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Kutyrieva-Nowak N, Leszczuk A, Denic D, Bellaidi S, Blazakis K, Gemeliari P, Lis M, Kalaitzis P, Zdunek A. In vivo and ex vivo study on cell wall components as part of the network in tomato fruit during the ripening process. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae145. [PMID: 38988613 PMCID: PMC11233857 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Ripening is a process involving various morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes in fruits. This process is affected by modifications in the cell wall structure, particularly in the composition of polysaccharides and proteins. The cell wall assembly is a network of polysaccharides and proteoglycans named the arabinoxylan pectin arabinogalactan protein1 (APAP1). The complex consists of the arabinogalactan protein (AGP) core with the pectin domain including arabinogalactan (AG) type II, homogalacturonan (HG), and rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I). The present paper aims to determine the impact of a disturbance in the synthesis of one constituent on the integrity of the cell wall. Therefore, in the current work, we have tested the impact of modified expression of the SlP4H3 gene connected with proline hydroxylase (P4H) activity on AGP presence in the fruit matrix. Using an immunolabelling technique (CLSM), an immunogold method (TEM), molecular tools, and calcium mapping (SEM-EDS), we have demonstrated that disturbances in AGP synthesis affect the entire cell wall structure. Changes in the spatio-temporal AGP distribution may be related to the formation of a network between AGPs with other cell wall components. Moreover, the modified structure of the cell wall assembly induces morphological changes visible at the cellular level during the progression of the ripening process. These results support the hypothesis that AGPs and pectins are required for the proper progression of the physiological processes occurring in fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agata Leszczuk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dusan Denic
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania 73100, Greece
| | - Samia Bellaidi
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania 73100, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Blazakis
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania 73100, Greece
| | - Petroula Gemeliari
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania 73100, Greece
| | - Magdalena Lis
- Department of Biomedicine and Environmental Research, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-708 Lublin, Poland
| | - Panagiotis Kalaitzis
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania 73100, Greece
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
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Kutyrieva-Nowak N, Leszczuk A, Ezzat L, Kaloudas D, Zając A, Szymańska-Chargot M, Skrzypek T, Krokida A, Mekkaoui K, Lampropoulou E, Kalaitzis P, Zdunek A. The modified activity of prolyl 4 hydroxylases reveals the effect of arabinogalactan proteins on changes in the cell wall during the tomato ripening process. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1365490. [PMID: 38571716 PMCID: PMC10987753 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1365490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are proteoglycans with an unusual molecular structure characterised by the presence of a protein part and carbohydrate chains. Their specific properties at different stages of the fruit ripening programme make AGPs unique markers of this process. An important function of AGPs is to co-form an amorphous extracellular matrix in the cell wall-plasma membrane continuum; thus, changes in the structure of these molecules can determine the presence and distribution of other components. The aim of the current work was to characterise the molecular structure and localisation of AGPs during the fruit ripening process in transgenic lines with silencing and overexpression of SlP4H3 genes (prolyl 4 hydroxylase 3). The objective was accomplished through comprehensive and comparative in situ and ex situ analyses of AGPs from the fruit of transgenic lines and wild-type plants at specific stages of ripening. The experiment showed that changes in prolyl 4 hydroxylases (P4H3) activity affected the content of AGPs and the progress in their modifications in the ongoing ripening process. The analysis of the transgenic lines confirmed the presence of AGPs with high molecular weights (120-60 kDa) at all the examined stages, but a changed pattern of the molecular features of AGPs was found in the last ripening stages, compared to WT. In addition to the AGP molecular changes, morphological modifications of fruit tissue and alterations in the spatio-temporal pattern of AGP distribution at the subcellular level were detected in the transgenic lines with the progression of the ripening process. The work highlights the impact of AGPs and their alterations on the fruit cell wall and changes in AGPs associated with the progression of the ripening process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agata Leszczuk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Lamia Ezzat
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania, Greece
| | - Dimitris Kaloudas
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania, Greece
| | - Adrian Zając
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Skrzypek
- Department of Biomedicine and Environmental Research, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Afroditi Krokida
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania, Greece
| | - Khansa Mekkaoui
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania, Greece
| | - Evangelia Lampropoulou
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Kalaitzis
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania, Greece
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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Leszczuk A, Kalaitzis P, Kulik J, Zdunek A. Review: structure and modifications of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:45. [PMID: 36670377 PMCID: PMC9854139 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this report is to provide general information on the molecular structure and synthesis of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) in association to their physiological significance. Assessment of genetic modifications of the activity of enzymes involved in the AGP biosynthesis is an efficient tool to study AGP functions. Thus, P4H (prolyl 4 hydroxylase) mutants, GLCAT (β-glucuronosyltransferase) mutants, and GH43 (glycoside hydrolase family 43) mutants have been described. We focused on the overview of AGPs modifications observed at the molecular, cellular, and organ levels. Inhibition of the hydroxylation process results in an increase in the intensity of cell divisions and thus, has an impact on root system length and leaf area. In turn, overexpression of P4H genes stimulates the density of root hairs. A mutation in GLCAT genes responsible for the transfer of glucuronic acid to the AGP molecule revealed that the reduction of GlcA in AGP disrupts the substantial assembly of the primary cell wall. Furthermore, silencing of genes encoding GH43, which has the ability to hydrolyze the AGP glycan by removing incorrectly synthesized β-1,3-galactans, induces changes in the abundance of other cell wall constituents, which finally leads to root growth defects. This information provides insight into AGPs as a crucial players in the structural interactions present in the plant extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Leszczuk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Panagiotis Kalaitzis
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania, P.O. Box 85, 73100 Chania, Greece
| | - Joanna Kulik
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
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Leszczuk A, Zając A, Cybulska J, Stefaniuk D, Zdunek A. Working towards arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) from fruit: carbohydrate composition and impact on fungal growth. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:600. [PMID: 36539686 PMCID: PMC9764746 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-04009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are extracellular matrix constituents involved in plant response to fungal infection. The aim of the current study was to investigate the antifungal effect of AGPs ex situ and to determine the structural features of AGPs that may have an influence on this activity. The features of AGPs isolated from fruit were investigated with molecular tools based on specific monoclonal antibodies recognizing carbohydrate AGP epitopes. The Antifungal (well-diffusion) Susceptibility Test and the Agar Invasion Test were used to assess the impact of AGPs on Penicillium notatum culture. RESULTS The results definitely ruled out the influence of AGPs on fungal growth. The immunochemical analyses revealed that AGPs consist mainly of carbohydrate chains composed of β-linked glucuronosyl residues recognized by LM2 and GlcA-β(1 → 3)-GalA-α(1 → 2) Rha recognized by JIM13, which do not have the same functional properties outside the plant cell in in vitro experimental conditions. CONCLUSIONS The action of a single cell wall component does not elicit any influence ex situ. The extensive accumulation of glycan chains of AGPs in infected tissue as a result of a complex mechanism occurring in the cell wall emphasizes the importance of dependencies between particular components of the extracellular matrix in response to fungal attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Leszczuk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Adrian Zając
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-400 Lublin, Poland
| | - Justyna Cybulska
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dawid Stefaniuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-400 Lublin, Poland
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
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An Arabidopsis thaliana arabinogalactan-protein (AGP31) and several cationic AGP fragments catalyse the boron bridging of rhamnogalacturonan-II. Biochem J 2022; 479:1967-1984. [PMID: 36062804 PMCID: PMC9555800 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II) is a complex pectic domain in plant primary cell walls. In vivo, most RG-II domains are covalently dimerised via borate diester bridges, essential for correct cell-wall assembly, but the dimerisation of pure RG-II monomers by boric acid in vitro is extremely slow. Cationic ‘chaperones’ can promote dimerisation, probably by overcoming the mutual repulsion between neighbouring anionic RG-II molecules. Highly effective artificial chaperones include Pb2+ and polyhistidine, but the proposed natural chaperones remained elusive. We have now tested cationic peptide fragments of several Arabidopsis thaliana arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) as candidates. Fragments of AGP17, 18, 19 and 31 were effective, typically at ∼25 µg/ml (9–19 µM), promoting the boron bridging of 16–20 µM monomeric RG-II at pH 4.8 in vitro. Native AGP31 glycoprotein was also effective, and hexahistidine was moderately so. All chaperones tested interacted reversibly with RG-II and were not consumed during the reaction; thus they acted catalytically, and may constitute the first reported boron-acting enzyme activity, an RG-II borate diesterase. Many of the peptide chaperones became less effective catalysts at higher concentration, which we interpret as due to the formation of RG-II–peptide complexes with a net positive charge, as mutually repulsive as negatively charged pure RG-II molecules. The four unique AGPs studied here may serve an enzymic role in the living plant cell, acting on RG-II within Golgi cisternae and/or in the apoplast after secretion. In this way, RG-II and specific AGPs may contribute to cell-wall assembly and hence plant cell expansion and development.
