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Viljoen JL, Goossens I, Monjazeb S, Cochrane DM, Vargen LM, Jonnson MR, Blanchard AJE, Li SMY, Jackson JR. Are risk assessment tools more accurate than unstructured judgments in predicting violent, any, and sexual offending? A meta-analysis of direct comparison studies. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2024. [PMID: 39363308 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
We conducted a pre-registered meta-analysis of studies that directly compared the predictive validity of risk assessment tools to unstructured judgments of risk for violent, any, or sexual offending. A total of 31 studies, containing 169 effect sizes from 45,673 risk judgments, met inclusion criteria. Based on the results of three-level mixed-effects meta-regression models, the predictive validity of total scores on risk assessment tools was significantly higher than that of unstructured judgments for predictions of violent, any, and sexual offending. Tools continued to outperform unstructured judgments after accounting for risk of bias. This finding was also robust to variations in population, assessment context, and outcome measurement. Although this meta-analysis provides support for the use of risk assessment tools, it also highlights limitations and gaps that future research should address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L Viljoen
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ilvy Goossens
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sanam Monjazeb
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dana M Cochrane
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lee M Vargen
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Melissa R Jonnson
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Adam J E Blanchard
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shanna M Y Li
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jourdan R Jackson
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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2
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Pollerhoff L, Reindel DF, Kanske P, Li SC, Reiter AMF. Age differences in prosociality across the adult lifespan: A meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 165:105843. [PMID: 39111722 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Lifespan developmental theories and research suggest a positive effect of adult age on prosociality. However, this effect lacks consistency, with many studies excluding the period of midlife. This study summarized cross-sectional studies on adult age and prosociality, combining 120 (independent) samples (n = 103,829) in a lifespan meta-analysis approach. Linear and quadratic age effects on prosociality were analyzed, as well as comparisons between younger, middle-aged, and older adults. Prosociality was assessed via behavioral measures and self-reports. In both these domains, results indicated small linear age effects and higher prosociality in older compared to younger adults, supporting the hypothesis of increased prosociality in older age. Additionally, leveraging open data sets (64/120 independent samples), predominantly unpublished, we found some evidence for potential quadratic age effects on behavioral prosociality: Middle-aged adults exhibited higher behavioral and self-reported prosociality than younger adults, but no differences between middle-aged and older adults were observed. This meta-analysis offers new perspectives on age trajectories of prosociality, suggesting midlife as a potentially important phase of pronounced prosociality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Pollerhoff
- Lifespan Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - David F Reindel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Kanske
- Clinical Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Shu-Chen Li
- Lifespan Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Centre for Tactile Internet with Human-in-the-Loop, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrea M F Reiter
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Department of Psychology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; German Centre of Prevention Research on Mental Health, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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3
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Ferzoco IMC, McCauley SJ. Novel habitats for biodiversity? A systematic review and meta-analysis of freshwater biodiversity in stormwater management ponds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 942:173467. [PMID: 38802007 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Stormwater ponds are increasingly becoming a dominant pond type in cities experiencing urban sprawl. These human-made ponds are designed primarily to control flooding issues associated with increased impervious surface in cities and serve to retain sediment and contaminants before flowing to urban downstream waterways. Along with these important functions, constructed ponds including stormwater ponds may be critical in urban freshwater conservation because they often represent some of the few remaining lentic environments (still water; e.g. ponds, wetlands, lakes) in many cities. We currently lack a clear understanding of the role that stormwater ponds play in serving as habitat for freshwater biodiversity. Here, we examined whether stormwater ponds support freshwater biodiversity in cities by reviewing the empirical literature on biotic community responses in urban stormwater ponds across a range of taxonomic groups. We conducted a meta-analysis on empirical papers that quantitatively examined differences in taxonomic richness between stormwater ponds and reference ponds (n = 11 papers, 22 effects). We also examined a broader set of 58 papers to qualitatively synthesize studies on stormwater pond communities and assess various indicators of habitat quality in stormwater ponds. In the studies examined, heterogeneity exists in the habitat quality of stormwater ponds and increased pollutant loads are often reported. However, the results highlight that stormwater ponds tend to contain alpha diversity comparable to reference ponds, and that overall, a range of ecologically important wildlife make use of and inhabit urban stormwater ponds. We find that stormwater ponds can often support communities with broad compositions of taxa, including those that are sensitive or vulnerable to environmental change. We compile recommendations provided within the studies in order to improve our understanding of the management of urban stormwater ponds for biodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Maria C Ferzoco
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada.
| | - Shannon J McCauley
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
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Zhang Q, Zhou X, Sun Y, Deng Q, Wu Q, Wen Z, Chen H. Harmful effects of microplastics on respiratory system of aquatic animals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 273:107003. [PMID: 38901219 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.107003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The presence of microplastics in the aquatic environment has attracted widespread attention. A large number of studies have assessed the effects of microplastics on the respiratory system of aquatic animals, but the results are not directly comparable across studies due to inconsistent evaluation criteria. Therefore, we adopted an integrated research approach that can integrate and parse complex data to improve reliability, conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 35 published studies, and elucidated the mechanisms of microplastic damage to cells. The results showed that PE had the greatest impact on aquatic animals, and fish were the most sensitive to the effects caused by microplastics, with oxidative stress induced by exposure concentrations exceeding 1000 µg/L or exposure times exceeding 28 days, leading to depletion of antioxidant defenses, cellular damage, inflammatory responses, and behavioral abnormalities. As this review is based on existing studies, there may be limitations in terms of literature quality, data availability and timeliness. In conclusion, we suggest to combat microplastic pollution by limiting plastic use, promoting plastic substitution and recycling, and enhancing microplastic capture degradation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiurong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; Guizhou Engineering Laboratory for Quality Control & Evaluation Technology of Medicine, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; Guizhou Engineering Laboratory for Quality Control & Evaluation Technology of Medicine, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; Guizhou Engineering Laboratory for Quality Control & Evaluation Technology of Medicine, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Qingfang Deng
- Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; Guizhou Engineering Laboratory for Quality Control & Evaluation Technology of Medicine, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Qing Wu
- Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; Innovation Laboratory, The Third Experiment Middle School, China
| | - Zhirui Wen
- College of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; Qiannan Normal College for Nationalities, No.5, Middle Jianjiang Avenue, Duyun 558000, China
| | - Huaguo Chen
- Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; Guizhou Engineering Laboratory for Quality Control & Evaluation Technology of Medicine, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China.
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Cheng WH, Quan Y, Thompson WF. The effect of dance on mental health and quality of life of people with Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and three-level meta-analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 120:105326. [PMID: 38237379 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2024.105326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects millions of individuals worldwide. Dance has emerged as a comprehensive intervention for enhancing well-being in this population. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the effectiveness of dance on mental health and quality of life among individuals with PD. METHODS Three databases were searched in December 2022. Research papers comparing the effects of dance with a non-dance control on the quality of life or mental health of individuals with PD were included. Two authors independently screened the studies, extracted data, and assessed methodological quality of eligible studies. To address the interdependence of effect sizes within studies, the three-level meta-analysis approach was employed to analyze the data. RESULTS Thirteen trials involving a total of 496 participants were included, with 11 being subjected to statistical analysis. The results indicated that dance had a positive impact on mental health (g = 0.43, 95 % CI = [0.11, 0.75]) and quality of life (g = 0.46, 95 % CI = [-0.04, 0.95]) when compared to passive control groups. Moderator analyses revealed that non-partnered dance and dance interventions with lower total dosages were particularly beneficial for mental health. CONCLUSION Dance interventions are an effective lifestyle activity for enhancing mental health and quality of life in individuals with PD. A theoretical framework is proposed to explain the impact of dance on well-being from neurological, social, physical, and psychological perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsin Cheng
- Faculty of Society and Design, Bond University, Queensland 4229, Australia
| | - Yixue Quan
- School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia
| | - William Forde Thompson
- Faculty of Society and Design, Bond University, Queensland 4229, Australia; School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia.
