1
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Leaving more than footprints: Anthropogenic nutrient subsidies to a protected area. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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2
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Thomson DM, McEachern AK, Schultz EL, Niessen K, Wilken D, Chess K, Cole LF, Oliver RY, Phillips JD, Tucker A. Diverse native island flora shows rapid initial passive recovery after exotic herbivore removal on Santa Rosa Island, California. Biol Invasions 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02735-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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4
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Bolas EC, Sollmann R, Crooks KR, Boydston EE, Shaskey L, Boser CL, Dillon A, Van Vuren DH. Role of microhabitat and temporal activity in facilitating coexistence of endemic carnivores on the California Channel Islands. J Mammal 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyab125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Most extinctions worldwide have occurred on islands, primarily due to interactions with exotic species, but rarely due to interactions among endemic species. This potential exists on two of the California Channel Islands, Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa, as endemic island spotted skunks (Spilogale gracilis amphiala) appear to have rapidly declined to rarity, possibly due to interference competition with endemic island foxes (Urocyon littoralis). Niche partitioning is expected in response to interference competition; hence, it is surprising that skunks and foxes show extensive overlap in macrohabitat use and circadian activity. However, the role of microhabitat associations and fine-scale temporal activity in facilitating coexistence of the two species has not been explored. We evaluated microhabitat associations of island spotted skunks and island foxes across both islands using data from live traps and wildlife cameras collected during 2015–2017, and we analyzed fine-scale temporal activity using camera data from 2016 and 2017. On both islands, skunks had a positive response to ground-level cover provided by rugged topography or woody vegetation such as shrubs or trees, whereas foxes had a weak or negative response, suggesting partitioning of these microhabitat characteristics. Additionally, on both islands the peak in timing of skunk activity offset the peak for foxes, which implies that skunks use fine-scale adjustments in activity to avoid foxes. Past grazing by exotic herbivores likely reduced habitat refuges for skunks; however, as vegetation on both islands recovers, regrowth of shrubs and trees may provide cover that will improve prospects for coexistence of island spotted skunks and island foxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen C Bolas
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rahel Sollmann
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kevin R Crooks
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, 115 Wagar, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Laura Shaskey
- Channel Islands National Park, 1901 Spinnaker Drive, Ventura, CA, USA
| | | | - Adam Dillon
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, 115 Wagar, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Dirk H Van Vuren
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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5
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Page HM, Schamel J, Emery KA, Schooler NK, Dugan JE, Guglielmino A, Schroeder DM, Palmstrom L, Hubbard DM, Miller RJ. Diet of a threatened endemic fox reveals variation in sandy beach resource use on California Channel Islands. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258919. [PMID: 34710148 PMCID: PMC8553077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The coastal zone provides foraging opportunities for insular populations of terrestrial mammals, allowing for expanded habitat use, increased dietary breadth, and locally higher population densities. We examined the use of sandy beach resources by the threatened island fox (Urocyon littoralis) on the California Channel Islands using scat analysis, surveys of potential prey, beach habitat attributes, and stable isotope analysis. Consumption of beach invertebrates, primarily intertidal talitrid amphipods (Megalorchestia spp.) by island fox varied with abundance of these prey across sites. Distance-based linear modeling revealed that abundance of giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) wrack, rather than beach physical attributes, explained the largest amount of variation in talitrid amphipod abundance and biomass across beaches. δ13C and δ15N values of fox whisker (vibrissae) segments suggested individualism in diet, with generally low δ13C and δ15N values of some foxes consistent with specializing on primarily terrestrial foods, contrasting with the higher isotope values of other individuals that suggested a sustained use of sandy beach resources, the importance of which varied over time. Abundant allochthonous marine resources on beaches, including inputs of giant kelp, may expand habitat use and diet breadth of the island fox, increasing population resilience during declines in terrestrial resources associated with climate variability and long-term climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M. Page
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Juliann Schamel
- Channel Islands National Park, Ventura, California, United States of America