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Tarchevsky IA, Egorova AM. Participation of Proline in Plant Adaptation to Stress Factors and Its Application in Agrobiotechnology (Review). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683822040160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Arabinogalactan Proteins: Focus on the Role in Cellulose Synthesis and Deposition during Plant Cell Wall Biogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126578. [PMID: 35743022 PMCID: PMC9223364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) belong to a family of glycoproteins that are widely present in plants. AGPs are mostly composed of a protein backbone decorated with complex carbohydrate side chains and are usually anchored to the plasma membrane or secreted extracellularly. A trickle of compelling biochemical and genetic evidence has demonstrated that AGPs make exciting candidates for a multitude of vital activities related to plant growth and development. However, because of the diversity of AGPs, functional redundancy of AGP family members, and blunt-force research tools, the precise functions of AGPs and their mechanisms of action remain elusive. In this review, we put together the current knowledge about the characteristics, classification, and identification of AGPs and make a summary of the biological functions of AGPs in multiple phases of plant reproduction and developmental processes. In addition, we especially discuss deeply the potential mechanisms for AGP action in different biological processes via their impacts on cellulose synthesis and deposition based on previous studies. Particularly, five hypothetical models that may explain the AGP involvement in cellulose synthesis and deposition during plant cell wall biogenesis are proposed. AGPs open a new avenue for understanding cellulose synthesis and deposition in plants.
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Mishler-Elmore JW, Zhou Y, Sukul A, Oblak M, Tan L, Faik A, Held MA. Extensins: Self-Assembly, Crosslinking, and the Role of Peroxidases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:664738. [PMID: 34054905 PMCID: PMC8160292 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.664738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The extensin (EXT) network is elaborated by the covalent intermolecular crosslinking of EXT glycoprotein monomers, and its proper assembly is important for numerous aspects of basic wall architecture and cellular defense. In this review, we discuss new advances in the secretion of EXT monomers and the molecular drivers of EXT network self-assembly. Many of the functions of EXTs are conferred through covalent crosslinking into the wall, so we also discuss the different types of known intermolecular crosslinks, the enzymes that are involved, as well as the potential for additional crosslinks that are yet to be identified. EXTs also function in wall architecture independent of crosslinking status, and therefore, we explore the role of non-crosslinking EXTs. As EXT crosslinking is upregulated in response to wounding and pathogen infection, we discuss a potential regulatory mechanism to control covalent crosslinking and its relationship to the subcellular localization of the crosslinking enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yadi Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Abhijit Sukul
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Mercedes Oblak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Li Tan
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ahmed Faik
- Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Michael A. Held
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
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Rafińska K, Niedojadło K, Świdziński M, Niedojadło J, Bednarska-Kozakiewicz E. Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Arabinogalactan Proteins during Larix decidua Mill. Male Gametophyte and Ovule Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094298. [PMID: 33919026 PMCID: PMC8122408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of ArabinoGalactan Proteins (AGPs) in the sexual reproduction of gymnosperms is not as well documented as that of angiosperms. In earlier studies, we demonstrated that AGPs play important roles during ovule differentiation in Larix decidua Mill. The presented results encouraged us to carry out further studies focused on the functions of these unique glycoproteins during pollen/pollen tube and ovule interactions in Larix. We identified and analyzed the localization of AGPs epitopes by JIM4, JIM8, JIM13 and LM2 antibodies (Abs) in male gametophytes and ovule tissue during pollination, the progamic phase, and after fertilization and in vitro growing pollen tubes. Our results indicated that (1) AGPs recognized by JIM4 Abs play an essential role in the interaction of male gametophytes and ovules because their appearance in ovule cells is induced by physical contact between reproductive partners; (2) after pollination, AGPs are secreted from the pollen cytoplasm into the pollen wall and contact the extracellular matrix of stigmatic tip cells followed by micropylar canal cells; (3) AGPs synthesized in nucellus cells before pollen grain germination are secreted during pollen tube growth into the extracellular matrix, where they can directly interact with male gametophytes; (4) in vitro cultured pollen tube AGPs labeled with LM2 Abs participate in the germination of pollen grain, while AGPs recognized by JIM8 Abs are essential for pollen tube tip growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Rafińska
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Niedojadło
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.Ś.); (J.N.); (E.B.-K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Michał Świdziński
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.Ś.); (J.N.); (E.B.-K.)
| | - Janusz Niedojadło
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.Ś.); (J.N.); (E.B.-K.)
| | - Elżbieta Bednarska-Kozakiewicz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.Ś.); (J.N.); (E.B.-K.)
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Přerovská T, Henke S, Bleha R, Spiwok V, Gillarová S, Yvin JC, Ferrières V, Nguema-Ona E, Lipovová P. Arabinogalactan-like Glycoproteins from Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta) Show Unique Features Compared to Land Plants AGPs. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2021; 57:619-635. [PMID: 33338254 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) encompass a diverse group of plant cell wall proteoglycans, which play an essential role in plant development, signaling, plant-microbe interactions, and many others. Although they are widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom and extensively studied, they remain largely unexplored in the lower plants, especially in seaweeds. Ulva species have high economic potential since various applications were previously described including bioremediation, biofuel production, and as a source of bioactive compounds. This article presents the first experimental confirmation of AGP-like glycoproteins in Ulva species and provides a simple extraction protocol of Ulva lactuca AGP-like glycoproteins, their partial characterization and unique comparison to scarcely described Solanum lycopersicum AGPs. The reactivity with primary anti-AGP antibodies as well as Yariv reagent showed a great variety between Ulva lactuca and Solanum lycopersicum AGP-like glycoproteins. While the amino acid analysis of the AGP-like glycoproteins purified by the β-d-glucosyl Yariv reagent showed a similarity between algal and land plant AGP-like glycoproteins, neutral saccharide analysis revealed unique glycosylation of the Ulva lactuca AGP-like glycoproteins. Surprisingly, arabinose and galactose were not the most prevalent monosaccharides and the most outstanding was the presence of 3-O-methyl-hexose, which has never been described in the AGPs. The exceptional structure of the Ulva lactuca AGP-like glycoproteins implies a specialized adaptation to the marine environment and might bring new insight into the evolution of the plant cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Přerovská
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague, 16625, Czech Republic
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Svatopluk Henke
- Department of Carbohydrates and Cerials, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague, 16625, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Bleha
- Department of Carbohydrates and Cerials, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague, 16625, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Spiwok
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague, 16625, Czech Republic
| | - Simona Gillarová
- Department of Carbohydrates and Cerials, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague, 16625, Czech Republic
| | - Jean-Claude Yvin
- Centre Mondial de l'Innovation Roullier, Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétal, 18 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, Saint-Malo, 35400, France
| | - Vincent Ferrières
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Eric Nguema-Ona
- Centre Mondial de l'Innovation Roullier, Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétal, 18 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, Saint-Malo, 35400, France
| | - Petra Lipovová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague, 16625, Czech Republic
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11
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Liu J, Zhang W, Long S, Zhao C. Maintenance of Cell Wall Integrity under High Salinity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3260. [PMID: 33806816 PMCID: PMC8004791 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell wall biosynthesis is a complex biological process in plants. In the rapidly growing cells or in the plants that encounter a variety of environmental stresses, the compositions and the structure of cell wall can be dynamically changed. To constantly monitor cell wall status, plants have evolved cell wall integrity (CWI) maintenance system, which allows rapid cell growth and improved adaptation of plants to adverse environmental conditions without the perturbation of cell wall organization. Salt stress is one of the abiotic stresses that can severely disrupt CWI, and studies have shown that the ability of plants to sense and maintain CWI is important for salt tolerance. In this review, we highlight the roles of CWI in salt tolerance and the mechanisms underlying the maintenance of CWI under salt stress. The unsolved questions regarding the association between the CWI and salt tolerance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Liu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.L.); (W.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.L.); (W.Z.); (S.L.)