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Nkebiwe PM, Stevens Lekfeldt JD, Symanczik S, Thonar C, Mäder P, Bar-Tal A, Halpern M, Biró B, Bradáčová K, Caniullan PC, Choudhary KK, Cozzolino V, Di Stasio E, Dobczinski S, Geistlinger J, Lüthi A, Gómez-Muñoz B, Kandeler E, Kolberg F, Kotroczó Z, Kulhanek M, Mercl F, Tamir G, Moradtalab N, Piccolo A, Maggio A, Nassal D, Szalai MZ, Juhos K, Fora CG, Florea A, Poşta G, Lauer KF, Toth B, Tlustoš P, Mpanga IK, Weber N, Weinmann M, Yermiyahu U, Magid J, Müller T, Neumann G, Ludewig U, de Neergaard A. Effectiveness of bio-effectors on maize, wheat and tomato performance and phosphorus acquisition from greenhouse to field scales in Europe and Israel: a meta-analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1333249. [PMID: 38628362 PMCID: PMC11020074 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1333249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Biostimulants (Bio-effectors, BEs) comprise plant growth-promoting microorganisms and active natural substances that promote plant nutrient-acquisition, stress resilience, growth, crop quality and yield. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of BEs, particularly under field conditions, appears highly variable and poorly quantified. Using random model meta-analyses tools, we summarize the effects of 107 BE treatments on the performance of major crops, mainly conducted within the EU-funded project BIOFECTOR with a focus on phosphorus (P) nutrition, over five years. Our analyses comprised 94 controlled pot and 47 field experiments under different geoclimatic conditions, with variable stress levels across European countries and Israel. The results show an average growth/yield increase by 9.3% (n=945), with substantial differences between crops (tomato > maize > wheat) and growth conditions (controlled nursery + field (Seed germination and nursery under controlled conditions and young plants transplanted to the field) > controlled > field). Average crop growth responses were independent of BE type, P fertilizer type, soil pH and plant-available soil P (water-P, Olsen-P or Calcium acetate lactate-P). BE effectiveness profited from manure and other organic fertilizers, increasing soil pH and presence of abiotic stresses (cold, drought/heat or salinity). Systematic meta-studies based on published literature commonly face the inherent problem of publication bias where the most suspected form is the selective publication of statistically significant results. In this meta-analysis, however, the results obtained from all experiments within the project are included. Therefore, it is free of publication bias. In contrast to reviews of published literature, our unique study design is based on a common standardized protocol which applies to all experiments conducted within the project to reduce sources of variability. Based on data of crop growth, yield and P acquisition, we conclude that application of BEs can save fertilizer resources in the future, but the efficiency of BE application depends on cropping systems and environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peteh Mehdi Nkebiwe
- Institute of Crop Science, Departments of Nutritional Crop Physiology and Fertilization and Soil Matter Dynamics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jonas D. Stevens Lekfeldt
- Faculty of Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sarah Symanczik
- Department of Soil Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Frick, Switzerland
| | - Cécile Thonar
- Department of Soil Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Frick, Switzerland
| | - Paul Mäder
- Department of Soil Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Frick, Switzerland
| | - Asher Bar-Tal
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Moshe Halpern
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat, Israel
| | - Borbala Biró
- Department of Agro-Environmental Studies, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Klára Bradáčová
- Institute of Crop Science, Departments of Nutritional Crop Physiology and Fertilization and Soil Matter Dynamics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Pedro C. Caniullan
- Institute of Crop Science, Departments of Nutritional Crop Physiology and Fertilization and Soil Matter Dynamics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Krishna K. Choudhary
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Vincenza Cozzolino
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca sulla Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per l’Ambiente, l’Agro-Alimentare ed i Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Emilio Di Stasio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Stefan Dobczinski
- Institute of Crop Science, Departments of Nutritional Crop Physiology and Fertilization and Soil Matter Dynamics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Joerg Geistlinger
- Institute of Bioanalytical Sciences, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Bernburg, Germany
| | - Angelika Lüthi
- Institute of Crop Science, Departments of Nutritional Crop Physiology and Fertilization and Soil Matter Dynamics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Beatriz Gómez-Muñoz
- Faculty of Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ellen Kandeler
- Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Soil Biology Department, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Flora Kolberg
- Institute of Crop Science, Departments of Nutritional Crop Physiology and Fertilization and Soil Matter Dynamics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Zsolt Kotroczó
- Department of Agro-Environmental Studies, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Martin Kulhanek
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Suchdol, Czechia
| | - Filip Mercl
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Suchdol, Czechia
| | - Guy Tamir
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat, Israel
| | - Narges Moradtalab
- Institute of Crop Science, Departments of Nutritional Crop Physiology and Fertilization and Soil Matter Dynamics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alessandro Piccolo
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca sulla Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per l’Ambiente, l’Agro-Alimentare ed i Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Albino Maggio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Dinah Nassal
- Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Soil Biology Department, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Magdolna Zita Szalai
- Department of Agro-Environmental Studies, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Juhos
- Department of Agro-Environmental Studies, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ciprian G. Fora
- Department of Horticulture, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania”, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Andreea Florea
- Department of Horticulture, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania”, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Poşta
- Department of Horticulture, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania”, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Karl Fritz Lauer
- Department of Horticulture, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania”, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Brigitta Toth
- Institute of Crop Science, Departments of Nutritional Crop Physiology and Fertilization and Soil Matter Dynamics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Agricultural Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Pavel Tlustoš
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Suchdol, Czechia
| | - Isaac K. Mpanga
- Institute of Crop Science, Departments of Nutritional Crop Physiology and Fertilization and Soil Matter Dynamics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nino Weber
- Institute of Crop Science, Departments of Nutritional Crop Physiology and Fertilization and Soil Matter Dynamics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Weinmann
- Institute of Crop Science, Departments of Nutritional Crop Physiology and Fertilization and Soil Matter Dynamics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Uri Yermiyahu
- Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat, Israel
| | - Jakob Magid
- Faculty of Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Torsten Müller
- Institute of Crop Science, Departments of Nutritional Crop Physiology and Fertilization and Soil Matter Dynamics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Günter Neumann
- Institute of Crop Science, Departments of Nutritional Crop Physiology and Fertilization and Soil Matter Dynamics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Uwe Ludewig
- Institute of Crop Science, Departments of Nutritional Crop Physiology and Fertilization and Soil Matter Dynamics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas de Neergaard
- Faculty of Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
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7
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Rodriguez-Ayllon M, Solis-Urra P, Arroyo-Ávila C, Álvarez-Ortega M, Molina-García P, Molina-Hidalgo C, Gómez-Río M, Brown B, Erickson KI, Esteban-Cornejo I. Physical activity and amyloid beta in middle-aged and older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 13:133-144. [PMID: 37558161 PMCID: PMC10980893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the pathological hallmarks distinguishing Alzheimer's disease from other dementias is the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ). Higher physical activity is associated with decreased dementia risk, and one potential path could be through Aβ levels modulation. We aimed to explore the relationship between physical activity and Aβ in middle-aged and older adults. METHODS A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and SPORTDiscus was performed from inception to April 28, 2022. Studies were eligible if they included physical activity and Aβ data in adults aged 45 years or older. Multi-level meta-analyses of intervention and observational studies were performed to examine the role of physical activity in modulating Aβ levels. RESULTS In total, 37 articles were included (8 randomized controlled trials, 3 non-randomized controlled trials, 4 prospective longitudinal studies, and 22 cross-sectional studies). The overall effect size of physical activity interventions on changes in blood Aβ was medium (pooled standardized mean difference = -0.69, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): -1.41 to 0.03; I2 = 74.6%). However, these results were not statistically significant, and there were not enough studies to explore the effects of physical activity on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain Aβ. Data from observational studies were examined based on measurements of Aβ in the brain using positron emission tomography scans, CSF, and blood. Higher physical activity was positively associated with Aβ only in the CSF (Estimate r = 0.12; 95%CI: 0.05-0.18; I2 = 38.00%). CONCLUSION Physical activity might moderately reduce blood Aβ in middle-aged and older adults. However, results were only near statistical significance and might be interpreted with caution given the methodological limitations observed in some of the included studies. In observational studies, higher levels of physical activity were positively associated with Aβ only in CSF. Therefore, further research is needed to understand the modulating role of physical activity in the brain, CSF, and blood Aβ, as well as its implication for cognitive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rodriguez-Ayllon
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, GD 3015, the Netherlands
| | - Patricio Solis-Urra
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain; Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2531015, Chile; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Institute of Biosanitary Research of Granada (IBS), Granada 18014, Spain
| | - Cristina Arroyo-Ávila
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Miriam Álvarez-Ortega
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Pablo Molina-García
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Institute of Biosanitary Research of Granada (IBS), Granada 18014, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Gómez-Río
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Institute of Biosanitary Research of Granada (IBS), Granada 18014, Spain
| | - Belinda Brown
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Kirk I Erickson
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain; Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; Advent Health Research Institute, Neuroscience Institute Orlando, Orlando, FL 32803, USA
| | - Irene Esteban-Cornejo
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain; Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition Research Center (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid 28029, Spain.
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8
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Marja R, Albrecht M, Herzog F, Öckinger E, Segre H, Kleijn D, Batáry P. Quantifying potential trade-offs and win-wins between arthropod diversity and yield on cropland under agri-environment schemes-A meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 353:120277. [PMID: 38325288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
In Europe, agri-environment schemes (AES) are a key instrument to combat the ongoing decline of farmland biodiversity. AES aim is to support biodiversity and maintain ecosystem services, such as pollination or pest control. To what extent AES affect crop yield is still poorly understood. We performed a systematic review, including hierarchical meta-analyses, to investigate potential trade-offs and win-wins between the effectiveness of AES for arthropod diversity and agricultural yield on European croplands. Altogether, we found 26 studies with a total of 125 data points that fulfilled our study inclusion criteria. From each study, we extracted data on biodiversity (arthropod species richness and abundance) and yield for fields with AES management and control fields without AES. The majority of the studies reported significantly higher species richness and abundance of arthropods (especially wild pollinators) in fields with AES (31 % increase), but yields were at the same time significantly lower on fields with AES compared to control fields (21 % decrease). Aside from the opportunity costs, AES that promote out-of-production elements (e.g. wildflower strips), supported biodiversity (29-32 % increase) without significantly compromising yield (2-5 % increase). Farmers can get an even higher yield in these situations than in current conventional agricultural production systems without AES. Thus, our study is useful to identify AES demonstrating benefits for arthropod biodiversity with negligible or relatively low costs regarding yield losses. Further optimization of the design and management of AES is needed to improve their effectiveness in promoting both biodiversity and minimizing crop yield losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riho Marja
- "Lendület" Landscape and Conservation Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Botany, HUN-REN Centre for Ecological Research, Alkotmány u. 2-4, 2163 Vácrátót, Hungary.
| | | | - Felix Herzog
- Agroscope, Agricultural Landscapes and Biodiversity, Switzerland
| | - Erik Öckinger
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hila Segre
- Department of Natural Resources, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon Le'Zion, Israel; Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - David Kleijn
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Péter Batáry
- "Lendület" Landscape and Conservation Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Botany, HUN-REN Centre for Ecological Research, Alkotmány u. 2-4, 2163 Vácrátót, Hungary
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9
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Lundgren EJ, Bergman J, Trepel J, le Roux E, Monsarrat S, Kristensen JA, Pedersen RØ, Pereyra P, Tietje M, Svenning JC. Functional traits-not nativeness-shape the effects of large mammalian herbivores on plant communities. Science 2024; 383:531-537. [PMID: 38301018 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh2616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Large mammalian herbivores (megafauna) have experienced extinctions and declines since prehistory. Introduced megafauna have partly counteracted these losses yet are thought to have unusually negative effects on plants compared with native megafauna. Using a meta-analysis of 3995 plot-scale plant abundance and diversity responses from 221 studies, we found no evidence that megafauna impacts were shaped by nativeness, "invasiveness," "feralness," coevolutionary history, or functional and phylogenetic novelty. Nor was there evidence that introduced megafauna facilitate introduced plants more than native megafauna. Instead, we found strong evidence that functional traits shaped megafauna impacts, with larger-bodied and bulk-feeding megafauna promoting plant diversity. Our work suggests that trait-based ecology provides better insight into interactions between megafauna and plants than do concepts of nativeness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick J Lundgren
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) and Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane City, Queensland, Australia
| | - Juraj Bergman
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) and Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jonas Trepel
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) and Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Conservation Biology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Elizabeth le Roux
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) and Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
- Aarhus Institute for Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sophie Monsarrat
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) and Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Rewilding Europe, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jeppe Aagaard Kristensen
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) and Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Leverhulme Centre for Nature Recovery, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rasmus Østergaard Pedersen
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) and Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Patricio Pereyra
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones, Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada y Transferencia, Tecnológica en Recursos Marinos Almirante Storni (CIMAS), San Antonio Oeste, Argentina
| | - Melanie Tietje
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) and Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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10
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Liu E, Liu Z, Sun Z, Li J, Gong H, Peng J, Ouyang Z. Soil inorganic carbon stocks increase non-synergistically with soil organic carbon after ecological restoration practices in drylands. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 348:119070. [PMID: 37820432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Ecological restoration practices have been widely adopted to increase soil carbon stocks by improving soil organic carbon (SOC). However, the effects of these practices on the other important soil carbon component, soil inorganic carbon (SIC), remain unclear. To address this, a meta-analysis based on 45 publications and 37 sites was conducted to quantitatively assess the dynamic changes in SIC stocks due to typical restoration practices, including conversion of cropland to forest (C-F), cropland to grassland (C-G), desert to cropland (D-C), conservation agriculture (CA), and desert to forest (D-F). Results showed that, among the restoration practices increasing the SOC stocks, the SIC stocks decreased after the C-F (-34.7%) and C-G (-15.8%) conversions and CA (-6.8%), but increased after the conversion of D-C (2.6%) and D-F (46.9%). Additionally, in terms of recovery duration, the negative effect of C-G on SIC stocks may vanish with increased recovery duration, whereas SIC stocks showed a prominent increase initially after CA and then decreased over time; the response to D-F conversion of SIC stocks remained consistently positive over time. Furthermore, the non-synergistic changes with SIC and SOC could be due to variations in edaphic factors, while the effects edaphic factors on SIC stocks were different under various ecological restoration practices. Among all the impact factors, mean annual temperature, initial SIC stocks, and types of ecological restoration practice, were the most crucial factors explaining the variation in SIC stocks with ecological restoration. Collectively, the results highlight that the change in SIC stocks is asynchronous with the increase in SOC stocks in space and time after ecological restoration, further indicating that changes in SIC stocks should be paid more attention when assessing and predicting carbon sequestration following various ecological restoration practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyuan Liu
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Shandong Dongying Institute of Geographic Sciences, Dongying, 257000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Engineering Laboratory for Yellow River Delta Modern Agriculture, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing, 100101, China; Shandong Dongying Institute of Geographic Sciences, Dongying, 257000, China.