| | - Kyle A. Emery
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Nicholas K. Schooler
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Jenifer E. Dugan
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Angela Guglielmino
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Donna M. Schroeder
- Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Camarillo, California, United States of America
| | - Linnea Palmstrom
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - David M. Hubbard
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Miller
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
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6
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Trumbo DR, Funk WC, Pauly GB, Robertson JM. Conservation genetics of an island-endemic lizard: low Ne and the critical role of intermediate temperatures for genetic connectivity. CONSERV GENET 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-021-01362-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Biogeographic problem-solving reveals the Late Pleistocene translocation of a short-faced bear to the California Channel Islands. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15172. [PMID: 32938967 PMCID: PMC7494929 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71572-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
An accurate understanding of biodiversity of the past is critical for contextualizing biodiversity patterns and trends in the present. Emerging techniques are refining our ability to decipher otherwise cryptic human-mediated species translocations across the Quaternary, yet these techniques are often used in isolation, rather than part of an interdisciplinary hypothesis-testing toolkit, limiting their scope and application. Here we illustrate the use of such an integrative approach and report the occurrence of North America's largest terrestrial mammalian carnivore, the short-faced bear, Arctodus simus, from Daisy Cave (CA-SMI-261), an important early human occupation site on the California Channel Islands. We identified the specimen by corroborating morphological, protein, and mitogenomic lines of evidence, and evaluated the potential natural and anthropogenic mechanisms of its transport and deposition. While representing just a single specimen, our combination of techniques opened a window into the behavior of an enigmatic species, suggesting that A. simus was a wide-ranging scavenger utilizing terrestrial and marine carcasses. This discovery highlights the utility of bridging archaeological and paleontological datasets to disentangle complex biogeographic scenarios and reveal unexpected biodiversity for island systems worldwide.
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Godwin BL, LaCava MEF, Mendelsohn B, Gagne RB, Gustafson KD, Love Stowell SM, Engilis A, Tell LA, Ernest HB. Novel hybrid finds a peri-urban niche: Allen’s Hummingbirds in southern California. CONSERV GENET 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-020-01303-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Ramirez AR, De Guzman ME, Dawson TE, Ackerly DD. Plant hydraulic traits reveal islands as refugia from worsening drought. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coz115. [PMID: 32015878 PMCID: PMC6988607 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Relatively mesic environments within arid regions may be important conservation targets as 'climate change refugia' for species persistence in the face of worsening drought conditions. Semi-arid southern California and the relatively mesic environments of California's Channel Islands provide a model system for examining drought responses of plants in potential climate change refugia. Most methods for detecting refugia are focused on 'exposure' of organisms to certain abiotic conditions, which fail to assess how local adaptation or acclimation of plant traits (i.e. 'sensitivity') contribute to or offset the benefits of reduced exposure. Here, we use a comparative plant hydraulics approach to characterize the vulnerability of plants to drought, providing a framework for identifying the locations and trait patterns that underlie functioning climate change refugia. Seasonal water relations, xylem hydraulic traits and remotely sensed vegetation indices of matched island and mainland field sites were used to compare the response of native plants from contrasting island and mainland sites to hotter droughts in the early 21st century. Island plants experienced more favorable water relations and resilience to recent drought. However, island plants displayed low plasticity/adaptation of hydraulic traits to local conditions, which indicates that relatively conserved traits of island plants underlie greater hydraulic safety and localized buffering from regional drought conditions. Our results provide an explanation for how California's Channel Islands function as a regional climate refugia during past and current climate change and demonstrate a physiology-based approach for detecting potential climate change refugia in other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R Ramirez
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building #3140 Berkeley CA 94720-3200, USA
- Department of Biology & Environmental Studies, Reed College, Portland, 33203 Southeast Woodstock Blvd., Portland, Oregon 97202-8199, USA
- Corresponding author: Department of Biology & Environmental Studies, Reed College, Portland, 33203 Southeast Woodstock Blvd., Portland, Oregon 97202-8199, USA. Tel: +(503) 517-4101.