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shujie Long
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.L.); (W.Z.); (S.L.)
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunzhao Zhao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.L.); (W.Z.); (S.L.)
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12
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Hromadová D, Soukup A, Tylová E. Arabinogalactan Proteins in Plant Roots - An Update on Possible Functions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:674010. [PMID: 34079573 PMCID: PMC8165308 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.674010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Responsiveness to environmental conditions and developmental plasticity of root systems are crucial determinants of plant fitness. These processes are interconnected at a cellular level with cell wall properties and cell surface signaling, which involve arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) as essential components. AGPs are cell-wall localized glycoproteins, often GPI-anchored, which participate in root functions at many levels. They are involved in cell expansion and differentiation, regulation of root growth, interactions with other organisms, and environmental response. Due to the complexity of cell wall functional and regulatory networks, and despite the large amount of experimental data, the exact molecular mechanisms of AGP-action are still largely unknown. This dynamically evolving field of root biology is summarized in the present review.
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Bellande K, Lalo A, Ligat L, Roujol D, Jamet E, Canut H. Recombinant N-glycosylation isoforms of Legume lectins: Production and purification from Nicotiana benthamiana leaves following RuBisCO depletion. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 157:441-452. [PMID: 33212361 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An efficient purification of recombinant proteins often requires a high ratio of recombinant to host proteins. In plants, Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) is the most abundant leaf protein, thus strongly impacting purification yield. Here, we describe a simple and robust purification procedure for recombinant proteins based on a differential precipitation of RuBisCO. In this context, four Legume lectin domains of Arabidopsis thaliana which belong to receptor-like kinases and cell wall proteins were produced from Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The recombinant proteins exhibit a unique lectin domain consisting of around 250 amino acid residues with several predicted N-glycosylation sites and a six His-tag at the N-terminus. After ammonium sulphate precipitation of total soluble proteins, depletion of RuBisCO was obtained using citrate and succinate buffers during the salting-in step: this depletion was pH-dependent and the presence of di- or tri-carboxylic acids was required. The depleted protein extracts were then subjected to two chromatographic steps which were used in the negative mode to submit a protein fraction enriched as much as possible in recombinant lectin domains to a third chromatographic step (immobilized metal-ion chromatography). Three of the Legume lectin domains were purified near to homogeneity and revealed multiple N-glycosylation isoforms, particularly those from receptor-like kinases, which were characterised using specific lectins and deglycosylation enzymes. The production and purification of recombinant lectin domains will facilitate their biochemical characterisation in the context of cell-to-cell signalling and cell wall organisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Bellande
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Alexandre Lalo
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Lætitia Ligat
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - David Roujol
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Elisabeth Jamet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Hervé Canut
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Auzeville-Tolosane, France.
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Leszczuk A, Kalaitzis P, Blazakis KN, Zdunek A. The role of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) in fruit ripening-a review. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:176. [PMID: 33328442 PMCID: PMC7603502 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00397-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are proteoglycans challenging researchers for decades. However, despite the extremely interesting polydispersity of their structure and essential application potential, studies of AGPs in fruit are limited, and only a few groups deal with this scientific subject. Here, we summarise the results of pioneering studies on AGPs in fruit tissue with their structure, specific localization pattern, stress factors influencing their presence, and a focus on recent advances. We discuss the properties of AGPs, i.e., binding calcium ions, ability to aggregate, adhesive nature, and crosslinking with other cell wall components that may also be implicated in fruit metabolism. The aim of this review is an attempt to associate well-known features and properties of AGPs with their putative roles in fruit ripening. The putative physiological significance of AGPs might provide additional targets of regulation for fruit developmental programme. A comprehensive understanding of the AGP expression, structure, and untypical features may give new information for agronomic, horticulture, and renewable biomaterial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Leszczuk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Panagiotis Kalaitzis
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania, P.O. Box 85, Chania, 73100, Greece
| | - Konstantinos N Blazakis
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania, P.O. Box 85, Chania, 73100, Greece
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland
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15
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Leszczuk A, Cybulska J, Skrzypek T, Zdunek A. Properties of Arabinogalactan Proteins (AGPs) in Apple ( Malus × Domestica) Fruit at Different Stages of Ripening. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9080225. [PMID: 32823888 PMCID: PMC7463920 DOI: 10.3390/biology9080225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are constituents of the cell wall–plasma membrane continuum in fruit tissue. The aim of the study was to characterise AGPs contained in fruit by determination of their chemical structure and morphological properties. The results were obtained from in and ex situ investigations and a comparative analysis of AGPs present in Malus × domestica fruit at different stages of ripening from green fruit through the mature stage to over-ripening during fruit storage. The HPLC and colorimetric methods were used for analyses of the composition of monosaccharides and proteins in AGPs extracted from fruit. We have found that AGPs from fruit mainly consists of carbohydrate chains composed predominantly of arabinose, galactose, glucose, galacturonic acid, and xylose. The protein moiety accounts for 3.15–4.58%, which depends on the various phases of ripening. Taken together, our results show that the structural and morphological properties of AGPs and calcium concentration in AGPs are related to the progress of ripening, which is correlated with proper fruit cell wall assembly. In line with the existing knowledge, our data confirmed the typical carbohydrate composition of AGPs and may be the basis for studies regarding their presumed properties of binding calcium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Leszczuk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland; (J.C.); (A.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-817-445-061
| | - Justyna Cybulska
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland; (J.C.); (A.Z.)
| | - Tomasz Skrzypek
- Confocal and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Al. Kraśnicka 102, 20-718 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland; (J.C.); (A.Z.)