| | - Zhigang Sun
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Engineering Laboratory for Yellow River Delta Modern Agriculture, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing, 100101, China; Shandong Dongying Institute of Geographic Sciences, Dongying, 257000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Li
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huarui Gong
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Engineering Laboratory for Yellow River Delta Modern Agriculture, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing, 100101, China; Shandong Dongying Institute of Geographic Sciences, Dongying, 257000, China
| | - Jinbang Peng
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Shandong Dongying Institute of Geographic Sciences, Dongying, 257000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhu Ouyang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Engineering Laboratory for Yellow River Delta Modern Agriculture, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing, 100101, China; Shandong Dongying Institute of Geographic Sciences, Dongying, 257000, China
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11
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Moore M, Northey JM, Crispin P, Semple S, Toohey K. Effects of Exercise Rehabilitation on Physical Function in Adults With Hematological Cancer Receiving Active Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Semin Oncol Nurs 2023; 39:151504. [PMID: 37743111 DOI: 10.1016/j.soncn.2023.151504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate the efficacy of exercise rehabilitation at improving physical function during active treatment for adults diagnosed with a hematological malignancy. DATA SOURCE Systematic review with a multilevel meta-analysis of randomized trails was conducted. Four electronic databases, MEDLINE (EBSCOhost), CINAHL, Scopus, and CENTRAL, were searched using key words and medical subject headings. Articles were screened and assessed against the predetermined eligibility criteria. Data extracted were appraised using the Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials and the GRADE guidelines. A meta-analysis examined four key clinical objectives. CONCLUSION Twelve studies representing a total of 812 participants were included. Analysis of 36 dependent effect sizes from nine studies revealed structured and prescribed exercise interventions improved physical function (SMD = 0.39; 95% CI 0.21-0.57) compared to usual care or an active control. Exercise interventions with a multimodal design consisting of both aerobic and resistance exercise had a statistically significant effect on physical function (P < .001). Exercise intensity also had a statistically significant effect on physical function when prescribed at a moderate (P = .003) and vigorous (P < .001) intensity during active treatment in patients with leukemia or lymphoma. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE This review suggests individuals diagnosed with leukemia or lymphoma can optimize physical function during and immediately post-treatment by attending exercise rehabilitation 3-5 times per weeks performing moderate-vigorous aerobic and resistance exercise. While further research is needed to identify optimal prescription guidelines throughout the treatment continuum, this review underscores the importance for hematology nurses to support patient referrals to exercise oncology professionals to gain positive improvements in physical function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Moore
- Faculty of Health and Prehabilitation, Activity, Cancer, Exercise and Survivorship (PACES) Research Group, University of Canberra, Australia.
| | - Joseph M Northey
- Faculty of Health and Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Australia
| | - Philip Crispin
- Haematology Department, Canberra Hospital, Australian and Australian National University Medical School, Canberra, Australia
| | - Stuart Semple
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Australia
| | - Kellie Toohey
- Faculty of Health and Prehabilitation, Activity, Cancer, Exercise and Survivorship (PACES) Research Group, University of Canberra, Australia; Faculty of Health and Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Australia; Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Queensland, Australia
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12
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Jing M, Ye T, Kirkorian HL, Mares ML. Screen media exposure and young children's vocabulary learning and development: A meta-analysis. Child Dev 2023; 94:1398-1418. [PMID: 37042116 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
This meta-analysis synthesizes research on media use in early childhood (0-6 years), word-learning, and vocabulary size. Multi-level analyses included 266 effect sizes from 63 studies (Ntotal = 11,413) published between 1988-2022. Among samples with information about race/ethnicity (51%) and sex/gender (73%), most were majority White/Non-Hispanic and between 40%-60% female. Analyses revealed a small overall positive relation between screen media exposure and vocabulary (r = .23). Experimental studies yielded a small-to-medium effect (r = .30), with stronger effects for e-books than TV/video or games/apps, and non-significant effects for video chat. In correlational studies, there was no overall association between vocabulary size and naturalistic media exposure (r = .07), with the exception of naturalistic exposure to educational media (r = .17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengguo Jing
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ting Ye
- Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Heather L Kirkorian
- Human Development and Family Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Marie-Louise Mares
- Communication Arts, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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13
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Magnoli SM, Bever JD. Plant productivity response to inter- and intra-symbiont diversity: Mechanisms, manifestations and meta-analyses. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:1614-1628. [PMID: 37317651 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Symbiont diversity can have large effects on plant growth but the mechanisms generating this relationship remain opaque. We identify three potential mechanisms underlying symbiont diversity-plant productivity relationships: provisioning with complementary resources, differential impact of symbionts of varying quality and interference between symbionts. We connect these mechanisms to descriptive representations of plant responses to symbiont diversity, develop analytical tests differentiating these patterns and test them using meta-analysis. We find generally positive symbiont diversity-plant productivity relationships, with relationship strength varying with symbiont type. Inoculation with symbionts from different guilds (e.g. mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia) yields strongly positive relationships, consistent with complementary benefits from functionally distinct symbionts. In contrast, inoculation with symbionts from the same guild yields weak relationships, with co-inoculation not consistently generating greater growth than the best individual symbiont, consistent with sampling effects. The statistical approaches we outline, along with our conceptual framework, can be used to further explore plant productivity and community responses to symbiont diversity, and we identify critical needs for additional research to explore context dependency in these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Magnoli
- Kansas Biological Survey and Center for Ecological Research, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - James D Bever
- Kansas Biological Survey and Center for Ecological Research and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
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14
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Pringle RM, Abraham JO, Anderson TM, Coverdale TC, Davies AB, Dutton CL, Gaylard A, Goheen JR, Holdo RM, Hutchinson MC, Kimuyu DM, Long RA, Subalusky AL, Veldhuis MP. Impacts of large herbivores on terrestrial ecosystems. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R584-R610. [PMID: 37279691 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Large herbivores play unique ecological roles and are disproportionately imperiled by human activity. As many wild populations dwindle towards extinction, and as interest grows in restoring lost biodiversity, research on large herbivores and their ecological impacts has intensified. Yet, results are often conflicting or contingent on local conditions, and new findings have challenged conventional wisdom, making it hard to discern general principles. Here, we review what is known about the ecosystem impacts of large herbivores globally, identify key uncertainties, and suggest priorities to guide research. Many findings are generalizable across ecosystems: large herbivores consistently exert top-down control of plant demography, species composition, and biomass, thereby suppressing fires and the abundance of smaller animals. Other general patterns do not have clearly defined impacts: large herbivores respond to predation risk but the strength of trophic cascades is variable; large herbivores move vast quantities of seeds and nutrients but with poorly understood effects on vegetation and biogeochemistry. Questions of the greatest relevance for conservation and management are among the least certain, including effects on carbon storage and other ecosystem functions and the ability to predict outcomes of extinctions and reintroductions. A unifying theme is the role of body size in regulating ecological impact. Small herbivores cannot fully substitute for large ones, and large-herbivore species are not functionally redundant - losing any, especially the largest, will alter net impact, helping to explain why livestock are poor surrogates for wild species. We advocate leveraging a broad spectrum of techniques to mechanistically explain how large-herbivore traits and environmental context interactively govern the ecological impacts of these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Pringle
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Joel O Abraham
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - T Michael Anderson
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Tyler C Coverdale
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Andrew B Davies
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | | | - Jacob R Goheen
- Department of Zoology & Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82072, USA
| | - Ricardo M Holdo
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Matthew C Hutchinson
- Department of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Duncan M Kimuyu
- Department of Natural Resources, Karatina University, Karatina, Kenya
| | - Ryan A Long
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Amanda L Subalusky
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Michiel P Veldhuis
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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15
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Prairie AM, King AE, Cotrufo MF. Restoring particulate and mineral-associated organic carbon through regenerative agriculture. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2217481120. [PMID: 37186829 PMCID: PMC10214150 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2217481120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustainability of agricultural production and mitigation of global warming rely on the regeneration of soil organic carbon (SOC), in particulate organic carbon (POC) and mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC) forms. We conducted a global systematic meta-analysis of the effects of regenerative management practices on SOC, POC, and MAOC in cropland, finding: 1) no-till (NT) and cropping system intensification increase SOC (11.3% and 12.4%, respectively), MAOC (8.5% and 7.1%, respectively), and POC (19.7% and 33.3%, respectively) in topsoil (0 to 20 cm), but not in subsoil (>20 cm); 2) experimental duration, tillage frequency, the intensification type, and rotation diversity moderate the effects of regenerative management; and 3) NT synergized with integrated crop-livestock (ICL) systems to greatly increase POC (38.1%) and cropping intensification synergized with ICL systems to greatly increase MAOC (33.1 to 53.6%). This analysis shows that regenerative agriculture is a key strategy to reduce the soil C deficit inherent to agriculture to promote both soil health and long-term C stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. Prairie
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
| | - Alison E. King
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
| | - M. Francesca Cotrufo
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
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16
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Hanberry BB, Faison EK. Re-framing deer herbivory as a natural disturbance regime with ecological and socioeconomic outcomes in the eastern United States. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 868:161669. [PMID: 36681343 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Natural disturbances are critical ecosystem processes, with both ecological and socioeconomic benefits and disadvantages. Large herbivores are natural disturbances that have removed plant biomass for millions of years, although herbivore influence likely has declined during the past thousands of years corresponding with extinctions and declines in distributions and abundances of most animal species. Nonetheless, the conventional view, particularly in eastern North America, is that herbivory by large wild herbivores is at unprecedented levels, resulting in unnatural damage to forests. Here, we propose consideration of large herbivores as a natural disturbance that also imparts many crucial ecological advantages, using white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), the only wild large herbivore remaining throughout the eastern U.S., as our focal species. We examined evidence of detrimental effects of browsing on trees and forbs. We then considered that deer contribute to both fuel reduction and ecological restoration of herbaceous plants and historical open forests of savannas and woodlands by controlling tree and shrub densities, mimicking the consumer role of fire. Similarly to other disturbances, deer disturbance 'regimes' are uneven in severity across different ecosystems and landscapes, resulting in heterogeneity and diversity. In addition to biodiversity support and fuel reduction, socioeconomic benefits include >$20 billion dollars per year by 10 million hunters that support jobs and wildlife agencies, non-consumptive enjoyment of nature by 80 million people, cultural importance, and deer as ecological ambassadors, whereas costs include about $5 billion and up to 450 human deaths per year for motor vehicle accidents, along with crop damage and disease transmission. From a perspective of historical ecology rather than current baselines, deer impart a fundamental disturbance process with many ecological benefits and a range of socioeconomic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice B Hanberry
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Rapid City, SD 57702, United States of America.
