School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, G.S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; (N.N.); (Y.S.)
- Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Nadine Nielsen
- The Botanical Garden, School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, G.S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; (N.N.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yuval Sapir
- The Botanical Garden, School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, G.S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; (N.N.); (Y.S.)
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4
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Raguso RA. Hidden worlds within flowers. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R506-R512. [PMID: 37279684 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing realization that ecological interactions take place at many scales, from acorns to forests, and that formerly overlooked community members, particularly microbes, can play outsized ecological roles. Beyond their primary function as the reproductive organs of angiosperms, flowers constitute resource-rich, ephemeral habitats teeming with flower-loving symbionts, or 'anthophiles'. The physical, chemical, and structural properties of flowers combine to create a habitat filter, selectively determining which anthophiles can reside there, and how, and when they interact. The microhabitats within flowers can provide shelter from predators or inclement weather, places to eat, sleep, thermoregulate, hunt, mate or reproduce. In turn, floral microhabitats contain the full range of mutualists, antagonists and apparent commensals, whose complex interactions impact how flowers look and smell, how profitable they are to foraging pollinators, and how selection feeds back upon the traits shaping those interactions. Recent studies suggest coevolutionary paths by which floral symbionts might be co-opted as mutualists and provide compelling examples in which ambush predators or florivores are recruited as floral allies. Unbiased studies that include the full roster of floral symbionts are likely to reveal novel links and additional nuance in the rich ecological communities hidden within flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Raguso
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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5
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Lozada-Gobilard S, Motter A, Sapir Y. Among-years rain variation is associated with flower size, but not with signal patch size in Iris petrana. Ecology 2023; 104:e3839. [PMID: 36161651 PMCID: PMC10078192 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sissi Lozada-Gobilard
- The Botanical Garden, School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Allyson Motter
- The Botanical Garden, School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Yuval Sapir
- The Botanical Garden, School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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León‐Osper M, Narbona E. Unravelling the mystery of red flowers in the Mediterranean Basin: How to be conspicuous in a place dominated by hymenopteran pollinators. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa León‐Osper
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide Sevilla España
| | - Eduardo Narbona
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide Sevilla España
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Roguz K, Gallagher MK, Senden E, Bar-Lev Y, Lebel M, Heliczer R, Sapir Y. All the Colors of the Rainbow: Diversification of Flower Color and Intraspecific Color Variation in the Genus Iris. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:569811. [PMID: 33154761 PMCID: PMC7588356 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.569811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Floral color plays a key role as visual signaling and is therefore of great importance in shaping plant-pollinator interactions. Iris (Iridaceae), a genus comprising over 300 species and named after the Greek goddess of the colorful rainbow, is famous for its dazzling palette of flower colors and patterns, which vary considerably both within and among species. Despite the large variation of flower color in Iris, little is known about the phylogenetic and ecological contexts of floral color. Here, we seek to resolve the evolution of flower color in the genus Iris in a macroevolutionary framework. We used a phylogenetic analysis to reconstruct the ancestral state of flower color and other pollination-related traits (e.g., the presence of nectar and mating system), and also tracked the evolution of color variation. We further explored weather floral trait transitions are better explained by environmental or pollinator-mediated selection. Our study revealed that the most recent common ancestor likely had monomorphic, purple flowers, with a crest and a spot on the fall. The flowers were likely insect-pollinated, nectar-rewarding, and self-compatible. The diversity of floral traits we see in modern irises, likely represents a trade-off between conflicting selection pressures. Whether shifts in these flower traits result from abiotic or biotic selective agents or are maintained by neutral processes without any selection remains an open question. Our analysis serves as a starting point for future work exploring the genetic and physiological mechanisms controlling flower coloration in the most color-diverse genus Iris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Roguz
- The Botanical Garden, School of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M. Kate Gallagher
- The Botanical Garden, School of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Esther Senden
- The Botanical Garden, School of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yamit Bar-Lev