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16
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Jamet E, Dunand C. Plant Cell Wall Proteins and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2731. [PMID: 32326416 PMCID: PMC7215729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cell walls surround cells and provide both external protection and a means of cell-to-cell communication [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Jamet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31320 Auzeville Tolosane, France
| | - Christophe Dunand
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31320 Auzeville Tolosane, France
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17
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The Cell Wall PAC (Proline-Rich, Arabinogalactan Proteins, Conserved Cysteines) Domain-Proteins Are Conserved in the Green Lineage. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072488. [PMID: 32260156 PMCID: PMC7177597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cell wall proteins play major roles during plant development and in response to environmental cues. A bioinformatic search for functional domains has allowed identifying the PAC domain (Proline-rich, Arabinogalactan proteins, conserved Cysteines) in several proteins (PDPs) identified in cell wall proteomes. This domain is assumed to interact with pectic polysaccharides and O-glycans and to contribute to non-covalent molecular scaffolds facilitating the remodeling of polysaccharidic networks during rapid cell expansion. In this work, the characteristics of the PAC domain are described in detail, including six conserved Cys residues, their spacing, and the predicted secondary structures. Modeling has been performed based on the crystal structure of a Plantago lanceolata PAC domain. The presence of β-sheets is assumed to ensure the correct folding of the PAC domain as a β-barrel with loop regions. We show that PDPs are present in early divergent organisms from the green lineage and in all land plants. PAC domains are associated with other types of domains: Histidine-rich, extensin, Proline-rich, or yet uncharacterized. The earliest divergent organisms having PDPs are Bryophytes. Like the complexity of the cell walls, the number and complexity of PDPs steadily increase during the evolution of the green lineage. The association of PAC domains with other domains suggests a neo-functionalization and different types of interactions with cell wall polymers
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18
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Karaca N, Ates D, Nemli S, Ozkuru E, Yilmaz H, Yagmur B, Kartal C, Tosun M, Ocak OO, Otles S, Kahriman A, Tanyolac MB. Association mapping of magnesium and manganese concentrations in the seeds of C. arietinum and C. reticulatum. Genomics 2019; 112:1633-1642. [PMID: 31669504 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the oldest and most important pulse crops grown and consumed all over the world, especially in developing countries. Magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn) are essential plant nutrients in terms of human health and many health problems arise in their deficiencies. The objectives of this study were to characterize genetic variability in the seed Mg and Mn concentrations and identify single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with these traits in 107 Cicer reticulatum and 73C. arietinum genotypes, using a genome wide association study. The genotypes were grown in four environments, characterized for Mg and Mn concentrations, and genotyped with 121,841 SNP markers. The population showed three-fold and two-fold variation for the Mg and Mn concentrations, respectively. The population structure was identified using STRUCTURE software, which divided 180 genotypes into two (K = 2) groups. Principal component analysis and neighbor joining tree analysis confirmed the results of STRUCTURE. A total of 4 and 16 consistent SNPs were detected for the Mg and Mn concentrations, respectively. The identified markers can be utilized in breeding of chickpea to increase Mg and Mn levels in order to improve human and livestock nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Karaca
- Ege University, Department of Bioengineering, 35040, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Duygu Ates
- Ege University, Department of Bioengineering, 35040, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Seda Nemli
- Ege University, Department of Bioengineering, 35040, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Esin Ozkuru
- Ege University, Department of Bioengineering, 35040, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hasan Yilmaz
- Ege University, Department of Bioengineering, 35040, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Bulent Yagmur
- Ege University, Department of Soil Sciences, 35040, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Canan Kartal
- Ege University, Department of Food Engineering, 35040, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Muzaffer Tosun
- Ege University, Department of Field Crops, 35040, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ozgul Ozdestan Ocak
- Ege University, Department of Food Engineering, 35040, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Semih Otles
- Ege University, Department of Food Engineering, 35040, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Kahriman
- Harran University, Department of Field Crops, 64000 Sanli Urfa, Turkey
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Verhertbruggen Y, Falourd X, Sterner M, Guillon F, Girousse C, Foucat L, Le Gall S, Chateigner-Boutin AL, Saulnier L. Challenging the putative structure of mannan in wheat (Triticum aestivum) endosperm. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 224:115063. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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20
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Leszczuk A, Kozioł A, Szczuka E, Zdunek A. Analysis of AGP contribution to the dynamic assembly and mechanical properties of cell wall during pollen tube growth. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 281:9-18. [PMID: 30824065 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins as cell wall structural proteins are involved in fundamental processes during plant development and growth. The aim of this study was to evaluate AGP function in the distribution of pectin, cellulose and callose along Fragaria x ananassa pollen tube and to associate the cell wall structure with local mechanical properties. We used Yariv reagent which interacts with AGPs and allows the observation of the assembly of cell walls without AGPs performing their function. Cytochemical, immunofluorescence labelling and atomic force microscope have been used to characterize the changes in cell wall structure and stiffness. It was shown that disordering of the structure of AGP present in cell walls affects the localization of cellulose, pectins and the secretion of callose. Changes in cell wall assembly are relevant to pollen tube mechanical properties. The stiffness gradient lengthwise through the axis of the pollen tube has demonstrated a significantly higher Young's modulus of the shank region than the growth zone. It has been revealed that the apex of the pollen tube cultured in the presence of Yariv reagent is stiffer (1.68 MPa) than the corresponding region of the pollen tube grown under control conditions (0.13-0.27 MPa). AGP affects the structure of the cell wall by changing the distribution of other components and the modification of their localization, and hence it plays a significant role in the mechanical properties of the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Leszczuk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Arkadiusz Kozioł
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Ewa Szczuka
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland.
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21
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Zhou K. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Proteins in Arabidopsis and One of Their Common Roles in Signaling Transduction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1022. [PMID: 31555307 PMCID: PMC6726743 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Diverse proteins are found modified with glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) at their carboxyl terminus in eukaryotes, which allows them to associate with membrane lipid bilayers and anchor on the external surface of the plasma membrane. GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) play crucial roles in various processes, and more and more GPI-APs have been identified and studied. In this review, previous genomic and proteomic predictions of GPI-APs in Arabidopsis have been updated, which reveal their high abundance and complexity. From studies of individual GPI-APs in Arabidopsis, certain GPI-APs have been found associated with partner receptor-like kinases (RLKs), targeting RLKs to their subcellular localization and helping to recognize extracellular signaling polypeptide ligands. Interestingly, the association might also be involved in ligand selection. The analyses suggest that GPI-APs are essential and widely involved in signal transduction through association with RLKs.
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22
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Leszczuk A, Chylińska M, Zdunek A. Distribution of arabinogalactan proteins and pectins in the cells of apple (Malus × domestica) fruit during post-harvest storage. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:47-55. [PMID: 30007326 PMCID: PMC6344086 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Changes in the arrangement of cell wall components determine cell wall properties (integrity, stiffness), thereby affecting the macro-scale properties of fruits, which are important for consumers and industry. Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are ubiquitous components of the plant cell, in which they have various functions. Currently, AGPs are considered to be one of the less well-known, enigmatic proteoglycans, a consequence of their heterogeneous structure and unclear mechanism of activity. METHODS An immunocytochemical study was conducted to elucidate the distribution of AGPs and pectic polysaccharides contained in apple (Malus × domestica) fruit during senescence. De-esterified homogalacturonan (LM19), methyl-esterified homogalacturonan (LM20), processed arabinan (LM16) and three AGP epitopes (JIM13, JIM15, MAC207) were identified in the fruit at three stages: fresh fruit, and fruit at 1 and 3 months of post-harvest storage. KEY RESULTS Microscopy revealed spatio-temporal changes in the localization of all examined epitopes. Changes of fruit cell wall assembly and its degradation were confirmed by determination of the galacturonic acid content in the WSP (water soluble pectins), CSP (chelator soluble pectins) and DASP (dilute alkali soluble pectins) fractions. CONCLUSIONS The results revealed dependencies between AGPs, arabinan and homogalacturonan distribution in apple fruit, which are correlated with changes in microstructure during senescence. We propose that AGPs are involved in establishment of the cell wall - plasma membrane continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Leszczuk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland
- For correspondence. E-mail:
| | - Monika Chylińska