| | - Mark E De Guzman
- Department of Biology & Environmental Studies, Reed College, Portland, 33203 Southeast Woodstock Blvd., Portland, Oregon 97202-8199, USA
- Department of Botany & Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside CA 92521, USA
| | - Todd E Dawson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building #3140 Berkeley CA 94720-3200, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, 130 Mulford Hall #3114, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA
| | - David D Ackerly
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building #3140 Berkeley CA 94720-3200, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, 130 Mulford Hall #3114, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA
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10
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Naughton I, Boser C, Tsutsui ND, Holway DA. Direct evidence of native ant displacement by the Argentine ant in island ecosystems. Biol Invasions 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-019-02121-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Douglass K, Walz J, Quintana Morales E, Marcus R, Myers G, Pollini J. Historical perspectives on contemporary human-environment dynamics in southeast Africa. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2019; 33:260-274. [PMID: 30411404 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The human communities and ecosystems of island and coastal southeast Africa face significant and linked ecological threats. Socioecological conditions of concern to communities, governments, nongovernmental organizations, and researchers include declining agricultural productivity, deforestation, introductions of non-native flora and fauna, coastal erosion and sedimentation, damage to marine environments, illegal fishing, overfishing, waste pollution, salinization of freshwater supplies, and rising energy demands, among others. Human-environment challenges are connected to longer, often ignored, histories of social and ecological dynamics in the region. We argue that these challenges are more effectively understood and addressed within a longer-term historical ecology framework. We reviewed cases from Madagascar, coastal Kenya, and the Zanzibar Archipelago of fisheries, deforestation, and management of human waste to encourage increased engagement among historical ecologists, conservation scientists, and policy makers. These case studies demonstrate that by widening the types and time depths of data sets we used to investigate and address current socioecological challenges, our interpretations of their causes and strategies for their mitigation varied significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Douglass
- Department of Anthropology and Institutes for Energy and the Environment, The Pennsylvania State University, 321 Carpenter Building, University Park, PA, 16802, U.S.A
| | - Jonathan Walz
- SIT-Graduate Institute, 1 Kipling Road, Brattleboro, VT, 05301, U.S.A
| | - Eréndira Quintana Morales
- Department of Anthropology, Rice University, MS-20, 6100 Main Street, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX, 77251, U.S.A
| | - Richard Marcus
- The Global Studies Institute, College of Liberal Arts, California State University Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, F01, MS 1802, Long Beach, CA, 90840, U.S.A
| | - Garth Myers
- Urban International Studies, Trinity College, 70 Vernon Street, Hartford, CT, 06106, U.S.A
| | - Jacques Pollini
- The Institutional Canopy of Conservation (I-CAN): Governance & Environmentality, Department of Anthropology, McGill University, 845 Sherbrooke Street W., Montreal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada
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12
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Longcore T, Noujdina N, Dixon PJ. Landscape Modeling of the Potential Natural Vegetation of Santa Catalina Island, California. WEST N AM NATURALIST 2018. [DOI: 10.3398/064.078.0406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter J. Dixon
- Catalina Island Conservancy, 330 Golden Shore, #170, Long Beach, CA 90802
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13
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Summers R, Masukawa J, Hartman BD. The Influence of Slope on Vegetation Recovery Following Nonnative Grazer Removal on Santa Rosa Island, California. WEST N AM NATURALIST 2018. [DOI: 10.3398/064.078.0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Summers
- Environmental Science and Resource Management Program, CSU Channel Islands, Camarillo, CA
| | - Jamie Masukawa
- Environmental Science and Resource Management Program, CSU Channel Islands, Camarillo, CA
| | - Brett D. Hartman
- Environmental Science and Resource Management Program, CSU Channel Islands, Camarillo, CA
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14
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Woolsey J, Hanna C, Mceachern K, Anderson S, Hartman BD. Regeneration and Expansion of Quercus tomentella (Island Oak) Groves on Santa Rosa Island. WEST N AM NATURALIST 2018. [DOI: 10.3398/064.078.0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jay Woolsey
- Environmental Science and Resource Management Program, CSU Channel Islands, Camarillo, CA
| | - Cause Hanna
- Santa Rosa Island Research Station, CSU Channel Islands, Camarillo, CA
| | - Kathryn Mceachern
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Channel Islands Field Station, Ventura, CA
| | - Sean Anderson
- Environmental Science and Resource Management Program, CSU Channel Islands, Camarillo, CA
| | - Brett D. Hartman
- Environmental Science and Resource Management Program, CSU Channel Islands, Camarillo, CA