| | - Edward K Faison
- Highstead, PO Box 1097, Redding, CT 06875, United States of America
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17
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Wilkop M, Wade TD, Keegan E, Cohen-Woods S. Impairments among DSM-5 eating disorders: A systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2023; 101:102267. [PMID: 36963207 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous research revealed that people who did not meet full DSM-IV criteria for anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), or binge-eating disorder (BED) but met criteria for eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) display high levels of psychiatric and physical morbidity commensurate with full criteria eating disorders. The DSM-5 introduced significant changes to eating disorder diagnostic criteria, so the present study aimed to determine whether the revised diagnostic criteria better distinguish between full criteria eating disorders, and other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED) and unspecified feeding or eating disorder (UFED). We present a series of meta-analyses comparing eating pathology, general psychopathology, and physical health impairments among those with AN, BN, and BED, compared to those with OSFED or UFED (n = 69 eligible studies). Results showed significantly more eating pathology in OSFED compared to AN, no difference in general psychopathology, and greater physical health impairments in AN. BN had greater eating pathology and general psychopathology than OSFED, but OSFED showed more physical health impairments. No differences were found between BN and purging disorder or low-frequency BN, or between BED and OSFED. Findings highlight the clinical severity of OSFED and suggest the DSM-5 criteria may not appropriately account for these presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Wilkop
- Discipline of Psychology, College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Blackbird Initiative, Flinders University Institute for Mental Health and Wellbeing, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tracey D Wade
- Discipline of Psychology, College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Blackbird Initiative, Flinders University Institute for Mental Health and Wellbeing, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ella Keegan
- Discipline of Psychology, College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Blackbird Initiative, Flinders University Institute for Mental Health and Wellbeing, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sarah Cohen-Woods
- Discipline of Psychology, College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Blackbird Initiative, Flinders University Institute for Mental Health and Wellbeing, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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18
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Radunz M, Ali K, Wade TD. Pathways to improve early intervention for eating disorders: Findings from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Eat Disord 2023; 56:314-330. [PMID: 36346008 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Treatment-seeking rates among eating disorder (ED) populations are relatively low, with only one in four individuals seeking help. Previous research has identified many factors that might be associated with help-seeking in EDs, but to date no review has investigated the quantitative association between these factors and actual help-seeking behavior. The aim of the current review was to synthesize the relevant quantitative literature on factors (i.e., perceived barriers, characteristics associated with treatment seeking, demographic variables) associated with help-seeking using meta-analytic strategies, as well as provide recommendations on future early intervention research strategies to promote early help-seeking. METHOD Overall, 19 studies were included, identifying 141 perceived barriers (e.g., stigma) or individual characteristics (e.g., BMI, duration of illness) and 56 demographic variables (e.g., ethnicity), which were synthesized into 24 unique variables. RESULTS Less help-seeking was predicted by higher levels of denial and less perceived ability of others to provide help. DISCUSSION Given the small number of studies these results should be considered preliminary. Future studies should consider barriers to help-seeking when creating early intervention approaches. To improve help-seeking rates we suggest the use of targeted psychoeducational materials and co-design with people with lived experience when developing new strategies. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE The present study addresses a significant gap in the literature by synthesizing factors associated with help-seeking, with the aim of informing early intervention strategies to promote early help-seeking in eating disorder populations. Denial of illness and perceived inability of others to provide help were associated with lower help-seeking. Future studies should consider barriers to help-seeking and co-design with people with lived experience when creating new early intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Radunz
- Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Blackbird Initiative, Flinders Institute for Mental Health and Wellbeing, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kathina Ali
- Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Blackbird Initiative, Flinders Institute for Mental Health and Wellbeing, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tracey D Wade
- Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Blackbird Initiative, Flinders Institute for Mental Health and Wellbeing, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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19
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Solis-Urra P, Rodriguez-Ayllon M, Álvarez-Ortega M, Molina-Hidalgo C, Molina-Garcia P, Arroyo-Ávila C, García-Hermoso A, Collins AM, Jain S, Gispert JD, Liu-Ambrose T, Ortega FB, Erickson KI, Esteban-Cornejo I. Physical Performance and Amyloid-β in Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:1427-1439. [PMID: 38007656 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques is one of the main features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Physical performance has been related to dementia risk and Aβ, and it has been hypothesized as one of the mechanisms leading to greater accumulation of Aβ. Yet, no evidence synthesis has been performed in humans. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of physical performance with Aβ in humans, including Aβ accumulation on brain, and Aβ abnormalities measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood. METHODS A systematic review with multilevel meta-analysis was performed from inception to June 16th, 2022. Studies were eligible if they examined the association of physical performance with Aβ levels, including the measure of physical performance as a predictor and the measure of Aβ as an outcome in humans. RESULTS 7 articles including 2,619 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed that physical performance was not associated with accumulation of Aβ in the brain (ES = 0.01; 95% CI -0.21 to 0.24; I2 = 69.9%), in the CSF (ES = -0.28; 95% CI -0.98 to 0.41; I2 = 91.0%) or in the blood (ES = -0.19; 95% CI -0.61 to 0.24; I2 = 99.75%). Significant heterogeneity was found across the results , which posed challenges in arriving at consistent conclusions; and the limited number of studies hindered the opportunity to conduct a moderation analysis. CONCLUSIONS The association between physical performance and Aβ is inconclusive. This uncertainly arises from the limited number of studies, study design limitations, and heterogeneity of measurement approaches. More studies are needed to determine whether physical performance is related to Aβ levels in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Solis-Urra
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Nuclear Medicine Services, "Virgen de Las Nieves", University Hospital, Granada, Spain
- Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - María Rodriguez-Ayllon
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam Álvarez-Ortega
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Molina-Hidalgo
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- AdventHealth Research Institute, Neuroscience, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Pablo Molina-Garcia
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Instituto de Investigacion Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Arroyo-Ávila
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio García-Hermoso
- Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, IdiSNA, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Shivangi Jain
- AdventHealth Research Institute, Neuroscience, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Juan Domingo Gispert
- BarcelonaBeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Liu-Ambrose
- Centre for Aging SMART at Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Aging, Mobility, and Cognitive Health Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Francisco B Ortega
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kirk I Erickson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- AdventHealth Research Institute, Neuroscience, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Irene Esteban-Cornejo
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- ibs.GRANADA Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Spain
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20
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Ratto F, Bruce T, Chipabika G, Mwamakamba S, Mkandawire R, Khan Z, Mkindi A, Pittchar J, Sallu SM, Whitfield S, Wilson K, Sait SM. Biological control interventions reduce pest abundance and crop damage while maintaining natural enemies in sub-Saharan Africa: a meta-analysis. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221695. [PMID: 36475436 PMCID: PMC9727667 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect pests are a major challenge to smallholder crop production in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where access to synthetic pesticides, which are linked to environmental and health risks, is often limited. Biological control interventions could offer a sustainable solution, yet an understanding of their effectiveness is lacking. We used a meta-analysis approach to investigate the effectiveness of commonly used biocontrol interventions and botanical pesticides on pest abundance (PA), crop damage (CD), crop yield (Y) and natural enemy abundance (NEA) when compared with controls with no biocontrol and with synthetic pesticides. We also evaluated whether the magnitude of biocontrol effectiveness was affected by type of biocontrol intervention, crop type, pest taxon, farm type and landscape configuration. Overall, from 99 studies on 31 crops, we found that compared to no biocontrol, biocontrol interventions reduced PA by 63%, CD by over 50% and increased Y by over 60%. Compared to synthetic pesticides, biocontrol resulted in comparable PA and Y, while NEA was 43% greater. Our results also highlighted that the potential for biocontrol to be modulated by landscape configuration is a critical knowledge gap in SSA. We show that biocontrol represents an effective tool for smallholder farmers, which can maintain yields without associated negative pesticide effects. Furthermore, the evidence presented here advocates strongly for including biocontrol practices in national and regional agricultural policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizia Ratto
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Miall Building, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK,Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Miall Building, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK,Department of Health Studies and Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Toby Bruce
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Gilson Chipabika
- Zambia Agriculture Research Institute, Mulungushi House, Independence Avenue, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Sithembile Mwamakamba
- Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network (FANRPAN), 141 Cresswell St Weaving Park, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Rachel Mkandawire
- Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network (FANRPAN), 141 Cresswell St Weaving Park, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Zeyaur Khan
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Angela Mkindi
- School of Life Sciences and Bio-engineering, Department of Sustainable Agriculture, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, PO Box 447- Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Jimmy Pittchar
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Susannah M. Sallu
- Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Miall Building, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Stephen Whitfield
- Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Miall Building, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Kenneth Wilson
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Steven M. Sait
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Miall Building, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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21
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Morrison JA, Woldemariam M. Ecological and metabolomic responses of plants to deer exclosure in a suburban forest. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9475. [PMID: 36381402 PMCID: PMC9643135 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trees and shrubs in suburban forests can be subject to chronic herbivory from abundant white-tailed deer, influencing survival, growth, secondary metabolites, and ecological success in the community. We investigated how deer affect the size, cover, and metabolomes of four species in the understory of a suburban forest in central New Jersey, USA: the woody shrubs Euonymus alatus and Lindera benzoin, the tree Nyssa sylvatica, and the semi-woody shrub Rosa multiflora. For each species, we compared plants in 38 16 m2 plots with or without deer exclosure, measuring proportion cover and mean height after 6.5 years of fencing. We scored each species in all plots for deer browsing over 8 years and assessed selection by deer among the species. We did untargeted metabolomics by sampling leaves from three plants of each species in an equal number of fenced and unfenced plots, conducting chloroform-methanol extractions followed by LC-MS/MS, and conducting statistical analysis on MetaboAnalyst. The proportion of a species browsed ranged from 0.24 to 0.35. Nyssa sylvatica appeared most selected by and susceptible to deer; in unfenced plots, both its cover and mean height were significantly lower. Only cover or height was lower for E. alatus and L. benzoin in unfenced plots, while R. multiflora height was greater. The metabolomic analysis identified 2333 metabolites, which clustered by species but not fencing treatment. However, targeted analysis of the top metabolites grouped by fencing for all samples and for each species alone and was especially clear in N. sylvatica, which also grouped by fencing using all metabolites. The most significant metabolites that were upregulated in fenced plants include some involved in defense-related metabolic pathways, e.g., monoterpenoid biosynthesis. In overbrowsed suburban forests, variation of deer impact on species' ecological success, potentially mediated by metabolome-wide chemical responses to deer, may contribute to changes in community structure.
