1
|
Al-Aizari AA, Dewir YH, Ghazy AH, Al-Doss A, Al-Obeed RS. Micropropagation and Genetic Fidelity of Fegra Fig ( Ficus palmata Forssk.) and Grafting Compatibility of the Regenerated Plants with Ficus carica. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1278. [PMID: 38732493 PMCID: PMC11085510 DOI: 10.3390/plants13091278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Ficus palmata is an important fig species that produces edible and nutritious fruit and possesses several therapeutic uses. This study reports an effective method for the micropropagation of F. palmata using nodal explants. In vitro shoots were cultured for 7 weeks onto MS medium fortified with different concentrations of cytokinins, light intensities, sucrose concentrations, and light/dark incubation treatments. Optimal axillary shoot proliferation (10.9 shoots per explant) was obtained on a medium containing 30 g/L sucrose and supplemented with 2 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) under 35 μmol/m2/s light intensity. Dark incubation limited the foliage growth but favored shoot elongation and rooting compared with light incubation. Elongated shoots, under dark conditions, were rooted (100%; 6.67 roots per explant) onto MS medium containing 1 mg/L indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 1.5 g/L activated charcoal. The micropropagated plantlets were acclimatized with a 95% survival rate. In this study, the genetic fidelity of micropropagated F. palmata clones along with their mother plant was tested using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR), and start codon targeted (SCoT) molecular markers. The genetic similarity between the micropropagated plantlets and the mother plant of F. palmata was nearly 95.9%, assuring high uniformity and true-to-type regenerated plants. Using micropropagated F. palmata plantlets as a rootstock proved appropriate for the grafting F. carica 'Brown Turkey'. These findings contribute to the commercial propagation and production of the fig crop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yaser Hassan Dewir
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ahmad N, Jiang Z, Zhang L, Hussain I, Yang X. Insights on Phytohormonal Crosstalk in Plant Response to Nitrogen Stress: A Focus on Plant Root Growth and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043631. [PMID: 36835044 PMCID: PMC9958644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is a vital mineral component that can restrict the growth and development of plants if supplied inappropriately. In order to benefit their growth and development, plants have complex physiological and structural responses to changes in their nitrogen supply. As higher plants have multiple organs with varying functions and nutritional requirements, they coordinate their responses at the whole-plant level based on local and long-distance signaling pathways. It has been suggested that phytohormones are signaling substances in such pathways. The nitrogen signaling pathway is closely associated with phytohormones such as auxin (AUX), abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinins (CKs), ethylene (ETH), brassinosteroid (BR), strigolactones (SLs), jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid (SA). Recent research has shed light on how nitrogen and phytohormones interact to modulate physiology and morphology. This review provides a summary of the research on how phytohormone signaling affects root system architecture (RSA) in response to nitrogen availability. Overall, this review contributes to identifying recent developments in the interaction between phytohormones and N, as well as serving as a foundation for further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazir Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zhengjie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Iqbal Hussain
- Department of Horticulture, Institute of Vegetable Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Y, Zhao H, Hu X, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Li L, Hou L, Li M. Transcriptome and hormone Analyses reveal that melatonin promotes adventitious rooting in shaded cucumber hypocotyls. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1059482. [PMID: 36518515 PMCID: PMC9742233 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1059482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin, a multi-regulatory molecule, stimulates root generation and regulates many aspects of plant growth and developmental processes. To gain insight into the effects of melatonin on adventitious root (AR) formation, we use cucumber seedings subjected to one of three treatments: EW (hypocotyl exposed and irrigated with water), SW (hypocotyl shaded and irrigated with water) and SM (hypocotyl shaded and irrigated with 100 µM melatonin). Under shaded conditions, melatonin induced significant AR formation in the hypocotyl. To explore the mechanism of this melatonin-induced AR formation, we used transcriptome analysis to identify 1296 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Comparing SM with SW, a total of 774 genes were upregulated and 522 genes were downregulated. The DEGs were classified among different metabolic pathways, especially those connected with the synthesis of secondary metabolites, with hormone signal transduction and with plant-pathogen interactions. Analyses indicate exogenous melatonin increased contents of endogenous auxin, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, cytokinin and abscisic acid levels during AR formation. This study indicates melatonin promotes AR formation in cucumber seedings by regulating the expressions of genes related to hormone synthesis, signaling and cell wall formation, as well as by increasing the contents of auxin, cytokinin, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and abscisic acid. This research elucidates the molecular mechanisms of melatonin's role in promoting AR formation in the hypocotyl of cucumber seedings under shaded conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
- Experimental Teaching Center, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Hailiang Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaohui Hu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Zicun Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Lixia Li
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Leiping Hou