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15
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Riley L, McGlaughlin ME, Helenurm K. Limited Genetic Variability in Native Buckwheats (Eriogonum: Polygonaceae) on San Clemente Island. WEST N AM NATURALIST 2018. [DOI: 10.3398/064.078.0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Riley
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069
| | | | - Kaius Helenurm
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069
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16
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Salladay RA, Ramirez AR. Reduced Defenses and Increased Herbivore Preference of Island Chaparral Shrubs Compared to Mainland Relatives. WEST N AM NATURALIST 2018. [DOI: 10.3398/064.078.0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Salladay
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Aaron R. Ramirez
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
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17
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Randall JM, Mceachern K, Knapp J, Power P, Junak S, Gill K, Knapp D, Guilliams M. Informing Our Successors: What Botanical Information for Santa Cruz Island will Researchers and Conservation Managers in the Century Ahead Need the Most? WEST N AM NATURALIST 2018. [DOI: 10.3398/064.078.0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John M. Randall
- The Nature Conservancy, California Chapter, 201 Mission Street, San Francisco, CA 94105
| | - Kathryn Mceachern
- U.S. Geological Survey, WERC, Channel Islands Field Station, 1901 Spinnaker Drive, Ventura, CA 93001
| | - John Knapp
- The Nature Conservancy, California Chapter, 201 Mission Street, San Francisco, CA 94105
| | - Paula Power
- National Park Service, Channel Islands National Park, 1901 Spinnaker Drive, Ventura, CA 93001
| | - Steve Junak
- Santa Barbara Botanic Garden, 1212 Mission Canyon Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105
| | - Kristina Gill
- Santa Barbara Botanic Garden, 1212 Mission Canyon Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105
| | - Denise Knapp
- Santa Barbara Botanic Garden, 1212 Mission Canyon Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105
| | - Matt Guilliams
- Santa Barbara Botanic Garden, 1212 Mission Canyon Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105
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18
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Collins PW, Guthrie DA, Whistler EL, Vellanoweth RL, Erlandson JM. Terminal Pleistocene–Holocene Avifauna of San Miguel and Santa Rosa Islands: Identifications of Previously Unidentified Avian Remains Recovered from Fossil Sites and Prehistoric Cave Deposits. WEST N AM NATURALIST 2018. [DOI: 10.3398/064.078.0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul W. Collins
- Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta Del Sol, Santa Barbara, CA 93105
| | | | - Emily L. Whistler
- Department of Anthropology, Box 644910, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163
| | - René L. Vellanoweth
- Department of Anthropology, California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90032-8220
| | - Jon M. Erlandson
- Museum of Natural and Cultural History, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1224
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19
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Morrison SA, Sillett TS, Funk WC, Ghalambor CK, Rick TC. California Island Rediscovery: Building an Archive to Improve Conservation Today and Equip the Historical Ecologist of Tomorrow. WEST N AM NATURALIST 2018. [DOI: 10.3398/064.078.0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Morrison
- The Nature Conservancy, 201 Mission St., 4th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94105
| | - T. Scott Sillett
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, MRC 5503, Washington, DC 20013
| | - W. Chris Funk
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Cameron K. Ghalambor
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Torben C. Rick
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013
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20
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Boser CL, Sillett TS, Collins PW, Faulkner KR, Funk WC, Ghalambor CK, Laughrin L, Pauly GB, Robertson JM, Shea R, Vickers W. Equipping Tomorrow's Historical Ecologist: Priorities for Documenting Conditions of the Terrestrial Fauna of Santa Cruz Island, California. WEST N AM NATURALIST 2018. [DOI: 10.3398/064.078.0426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - T. Scott Sillett
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC 20013
| | - Paul W. Collins
- Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, CA 93105
| | | | - W. Chris Funk
- Department of Biology, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Cameron K. Ghalambor
- Department of Biology, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Lyndal Laughrin
- University of California Natural Reserve System, UCSB, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Gregory B. Pauly
- Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA 90007
| | | | - Robyn Shea
- California State University Channel Islands, Camarillo, CA 93012
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21