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22
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Nitschke JP, Forbes PA, Lamm C. Does stress make us more—or less—prosocial? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of acute stress on prosocial behaviours using economic games. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 142:104905. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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23
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Henger CS, Hargous E, Nagy CM, Weckel M, Wultsch C, Krampis K, Duncan N, Gormezano L, Munshi-South J. DNA metabarcoding reveals that coyotes in New York City consume wide variety of native prey species and human food. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13788. [PMID: 36164598 PMCID: PMC9508883 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Carnivores are currently colonizing cities where they were previously absent. These urban environments are novel ecosystems characterized by habitat degradation and fragmentation, availability of human food, and different prey assemblages than surrounding areas. Coyotes (Canis latrans) established a breeding population in New York City (NYC) over the last few decades, but their ecology within NYC is poorly understood. In this study, we used non-invasive scat sampling and DNA metabarcoding to profile vertebrate, invertebrate, and plant dietary items with the goal to compare the diets of urban coyotes to those inhabiting non-urban areas. We found that both urban and non-urban coyotes consumed a variety of plants and animals as well as human food. Raccoons (Procyon lotor) were an important food item for coyotes within and outside NYC. In contrast, white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were mainly eaten by coyotes inhabiting non-urban areas. Domestic chicken (Gallus gallus) was the human food item found in most scats from both urban and non-urban coyotes. Domestic cats (Felis catus) were consumed by urban coyotes but were detected in only a small proportion of the scats (<5%), which differs markedly from high rates of cat depredation in some other cities. In addition, we compared our genetic metabarcoding analysis to a morphological analysis of the same scat samples. We found that the detection similarity between the two methods was low and it varied depending on the type of diet item.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol S. Henger
- Louis Calder Biological Field Station, Fordham University, Armonk, New York, United States
| | - Emily Hargous
- Louis Calder Biological Field Station, Fordham University, Armonk, New York, United States
| | | | - Mark Weckel
- American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States
| | - Claudia Wultsch
- American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States,Bioinformatics and Computational Genomics Laboratory, City University of New York, Hunter College, New York, New York, United States
| | - Konstantinos Krampis
- Bioinformatics and Computational Genomics Laboratory, City University of New York, Hunter College, New York, New York, United States,Department of Biological Sciences, City University of New York, Hunter College, New York, New York, United States,Institute of Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Neil Duncan
- American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States
| | - Linda Gormezano
- American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States
| | - Jason Munshi-South
- Louis Calder Biological Field Station, Fordham University, Armonk, New York, United States
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24
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Complex agricultural landscapes host more biodiversity than simple ones: A global meta-analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2203385119. [PMID: 36095174 PMCID: PMC9499564 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2203385119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Agricultural land, the world’s largest human-managed ecosystem, forms the matrix that connects remnant and fragmented patches of natural vegetation where nondomesticated biodiversity struggles to survive. Increasing the resources that this matrix can offer to biodiversity is critical to halting biodiversity loss. Our comprehensive meta-analysis demonstrates the positive and significant effect on biodiversity of increasing landscape complexity in agricultural lands. We found more biodiversity in complex landscapes, potentially contributing to agriculture production, ecosystem resilience, and human well-being. Current biodiversity conservation strategies tend to focus on natural ecosystems, often ignoring opportunities to boost biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Our findings provide a strong scientific evidence base for synergistically managing agriculture at the landscape level for biodiversity conservation and sustainable production. Managing agricultural landscapes to support biodiversity conservation requires profound structural changes worldwide. Often, discussions are centered on management at the field level. However, a wide and growing body of evidence calls for zooming out and targeting agricultural policies, research, and interventions at the landscape level to halt and reverse the decline in biodiversity, increase biodiversity-mediated ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes, and improve the resilience and adaptability of these ecosystems. We conducted the most comprehensive assessment to date on landscape complexity effects on nondomesticated terrestrial biodiversity through a meta-analysis of 1,134 effect sizes from 157 peer-reviewed articles. Increasing landscape complexity through changes in composition, configuration, or heterogeneity significatively and positively affects biodiversity. More complex landscapes host more biodiversity (richness, abundance, and evenness) with potential benefits to sustainable agricultural production and conservation, and effects are likely underestimated. The few articles that assessed the combined contribution of linear (e.g., hedgerows) and areal (e.g., woodlots) elements resulted in a near-doubling of the effect sizes (i.e., biodiversity level) compared to the dominant number of studies measuring these elements separately. Similarly, positive effects on biodiversity are stronger in articles monitoring biodiversity for at least 2 y compared to the dominant 1-y monitoring efforts. Besides, positive and stronger effects exist when monitoring occurs in nonoverlapping landscapes, highlighting the need for long-term and robustly designed monitoring efforts. Living in harmony with nature will require shifting paradigms toward valuing and promoting multifunctional agriculture at the farm and landscape levels with a research agenda that untangles complex agricultural landscapes’ contributions to people and nature under current and future conditions.
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25
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Anjos DV, Tena A, Viana-Junior AB, Carvalho RL, Torezan-Silingardi H, Del-Claro K, Perfecto I. The effects of ants on pest control: a meta-analysis. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221316. [PMID: 35975443 PMCID: PMC9382213 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental impacts of conventional agriculture have generated interest in sustainable agriculture. Biological pest control is a fundamental tool, and ants are key players providing ecological services, as well as some disservices. We have used a meta-analytical approach to investigate the contribution of ants to biological control, considering their effects on pest and natural enemy abundance, plant damage and crop yield. We also evaluated whether the effects of ants are modulated by traits of ants, pests and other natural enemies, as well as by field size, crop system and experiment duration. Overall (considering all meta-analyses), from 52 studies on 17 different crops, we found that ants decrease the abundance of non-honeydew-producing pests, decrease plant damage and increase crop yield (services). In addition, ants decrease the abundance of natural enemies, mainly the generalist ones, and increase honeydew-producing pest abundance (disservices). We show that the pest control and plant protection provided by ants are boosted in shaded crops compared to monocultures. Furthermore, ants increase crop yield in shaded crops, and this effect increases with time. Finally, we bring new insights such as the importance of shaded crops to ant services, providing a good tool for farmers and stakeholders considering sustainable farming practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego V. Anjos
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais 38405-302, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Tena
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, Spain
| | - Arleu Barbosa Viana-Junior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Evolução, Coordenação de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Para 66077-830, Brazil
| | - Raquel L. Carvalho
- Instituto de Estudos Avançados, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-020, Brazil
| | - Helena Torezan-Silingardi
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais 38405-302, Brazil
| | - Kleber Del-Claro
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais 38405-302, Brazil
| | - Ivette Perfecto
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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26
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Tourjman V, Louis-Nascan G, Ahmed G, DuBow A, Côté H, Daly N, Daoud G, Espinet S, Flood J, Gagnier-Marandola E, Gignac M, Graziosi G, Mansuri Z, Sadek J. Psychosocial Interventions for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by the CADDRA Guidelines Work GROUP. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12081023. [PMID: 36009086 PMCID: PMC9406006 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12081023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple psychosocial interventions to treat ADHD symptoms have been developed and empirically tested. However, no clear recommendations exist regarding the utilization of these interventions for treating core ADHD symptoms across different populations. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis by the CADDRA Guidelines work Group was to generate such recommendations, using recent evidence. Randomized controlled trials (RCT) and meta-analyses (MA) from 2010 to 13 February 2020 were searched in PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE, EBM Reviews and CINAHL. Studies of populations with significant levels of comorbidities were excluded. Thirty-one studies were included in the qualitative synthesis (22 RCT, 9 MA) and 24 studies (19 RCT, 5 MA) were included in the quantitative synthesis. Using three-level meta-analyses to pool results of multiple observations from each RCT, as well as four-level meta-analyses to pool results from multiples outcomes and multiple studies of each MA, we generated recommendations using the GRADE approach for: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Physical Exercise and Mind–Body intervention; Caregiver intervention; School-based and Executive intervention; and other interventions for core ADHD symptoms across Preschooler, Child, Adolescent and Adult populations. The evidence supports a recommendation for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for adults and Caregiver intervention for Children, but not for preschoolers. There were not enough data to provide recommendations for the other types of psychosocial interventions. Our results are in line with previous meta-analytic assessments; however, they provide a more in-depth assessment of the effect of psychosocial intervention on core ADHD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Tourjman
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; (V.T.); (G.L.-N.); (A.D.); (H.C.)
| | - Gill Louis-Nascan
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; (V.T.); (G.L.-N.); (A.D.); (H.C.)