- The Botanical Garden, School of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Merav Lebel
- The Botanical Garden, School of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Roni Heliczer
- The Botanical Garden, School of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yuval Sapir
- The Botanical Garden, School of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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8
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Pramanik D, Dorst N, Meesters N, Spaans M, Smets E, Welten M, Gravendeel B. Evolution and development of three highly specialized floral structures of bee-pollinated Phalaenopsis species. EvoDevo 2020; 11:16. [PMID: 32793330 PMCID: PMC7418404 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-020-00160-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Variation in shape and size of many floral organs is related to pollinators. Evolution of such organs is driven by duplication and modification of MADS-box and MYB transcription factors. We applied a combination of micro-morphological (SEM and micro 3D-CT scanning) and molecular techniques (transcriptome and RT-PCR analysis) to understand the evolution and development of the callus, stelidia and mentum, three highly specialized floral structures of orchids involved in pollination. Early stage and mature tissues were collected from flowers of the bee-pollinated Phalaenopsis equestris and Phalaenopsis pulcherrima, two species that differ in floral morphology: P. equestris has a large callus but short stelidia and no mentum, whereas P. pulcherrima has a small callus, but long stelidia and a pronounced mentum. Results Our results show the stelidia develop from early primordial stages, whereas the callus and mentum develop later. In combination, the micro 3D-CT scan analysis and gene expression analyses show that the callus is of mixed petaloid-staminodial origin, the stelidia of staminodial origin, and the mentum of mixed sepaloid-petaloid-staminodial origin. SEP clade 1 copies are expressed in the larger callus of P. equestris, whereas AP3 clade 1 and AGL6 clade 1 copies are expressed in the pronounced mentum and long stelidia of P. pulcherrima. AP3 clade 4, PI-, AGL6 clade 2 and PCF clade 1 copies might have a balancing role in callus and gynostemium development. There appears to be a trade-off between DIV clade 2 expression with SEP clade 1 expression in the callus, on the one hand, and with AP3 clade 1 and AGL6 clade 1 expression in the stelidia and mentum on the other. Conclusions We detected differential growth and expression of MADS box AP3/PI-like, AGL6-like and SEP-like, and MYB DIV-like gene copies in the callus, stelidia and mentum of two species of Phalaenopsis, of which these floral structures are very differently shaped and sized. Our study provides a first glimpse of the evolutionary developmental mechanisms driving adaptation of Phalaenopsis flowers to different pollinators by providing combined micro-morphological and molecular evidence for a possible sepaloid–petaloid–staminodial origin of the orchid mentum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewi Pramanik
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Endless Forms Group, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands.,Intitute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands.,Indonesian Ornamental Crops Research Institute (IOCRI), Jl. Raya Ciherang, Pacet-Cianjur, 43253 West Java Indonesia
| | - Nemi Dorst
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Zernikedreef 11, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Meesters
- Life Sciences, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Ruitenbergerlaan 31, 6826 CC Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Marlies Spaans
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Zernikedreef 11, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Smets
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Endless Forms Group, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands.,Intitute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands.,Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, P.O. Box 2435, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Monique Welten
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Endless Forms Group, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Gravendeel
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Endless Forms Group, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands.,Intitute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands.,IWWR, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Kenđel A, Zimmermann B. Chemical Analysis of Pollen by FT-Raman and FTIR Spectroscopies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:352. [PMID: 32296453 PMCID: PMC7136416 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Pollen studies are important for the assessment of present and past environment, including biodiversity, sexual reproduction of plants and plant-pollinator interactions, monitoring of aeroallergens, and impact of climate and pollution on wild communities and cultivated crops. Although information on chemical composition of pollen is of importance in all of those research areas, pollen chemistry has been rarely measured due to complex and time-consuming analyses. Vibrational spectroscopies, coupled with multivariate data analysis, have shown great potential for rapid chemical characterization, identification and classification of pollen. This study, comprising 219 species from all principal taxa of seed plants, has demonstrated that high-quality Raman spectra of pollen can be obtained by Fourier transform (FT) Raman spectroscopy. In combination with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), FT-Raman spectroscopy is obtaining