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Manlick PJ, Romanski MC, Pauli JN. Dynamic colonization history in a rediscovered Isle Royale carnivore. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12711. [PMID: 30139968 PMCID: PMC6107671 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31130-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Island ecosystems are globally threatened, and efforts to restore historical communities are widespread. Such conservation efforts should be informed by accurate assessments of historical community composition to establish appropriate restoration targets. Isle Royale National Park is one of the most researched island ecosystems in the world, yet little is actually known about the biogeographic history of most Isle Royale taxa. To address this uncertainty and inform restoration targets, we determined the phylogeographic history of American martens (Martes americana), a species rediscovered on Isle Royale 76 years after presumed extirpation. We characterized the genetic composition of martens throughout the Great Lakes region using nuclear and mitochondrial markers, identified the source of Isle Royale martens using genetic structure analyses, and used demographic bottleneck tests to evaluate (eliminate redundancy of test). 3 competing colonization scenarios. Martens exhibited significant structure regionally, including a distinct Isle Royale cluster, but mitochondrial sequences revealed no monophyletic clades or evolutionarily significant units. Rather, martens were historically extirpated and recolonized Isle Royale from neighbouring Ontario, Canada in the late 20th century. These findings illustrate the underappreciated dynamics of island communities, underscore the importance of historical biogeography for establishing restoration baselines, and provide optimism for extirpated and declining Isle Royale vertebrates whose reintroductions have been widely debated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Manlick
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, Department of Forest & Wildlife Ecology, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Mark C Romanski
- National Park Service, Isle Royale National Park, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - Jonathan N Pauli
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, Department of Forest & Wildlife Ecology, Madison, WI, USA
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22
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Rare long-distance dispersal of the Island Night Lizard, Xantusia riversiana, maintains high diversity in a fragmented environment. CONSERV GENET 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-018-1055-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Rick TC, Braje TJ, Erlandson JM, Gill KM, Kirn L, Mclaren-Dewey L. Horizon Scanning: Survey and Research Priorities for Cultural, Historical, and Paleobiological Resources of Santa Cruz Island, California. WEST N AM NATURALIST 2018. [DOI: 10.3398/064.078.0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Torben C. Rick
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, MRC 112, Washington, DC 20013-7012
| | - Todd J. Braje
- Department of Anthropology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-6040
| | - Jon M. Erlandson
- Museum of Natural and Cultural History, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
| | - Kristina M. Gill
- Museum of Natural and Cultural History, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
| | - Laura Kirn
- Channel Islands National Park, 1901 Spinnaker Dr., Ventura, CA 93001
| | - Lynn Mclaren-Dewey
- University of California Natural Reserve System, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-6150
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24
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Pesendorfer MB, Baker CM, Stringer M, McDonald‐Madden E, Bode M, McEachern AK, Morrison SA, Sillett TS. Oak habitat recovery on California's largest islands: Scenarios for the role of corvid seed dispersal. J Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario B. Pesendorfer
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology Ithaca NY USA
- Migratory Bird Center Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute National Zoological Park Washington DC USA
| | - Christopher M. Baker
- School of BioSciences University of Melbourne Melbourne Vic. Australia
- School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St Lucia, Brisbane Qld Australia
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences Ecosciences Precinct Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Martin Stringer
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Queensland St Lucia, Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Eve McDonald‐Madden
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Queensland St Lucia, Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Michael Bode
- ARC Centre for Excellence for Coral Reefs Studies James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
| | - A. Kathryn McEachern
- U.S. Geological Survey‐Western Ecological Research Center Channel Islands Field Station Ventura CA USA
| | | | - T. Scott Sillett
- Migratory Bird Center Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute National Zoological Park Washington DC USA