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Meilan Li
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yu Y, Meng N, Chen S, Zhang H, Liu Z, Wang Y, Jing Y, Wang Y, Chen S. Transcriptomic profiles of poplar (Populus simonii × P. nigra) cuttings during adventitious root formation. Front Genet 2022; 13:968544. [PMID: 36160010 PMCID: PMC9493132 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.968544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of adventitious roots (ARs) is vital for the vegetative propagation of poplars. However, the relevant mechanisms remain unclear. To reveal the underlying molecular mechanism, we used RNA-seq to investigate the transcriptional alterations of poplar cuttings soaked in water for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 d; 3,798 genes were differentially expressed at all the time points, including 2,448 upregulated and 1,350 downregulated genes. Biological processes including “cell cycle,” “photosynthesis,” “regulation of hormone levels,” and “auxin transport” were enriched in the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). KEGG results showed that the common DEGs were most enriched in the pathway of “Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms” and “Starch and sucrose metabolism.” We further dissected 38 DEGs related to root and auxin, including two lateral root primordium 1 (LRP1), one root meristem growth factor (RGF9), one auxin-induced in the root (AIR12), three rooting-associated genes (AUR1 and AUR3), eight auxin transcription factors (ARFs and LBDs), 10 auxin respective genes (SAURs and GH3s), nine auxin transporters (PINs, ABCs, LAX2, and AUXs), and four auxin signal genes (IAAs and TIR1). We found that the rooting abilities of poplar cuttings with and without leaves are different. By applying different concentrations of IBA and sucrose to the top of cuttings without leaves, we found that 0.2 mg/ml IBA and 2 mg/ml sucrose had the best effect on promoting AR formation. The transcriptome results indicated photosynthesis may influence AR formation in poplar cuttings with leaves and revealed a potential regulatory mechanism of leafy cuttage from poplar cuttings. In addition, we provided a new perspective to resolve rooting difficulties in recalcitrant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Nan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Song Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongjiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yiran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanan Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Su Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Su Chen,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Y, Pang D, Ruan L, Liang J, Zhang Q, Qian Y, Zhang Y, Bai P, Wu L, Cheng H, Cui Q, Wang L, Wei K. Integrated transcriptome and hormonal analysis of naphthalene acetic acid-induced adventitious root formation of tea cuttings (Camellia sinensis). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:319. [PMID: 35787241 PMCID: PMC9251942 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03701-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tea plant breeding or cultivation mainly involves propagation via cuttings, which not only ensures the inheritance of the excellent characteristics of the mother plant but also facilitates mechanized management. The formation of adventitious root (AR) determines the success of cutting-based propagation, and auxin is an essential factor involved in this process. To understand the molecular mechanism underlying AR formation in nodal tea cuttings, transcriptome and endogenous hormone analysis was performed on the stem bases of red (mature)- and green (immature)-stem cuttings of 'Echa 1 hao' tea plant as affected by a pulse treatment with naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). RESULTS In this study, NAA significantly promoted AR formation in both red- and green-stem cuttings but slightly reduced callus formation. External application of NAA reduced the levels of endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and cytokinin (TZR, trans-zeatin riboside). The number of DEGs (NAA vs. CK) identified in the green-stem cuttings was significantly higher than that in the red-stem cuttings, which corresponded to a higher rooting rate of green-stem cuttings under the NAA treatment. A total of 82 common DEGs were identified as being hormone-related and involved in the auxin, cytokinin, abscisic acid, ethylene, salicylic acid, brassinosteroid, and jasmonic acid pathways. The negative regulation of NAA-induced IAA and GH3 genes may explain the decrease of endogenous IAA. NAA reduced endogenous cytokinin levels and further downregulated the expression of cytokinin signalling-related genes. By the use of weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), several hub genes, including three [cellulose synthase (CSLD2), SHAVEN3-like 1 (SVL1), SMALL AUXIN UP RNA (SAUR21)] that are highly related to root development in other crops, were identified that might play important roles in AR formation in tea cuttings. CONCLUSIONS NAA promotes the formation of AR of tea cuttings in coordination with endogenous hormones. The most important endogenous AR inductor, IAA, was reduced in response to NAA. DEGs potentially involved in NAA-mediated AR formation of tea plant stem cuttings were identified via comparative transcriptome analysis. Several hub genes, such as CSLD2, SVL1 and SAUR21, were identified that might play important roles in AR formation in tea cuttings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Dandan Pang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou, 310008, China
- Tea Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Menghai, 666201, China
| | - Li Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Jinbo Liang
- Tea Research Institute of Enshi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Tea Research Institute of Enshi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Yinhong Qian
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Yazhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Peixian Bai
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Liyun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Qingmei Cui
- Tea Research Institute of Enshi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Enshi, 445000, China.