comprehensive information on pollen chemistry. Presence of all the main biochemical constituents of pollen, such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, carotenoids and sporopollenins, have been identified and detected in the spectra, and the study shows approaches to measure relative and absolute content of these constituents. The results show that FT-Raman spectroscopy has clear advantage over standard dispersive Raman measurements, in particular for measurement of pollen samples with high pigment content. FT-Raman spectra are strongly biased toward chemical composition of pollen wall constituents, namely sporopollenins and pigments. This makes Raman spectra complementary to FTIR spectra, which over-represent chemical constituents of the grain interior, such as lipids and carbohydrates. The results show a large variability in pollen chemistry for families, genera and even congeneric species, revealing wide range of reproductive strategies, from storage of nutrients to variation in carotenoids and phenylpropanoids. The information on pollen's chemical patterns for major plant taxa should be of outstanding value for various studies in plant biology and ecology, including aerobiology, palaeoecology, forensics, community ecology, plant-pollinator interactions, and climate effects on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Kenđel
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Boris Zimmermann
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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10
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Peng F, Campos EO, Sullivan JG, Berry N, Song BB, Daniel TL, Bradshaw HD. Morphospace exploration reveals divergent fitness optima between plants and pollinators. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213029. [PMID: 30865672 PMCID: PMC6415803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The obligate mutualism and exquisite specificity of many plant-pollinator interactions lead to the expectation that flower phenotypes (e.g., corolla tube length) and corresponding pollinator traits (e.g., hawkmoth proboscis length) are congruent as a result of coevolution by natural selection. However, the effect of variation in flower morphology on the fitness of plants and their pollinators has not been quantified systematically. In this study, we employed the theoretical morphospace paradigm using a combination of 3D printing, electronic sensing, and machine vision technologies to determine the influence of two flower morphological features (corolla curvature and nectary diameter) on the fitness of both parties: the artificial flower and its hawkmoth pollinator. Contrary to the expectation that the same flower morphology maximizes the fitness of both plant and pollinator, we found that the two parties have divergent optima for corolla curvature, with non-overlapping fitness peaks in flower morphospace. The divergent fitness optima between plants and pollinators could lead to evolutionary diversification in both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foen Peng
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Eric O. Campos
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Joseph Garret Sullivan
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nathan Berry
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bo Bin Song
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Thomas L. Daniel
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - H. D. Bradshaw
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Zito P, Rosselli S, Bruno M, Maggio A, Sajeva M. Floral scent in Iris planifolia (Iridaceae) suggests food reward. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 158:86-90. [PMID: 30481663 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Iris species can adopt different pollination strategies to attract their pollinators, generalized shelter-mimicking, specialized deceptive sexual-mimicking or food-rewarding. As attractive stimuli, Iris flowers may use their colours, large-size, symmetry, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, relatively few studies investigated Iris floral olfactory cues in the context of plant-visitor/pollinator interactions. In the present study we combined the identification of the floral volatiles of the nectariferous I. planifolia with insects visiting its flowers to gather data on its biology. Floral volatiles were collected in the natural environment by dynamic headspace and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Insect visitors/pollinators were also recorded. The volatile bouquet was aromatic-dominated with 1,4 dimethoxybenzene as major compound. Among the insects visiting its flowers, bumble and honey bees were the most abundant followed by hover flies. Overall, our results suggest that I. planifolia advertises its food reward by an aromatic dominated volatile composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Zito
- University of Palermo, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Sergio Rosselli
- University of Palermo, Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bruno
- University of Palermo, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Maggio
- University of Palermo, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sajeva
- University of Palermo, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