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Hardiman M, Scott AC, Pinter N, Anderson RS, Ejarque A, Carter-Champion A, Staff RA. Fire history on the California Channel Islands spanning human arrival in the Americas. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0167. [PMID: 27216524 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that the first arrival of humans in the Americas during the end of the last Ice Age is associated with marked anthropogenic influences on landscape; in particular, with the use of fire which, would have given even small populations the ability to have broad impacts on the landscape. Understanding the impact of these early people is complicated by the dramatic changes in climate occurring with the shift from glacial to interglacial conditions. Despite these difficulties, we here attempt to test the extent of anthropogenic influence using the California Channel Islands as a smaller, landscape-scale test bed. These islands are famous for the discovery of the 'Arlington Springs Man', which are some of the earliest human remains in the Americas. A unifying sedimentary charcoal record is presented from Arlington Canyon, Santa Rosa Island, based on over 20 detailed sedimentary sections from eight key localities. Radiocarbon dating was based on thin, fragile, long fragments of charcoal in order to avoid the 'inbuilt' age problem. Radiocarbon dating of 49 such fragments has allowed inferences regarding the fire and landscape history of the Canyon ca 19-11 ka BP. A significant period of charcoal deposition is identified approximately 14-12.5 ka BP and bears remarkable closeness to an estimated age range of the first human arrival on the islands.This article is part of the themed issue 'The interaction of fire and mankind'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hardiman
- Department of Geography, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Hampshire, UK
| | - Andrew C Scott
- Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Nicholas Pinter
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - R Scott Anderson
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Ana Ejarque
- UMR 6042, GEOLAB, CNRS, 4 rue Ledru, 63057 Clermont-Ferrand cedex 1, France GEOLAB, Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, BP 10448, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Richard A Staff
- Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU), Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art (RLAHA), University of Oxford, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
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Morrison SA, Sillett TS, Funk WC, Ghalambor CK, Rick TC. Equipping the 22nd-Century Historical Ecologist. Trends Ecol Evol 2017. [PMID: 28645487 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Historical ecology provides information needed to understand contemporary conditions and make science-based resource management decisions. Gaps in historical records, however, can limit inquiries and inference. Unfortunately, the patchiness of data that poses challenges for today's historical ecologist may be similarly problematic for those in the future seeking to understand what are currently present-day conditions and trends, in part because of societal underinvestment in systematic collection and curation. We therefore highlight the generational imperative that contemporary scientists and managers individually have - especially in this era of tremendous global change - to ensure sufficient documentation of the past and current conditions of the places and resources to which they have access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Morrison
- The Nature Conservancy, 201 Mission St., 4th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA.
| | - T Scott Sillett
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, MRC 5503, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - W Chris Funk
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Cameron K Ghalambor
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Torben C Rick
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, MRC 112, Washington, DC 20013, USA
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Langin KM, Sillett TS, Funk WC, Morrison SA, Ghalambor CK. Partial support for the central-marginal hypothesis within a population: reduced genetic diversity but not increased differentiation at the range edge of an island endemic bird. Heredity (Edinb) 2017; 119:8-15. [PMID: 28327578 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2017.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale population comparisons have contributed to our understanding of the evolution of geographic range limits and species boundaries, as well as the conservation value of populations at range margins. The central-marginal hypothesis (CMH) predicts a decline in genetic diversity and an increase in genetic differentiation toward the periphery of species' ranges due to spatial variation in genetic drift and gene flow. Empirical studies on a diverse array of taxa have demonstrated support for the CMH. However, nearly all such studies come from widely distributed species, and have not considered if the same processes can be scaled down to single populations. Here, we test the CMH on a species composed of a single population: the Island Scrub-Jay (Aphelocoma insularis), endemic to a 250 km2 island. We examined microsatellite data from a quarter of the total population and found that homozygosity increased toward the island's periphery. However, peripheral portions of the island did not exhibit higher genetic differentiation. Simulations revealed that highly localized dispersal and small total population size, but not spatial variation in population density, were critical for generating fine-scale variation in homozygosity. Collectively, these results demonstrate that microevolutionary processes driving spatial variation in genetic diversity among populations can also be important for generating spatial variation in genetic diversity within populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Langin
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - T S Sillett
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA
| | - W C Funk
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - C K Ghalambor