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Kang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cardoso H, Peixe A, Bellini C, Porfírio S, Druege U. Editorial: Advances on the Biological Mechanisms Involved in Adventitious Root Formation: From Signaling to Morphogenesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:867651. [PMID: 35295629 PMCID: PMC8918941 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.867651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hélia Cardoso
- MED – Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Augusto Peixe
- MED – Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Department of Plant Science, School of Science and Technology, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Catherine Bellini
- Umeå Plant Sciences Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Sara Porfírio
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Uwe Druege
- Erfurt Research Centre for Horticultural Crops, University of Applied Sciences Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Uddin S, Munir MZ, Gull S, Khan AH, Khan A, Khan D, Khan MA, Wu Y, Sun Y, Li Y. Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Role of MicroRNAs and Their Targeted Genes during Adventitious Root Formation in Dark-Pretreated Micro-Shoot Cuttings of Tetraploid Robinia pseudoacacia L. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:441. [PMID: 35327995 PMCID: PMC8950900 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetraploid Robinia pseudoacacia L. is a difficult-to-root species, and is vegetatively propagated through stem cuttings. Limited information is available regarding the adventitious root (AR) formation of dark-pretreated micro-shoot cuttings. Moreover, the role of specific miRNAs and their targeted genes during dark-pretreated AR formation under in vitro conditions has never been revealed. The dark pretreatment has successfully promoted and stimulated adventitious rooting signaling-related genes in tissue-cultured stem cuttings with the application of auxin (0.2 mg L-1 IBA). Histological analysis was performed for AR formation at 0, 12, 36, 48, and 72 h after excision (HAE) of the cuttings. The first histological events were observed at 36 HAE in the dark-pretreated cuttings; however, no cellular activities were observed in the control cuttings. In addition, the present study aimed to uncover the role of differentially expressed (DE) microRNAs (miRNAs) and their targeted genes during adventitious root formation using the lower portion (1-1.5 cm) of tetraploid R. pseudoacacia L. micro-shoot cuttings. The samples were analyzed using Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology for the identification of miRNAs at the mentioned time points. Seven DE miRNA libraries were constructed and sequenced. The DE number of 81, 162, 153, 154, 41, 9, and 77 miRNAs were upregulated, whereas 67, 98, 84, 116, 19, 16, and 93 miRNAs were downregulated in the following comparisons of the libraries: 0-vs-12, 0-vs-36, 0-vs-48, 0-vs-72, 12-vs-36, 36-vs-48, and 48-vs-72, respectively. Furthermore, we depicted an association between ten miRNAs (novel-m0778-3p, miR6135e.2-5p, miR477-3p, miR4416c-5p, miR946d, miR398b, miR389a-3p, novel m0068-5p, novel-m0650-3p, and novel-m0560-3p) and important target genes (auxin response factor-3, gretchen hagen-9, scarecrow-like-1, squamosa promoter-binding protein-like-12, small auxin upregulated RNA-70, binding protein-9, vacuolar invertase-1, starch synthase-3, sucrose synthase-3, probable starch synthase-3, cell wall invertase-4, and trehalose phosphatase synthase-5), all of which play a role in plant hormone signaling and starch and sucrose metabolism pathways. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to validate the relative expression of these miRNAs and their targeted genes. These results provide novel insights and a foundation for further studies to elucidate the molecular factors and processes controlling AR formation in woody plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Uddin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design (BAICFTBMD), Engineering Technology Research Center of Black Locust of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (S.U.); (Y.W.); (Y.S.)