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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Yang J, Zhang Y, Wang X, Wang W, Li Z, Wu J, Wang G, Wu L, Zhang G, Ma Z. HyPRP1 performs a role in negatively regulating cotton resistance to V. dahliae via the thickening of cell walls and ROS accumulation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:339. [PMID: 30526498 PMCID: PMC6286592 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1565-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing tolerant cultivars by incorporating resistant genes is regarded as a potential strategy for controlling Verticillium wilt that causes severe losses in the yield and fiber quality of cotton. RESULTS Here, we identified the gene GbHyPRP1 in Gossypium barbadense, which encodes a protein containing both proline-rich repetitive and Pollen Ole e I domains. GbHyPRP1 is located in the cell wall. The transcription of this gene mainly occurs in cotton roots and stems, and is drastically down-regulated upon infection with Verticillium dahliae. Silencing HyPRP1 dramatically enhanced cotton resistance to V. dahliae. Over-expression of HyPRP1 significantly compromised the resistance of transgenic Arabidopsis plants to V. dahliae. The GbHyPRP1 promoter region contained several putative phytohormone-responsive elements, of which SA was associated with gene down-regulation. We compared the mRNA expression patterns of HyPRP1-silenced plants and the control at the global level by RNA-Seq. A total of 1735 unique genes exhibited significant differential expression. Of these, 79 DEGs involved in cell wall biogenesis and 43 DEGs associated with the production of ROS were identified. Further, we observed a dramatic thickening of interfascicular fibers and vessel walls and an increase in lignin in the HyPRP1-silenced cotton plants compared with the control after inoculation with V. dahliae. Additionally, silencing of HyPRP1 markedly enhanced ROS accumulation in the root tips of cotton inoculated with V. dahliae. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results suggest that HyPRP1 performs a role in the negative regulation of cotton resistance to V. dahliae via the thickening of cell walls and ROS accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Yan Zhang
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Xingfen Wang
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Weiqiao Wang
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Zhikun Li
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Jinhua Wu
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Guoning Wang
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Liqiang Wu
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Guiyin Zhang
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Zhiying Ma
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
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Yang J, Wu C, Yu Y, Mao H, Bao Y, Kang Y, Qi Z. A mongolian pine specific endoplasmic reticulum localized CALMODULIN-LIKE calcium binding protein enhances arabidopsis growth. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 226:1-11. [PMID: 29689429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Stress-adapted wild plants are natural sources of novel genes for molecular breeding. Here, we conducted a transcriptional analysis of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv, an evergreen pine in northeastern China, to identify a novel CALMODULIN-LIKE protein-encoding gene, PsCML1, no significant homologs found in other plant species. PsCML1 encodes a protein predicted to have a single trans-membrane domain at its N-terminal. Four EF-hand motifs (calcium [Ca]-binding structures) are located at its C-terminal and showed Ca2+-specific affinity in isothermal titration calorimetric analysis. Transient expression of PsCML1 in Nicotiana benthamiana showed that the PsCML1 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Heterologous expression of PsCML1 in Arabidopsis significantly promoted seedling growth, and increased resistance to stress from NaCl and Ca2+ deficiency. The roots of the transgenic seedlings had higher contents of cellulose and pectin, but less hemicellulose than those of the wild type (WT). The biosynthesis of cell wall components is linked with protein glycosylation in the ER and reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis. No significant difference was found in the extent of protein glycosylation between the transgenic and WT plants. However, the transgenic roots had higher steady-state levels of ROS, NADPH oxidase activity, and endo-membrane dynamics than those of the WT. A working model was proposed to delineate the interaction among Ca2+, ROS homeostasis, and cell wall loosening-dependent cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, PR China; Inner Mongolia HeSheng Institute of Ecological Sciences & Technology, Hohhot, 011517, PR China
| | - Caili Wu
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, PR China
| | - Yahui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, PR China
| | - Huiping Mao
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, PR China
| | - Yuying Bao
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, PR China.
| | - Yan Kang
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, PR China.
| | - Zhi Qi
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, PR China.
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Jiao H, Liu X, Sun S, Wang P, Qiao X, Li J, Tang C, Wu J, Zhang S, Tao S. The unique evolutionary pattern of the Hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins superfamily in Chinese white pear (Pyrus bretschneideri). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:36. [PMID: 29454308 PMCID: PMC5816549 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1252-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) superfamily, comprising three families (arabinogalactan-proteins, AGPs; extensins, EXTs; proline-rich proteins, PRPs), is a class of proline-rich proteins that exhibit high diversity and are involved in many aspects of plant biology. RESULTS In this study, 838 HRGPs were identified from Chinese white pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) by searching for biased amino acid composition and conserved motifs. 405 HRGPs were derived from whole genome duplication (WGD) events which is suggested to be the major force of driving HRGPs expansion and the recent WGD event shared by apple and pear generated most duplicated HRGPs in pear. This duplication event drived the structural variation of the HRGPs encoding hydroxyproline (Hyp)-rich motifs. The rate of HRGPs evolution mainly impacted the Hyp-rich motifs even in chimeric HRGPs. During the evolution of 53 PRPs that are also typified by 7-deoxyloganetin glucosyltransferase-like genes, the duplication from PRP to non-PRP was indirectly modified by positive selection. These results suggested that the rate of HRGP evolution mainly influenced the Hyp-rich motifs even in chimeric HRGPs. The expression divergence of HRGPs was higher than that of other commonly duplicated genes. In pear pistil, 601 HRGPs exhibited expression, while in pear pollen, 285 HRGPs were expressed. The qPCR results revealed that Pbr036330.1 and Pbr010506.1 showed different expression profile in self-incompatibility of pear pistil. CONCLUSIONS The researches indicated that WGD events was the main duplication type during the evolution of HRGPs, and the highly variable Hyp-motifs might be accountable for the expansion, evolution and expression divergence of HRGPs and that this divergence may be responsible for the gain of new functions in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Jiao
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Xing Liu
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Shuguang Sun
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Peng Wang
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Xin Qiao
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Jiaming Li
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Chao Tang
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Juyou Wu
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Shutian Tao
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
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Polysaccharide associated protein (PSAP) from the green microalga Botryococcus braunii is a unique extracellular matrix hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Duruflé H, Hervé V, Ranocha P, Balliau T, Zivy M, Chourré J, San Clemente H, Burlat V, Albenne C, Déjean S, Jamet E, Dunand C. Cell wall modifications of two Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes, Col and Sha, in response to sub-optimal growth conditions: An integrative study. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 263:183-193. [PMID: 28818374 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
With the global temperature change, plant adaptations are predicted, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying them. Arabidopsis thaliana is a model plant adapted to various environmental conditions, in particular able to develop along an altitudinal gradient. Two ecotypes, Columbia (Col) growing at low altitude, and Shahdara (Sha) growing at 3400m, have been studied at optimal and sub-optimal growth temperature (22°C vs 15°C). Macro- and micro-phenotyping, cell wall monosaccharides analyses, cell wall proteomics, and transcriptomics have been performed in order to accomplish an integrative analysis. The analysis has been focused on cell walls (CWs) which are assumed to play roles in response to environmental changes. At 15°C, both ecotypes presented characteristic morphological traits of low temperature growth acclimation such as reduced rosette diameter, increased number of leaves, modifications of their CW composition and cuticle reinforcement. Altogether, the integrative analysis has allowed identifying several candidate genes/proteins possibly involved in the cell wall modifications observed during the temperature acclimation response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Duruflé
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Vincent Hervé
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Philippe Ranocha
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Thierry Balliau
- CNRS, PAPPSO, UMR 0320/UMR 8120 Génétique Végétale, 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France; INRA, PAPPSO, UMR 0320/UMR 8120 Génétique Végétale, 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Michel Zivy
- CNRS, PAPPSO, UMR 0320/UMR 8120 Génétique Végétale, 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France; INRA, PAPPSO, UMR 0320/UMR 8120 Génétique Végétale, 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Josiane Chourré
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Hélène San Clemente
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Vincent Burlat
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Cécile Albenne
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sébastien Déjean
- Institut de Mathématique de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Elisabeth Jamet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - Christophe Dunand