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Armstrong CG, Shoemaker AC, McKechnie I, Ekblom A, Szabó P, Lane PJ, McAlvay AC, Boles OJ, Walshaw S, Petek N, Gibbons KS, Quintana Morales E, Anderson EN, Ibragimow A, Podruczny G, Vamosi JC, Marks-Block T, LeCompte JK, Awâsis S, Nabess C, Sinclair P, Crumley CL. Anthropological contributions to historical ecology: 50 questions, infinite prospects. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171883. [PMID: 28235093 PMCID: PMC5325225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a consensus-driven process identifying 50 priority research questions for historical ecology obtained through crowdsourcing, literature reviews, and in-person workshopping. A deliberative approach was designed to maximize discussion and debate with defined outcomes. Two in-person workshops (in Sweden and Canada) over the course of two years and online discussions were peer facilitated to define specific key questions for historical ecology from anthropological and archaeological perspectives. The aim of this research is to showcase the variety of questions that reflect the broad scope for historical-ecological research trajectories across scientific disciplines. Historical ecology encompasses research concerned with decadal, centennial, and millennial human-environmental interactions, and the consequences that those relationships have in the formation of contemporary landscapes. Six interrelated themes arose from our consensus-building workshop model: (1) climate and environmental change and variability; (2) multi-scalar, multi-disciplinary; (3) biodiversity and community ecology; (4) resource and environmental management and governance; (5) methods and applications; and (6) communication and policy. The 50 questions represented by these themes highlight meaningful trends in historical ecology that distill the field down to three explicit findings. First, historical ecology is fundamentally an applied research program. Second, this program seeks to understand long-term human-environment interactions with a focus on avoiding, mitigating, and reversing adverse ecological effects. Third, historical ecology is part of convergent trends toward transdisciplinary research science, which erodes scientific boundaries between the cultural and natural.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna C. Shoemaker
- Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Iain McKechnie
- Department of Anthropology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, Quadra Island, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anneli Ekblom
- Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Péter Szabó
- Department of Vegetation Ecology, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Paul J. Lane
- Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Alex C. McAlvay
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Oliver J. Boles
- Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Walshaw
- Department of History, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nik Petek
- Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kevin S. Gibbons
- Department of Anthropology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Eugene N. Anderson
- Department of Anthropology, University California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Aleksandra Ibragimow
- Polish-German Research Institute, Adams Mickiewicz University in Poznań, European University, Viadrina, Poland/Germany
| | - Grzegorz Podruczny
- Polish-German Research Institute, Adams Mickiewicz University in Poznań, European University, Viadrina, Poland/Germany
| | - Jana C. Vamosi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tony Marks-Block
- Department of Anthropology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | | | - Sākihitowin Awâsis
- Department of Geography, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Atlohsa Native Family Healing Services, Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carly Nabess
- Department of Anthropology, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paul Sinclair
- Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carole L. Crumley
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Integrated History of Future of People on Earth (IHOPE) Initiative, Uppsala, Sweden
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Douglas MR, Davis MA, Amarello M, Smith JJ, Schuett GW, Herrmann HW, Holycross AT, Douglas ME. Anthropogenic impacts drive niche and conservation metrics of a cryptic rattlesnake on the Colorado Plateau of western North America. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:160047. [PMID: 27152218 PMCID: PMC4852641 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystems transition quickly in the Anthropocene, whereas biodiversity adapts more slowly. Here we simulated a shifting woodland ecosystem on the Colorado Plateau of western North America by using as its proxy over space and time the fundamental niche of the Arizona black rattlesnake (Crotalus cerberus). We found an expansive (= end-of-Pleistocene) range that contracted sharply (= present), but is blocked topographically by Grand Canyon/Colorado River as it shifts predictably northwestward under moderate climate change (= 2080). Vulnerability to contemporary wildfire was quantified from available records, with forested area reduced more than 27% over 13 years. Both 'ecosystem metrics' underscore how climate and wildfire are rapidly converting the Plateau ecosystem into novel habitat. To gauge potential effects on C. cerberus, we derived a series of relevant 'conservation metrics' (i.e. genetic variability, dispersal capacity, effective population size) by sequencing 118 individuals across 846 bp of mitochondrial (mt)DNA-ATPase8/6. We identified five significantly different clades (net sequence divergence = 2.2%) isolated by drainage/topography, with low dispersal (F ST = 0.82) and small sizes (2N ef = 5.2). Our compiled metrics (i.e. small-populations, topographic-isolation, low-dispersal versus conserved-niche, vulnerable-ecosystem, dispersal barriers) underscore the susceptibility of this woodland specialist to a climate and wildfire tandem. We offer adaptive management scenarios that may counterbalance these metrics and avoid the extirpation of this and other highly specialized, relictual woodland clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Douglas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - M. A. Davis