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della Cuna FSR, Calevo J, Giovannini A, Boselli C, Tava A. Characterization of the Essential oil of the Bat-Pollinated Passiflora mucronata. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801301236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Passiflora is an important source of food, therapeutic substances and for the horticultural economy. In the last decades, a detailed chemical composition of the essential oil of Passiflora species has been reported, but only for few species, mainly of agricultural interest, although little attention has been paid to chiropterophilous Passifloraceae, such as P. mucronata. The present study is focused on analyzing the essential oil composition of P. mucronata, a Brazilian bat-pollinated species. From GC/FID and GC/MS analyses of the volatile fraction from fresh flowers and leaves, hydrocarbons were quantified as 47.9% and 42.8% of the total volatiles of flowers and leaves, respectively, esters for 50.8% in flowers and 6.4% in leaves, and alcohols 38.2% and 0.3% of the total volatiles from leaves and flowers, respectively. Other classes of compounds, such as monoterpenes and aldehydes, together with phytol, were detected in higher concentration in leaves compared with flowers. The higher content of methyl and ethyl esters of long chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, i.e. ethyl linolenate (38.3%), methyl linolenate (7.0%) and ethyl palmitate (3.6%), were the most representative suggesting that esters might play a critical role for fertilization of P. mucronata acting as bat attractors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Saverio Robustelli della Cuna
- CREA Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture, Viale Piacenza 29, 26900 Lodi, Italy
- DDS Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Jacopo Calevo
- CREA Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Corso degli Inglesi, 508 - 18038 Sanremo (IM), Italy
- DBIOS Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Annalisa Giovannini
- CREA Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Corso degli Inglesi, 508 - 18038 Sanremo (IM), Italy
| | - Cinzia Boselli
- DDS Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Aldo Tava
- CREA Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture, Viale Piacenza 29, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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Zhu YR, Yang M, Vamosi JC, Armbruster WS, Wan T, Gong YB. Feeding the enemy: loss of nectar and nectaries to herbivores reduces tepal damage and increases pollinator attraction in Iris bulleyana. Biol Lett 2017; 13:rsbl.2017.0271. [PMID: 28768796 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2017.0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Floral nectar usually functions as a pollinator reward, yet it may also attract herbivores. However, the effects of herbivore consumption of nectar or nectaries on pollination have rarely been tested. We investigated Iris bulleyana, an alpine plant that has showy tepals and abundant nectar, in the Hengduan Mountains of SW China. In this region, flowers are visited mainly by pollen-collecting pollinators and nectarivorous herbivores. We tested the hypothesis that, in I. bulleyana, sacrificing nectar and nectaries to herbivores protects tepals and thus enhances pollinator attraction. We compared rates of pollination and herbivory on different floral tissues in plants with flowers protected from nectar and nectary consumption with rates in unprotected control plants. We found that nectar and nectaries suffered more herbivore damage than did tepals in natural conditions. However, the amount of tepal damage was significantly greater in the flowers with protected nectaries than in the controls; this resulted in significant differences in pollinator visitation rates. These results provide the first evidence that floral nectar and nectaries may be 'sacrificed' to herbivores, leading to reduced damage to other floral tissues that are more important for reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ru Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jana C Vamosi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - W Scott Armbruster
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, UK.,Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Tao Wan
- Key Laboratory of Southern Subtropical Plant Diversity, Fairylake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen 518004, China
| | - Yan-Bing Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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14
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The importance of pollen chemistry in evolutionary host shifts of bees. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43058. [PMID: 28216663 PMCID: PMC5316986 DOI: 10.1038/srep43058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although bee-plant associations are generally maintained through speciation processes, host shifts have occurred during evolution. Understanding shifts between both phylogenetically and morphologically unrelated plants (i.e., host-saltation) is especially important since they could have been key processes in the origin and radiation of bees. Probably far from being a random process, such host-saltation might be driven by hidden constraints associated with plant traits. We selected two clades of oligolectic bees (i.e., Colletes succinctus group and Melitta leporina group) foraging on co-flowering but unrelated host-plants to test this hypothesis. We analyzed floral scent, floral color and chemical composition of pollen from host and non-host plants of these two clades. We did not find evidence for host-plant evolution in the Melitta leporina group driven by one of the assayed floral traits. On the contrary, hosts of the C. succinctus group display similar primary nutritive content of pollen (i.e., amino acids and sterols) but not similar floral scent or color, suggesting that shared pollen chemistry probably mediates saltation in this clade. Our study revealed that constraints shaping floral associations are diverse and clearly depend on species life-history traits, but evidence suggests that pollen chemistry may act as a major floral filter and guide evolutionary host-shifts.