| | - Muhammad Zeeshan Munir
- School of Environment and Energy, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Sadia Gull
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Aamir Hamid Khan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Aimal Khan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dilawar Khan
- School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Muhammad Asif Khan
- Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Yue Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design (BAICFTBMD), Engineering Technology Research Center of Black Locust of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (S.U.); (Y.W.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yuhan Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design (BAICFTBMD), Engineering Technology Research Center of Black Locust of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (S.U.); (Y.W.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yun Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design (BAICFTBMD), Engineering Technology Research Center of Black Locust of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (S.U.); (Y.W.); (Y.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Otiende MA, Fricke K, Nyabundi JO, Ngamau K, Hajirezaei MR, Druege U. Involvement of the auxin-cytokinin homeostasis in adventitious root formation of rose cuttings as affected by their nodal position in the stock plant. PLANTA 2021; 254:65. [PMID: 34487248 PMCID: PMC8421306 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03709-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced levels of indole-3-acetic and raised auxin to cytokinin ratios in the stem base contribute to the positive acropetal gradient in rooting capacity of leafy single-node stem cuttings of rose. Cuttings excised from different nodal positions in stock plants can differ in subsequent adventitious root formation. We investigated the involvement of the auxin-cytokinin balance in position-affected rooting of Rosa hybrida. Leafy single-node stem cuttings of two rose cultivars were excised from top versus bottom positions. Concentrations of IAA and cytokinins were monitored in the bud region and the stem base during 8 days after planting using chromatography-MS/MS technology. The effects of nodal position and external supply of indole-butyric acid on rooting were analyzed. Most cytokinins increased particularly in the bud region and peaked at day two before the bud break was recorded. IAA increased in both tissues between day one and day eight. Top versus bottom cuttings revealed higher levels of isopentenyladenosine (IPR) in both tissues as well as higher concentrations of IAA and a higher ratio of IAA to cytokinins particularly in the stem base. The dynamic of hormones and correlation analysis indicated that the higher IPR contributed to the enhanced IAA in the bud region which served as auxin source for the auxin homeostasis in the stem base, where IAA determined the auxin-cytokinin balance. Bottom versus top cuttings produced lower numbers and lengths of roots, whereas this deficit was counterbalanced by auxin application. Further considering other studies of rose, it is concluded that cytokinin-, sucrose- and zinc-dependent auxin biosynthesis in the outgrowing buds is an important factor that contributes to the enhanced IAA levels and auxin/cytokinin ratios in the stem base of apical cuttings, promoting root induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Klaus Fricke
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), 99090, Erfurt, Germany
| | | | - Kamau Ngamau
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62, Nairobi, 000-00200, Kenya
| | - Mohammad R Hajirezaei
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Uwe Druege
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), 99090, Erfurt, Germany.