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - M. Amarello
- Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - J. J. Smith
- Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | - H.-W. Herrmann
- Natural Resources and Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - M. E. Douglas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Hanna C, Naughton I, Boser C, Holway D. Testing the effects of ant invasions on non-ant arthropods with high-resolution taxonomic data. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2015; 25:1841-1850. [PMID: 26591450 DOI: 10.1890/14-0952.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Invasions give rise to a wide range of ecological effects. Many invasions proceed without noticeable impacts on the resident biota, whereas others shift species composition and even alter ecosystem function. Ant invasions generate a broad spectrum of ecological effects, but controversy surrounds the extent of these impacts, especially with regard to how other arthropods are affected. This uncertainty in part results from the widespread use of low-resolution taxonomic data, which can mask the presence of other introduced species and make it difficult to isolate the effects of ant invasions on native species. Here, we use high-resolution taxonomic data to examine the effects of Argentine ant invasions on arthropods on Santa Cruz Island, California. We sampled arthropods in eight pairs of invaded and uninvaded plots and then collaborated with taxonomic experts to identify taxa in four focal groups: spiders, bark lice, beetles, and ants. Spiders, bark lice, and beetles made up ~40% of the 9868 non-ant arthropod individuals sampled; the majority of focal group arthropods were putatively native taxa. Although our results indicate strong negative effects of the Argentine ant on native ants, as is well documented, invaded and uninvaded plots did not differ with respect to the richness, abundance, or species composition of spiders, bark lice, and beetles. One common, introduced species of bark louse was more common in uninvaded plots than in invaded plots, and including this species into our analyses changed the relationship between bark louse richness vs. L. humile abundance from no relationship to a significant negative relationship. This case illustrates how failure to differentiate native and introduced taxa can lead to erroneous conclusions about the effects of ant invasions. Our results caution against unqualified assertions about the effects of ant invasions on non-ant arthropods, and more generally demonstrate that accurate assessments of invasion impacts depend on adequate information about species identity.
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Wilson AG, Chan Y, Taylor SS, Arcese P. Genetic Divergence of an Avian Endemic on the Californian Channel Islands. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134471. [PMID: 26308717 PMCID: PMC4550415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Californian Channel Islands are near–shore islands with high levels of endemism, but extensive habitat loss has contributed to the decline or extinction of several endemic taxa. A key parameter for understanding patterns of endemism and demography in island populations is the magnitude of inter–island dispersal. This paper estimates the extent of migration and genetic differentiation in three extant and two extinct populations of Channel Island song sparrows (Melospiza melodia graminea). Inter–island differentiation was substantial (G''ST: 0.14–0.37), with San Miguel Island having the highest genetic divergence and lowest migration rates. Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz Island populations were less diverged with higher migration rates. Genetic signals of past population declines were detected in all of the extant populations. The Channel Island populations were significantly diverged from mainland populations of M. m. heermanni (G''ST: 0.30–0.64). Ten mtDNA haplotypes were recovered across the extant and extinct Channel Island population samples. Two of the ten haplotypes were shared between the Northern and Southern Channel Islands, with one of these haplotypes being detected on the Californian mainland. Our results suggest that there is little contemporary migration between islands, consistent with early explanations of avian biogeography in the Channel Islands, and that song sparrow populations on the northern Channel Islands are demographically independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy G. Wilson
- Department of Conservation and Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Yvonne Chan
- ‘Iolani School, 563 Kamoku St., Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Sabrina S. Taylor
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Peter Arcese
- Department of Conservation and Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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32
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Corlett RT. The Anthropocene concept in ecology and conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 2015; 30:36-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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