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15
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Convergent evolution of sexual deception via chromatic and achromatic contrast rather than colour mimicry. Evol Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-016-9863-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Abdel Samad N, Bou Dagher-Kharrat M, Hidalgo O, El Zein R, Douaihy B, Siljak-Yakovlev S. Unlocking the Karyological and Cytogenetic Diversity of Iris from Lebanon: Oncocyclus Section Shows a Distinctive Profile and Relative Stasis during Its Continental Radiation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160816. [PMID: 27525415 PMCID: PMC4985135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being an important target of conservation concern and horticultural interest, Lebanese irises yet have a confusing taxonomic history and species’ delimitation is often considered problematic, more especially among royal irises (Iris section Oncocyclus). Indeed, these irises of exceptionally large and spectacular flowers have radiated across Caucasus and eastern Mediterranean giving rise to a number of strict endemic taxa, many of them being considered under threat. Whilst efforts have mostly focused on clarifying the evolutionary relationships in the group based on morphological and molecular data, karyological and cytogenetic characters have been comparatively overlooked. In this study, we established for the first time the physical mapping of 35S rDNA loci and heterochromatin, and obtained karyo-morphological data for ten Lebanese Iris species belonging to four sections (Iris, Limniris, Oncocyclus and Scorpiris). Our results evidenced distinctive genomic profiles for each one of the sections, where Oncocyclus irises, while having the lowest chromosome numbers, exhibit both the highest number of 35S loci and CMA3+ sites. The continental radiation of royal irises has been accompanied by a relative karyological and cytogenetic stasis, even though some changes were observed regarding karyotype formula and asymmetry indexes. In addition to that, our results enabled taxonomic differentiation between I. germanica and I. mesopotamica–two taxa currently considered as synonyms–and highlighted the need for further studies on populations of I. persica and I. wallasiae in the Eastern Mediterranean Region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Abdel Samad
- Faculté des Sciences, Département Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Laboratoire Caractérisation Génomique des Plantes, Campus Sciences et Technologies, Université Saint-Joseph, Mar Roukos Mkalles, Lebanon
- Ecologie, Systématique, Evolution, UMR 8079 Univ. Paris-Sud, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Bat. 360, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Magda Bou Dagher-Kharrat
- Faculté des Sciences, Département Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Laboratoire Caractérisation Génomique des Plantes, Campus Sciences et Technologies, Université Saint-Joseph, Mar Roukos Mkalles, Lebanon
- * E-mail:
| | - Oriane Hidalgo
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, United Kingdom
| | - Rana El Zein
- Faculté des Sciences, Département Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Laboratoire Caractérisation Génomique des Plantes, Campus Sciences et Technologies, Université Saint-Joseph, Mar Roukos Mkalles, Lebanon
| | - Bouchra Douaihy
- Faculté des Sciences, Département Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Laboratoire Caractérisation Génomique des Plantes, Campus Sciences et Technologies, Université Saint-Joseph, Mar Roukos Mkalles, Lebanon
| | - Sonja Siljak-Yakovlev
- Ecologie, Systématique, Evolution, UMR 8079 Univ. Paris-Sud, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Bat. 360, 91405 Orsay, France
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17
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Dafni A, Vereecken NJ. Pollination biology from micro-morphological adaptations to community ecology of plant-pollinator interactions. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:3-8. [PMID: 26768999 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Dafni
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Institute of Evolution, Haifa University, Haifa, Israel.
| | - N J Vereecken
- Agroecology & Pollination Group, Landscape Ecology & Plant Production Systems, Interfaculty School of Bioengineering, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe CP 264/2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
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18
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Vereecken NJ, Dorchin A, Dafni A. Reply to Lavi & Sapir (2015): floral colour and pollinator-mediated selection in Oncocyclus irises (Iridaceae). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:948-949. [PMID: 25772185 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J Vereecken
- Agroecology & Pollination Group, Landscape Ecology & Plant Production Systems, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Blvd. du Triomphe, CP 264/2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Achik Dorchin
- USDA-ARS, Bee Biology & Systematics Laboratory, Department of Biology, Utah State University, 5310 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-5310, USA
| | - Amots Dafni
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Institute of Evolution, Haifa University, Haifa, Israel
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