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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Johnson CM, Subramanian A, Pattathil S, Correll MJ, Kiss JZ. Comparative transcriptomics indicate changes in cell wall organization and stress response in seedlings during spaceflight. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2017; 104:1219-1231. [PMID: 28827451 PMCID: PMC5821596 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1700079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Plants will play an important role in the future of space exploration as part of bioregenerative life support. Thus, it is important to understand the effects of microgravity and spaceflight on gene expression in plant development. METHODS We analyzed the transcriptome of Arabidopsis thaliana using the Biological Research in Canisters (BRIC) hardware during Space Shuttle mission STS-131. The bioinformatics methods used included RMA (robust multi-array average), MAS5 (Microarray Suite 5.0), and PLIER (probe logarithmic intensity error estimation). Glycome profiling was used to analyze cell wall composition in the samples. In addition, our results were compared to those of two other groups using the same hardware on the same mission (BRIC-16). KEY RESULTS In our BRIC-16 experiments, we noted expression changes in genes involved in hypoxia and heat shock responses, DNA repair, and cell wall structure between spaceflight samples compared to the ground controls. In addition, glycome profiling supported our expression analyses in that there was a difference in cell wall components between ground control and spaceflight-grown plants. Comparing our studies to those of the other BRIC-16 experiments demonstrated that, even with the same hardware and similar biological materials, differences in results in gene expression were found among these spaceflight experiments. CONCLUSIONS A common theme from our BRIC-16 space experiments and those of the other two groups was the downregulation of water stress response genes in spaceflight. In addition, all three studies found differential regulation of genes associated with cell wall remodeling and stress responses between spaceflight-grown and ground control plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Johnson
- Miami University, Department of Biology 212 Pearson Hall, Oxford, Ohio 45056 USA
| | - Aswati Subramanian
- Miami University, Department of Biology 212 Pearson Hall, Oxford, Ohio 45056 USA
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- University of Georgia Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602 USA
- Mascoma, LLC (Lallemand Inc.) 67 Etna Road Lebanon, New Hampshire 03766 USA
| | - Melanie J. Correll
- University of Florida, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 209 Frazier Rogers Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA
| | - John Z. Kiss
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Department of Biology, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412 USA
- Author for correspondence ()
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Han T, Dong H, Cui J, Li M, Lin S, Cao J, Huang L. Genomic, Molecular Evolution, and Expression Analysis of Genes Encoding Putative Classical AGPs, Lysine-Rich AGPs, and AG Peptides in Brassica rapa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:397. [PMID: 28424711 PMCID: PMC5372829 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) belong to a class of Pro/Hyp-rich glycoproteins and are some of the most complex types of macromolecules found in plants. In the economically important plant species, Brassica rapa, only chimeric AGPs have been identified to date. This has significantly limited our understanding of the functional roles of AGPs in this plant. In this study, 64 AGPs were identified in the genome of B. rapa, including 33 classical AGPs, 28 AG peptides and three lys-rich AGPs. Syntenic gene analysis between B. rapa and A. thaliana suggested that the whole genome triplication event dominated the expansion of the AGP gene family in B. rapa. This resulted in a high retained proportion of the AGP family in the B. rapa genome, especially in the least fractionated subgenome. Phylogenetic and motif analysis classified the classical AGPs into six clades and three orphan genes, and the AG peptides into three clades and five orphan genes. Classical AGPs has a faster rate of molecular evolution than AG peptides revealed by estimation of molecular evolution rates. However, no significant differences were observed between classical AGPs and lys-rich AGPs. Under control conditions and in response to phytohormones treatment, a complete expression profiling experiment has identified five anther-specific AGPs and quite a number of AGPs responding to abscisic acid, methyl jasmonate and/or gibberellin. In this study, we presented a bioinformatics approach to identify important types of AGPs. Moreover, the association between their function and their protein structure, as well as the evolution and the expression of AGP genes were investigated, which might provide fundamental information for revealing the roles of AGPs in B. rapa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Han
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of AgricultureHangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative BiologyHangzhou, China
| | - Heng Dong
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of AgricultureHangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative BiologyHangzhou, China
| | - Jie Cui
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of AgricultureHangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative BiologyHangzhou, China
| | - Ming Li
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of AgricultureHangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative BiologyHangzhou, China
| | - Sue Lin
- Institute of Vegetable Science, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and TechnologyWenzhou, China
| | - Jiashu Cao
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of AgricultureHangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative BiologyHangzhou, China
| | - Li Huang
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of AgricultureHangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative BiologyHangzhou, China
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30
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Kamel L, Tang N, Malbreil M, San Clemente H, Le Marquer M, Roux C, Frei dit Frey N. The Comparison of Expressed Candidate Secreted Proteins from Two Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Unravels Common and Specific Molecular Tools to Invade Different Host Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:124. [PMID: 28223991 PMCID: PMC5293756 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), belonging to the fungal phylum Glomeromycota, form mutualistic symbioses with roots of almost 80% of land plants. The release of genomic data from the ubiquitous AMF Rhizophagus irregularis revealed that this species possesses a large set of putative secreted proteins (RiSPs) that could be of major importance for establishing the symbiosis. In the present study, we aimed to identify SPs involved in the establishment of AM symbiosis based on comparative gene expression analyses. We first curated the secretome of the R. irregularis DAOM 197198 strain based on two available genomic assemblies. Then we analyzed the expression patterns of the putative RiSPs obtained from the fungus in symbiotic association with three phylogenetically distant host plants-a monocot, a dicot and a liverwort-in comparison with non-symbiotic stages. We found that 33 out of 84 RiSPs induced in planta were commonly up-regulated in these three hosts. Most of these common RiSPs are small proteins of unknown function that may represent putative host non-specific effector proteins. We further investigated the expressed secretome of Gigaspora rosea, an AM fungal species phylogenetically distant from R. irregularis. G. rosea also presents original symbiotic features, a narrower host spectrum and a restrictive geographic distribution compared to R. irregularis. Interestingly, when analyzing up-regulated G. rosea SPs (GrSPs) in different hosts, a higher ratio of host-specific GrSPs was found compared to RiSPs. Such difference of expression patterns may mirror the restrained host spectrum of G. rosea compared to R. irregularis. Finally, we identified a set of conserved SPs, commonly up-regulated by both fungi in all hosts tested, that could correspond to common keys of AMF to colonize host plants. Our data thus highlight the specificities of two distant AM fungi and help in understanding their conserved and specific strategies to invade different hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Kamel
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université Paul Sabatier - Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueCastanet-Tolosan, France
- Agronutrition, Laboratoire de BiotechnologiesLabege, France
| | - Nianwu Tang
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université Paul Sabatier - Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueCastanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Mathilde Malbreil
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université Paul Sabatier - Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueCastanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Hélène San Clemente
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université Paul Sabatier - Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueCastanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Morgane Le Marquer
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université Paul Sabatier - Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueCastanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Christophe Roux
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université Paul Sabatier - Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueCastanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Nicolas Frei dit Frey
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université Paul Sabatier - Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueCastanet-Tolosan, France
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Ma Y, Yan C, Li H, Wu W, Liu Y, Wang Y, Chen Q, Ma H. Bioinformatics Prediction and Evolution Analysis of Arabinogalactan Proteins in the Plant Kingdom. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:66. [PMID: 28184232 PMCID: PMC5266747 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are a family of extracellular glycoproteins implicated in plant growth and development. With a rapid growth in the number of genomes sequenced in many plant species, the family members of AGPs can now be predicted to facilitate functional investigation. Building upon previous advances in identifying Arabidopsis AGPs, an integrated strategy of systematical AGP screening for "classical" and "chimeric" family members is proposed in this study. A Python script named Finding-AGP is compiled to find AGP-like sequences and filter AGP candidates under the given thresholds. The primary screening of classical AGPs, Lys-rich classical AGPs, AGP-extensin hybrids, and non-classical AGPs was performed using the existence of signal peptides as a necessary requirement, and BLAST searches were conducted mainly for fasciclin-like, phytocyanin-like and xylogen-like AGPs. Then glycomodule index and partial PAST (Pro, Ala, Ser, and Thr) percentage are adopted to identify AGP candidates. The integrated strategy successfully discovered AGP gene families in 47 plant species and the main results are summarized as follows: (i) AGPs are abundant in angiosperms and many "ancient" AGPs with Ser-Pro repeats are found in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii; (ii) Classical AGPs, AG-peptides, and Lys-rich classical AGPs first emerged in Physcomitrella patens, Selaginella moellendorffii, and Picea abies, respectively; (iii) Nine subfamilies of chimeric AGPs are introduced as newly identified chimeric subfamilies similar to fasciclin-like, phytocyanin-like, and xylogen-like AGPs; (iv) The length and amino acid composition of Lys-rich domains are largely variable, indicating an insertion/deletion model during evolution. Our findings provide not only a powerful means to identify AGP gene families but also probable explanations of AGPs in maintaining the plant cell wall and transducing extracellular signals into the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- National Base for the Talents on Life-Science and Technology, Innovation Experimental College, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Chenchao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Huimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- National Base for the Talents on Life-Science and Technology, Innovation Experimental College, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Wentao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- National Base for the Talents on Life-Science and Technology, Innovation Experimental College, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Yaxue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- National Base for the Talents on Life-Science and Technology, Innovation Experimental College, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Yuqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- National Base for the Talents on Life-Science and Technology, Innovation Experimental College, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Qin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Haoli Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