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 3P2, Canada
| | - Ghalib Ahmed
- Departments of Family Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
| | - Anaïs DuBow
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; (V.T.); (G.L.-N.); (A.D.); (H.C.)
| | - Hubert Côté
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; (V.T.); (G.L.-N.); (A.D.); (H.C.)
| | - Nadia Daly
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - George Daoud
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada;
| | - Stacey Espinet
- CADDRA—Canadian ADHD Resource Alliance, Toronto, ON M5A 3X9, Canada;
| | - Joan Flood
- Department of Psychiatry, The Shoniker Clinic, Scarborough, ON M1E 4B9, Canada;
| | | | - Martin Gignac
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada;
| | - Gemma Graziosi
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada;
| | - Zeeshan Mansuri
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Joseph Sadek
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Correspondence:
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27
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Beguin J, Côté SD, Vellend M. Large herbivores trigger spatiotemporal changes in forest plant diversity. Ecology 2022; 103:e3739. [PMID: 35488368 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Large herbivores can exert top-down control on terrestrial plant communities, but the magnitude, direction, and scale-dependency of their impacts remain equivocal, especially in temperate and boreal forests, where multiple disturbances often interact. Using a unique, long-term and replicated landscape experiment, we assessed the influence of a high density of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on the spatiotemporal dynamics of diversity, composition, and successional trajectories of understorey plant assemblages in recently logged boreal forests. This experiment provided a rare opportunity to test whether deer herbivory represents a direct filter on plant communities or if it mainly acts to suppress dominant plants which, in turn, release other plant species from strong negative plant-plant interactions. These two hypotheses make different predictions about changes in community composition, alpha and beta diversity in different vegetation layers and at different spatial scales. Our results showed that deer had strong effects on plant community composition and successional trajectories, but the resulting impacts on plant alpha and beta diversity patterns were markedly scale-dependent in both time and space. Responses of tree and non-tree vegetation layers were strongly asymmetric. Deer acted both as a direct filter and as a suppressor of dominant plant species during early forest succession, but the magnitude of both processes was specific to tree and non-tree vegetation layers. Although our data supported the ungulate-driven homogenization hypothesis, compositional shifts and changes of alpha diversity were poor predictors of beta diversity loss. Our findings underscore the importance of long-term studies in revealing non-linear temporal community trends, and they challenge managers to prioritize particular community properties and scales of interest, given contrasting trends of composition, alpha, and beta diversity across spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Beguin
- Département de biologie, Centre d'études nordiques & Chaire de recherche industrielle CRSNG en aménagement intégré des ressources de l'île d'Anticosti, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Institut de recherche sur les forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Temiscamingue, 445 boul. de l'Université, Rouyn-Noranda, Québec, Canada
| | - Steeve D Côté
- Département de biologie, Centre d'études nordiques & Chaire de recherche industrielle CRSNG en aménagement intégré des ressources de l'île d'Anticosti, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Mark Vellend
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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28
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Exclusion of Overabundant White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Results in Shifts in Soil Microbial Communities and Abiotic Soil Condition in a Northeastern Deciduous Forest. AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 2022. [DOI: 10.1674/0003-0031-187.2.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Zerebecki RA, Heck KL, Valentine JF. Biodiversity influences the effects of oil disturbance on coastal ecosystems. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8532. [PMID: 35127038 PMCID: PMC8796919 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity can enhance the response of ecosystems to disturbance. However, whether diversity can reduce the ecological effect of human-induced novel and extreme disturbances is unclear. In April 2010, the Deepwater Horizon (DwH) platform exploded, allowing an uncontrolled release of crude oil into the northern Gulf of Mexico. Initial surveys following the spill found that ecological impacts on coastal ecosystems varied greatly across habitat-type and trophic group; however, to date, few studies have tested the influence of local biodiversity on these responses. We used a meta-analytic approach to synthesize the results of 5 mesocosm studies that included 10 independent oil experiments and 5 independent oil + dispersant experiments. We tested whether biodiversity increased the resistance and/or resilience of coastal ecosystems to oil disturbance and whether a biodiversity effect depended on the type of diversity present (taxonomic or genetic) and/or the response type measured (population, community, or ecosystem level). We found that diversity can influence the effects of oiling, but the direction and magnitude of this diversity effect varied. Diversity reduced the negative impact of oiling for within-trophic-level responses and tended to be stronger for taxonomic than genetic diversity. Further, diversity effects were largely driven by the presence of highly resistant or quick to recover taxa and genotypes, consistent with the insurance hypothesis. However, we found no effect of diversity on the response to the combination of oil and dispersant exposure. We conclude that areas of low biodiversity may be particularly vulnerable to future oil disturbances and provide insight into the benefit of incorporating multiple measures of diversity in restoration projects and management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn A. Zerebecki
- Dauphin Island Sea LabDauphin IslandAlabamaUSA
- Present address:
University of LouisianaLafayetteLouisinaUSA
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30
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Primieri S, Magnoli SM, Koffel T, Stürmer SL, Bever JD. Perennial, but not annual legumes synergistically benefit from infection with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia: a meta-analysis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:505-514. [PMID: 34626495 PMCID: PMC9298428 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Many plant species simultaneously interact with multiple symbionts, which can, but do not always, generate synergistic benefits for their host. We ask if plant life history (i.e. annual vs perennial) can play an important role in the outcomes of the tripartite symbiosis of legumes, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and rhizobia. We performed a meta-analysis of 88 studies examining outcomes of legume-AMF-rhizobia interactions on plant and microbial growth. Perennial legumes associating with AMF and rhizobia grew larger than expected based on their response to either symbiont alone (i.e. their response to co-inoculation was synergistic). By contrast, annual legume growth with co-inoculation did not differ from additive expectations. AMF and rhizobia differentially increased phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) tissue concentration. Rhizobium nodulation increased with mycorrhizal fungi inoculation, but mycorrhizal fungi colonization did not increase with rhizobium inoculation. Microbial responses to co-infection were significantly correlated with synergisms in plant growth. Our work supports a balanced plant stoichiometry mechanism for synergistic benefits. We find that synergisms are in part driven by reinvestment in complementary symbionts, and that time-lags in realizing benefits of reinvestment may limit synergisms in annuals. Optimization of microbiome composition to maximize synergisms may be critical to productivity, particularly for perennial legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silmar Primieri
- Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina (IFSC)Câmpus LagesLagesSC88506‐400Brazil
| | | | - Thomas Koffel
- W. K. Kellogg Biological StationMichigan State UniversityHickory CornersMI49060USA
- Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and BehaviorDepartments of Plant Biology and Integrative BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48823USA
| | - Sidney L. Stürmer
- Departamento de Ciências NaturaisUniversidade Regional de BlumenauBlumenauSC89030‐903Brazil
| | - James D. Bever
- Kansas Biological SurveyUniversity of KansasLawrenceKS66047USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of KansasLawrenceKS66045USA
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31
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Reed SP, Royo AA, Fotis AT, Knight KS, Flower CE, Curtis PS. The long‐term impacts of deer herbivory in determining temperate forest stand and canopy structural complexity. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P. Reed
- Department of Forest Resources University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
| | - Alejandro A. Royo
- Forestry Sciences Lab USDA Forest ServiceNorthern Research Station Irvine PA USA
| | | | | | | | - Peter S. Curtis
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology The Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
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32
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Rocci KS, Lavallee JM, Stewart CE, Cotrufo MF. Soil organic carbon response to global environmental change depends on its distribution between mineral-associated and particulate organic matter: A meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 793:148569. [PMID: 34328984 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soil organic carbon (SOC), as the largest terrestrial carbon pool, plays an important role in global carbon (C) cycling, which may be significantly impacted by global changes such as nitrogen (N) fertilization, elevated carbon dioxide (CO2), warming, and increased precipitation. Yet, our ability to accurately detect and predict the impact of these global changes on SOC dynamics is still limited. Investigating SOC responses to global changes separately for mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC) and the particulate organic carbon (POC) can aid in the understanding of overall SOC responses, because these are formed, protected, and lost through different pathways. To this end, we performed a systematic meta-analysis of the response of SOC, MAOC, and POC to global changes. POC was particularly responsive, confirming that it is a better diagnostic indicator of soil C changes in the short-term, compared to bulk SOC and MAOC. The effects of elevated CO2 and warming were subtle and evident only in the POC fraction (+5.11% and - 10.05%, respectively), while increased precipitation had no effects at all. Nitrogen fertilization, which comprised the majority of the dataset, increased SOC (+5.64%), MAOC (+4.49%), and POC (+13.17%). Effect size consistently varied with soil depth and experiment length, highlighting the importance of long-term experiments that sample the full soil profile in global change SOC studies. In addition, SOC pool responses to warming were modified by degree of warming, differently for air and soil warming manipulations. Overall, we suggest that MAOC and POC respond differently to global changes and moderators because of the different formation and loss processes that control these pools. Coupled with additional plant and microbial measurements, studying the individual responses of POC and MAOC improves understanding of the underlying dynamics of SOC responses to global change. This will help inform the role of SOC in mitigating the climate crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Rocci
- Colorado State University, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Colorado State University, Soil and Crop Sciences Department, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Colorado State University, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Jocelyn M Lavallee
- Colorado State University, Soil and Crop Sciences Department, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Catherine E Stewart
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - M Francesca Cotrufo
- Colorado State University, Soil and Crop Sciences Department, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Colorado State University, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Chollet S, Baltzinger C, Maillard M, Martin JL. Deer exclusion unveils abiotic filtering in forest understorey plant assemblages. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 128:371-381. [PMID: 34175940 PMCID: PMC8389181 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The role of deer (family Cervidae) in ecosystem functioning has traditionally been neglected by forest ecologists due to the animal's scarcity in most parts of the northern hemisphere. However, the dramatic rebound in deer populations throughout the 20th century has brought deer browsing to the forefront of forest ecological questioning. Today there is ample evidence that deer affect tree regeneration, understorey plant and animal diversity, and even litter decomposition. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of deer on forest ecosystems remain unclear. Among others, the relative role of abiotic factors versus biotic interactions (e.g. herbivory) in shaping plant assemblages remains largely unknown. METHODS We used a large-scale experiment with exclosures distributed along abiotic gradients to understand the role of black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitchensis) on the forest understorey on the Haida Gwaii archipelago (western Canada), a unique context where most of the key ecological effects of deer presence have already been intensively studied. KEY RESULTS Our results demonstrate that 20 years of deer exclusion resulted in a clear increase in vascular plant richness, diversity and cover, and caused a decline in bryophyte cover. Exclusion also unveiled abiotic (i.e. soil water availability and fertility) filtering of plant assemblages that would otherwise have been masked by the impact of abundant deer populations. However, deer exclusion did not lead to an increase in beta diversity, probably because some remnant species had a competitive advantage to regrow after decades of over browsing. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that long-term herbivory by deer can be a dominant factor structuring understorey plant communities that overwhelms abiotic factors. However, while exclosures prove useful to assess the overall effects of large herbivores, the results from our studies at broader scales on the Haida Gwaii archipelago suggest that exclosure experiments should be used cautiously when inferring the mechanisms at work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Chollet