- Erfurt Research Centre for Horticultural Crops (FGK), University of Applied Sciences Erfurt, 99090, Erfurt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chacuttayapong W, Enoki H, Nabetani Y, Matsui M, Oguchi T, Motohashi R. Transformation of Jatropha curcas L. for production of larger seeds and increased amount of biodiesel. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2021; 38:247-256. [PMID: 34393603 PMCID: PMC8329273 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.21.0422b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of green energy is important to mitigate global warming. Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) is a promising candidate for the production of alternative biofuel, which could reduce the burden on the Earth's resources. Jatropha seeds contain a large quantity of lipids that can be used to produce biofuel, and the rest of the plant has many other uses. Currently, techniques for plant genetic transformation are extensively employed to study, create, and improve the specific characteristics of the target plant. Successful transformation involves the alteration of plants and their genetic materials. The aim of this study was to generate Jatropha plants that can support biofuel production by increasing their seed size using genes found via the rice FOX-hunting system. The present study improved previous protocols, enabling the production of transgenic Jatropha in two steps: the first step involved using auxins and dark incubation to promote root formation in excised shoots and the second step involved delaying the timing of antibiotic selection in the cultivation medium. Transgenic plants were subjected to PCR analysis; the transferred gene expression was confirmed via RT-PCR and the ploidy level was investigated. The results suggest that the genes associated with larger seed size in Arabidopsis thaliana, which were found using the rice FOX-hunting system, produce larger seeds in Jatropha.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wiluk Chacuttayapong
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Harumi Enoki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Yusei Nabetani
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Minami Matsui
- Synthetic Genomics Research group, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Taichi Oguchi
- Tsukuba Plant‐Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Reiko Motohashi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Alaguero-Cordovilla A, Sánchez-García AB, Ibáñez S, Albacete A, Cano A, Acosta M, Pérez-Pérez JM. An auxin-mediated regulatory framework for wound-induced adventitious root formation in tomato shoot explants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1642-1662. [PMID: 33464573 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Adventitious roots (ARs) are produced from non-root tissues in response to different environmental signals, such as abiotic stresses, or after wounding, in a complex developmental process that requires hormonal crosstalk. Here, we characterized AR formation in young seedlings of Solanum lycopersicum cv. 'Micro-Tom' after whole root excision by means of physiological, genetic and molecular approaches. We found that a regulated basipetal auxin transport from the shoot and local auxin biosynthesis triggered by wounding are both required for the re-establishment of internal auxin gradients within the vasculature. This promotes cell proliferation at the distal cambium near the wound in well-defined positions of the basal hypocotyl and during a narrow developmental window. In addition, a pre-established pattern of differential auxin responses along the apical-basal axis of the hypocotyl and an as of yet unknown cell-autonomous inhibitory pathway contribute to the temporal and spatial patterning of the newly formed ARs on isolated hypocotyl explants. Our work provides an experimental outline for the dissection of wound-induced AR formation in tomato, a species that is suitable for molecular identification of gene regulatory networks via forward and reverse genetics approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sergio Ibáñez
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Alfonso Albacete
- Present address: Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA), La Alberca, Spain
- CEBAS-CSIC, Department of Plant Nutrition, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Cano
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Acosta
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Recent Advances in Adventitious Root Formation in Chestnut. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111543. [PMID: 33187282 PMCID: PMC7698097 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The genus Castanea includes several tree species that are relevant because of their geographical extension and their multipurpose character, that includes nut and timber production. However, commercial exploitation of the trees is hindered by several factors, particularly by their limited regeneration ability. Regardless of recent advances, there exists a serious limitation for the propagation of elite genotypes of chestnut due to decline of rooting ability as the tree ages. In the present review, we summarize the research developed in this genus during the last three decades concerning the formation of adventitious roots (ARs). Focusing on cuttings and in vitro microshoots, we gather the information available on several species, particularly C. sativa, C. dentata and the hybrid C.sativa × C. crenata, and analyze the influence of several factors on the achievements of the applied protocols, including genotype, auxin treatment, light regime and rooting media. We also pay attention to the acclimation phase, as well as compile the information available about biochemical and molecular related aspects. Furthermore, we considerate promising biotechnological approaches that might enable the improvement of the current protocols.
Collapse
|
12
|
Bai T, Dong Z, Zheng X, Song S, Jiao J, Wang M, Song C. Auxin and Its Interaction With Ethylene Control Adventitious Root Formation and Development in Apple Rootstock. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:574881. [PMID: 33178245 PMCID: PMC7593273 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.574881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Adventitious root (AR) formation is indispensable for vegetative asexual propagation. Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) functioned indirectly as precursor of IAA in regulating AR formation. Ethylene affects auxin synthesis, transport, and/or signaling processes. However, the interactions between auxin and ethylene that control AR formation in apple have not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effects of IBA and its interaction with ethylene on AR development in apple. The results revealed that IBA stimulated the formation of root primordia, increased the number of ARs, and upregulated expression of genes (MdWOX11, MdLBD16, and MdLBD29) involved in AR formation. Comparison of different periods of IBA application indicated that IBA was necessary for root primordium formation, while long time IBA treatment obviously inhibited root elongation. RNA-seq analysis revealed that many plant hormone metabolism and signal transduction related genes were differentially expressed. IBA stimulated the production of ethylene during AR formation. Auxin inhibiting ARs elongation depended on ethylene. Together, our results suggest that the inhibitory role of auxin on AR elongation in apples is partially mediated by stimulated ethylene production.