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Lin F, Manisseri C, Fagerström A, Peck ML, Vega-Sánchez ME, Williams B, Chiniquy DM, Saha P, Pattathil S, Conlin B, Zhu L, Hahn MG, Willats WGT, Scheller HV, Ronald PC, Bartley LE. Cell Wall Composition and Candidate Biosynthesis Gene Expression During Rice Development. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:2058-2075. [PMID: 27481893 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls of grasses, including cereal crops and biofuel grasses, comprise the majority of plant biomass and intimately influence plant growth, development and physiology. However, the functions of many cell wall synthesis genes, and the relationships among and the functions of cell wall components remain obscure. To better understand the patterns of cell wall accumulation and identify genes that act in grass cell wall biosynthesis, we characterized 30 samples from aerial organs of rice (Oryza sativa cv. Kitaake) at 10 developmental time points, 3-100 d post-germination. Within these samples, we measured 15 cell wall chemical components, enzymatic digestibility and 18 cell wall polysaccharide epitopes/ligands. We also used quantitative reverse transcription-PCR to measure expression of 50 glycosyltransferases, 15 acyltransferases and eight phenylpropanoid genes, many of which had previously been identified as being highly expressed in rice. Most cell wall components vary significantly during development, and correlations among them support current understanding of cell walls. We identified 92 significant correlations between cell wall components and gene expression and establish nine strong hypotheses for genes that synthesize xylans, mixed linkage glucan and pectin components. This work provides an extensive analysis of cell wall composition throughout rice development, identifies genes likely to synthesize grass cell walls, and provides a framework for development of genetically improved grasses for use in lignocellulosic biofuel production and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Chithra Manisseri
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alexandra Fagerström
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark
| | - Matthew L Peck
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Miguel E Vega-Sánchez
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Monsanto Company, Chesterfield Village Campus, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
| | - Brian Williams
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dawn M Chiniquy
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Prasenjit Saha
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Bioenergy Science Center, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Brian Conlin
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Lan Zhu
- Department of Statistics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Michael G Hahn
- Bioenergy Science Center, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - William G T Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark
| | - Henrik V Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Pamela C Ronald
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark
| | - Laura E Bartley
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark
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Arabinogalactan-proteins stimulate somatic embryogenesis and plant propagation of Pelargonium sidoides. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 152:149-155. [PMID: 27516259 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Root extracts of the medicinal plant Pelargonium sidoides, native to South Africa, are used globally for the treatment of common cold and cough. Due to an increasing economic commercialization of P. sidoides remedies, wild collections of root material should be accompanied by effective methods for plant propagation like somatic embryogenesis. Based on this, the influence of arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) on somatic embryogenesis and plant propagation of P. sidoides has been investigated. High-molecular weight AGPs have been isolated from dried roots as well as from cell cultures of P. sidoides with yields between 0.1% and 0.9%, respectively. AGPs are characterized by a 1,3-linked Galp backbone, branched at C6 to 1,6-linked Galp side chains terminated by Araf and to a minor extent by GlcpA, Galp or Rhap. Treatment of explants of P. sidoides with AGPs from roots or suspension culture over 5.5 weeks resulted in effective stimulation of somatic embryo development and plant regeneration.
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Zietsman AJJ, Moore JP, Fangel JU, Willats WGT, Vivier MA. Profiling the Hydrolysis of Isolated Grape Berry Skin Cell Walls by Purified Enzymes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:8267-8274. [PMID: 26309153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The unraveling of crushed grapes by maceration enzymes during winemaking is difficult to study because of the complex and rather undefined nature of both the substrate and the enzyme preparations. In this study we simplified both the substrate, by using isolated grape skin cell walls, and the enzyme preparations, by using purified enzymes in buffered conditions, to carefully follow the impact of the individual and combined enzymes on the grape skin cell walls. By using cell wall profiling techniques we could monitor the compositional changes in the grape cell wall polymers due to enzyme activity. Extensive enzymatic hydrolysis, achieved with a preparation of pectinases or pectinases combined with cellulase or hemicellulase enzymes, completely removed or drastically reduced levels of pectin polymers, whereas less extensive hydrolysis only opened up the cell wall structure and allowed extraction of polymers from within the cell wall layers. Synergistic enzyme activity was detectable as well as indications of specific cell wall polymer associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anscha J J Zietsman
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University , Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - John P Moore
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University , Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Jonatan U Fangel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen , DK-1001 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - William G T Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen , DK-1001 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Melané A Vivier
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University , Matieland 7602, South Africa
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Kundu S. Co-operative intermolecular kinetics of 2-oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenases may be essential for system-level regulation of plant cell physiology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:489. [PMID: 26236316 PMCID: PMC4502536 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Can the stimulus-driven synergistic association of 2-oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenases be influenced by the kinetic parameters of binding and catalysis?In this manuscript, I posit that these indices are necessary and specific for a particular stimulus, and are key determinants of a dynamic clustering that may function to mitigate the effects of this trigger. The protein(s)/sequence(s) that comprise this group are representative of all major kingdoms of life, and catalyze a generic hydroxylation, which is, in most cases accompanied by a specialized conversion of the substrate molecule. Iron is an essential co-factor for this transformation and the response to waning levels is systemic, and mandates the simultaneous participation of molecular sensors, transporters, and signal transducers. Here, I present a proof-of-concept model, that an evolving molecular network of 2OG-dependent enzymes can maintain iron homeostasis in the cytosol of root hair cells of members of the family Gramineae by actuating a non-reductive compensatory chelation by the phytosiderophores. Regression models of empirically available kinetic data (iron and alpha-ketoglutarate) were formulated, analyzed, and compared. The results, when viewed in context of the superfamily responding as a unit, suggest that members can indeed, work together to accomplish system-level function. This is achieved by the establishment of transient metabolic conduits, wherein the flux is dictated by kinetic compatibility of the participating enzymes. The approach adopted, i.e., predictive mathematical modeling, is integral to the hypothesis-driven acquisition of experimental data points and, in association with suitable visualization aids may be utilized for exploring complex plant biochemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Kundu
- *Correspondence: Siddhartha Kundu, School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi 110067, India ;
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Kundu S. Unity in diversity, a systems approach to regulating plant cell physiology by 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:98. [PMID: 25814993 PMCID: PMC4356072 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Could a disjoint group of enzymes synchronize their activities and execute a complex multi-step, measurable, and reproducible response? Here, I surmise that the alpha-ketoglutarate dependent superfamily of non-haem iron (II) dioxygenases could influence cell physiology as a cohesive unit, and that the broad spectra of substrates transformed is an absolute necessity to this portrayal. This eclectic group comprises members from all major taxa, and participates in pesticide breakdown, hypoxia signaling, and osmotic stress neutralization. The oxidative decarboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate to succinate is coupled with a concomitant substrate hydroxylation and, in most cases, is followed by an additional specialized conversion. The domain profile of a protein sequence was used as an index of miscellaneous reaction chemistry and interpreted alongside existent kinetic data in a linear model of integrated function. Statistical parameters were inferred by the creation of a novel, empirically motivated flat-file database of over 3800 sequences (DB2OG) with putative 2-oxoglutarate dependent activity. The collated information was categorized on the basis of existing annotation schema. The data suggests that 2OG-dependent enzymes incorporate several desirable features of a systems level player. DB2OG, is free, accessible without a login to all users, and available at the following URL (http://comp-biol.theacms.in/DB2OG.html).