- University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution] – UMR 6553, Rennes, France
| | - Christophe Baltzinger
- INRAE Val de Loire, Research Unit Forest Ecosystems, Domaine des Barres, 45290, Nogent-sur-Vernisson, France
| | - Morgane Maillard
- CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Lambert CT, Guillette LM. The impact of environmental and social factors on learning abilities: a meta-analysis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2871-2889. [PMID: 34342125 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the 1950s, researchers have examined how differences in the social and asocial environment affect learning in rats, mice, and, more recently, a variety of other species. Despite this large body of research, little has been done to synthesize these findings and to examine if social and asocial environmental factors have consistent effects on cognitive abilities, and if so, what aspects of these factors have greater or lesser impact. Here, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis examining how different external environmental features, including the social environment, impact learning (both speed of acquisition and performance). Using 531 mean-differences from 176 published articles across 27 species (with studies on rats and mice being most prominent) we conducted phylogenetically corrected mixed-effects models that reveal: (i) an average absolute effect size |d| = 0.55 and directional effect size d = 0.34; (ii) interventions manipulating the asocial environment result in larger effects than social interventions alone; and (iii) the length of the intervention is a significant predictor of effect size, with longer interventions resulting in larger effects. Additionally, much of the variation in effect size remained unexplained, possibly suggesting that species differ widely in how they are affected by environmental interventions due to varying ecological and evolutionary histories. Overall our results suggest that social and asocial environmental factors do significantly affect learning, but these effects are highly variable and perhaps not always as predicted. Most notably, the type (social or asocial) and length of interventions are important in determining the strength of the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor T Lambert
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, P217 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Lauren M Guillette
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, P217 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
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35
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Theisen M, Lerche V, von Krause M, Voss A. Age differences in diffusion model parameters: a meta-analysis. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2021; 85:2012-2021. [PMID: 32535699 PMCID: PMC8289776 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-020-01371-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Older adults typically show slower response times in basic cognitive tasks than younger adults. A diffusion model analysis allows the clarification of why older adults react more slowly by estimating parameters that map distinct cognitive components of decision making. The main components of the diffusion model are the speed of information uptake (drift rate), the degree of conservatism regarding the decision criterion (boundary separation), and the time taken up by non-decisional processes (i.e., encoding and motoric response execution; non-decision time). While the literature shows consistent results regarding higher boundary separation and longer non-decision time for older adults, results are more complex when it comes to age differences in drift rates. We conducted a multi-level meta-analysis to identify possible sources of this variance. As possible moderators, we included task difficulty and task type. We found that age differences in drift rate are moderated both by task type and task difficulty. Older adults were inferior in drift rate in perceptual and memory tasks, but information accumulation was even increased in lexical decision tasks for the older participants. Additionally, in perceptual and lexical decision tasks, older individuals benefitted from high task difficulty. In the memory tasks, task difficulty did not moderate the negative impact of age on drift. The finding of higher boundary separation and longer non-decision time in older than younger adults generalized over task type and task difficulty. The results of our meta-analysis are consistent with recent findings of a more pronounced age-related decline in memory than in vocabulary performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Theisen
- Psychologisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Hauptstrasse 47-51, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Veronika Lerche
- Psychologisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Hauptstrasse 47-51, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mischa von Krause
- Psychologisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Hauptstrasse 47-51, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Voss
- Psychologisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Hauptstrasse 47-51, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
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36
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Tomaso CC, Johnson AB, Nelson TD. The effect of sleep deprivation and restriction on mood, emotion, and emotion regulation: three meta-analyses in one. Sleep 2021; 44:zsaa289. [PMID: 33367799 PMCID: PMC8193556 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES New theory and measurement approaches have facilitated nuanced investigation of how sleep loss impacts dimensions of affective functioning. To provide a quantitative summary of this literature, three conceptually related meta-analyses examined the effect of sleep restriction and sleep deprivation on mood, emotion, and emotion regulation across the lifespan (i.e. from early childhood to late adulthood). METHODS A total of 241 effect sizes from 64 studies were selected for inclusion, and multilevel meta-analytic techniques were used when applicable. RESULTS There was a moderate, positive effect of sleep loss on negative mood (g = 0.45), which was stronger for studies with younger samples, as well as a large, negative effect of sleep loss on positive mood (g = -0.94). For negative mood only, studies that used total sleep deprivation had larger effect sizes than studies that restricted sleep. After correcting for publication bias, a modest but significant negative effect for sleep loss on emotion (g = -0.11) was found; the valence of emotional stimuli did not change the direction of this effect, and type of sleep manipulation was also not a significant moderator. Finally, sleep restriction had a small, negative effect on adaptive emotion regulation (g = -0.32), but no significant impact on maladaptive emotion regulation (g = 0.14); all studies on adaptive emotion regulation were conducted with youth samples. CONCLUSIONS Sleep loss compromises optimal affective functioning, though the magnitude of effects varies across components. Findings underscore the importance of sleep for healthy affective outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara C Tomaso
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0308, USA
| | - Anna B Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0308, USA
| | - Timothy D Nelson
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0308, USA
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Salerno M, Berlino M, Mangano MC, Sarà G. Microplastics and the functional traits of fishes: A global meta-analysis. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2645-2655. [PMID: 33638211 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, concern about the effects of microplastics has grown. Here, we answered the main question "What are the impacts of microplastics on the functional traits of fish species?" through a meta-analysis. The general impact of microplastic exposure on the functional traits of fishes and specifically on eight variables, namely, behaviour, development, fecundity, feeding, growth, health, hatching and survival was explored. Subgroup analyses were performed to detect correlations between the impact of microplastics and the following factors: species, life stage, habitat, water column habitat, day of exposure to microplastics and microplastic size, type and shape. A meta-regression analysis allowed understanding the correlation between the impact of microplastics and the size of organisms. Generally, microplastics have a negative effect on the functional traits of fishes. Feeding and behaviour, followed by growth showed the greatest impact. Among the subgroup analysis, four of the eight variables considered showed a significant difference between groups: species, life stage, microplastic shape and days of exposure to microplastics. Depending on their life stage, organisms may be more sensitive to microplastic pollution. Changes in growth rates, development of early life stage and behavioural patterns in fishes may have a negative effect on the structure and functions of aquatic ecosystem in the long term and consequently affect the ability of aquatic ecosystems to provide ecosystem services and sustain human communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Salerno
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DiSTeM), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Manuel Berlino
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DiSTeM), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics - OGS, Trieste, Italy
| | - M Cristina Mangano
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Integrative Marine Ecology (EMI), Sicily Marine Centre, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sarà
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DiSTeM), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Saa JP, Tse T, Baum CM, Cumming T, Josman N, Rose M, O'Keefe S, Sewell K, Nguyen V, Carey LM. Cognitive Recovery After Stroke: A Meta-analysis and Metaregression of Intervention and Cohort Studies. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2021; 35:585-600. [PMID: 34027728 DOI: 10.1177/15459683211017501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognition affects poststroke recovery, but meta-analyses of cognition have not yet provided a comparison of observational and intervention evidence. OBJECTIVE To describe the trajectory of poststroke cognition and the factors that moderate it across intervention and observational cohorts. METHODS Six databases were searched up to January 2020. Studies describing quantitative changes in cognition in adults poststroke were included. Interventions were classified into pharmacological, therapist-led, nonroutine/alternative, and usual care. Summary estimates were compared via hierarchical mixed-effects models. Age, recovery stage, stroke etiology, cognitive domain targeted in studies, and intervention types were investigated as moderators of cognition. Recovery stage and intervention were further analyzed in a multiplicative metaregression model. RESULTS A total of 43 intervention trials and 79 observation cohorts involving 28 222 stroke participants were included. Heterogeneity was significant (τ2 = 0.09; CI = 0.01-0.21, P < .001) with no evidence of publication bias. Cognitive recovery was greater in intervention trials (g = 0.47; CI = 0.37-0.58) than observational cohorts (g = 0.28; CI = 0.20-0.36) across all moderators analyzed. Nonroutine/alternative and pharmacological trials achieved the best overall results (g = 0.57, CI = 0.42-0.73, and g = 0.52, CI = 0.30-0.74, respectively), followed by therapist-led (g = 0.46; CI = 0.17-0.74), and usual care (g = 0.28; CI = 0.11-0.45) interventions. Medium recovery effects (ie, g ≥ 0.5) were observed in examining first-ever stroke, executive function, visuo-perceptual, consciousness, and psychomotor skills, 61 to 180 days poststroke, in participants aged 65 to 70 years. CONCLUSION Cognitive recovery is possible using different controlled interventions in all recovery stages, with smaller benefits ≥2 years poststroke. Longer-term studies are needed to determine the role of nonroutine/alternative therapies and the association between cognitive recovery and performance in everyday activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Saa
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tamara Tse
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Carolyn M Baum
- Washington University in Saint Louis, MO, USA.,Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Katherine Sewell
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vinh Nguyen
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Leeanne M Carey
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Differential and interacting impacts of invasive plants and white-tailed deer in eastern U.S. forests. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02551-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
Whilst the immune system often varies seasonally and exhibits differences between males and females, the general patterns in seasonality and sex differences across taxa have remained controversial. Birds are excellent model organisms to assess these patterns, because the immune system of many species is well characterised. We conducted a meta-analysis using 41 wild bird species from 24 avian families to investigate sex differences and seasonal (breeding/non-breeding) variations in immune status, including white blood cell counts, phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) test, bacteria-killing ability (BKA), haemolysis and haemagglutination assays. We found male-biased macrophage concentration, BKA and haemolysis titers, but only during the breeding season. Sex-specific heterophil concentrations, heterophil/lymphocyte ratios and PHA responses differed between breeding and non-breeding, suggesting larger changes in males than in females. Importantly, sex differences in immune status are stronger during the breeding period than during the non-breeding period. Taken together, our study suggests that both seasonal variation and sex differences in immune system are common in birds, although their associations are more complex than previously thought.