Collapse
|
13
|
Dong CJ, Liu XY, Xie LL, Wang LL, Shang QM. Salicylic acid regulates adventitious root formation via competitive inhibition of the auxin conjugation enzyme CsGH3.5 in cucumber hypocotyls. PLANTA 2020; 252:75. [PMID: 33026530 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03467-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous SA treatment at appropriate concentrations promotes adventitious root formation in cucumber hypocotyls, via competitive inhibiting the IAA-Asp synthetase activity of CsGH3.5, and increasing the local free IAA level. Adventitious root formation is critical for the cutting propagation of horticultural plants. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) has been shown to play a central role in regulating this process, while for salicylic acid (SA), its exact effects and regulatory mechanism have not been elucidated. In this study, we showed that exogenous SA treatment at the concentrations of both 50 and 100 µM promoted adventitious root formation at the base of the hypocotyl of cucumber seedlings. At these concentrations, SA could induce the expression of CYCLIN and Cyclin-dependent Kinase (CDK) genes during adventitious rooting. IAA was shown to be involved in SA-induced adventitious root formation in cucumber hypocotyls. Exposure to exogenous SA led to a slight increase in the free IAA content, and pre-treatment with the auxin transport inhibitor 1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) almost completely abolished the inducible effects of SA on adventitious root number. SA-induced IAA accumulation was also associated with the enhanced expression of Gretchen Hagen3.5 (CsGH3.5). The in vitro enzymatic assay indicated that CsGH3.5 has both IAA- and SA-amido synthetase activity and prefers aspartate (Asp) as the amino acid conjugate. The Asp concentration dictated the functional activity of CsGH3.5 on IAA. Both affinity and catalytic efficiency (Kcat/Km) increased when the Asp concentration increased from 0.3 to 1 mM. In contrast, CsGH3.5 showed equal catalytic efficiency for SA at low and high Asp concentrations. Furthermore, SA functioned as a competitive inhibitor of the IAA-Asp synthetase activity of CsGH3.5. During adventitious formation, SA application indeed repressed the IAA-Asp levels in the rooting zone. These data show that SA plays an inducible role in adventitious root formation in cucumber through competitive inhibition of the auxin conjugation enzyme CsGH3.5. SA reduces the IAA conjugate levels, thereby increasing the local free IAA level and ultimately enhancing adventitious root formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Juan Dong
- Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin-Yan Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Lu Xie
- Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Ling Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Mao Shang
- Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wu J, Cheng J, Xu C, Qi S, Sun W, Wu S. AUREA maintains the balance between chlorophyll synthesis and adventitious root formation in tomato. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:166. [PMID: 33082972 PMCID: PMC7527990 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00386-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Flooding tolerance is an important trait for tomato breeding. In this study, we obtained a recessive mutant exhibiting highly enhanced submergence resistance. Phenotypical analyses showed that this resistant to flooding (rf) mutant displays slightly chlorotic leaves and spontaneous initiation of adventitious roots (ARs) on stems. The mutation was mapped to the phytochromobilin synthase gene AUREA (AU), in which a single amino acid substitution from asparagine to tyrosine occurred. In addition to the classic function of AU in phytochrome and chlorophyll biogenesis in leaves, we uncovered its novel role in mediating AR formation on stems. We further observed temporal coincidence of the two phenotypes in the rf mutant: chlorosis and spontaneous AR formation and revealed that AU functions by maintaining heme homeostasis. Interestingly, our grafting results suggest that heme might play roles in AR initiation via long-distance transport from leaves to stems. Our results present genetic evidence for the involvement of the AU-heme oxygenase-1-heme pathway in AR initiation in tomato. As fruit production and yield in the rf mutant are minimally impacted, the mutation identified in this study may provide a target for biotechnological renovation of tomato germplasm in future breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Wu
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002 Fujian, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002 Fujian, China
| | - Chunmiao Xu
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002 Fujian, China
| | - Shilian Qi
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002 Fujian, China
| | - Wenru Sun