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Kundu
- *Correspondence: Siddhartha Kundu, School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, Delhi 110067, India e-mail: ;
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Liu Z, Persson S, Sánchez-Rodríguez C. At the border: the plasma membrane-cell wall continuum. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:1553-63. [PMID: 25697794 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells rely on their cell walls for directed growth and environmental adaptation. Synthesis and remodelling of the cell walls are membrane-related processes. During cell growth and exposure to external stimuli, there is a constant exchange of lipids, proteins, and other cell wall components between the cytosol and the plasma membrane/apoplast. This exchange of material and the localization of cell wall proteins at certain spots in the plasma membrane seem to rely on a particular membrane composition. In addition, sensors at the plasma membrane detect changes in the cell wall architecture, and activate cytoplasmic signalling schemes and ultimately cell wall remodelling. The apoplastic polysaccharide matrix is, on the other hand, crucial for preventing proteins diffusing uncontrollably in the membrane. Therefore, the cell wall-plasma membrane link is essential for plant development and responses to external stimuli. This review focuses on the relationship between the cell wall and plasma membrane, and its importance for plant tissue organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengyu Liu
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Staffan Persson
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Clara Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Chen Y, Ye D, Held MA, Cannon MC, Ray T, Saha P, Frye AN, Mort AJ, Kieliszewski MJ. Identification of the Abundant Hydroxyproline-Rich Glycoproteins in the Root Walls of Wild-Type Arabidopsis, an ext3 Mutant Line, and Its Phenotypic Revertant. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 4:85-111. [PMID: 27135319 PMCID: PMC4844335 DOI: 10.3390/plants4010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Extensins are members of the cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) superfamily that form covalently cross-linked networks in primary cell walls. A knockout mutation in EXT3 (AT1G21310), the gene coding EXTENSIN 3 (EXT3) in Arabidopsis Landsberg erecta resulted in a lethal phenotype, although about 20% of the knockout plants have an apparently normal phenotype (ANP). In this study the root cell wall HRGP components of wild-type, ANP and the ext3 mutant seedlings were characterized by peptide fractionation of trypsin digested anhydrous hydrogen fluoride deglycosylated wall residues and by sequencing using LC-MS/MS. Several HRGPs, including EXT3, were identified in the wild-type root walls but not in walls of the ANP and lethal mutant. Indeed the ANP walls and walls of mutants displaying the lethal phenotype possessed HRGPs, but the profiles suggest that changes in the amount and perhaps type may account for the corresponding phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Dening Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Michael A Held
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Maura C Cannon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Tui Ray
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Prasenjit Saha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Alexandra N Frye
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Andrew J Mort
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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Kavi Kishor PB, Hima Kumari P, Sunita MSL, Sreenivasulu N. Role of proline in cell wall synthesis and plant development and its implications in plant ontogeny. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:544. [PMID: 26257754 PMCID: PMC4507145 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Proline is a proteogenic amino acid and accumulates both under stress and non-stress conditions as a beneficial solute in plants. Recent discoveries point out that proline plays an important role in plant growth and differentiation across life cycle. It is a key determinant of many cell wall proteins that plays important roles in plant development. The role of extensins, arabinogalactan proteins and hydroxyproline- and proline-rich proteins as important components of cell wall proteins that play pivotal roles in cell wall signal transduction cascades, plant development and stress tolerance is discussed in this review. Molecular insights are also provided here into the plausible roles of proline transporters modulating key events in plant development. In addition, the roles of proline during seed developmental transitions including storage protein synthesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polavarapu B. Kavi Kishor
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, HyderabadIndia
- *Correspondence: Polavarapu B. Kavi Kishor, Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007, India,
| | - P. Hima Kumari
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, HyderabadIndia
| | | | - Nese Sreenivasulu
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, GaterslebenGermany
- Grain Quality and Nutrition Center, International Rice Research Institute, Metro ManilaPhilippines
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Popper ZA, Ralet MC, Domozych DS. Plant and algal cell walls: diversity and functionality. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:1043-8. [PMID: 25453142 PMCID: PMC4195566 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although plants and many algae (e.g. the Phaeophyceae, brown, and Rhodophyceae, red) are only very distantly related they are united in their possession of carbohydrate-rich cell walls, which are of integral importance being involved in many physiological processes. Furthermore,wall components have applications within food, fuel, pharmaceuticals, fibres (e.g. for textiles and paper) and building materials and have long been an active topic of research. As shown in the 27 papers in this Special Issue, as the major deposit of photosynthetically fixed carbon, and therefore energy investment, cell walls are of undisputed importance to the organisms that possess them, the photosynthetic eukaryotes ( plants and algae). The complexities of cell wall components along with their interactions with the biotic and abiotic environment are becoming increasingly revealed. SCOPE The importance of plant and algal cell walls and their individual components to the function and survival of the organism, and for a number of industrial applications, are illustrated by the breadth of topics covered in this issue, which includes papers concentrating on various plants and algae, developmental stages, organs, cell wall components, and techniques. Although we acknowledge that there are many alternative ways in which the papers could be categorized (and many would fit within several topics), we have organized them as follows: (1) cell wall biosynthesis and remodelling, (2) cell wall diversity, and (3) application of new technologies to cell walls. Finally, we will consider future directions within plant cell wall research. Expansion of the industrial uses of cell walls and potentially novel uses of cell wall components are both avenues likely to direct future research activities. Fundamentally, it is the continued progression from characterization (structure, metabolism, properties and localization) of individual cell wall components through to defining their roles in almost every aspect of plant and algal physiology that will present many of the major challenges in future cell wall research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë A. Popper
- Botany and Plant Science and The Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - David S. Domozych
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
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Hijazi M, Velasquez SM, Jamet E, Estevez JM, Albenne C. An update on post-translational modifications of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins: toward a model highlighting their contribution to plant cell wall architecture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:395. [PMID: 25177325 PMCID: PMC4132260 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are composite structures mainly composed of polysaccharides, also containing a large set of proteins involved in diverse functions such as growth, environmental sensing, signaling, and defense. Research on cell wall proteins (CWPs) is a challenging field since present knowledge of their role into the structure and function of cell walls is very incomplete. Among CWPs, hydroxyproline (Hyp)-rich O-glycoproteins (HRGPs) were classified into three categories: (i) moderately glycosylated extensins (EXTs) able to form covalent scaffolds; (ii) hyperglycosylated arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs); and (iii) Hyp/proline (Pro)-Rich proteins (H/PRPs) that may be non-, weakly- or highly-glycosylated. In this review, we provide a description of the main features of their post-translational modifications (PTMs), biosynthesis, structure, and function. We propose a new model integrating HRGPs and their partners in cell walls. Altogether, they could form a continuous glyco-network with non-cellulosic polysaccharides via covalent bonds or non-covalent interactions, thus strongly contributing to cell wall architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Hijazi
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5546Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, UMR 5546Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Silvia M. Velasquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elisabeth Jamet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5546Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, UMR 5546Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - José M. Estevez
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cécile Albenne
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5546Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, UMR 5546Castanet-Tolosan, France
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