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Valdebenito JO, Liker A, Halimubieke N, Figuerola J, Székely T. Mortality cost of sex-specific parasitism in wild bird populations. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20983. [PMID: 33268803 PMCID: PMC7710712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77410-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex-specific mortality is frequent in animals although the causes of different male versus female mortalities remain poorly understood. Parasitism is ubiquitous in nature with widespread detrimental effects to hosts, making parasitism a likely cause of sex-specific mortalities. Using sex-specific blood and gastrointestinal parasite prevalence from 96 and 54 avian host species, respectively, we test the implications of parasites for annual mortality in wild bird populations using phylogenetic comparative methods. First, we show that parasite prevalence is not different between adult males and females, although Nematodes showed a statistically significant but small male-biased parasite prevalence. Second, we found no correlation between sex-biased host mortalities and sex-biased parasite prevalence. These results were consistent in both blood and gastrointestinal parasites. Taken together, our results show little evidence for sex-dependent parasite prevalence in adults in wild bird populations, and suggest that parasite prevalence is an unlikely predictor of sex difference in adult mortalities, not withstanding sampling limitations. We propose that to understand causes of sex-biased mortalities, more complex analyses are needed that incorporate various ecological and life history components of animals life that may include sex differences in exposure to predators, immune capacity and cost of reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- José O Valdebenito
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - András Liker
- MTA-PE Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary.,Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Center for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Naerhulan Halimubieke
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Jordi Figuerola
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Seville, Spain
| | - Tamás Székely
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK. .,Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Ungulate herbivores reduce fruit production of shrubs in dry conifer forests of the interior Pacific Northwest, USA. FOOD WEBS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2020.e00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Tamburini G, Bommarco R, Wanger TC, Kremen C, van der Heijden MGA, Liebman M, Hallin S. Agricultural diversification promotes multiple ecosystem services without compromising yield. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/45/eaba1715. [PMID: 33148637 PMCID: PMC7673676 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba1715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing biodiversity in cropping systems is suggested to promote ecosystem services, thereby reducing dependency on agronomic inputs while maintaining high crop yields. We assess the impact of several diversification practices in cropping systems on above- and belowground biodiversity and ecosystem services by reviewing 98 meta-analyses and performing a second-order meta-analysis based on 5160 original studies comprising 41,946 comparisons between diversified and simplified practices. Overall, diversification enhances biodiversity, pollination, pest control, nutrient cycling, soil fertility, and water regulation without compromising crop yields. Practices targeting aboveground biodiversity boosted pest control and water regulation, while those targeting belowground biodiversity enhanced nutrient cycling, soil fertility, and water regulation. Most often, diversification practices resulted in win-win support of services and crop yields. Variability in responses and occurrence of trade-offs highlight the context dependency of outcomes. Widespread adoption of diversification practices shows promise to contribute to biodiversity conservation and food security from local to global scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Tamburini
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences (DiSSPA-Entomology), University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bommarco
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas Cherico Wanger
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Agroecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claire Kremen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, USA
- Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, Biodiversity Research Center and Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Marcel G A van der Heijden
- Plant-Soil-Interactions, Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Switzerland
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Matt Liebman
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Iowa, USA
| | - Sara Hallin
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Hanberry BB, Hanberry P. Regaining the History of Deer Populations and Densities in the Southeastern United States. WILDLIFE SOC B 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.1118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brice B. Hanberry
- USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station 8221 Mt. Rushmore Rd. Rapid City SD 57702 USA
| | - Phillip Hanberry
- Missouri Resource Assessment Partnership (MoRAP) University of Missouri Columbia MO 65201 USA
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Anton A, Geraldi NR, Ricciardi A, Dick JTA. Global determinants of prey naiveté to exotic predators. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20192978. [PMID: 32486977 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prey naiveté-the failure of prey to recognize novel predators as threats-is thought to exacerbate the impact that exotic predators exert on prey populations. Prey naiveté varies under the influence of eco-evolutionary mediating factors, such as biogeographic isolation and prey adaptation, although an overall quantification of their influence is lacking. We conducted a global meta-analysis to test the effects of several hypothesized mediating factors on the expression of prey naiveté. Prey were overall naive towards exotic predators in marine and freshwater systems but not in terrestrial systems. Prey naiveté was most pronounced towards exotic predators that did not have native congeneric relatives in the recipient community. Time since introduction was relevant, as prey naiveté declined with the number of generations since introduction; on average, around 200 generations may be required to erode naiveté sufficiently for prey to display antipredator behaviour towards exotic predators. Given that exotic predators are a major cause of extinction, the global predictors and trends of prey naiveté presented here can inform efforts to meet conservation targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Anton
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.,Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nathan R Geraldi
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.,Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Jaimie T A Dick
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.,Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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Seewagen CL, Slayton EJ, Smith Pagano S. Physiological indicators of habitat quality for a migratory songbird breeding in a forest invaded by non-native Japanese barberry ( Berberis thunbergii). CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coaa037. [PMID: 32391153 PMCID: PMC7196673 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Non-native, invasive plants can impact birds by altering food sources, nesting substrates and other critical resources. Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) is one of the most invasive, non-native woody plants in in the northeastern USA, and yet almost nothing is known about its effects on birds or other wildlife. To investigate individual-level impacts of Japanese barberry on a forest-breeding bird, we compared food abundance (leaf-litter arthropod biomass) and the physiological condition of territorial male ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapilla) between areas of a forest preserve in New York State that had high or low densities of Japanese barberry. We used haemoglobin and plasma triglyceride concentrations to indicate energetic condition, plasma uric acid and total plasma protein levels to indicate diet quality, and heterophil to lymphocyte ratios to indicate chronic stress. We found no difference in arthropod biomass between ovenbird territories that were heavily invaded by or relatively free of Japanese barberry. Perhaps largely as a result, we found no relationship between Japanese barberry density and any of our five haematological condition indices. There was also no difference in body mass, body size or age ratio between ovenbirds nesting in areas with low or high densities of Japanese barberry to suggest that relatively uninvaded forest patches were in greater demand and acquired by the most dominant individuals. Our results indicate that Japanese barberry does not reduce habitat quality for breeding male ovenbirds in a way that affects their prey abundance or physiological condition, but we caution that other species of birds and other aspects of habitat quality could be affected differently. We encourage future research on additional bird species and the effects of Japanese barberry on factors such as diet composition, pairing and nesting success and post-fledging survival to improve science-based decision-making about the extent to which conservation resources should be applied towards Japanese barberry control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad L Seewagen
- Great Hollow Nature Preserve & Ecological Research Center, 225 State Route 37, New Fairfield, CT 06812, USA
| | - Eric J Slayton
- Great Hollow Nature Preserve & Ecological Research Center, 225 State Route 37, New Fairfield, CT 06812, USA
| | - Susan Smith Pagano
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, 84 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
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Anjos DV, Leal LC, Jordano P, Del‐Claro K. Ants as diaspore removers of non‐myrmecochorous plants: a meta‐analysis. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego V. Anjos
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, EDB‐CSIC ES‐41092 Sevilla Spain
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Entomologia, Univ. de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
| | - Laura C. Leal
- Depto de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Univ. Federal de São Paulo Diadema SP Brazil
| | - Pedro Jordano
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, EDB‐CSIC ES‐41092 Sevilla Spain
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Hanberry B, Hanberry P. Rapid digitization to reclaim thematic maps of white-tailed deer density from 1982 and 2003 in the conterminous US. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8262. [PMID: 32002322 PMCID: PMC6982413 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite availability of valuable ecological data in published thematic maps, manual methods to transfer published maps to a more accessible digital format are time-intensive. Application of object-based image analysis makes digitization faster. Methods Using object-based image analysis followed by random forests classification, we rapidly digitized choropleth maps of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) densities in the conterminous US during 1982 and 2001 to 2005 (hereafter, 2003), allowing access to deer density information stored in images. Results The digitization process took about one day each per deer density map, of which about two hours was computer processing time, which will differ due to factors such as resolution and number of objects. Deer were present in 4.75 million km2 (60% of the area) and 5.56 million km2 (70%) during 1982 and 2003, respectively. Population and density in areas with deer presence were 17.15 million and 3.6 deer/km2 during 1982 and 29.93 million and 5.4 deer/km2 during 2003. Greatest densities were 7.2 deer/km2 in Georgia during 1982 and 14.6 deer/km2 in Wisconsin during 2003. Six states had deer densities ≥9.8 deer/km2 during 2003. Colorado, Idaho, and Oregon had greatest increases in population and area of deer presence, and deer expansion is likely to continue into western states. Error in these estimates may be similar to error resulting from differential reporting by state agencies. Deer densities likely are within historical levels in most of the US. Discussion This method rapidly reclaimed informational value of deer density maps, enabling greater analysis, and similarly may be applied to digitize a variety of published maps to geographic information system layers, which permit greater analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Hanberry
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Rapid City, SD, United States of America
| | - Phillip Hanberry
- Missouri Resource Assessment Partnership (MoRAP), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States of America
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Buchan C, Gilroy JJ, Catry I, Franco AMA. Fitness consequences of different migratory strategies in partially migratory populations: A multi-taxa meta-analysis. J Anim Ecol 2019; 89:678-690. [PMID: 31777950 PMCID: PMC7078763 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Partial migration—wherein migratory and non‐migratory individuals exist within the same population—represents a behavioural dimorphism; for it to persist over time, both strategies should yield equal individual fitness. This balance may be maintained through trade‐offs where migrants gain survival benefits by avoiding unfavourable conditions, while residents gain breeding benefits from early access to resources. There has been little overarching quantitative analysis of the evidence for this fitness balance. As migrants—especially long‐distance migrants—may be particularly vulnerable to environmental change, it is possible that recent anthropogenic impacts could drive shifts in fitness balances within these populations. We tested these predictions using a multi‐taxa meta‐analysis. Of 2,939 reviewed studies, 23 contained suitable information for meta‐analysis, yielding 129 effect sizes. Of these, 73% (n = 94) reported higher resident fitness, 22% (n = 28) reported higher migrant fitness, and 5% (n = 7) reported equal fitness. Once weighted for precision, we found balanced fitness benefits across the entire dataset, but a consistently higher fitness of residents over migrants in birds and herpetofauna (the best‐sampled groups). Residency benefits were generally associated with survival, not breeding success, and increased with the number of years of data over which effect sizes were calculated, suggesting deviations from fitness parity are not due to sampling artefacts. A pervasive survival benefit to residency documented in recent literature could indicate that increased exposure to threats associated with anthropogenic change faced by migrating individuals may be shifting the relative fitness balance between strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Buchan
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - James J Gilroy
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - Inês Catry
- Centro de Ecologia Aplicada 'Prof. Baeta Neves' and InBio - Rede de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Aldina M A Franco
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
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Blossey B, Curtis P, Boulanger J, Dávalos A. Red oak seedlings as indicators of deer browse pressure: Gauging the outcome of different white-tailed deer management approaches. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:13085-13103. [PMID: 31871631 PMCID: PMC6912884 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
After decades of high deer populations, North American forests have lost much of their previous biodiversity. Any landscape-level recovery requires substantial reductions in deer herds, but modern societies and wildlife management agencies appear unable to devise appropriate solutions to this chronic ecological and human health crisis. We evaluated the effectiveness of fertility control and hunting in reducing deer impacts at Cornell University. We estimated spring deer populations and planted Quercus rubra seedlings to assess deer browse pressure, rodent attack, and other factors compromising seedling performance. Oak seedlings protected in cages grew well, but deer annually browsed ≥60% of unprotected seedlings. Despite female sterilization rates of >90%, the deer population remained stable. Neither sterilization nor recreational hunting reduced deer browse rates and neither appears able to achieve reductions in deer populations or their impacts. We eliminated deer sterilization and recreational hunting in a core management area in favor of allowing volunteer archers to shoot deer over bait, including at night. This resulted in a substantial reduction in the deer population and a linear decline in browse rates as a function of spring deer abundance. Public trust stewardship of North American landscapes will require a fundamental overhaul in deer management to provide for a brighter future, and oak seedlings may be a promising metric to assess success. These changes will require intense public debate and may require new approaches such as regulated commercial hunting, natural dispersal, or intentional release of important deer predators (e.g., wolves and mountain lions). Such drastic changes in deer management will be highly controversial, and at present, likely difficult to implement in North America. However, the future of our forest ecosystems and their associated biodiversity will depend on evidence to guide change in landscape management and stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Blossey
- Department of Natural ResourcesCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Paul Curtis
- Department of Natural ResourcesCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
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