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002 Fujian, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002 Fujian, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Druege U. Overcoming Physiological Bottlenecks of Leaf Vitality and Root Development in Cuttings: A Systemic Perspective. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:907. [PMID: 32714348 PMCID: PMC7340085 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Each year, billions of ornamental young plants are produced worldwide from cuttings that are harvested from stock plants and planted to form adventitious roots. Depending on the plant genotype, the maturation of the cutting, and the particular environment, which is complex and often involves intermediate storage of cuttings under dark conditions and shipping between different climate regions, induced senescence or abscission of leaves and insufficient root development can impair the success of propagation and the quality of generated young plants. Recent findings on the molecular and physiological control of leaf vitality and adventitious root formation are integrated into a systemic perspective on improved physiologically-based control of cutting propagation. The homeostasis and signal transduction of the wound responsive plant hormones ethylene and jasmonic acid, of auxin, cytokinins and strigolactones, and the carbon-nitrogen source-sink balance in cuttings are considered as important processes that are both, highly responsive to environmental inputs and decisive for the development of cuttings. Important modules and bottlenecks of cutting function are identified. Critical environmental inputs at stock plant and cutting level are highlighted and physiological outputs that can be used as quality attributes to monitor the functional capacity of cuttings and as response parameters to optimize the cutting environment are discussed. Facing the great genetic diversity of ornamental crops, a physiologically targeted approach is proposed to define bottleneck-specific plant groups. Components from the field of machine learning may help to mathematically describe the complex environmental response of specific plant species.
Collapse
|
16
|
White PJ. Root traits benefitting crop production in environments with limited water and nutrient availability. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 124:mcz162. [PMID: 31599920 PMCID: PMC6881216 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breeding for advantageous root traits will play a fundamental role in improving the efficiency of water and nutrient acquisition, closing yield gaps, and underpinning the "Evergreen Revolution" that must match crop production with human demand. SCOPE This preface provides an overview of a Special Issue of Annals of Botany on "Root traits benefitting crop production in environments with limited water and nutrient availability". The first papers in the Special Issue examine how breeding for reduced shoot stature and greater harvest index during the Green Revolution affected root system architecture. It is observed that reduced plant height and root architecture are inherited independently and can be improved simultaneously to increase the acquisition and utilisation of carbon, water and mineral nutrients. These insights are followed by papers examining beneficial root traits for resource acquisition in environments with limited water or nutrient availability, such as deep rooting, control of hydraulic conductivity, formation of aerenchyma, proliferation of lateral roots and root hairs, foraging of nutrient-rich patches, manipulation of rhizosphere pH and the exudation of low molecular weight organic solutes. The Special Issue concludes with papers exploring the interactions of plant roots and microorganisms, highlighting the need for plants to control the symbiotic relationships between mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia to achieve maximal growth, and the roles of plants and microbes in the modification and development of soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip J White
- Ecological Science Group, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang H, Yang Y, Li M, Liu J, Jin W. Reinvigoration of diploid strawberry (Fragaria vesca) during adventitious shoot regeneration. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13007. [PMID: 31506476 PMCID: PMC6736952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49391-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Diploid strawberry (Fragaria vesca 'Baiguo') is a model plant for studying functional genomics in Rosaceae. Adventitious shoot regeneration is essential for functional genomics by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. An efficient shoot regeneration method using diploid strawberry leaf explants was conducted on 1/2MS + 1/2B5 medium that contained 2.0 mg L-1 TDZ over 14 days of dark culture; this induced the maximum percentage of shoot regeneration (96.44 ± 1.60%) and the highest number of shoots per explant (23.46 ± 2.14) after 11 weeks of culture. The explants considerably enlarged after 12 days; then, turned greenish brown after 30 days, yellowish brown after 36 days, and completely brown and necrotic after 48 days. Large numbers of adventitious shoots were produced from 48 to 66 days, and the shoots elongated from 66 to 78 days; this represents a critical period of reinvigoration, which included 30 days for leaf explant chlorosis, 36 days for adventitious shoot appearance, and 48 days for generation of numerous shoots. During the reinvigoration process, higher expressions of the hormone synthesis-related genes Ciszog1, CKX2, CKX3, CKX7, YUC2, YUC6, YUC10, YUC9, and GA2ox were detected from 30 to 48 days. Our results indicate that these genes may regulate reinvigoration of shoot regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Maofu Li
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Jiashen Liu
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Wanmei Jin
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, China.
| |
Collapse
|