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Laudon H, Mosquera V, Eklöf K, Järveoja J, Karimi S, Krasnova A, Peichl M, Pinkwart A, Tong CHM, Wallin MB, Zannella A, Hasselquist EM. Consequences of rewetting and ditch cleaning on hydrology, water quality and greenhouse gas balance in a drained northern landscape. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20218. [PMID: 37980440 PMCID: PMC10657473 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47528-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Drainage for forestry has created ~ 1 million km of artificial waterways in Sweden, making it one of the largest human-induced environmental disturbances in the country. These extensive modifications of both peatland and mineral soil dominated landscapes still carry largely unknown, but potentially enormous environmental legacy effects. However, the consequences of contemporary ditch management strategies, such as hydrological restoration via ditch blocking or enhancing forest drainage to promote biomass production via ditch cleaning, on water resources and greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes are unclear. To close the gap between science and management, we have developed a unique field research platform to experimentally evaluate key environmental strategies for drained northern landscapes with the aim to avoid further environmental degeneration. The Trollberget Experimental Area (TEA) includes replicated and controlled treatments applied at the catchment scale based on a BACI approach (before-after and control-impact). The treatments represent the dominant ecosystem types impacted by ditching in Sweden and the boreal zone: (1) rewetting of a drained peatland, (2) ditch cleaning in productive upland forests and (3) leaving these ditches unmanaged. Here we describe the TEA platform, report initial results, suggest ways forward for how to best manage this historical large-scale alteration of the boreal landscape, as well as warn against applying these treatments broadly before more long-term results are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hjalmar Laudon
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Virginia Mosquera
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Karin Eklöf
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Järvi Järveoja
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Shirin Karimi
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alisa Krasnova
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Matthias Peichl
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alexander Pinkwart
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Cheuk Hei Marcus Tong
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marcus B Wallin
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alberto Zannella
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eliza Maher Hasselquist
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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Runnel K, Tamm H, Kohv M, Pent M, Vellak K, Lodjak J, Lõhmus A. Short-term responses of the soil microbiome and its environment indicate an uncertain future of restored peatland forests. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118879. [PMID: 37659362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Restoring peatland ecosystems involves significant uncertainty due to complex ecological and socio-economic feedbacks as well as alternative stable ecological states. The primary aim of this study was to investigate to what extent the natural functioning of drainage-affected peat soils can be restored, and to examine role of soil microbiota in this recovery process. To address these questions, a large-scale before-after-control-impact (BACI) experiment was conducted in drained peatland forests in Estonia. The restoration treatments included ditch closure and partial tree cutting to raise the water table and restore stand structure. Soil samples and environmental data were collected before and 3-4 years after the treatments; the samples were subjected to metabarcoding to assess fungal and bacterial communities and analysed for their chemical properties. The study revealed some indicators of a shift toward the reference state (natural mixotrophic bog-forests): the spatial heterogeneity in soil fungi and bacteria increased, as well as the relative abundance of saprotrophic fungi; while nitrogen content in the soil decreased significantly. However, a general stability of other physico-chemical properties (including pH remaining elevated by ca. one unit) and annual fluctuations in the microbiome suggested that soil recovery will remain incomplete and patchy for decades. The main implication is the necessity to manage hydrologically restored peatland forests while explicitly considering an uncertain future and diverse outcomes. This includes their continuous monitoring and the adoption of a precautionary approach to prevent further damage both to these ecosystems and to surrounding intact peatlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadri Runnel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, J. Liivi 2, 50409, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Heidi Tamm
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, J. Liivi 2, 50409, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marko Kohv
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, J. Liivi 2, 50409, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mari Pent
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, J. Liivi 2, 50409, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kai Vellak
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, J. Liivi 2, 50409, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaanis Lodjak
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, J. Liivi 2, 50409, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Asko Lõhmus
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, J. Liivi 2, 50409, Tartu, Estonia
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Mäyrä J, Kivinen S, Keski-Saari S, Poikolainen L, Kumpula T. Utilizing historical maps in identification of long-term land use and land cover changes. AMBIO 2023; 52:1777-1792. [PMID: 36840866 PMCID: PMC10562305 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-023-01838-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge in the magnitude and historical trends in land use and land cover (LULC) is needed to understand the changing status of the key elements of the landscape and to better target management efforts. However, this information is not easily available before the start of satellite campaign missions. Scanned historical maps are a valuable but underused source of LULC information. As a case study, we used U-Net to automatically extract fields, mires, roads, watercourses, and water bodies from scanned historical maps, dated 1965, 1984 and 1985 for our 900 km[Formula: see text] study area in Southern Finland. We then used these data, along with the topographic databases from 2005 and 2022, to quantify the LULC changes for the past 57 years. For example, the total area of fields decreased by around 27 km[Formula: see text], and the total length of watercourses increased by around 2250 km in our study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Mäyrä
- Quality of information, Finnish Environment Institute (Syke), Latokartanonkaari 11, Helsinki, 00790 Finland
| | - Sonja Kivinen
- Department of Geographical and Historical Studies, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonkatu 7, Joensuu, 80101 Finland
| | - Sarita Keski-Saari
- Department of Geographical and Historical Studies, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonkatu 7, Joensuu, 80101 Finland
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonkatu 7, Joensuu, 80101 Finland
| | - Laura Poikolainen
- Department of Geographical and Historical Studies, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonkatu 7, Joensuu, 80101 Finland
| | - Timo Kumpula
- Department of Geographical and Historical Studies, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonkatu 7, Joensuu, 80101 Finland
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Defrenne CE, Moore JAM, Tucker CL, Lamit LJ, Kane ES, Kolka RK, Chimner RA, Keller JK, Lilleskov EA. Peat loss collocates with a threshold in plant-mycorrhizal associations in drained peatlands encroached by trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:412-425. [PMID: 37148190 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Drainage-induced encroachment by trees may have major effects on the carbon balance of northern peatlands, and responses of microbial communities are likely to play a central mechanistic role. We profiled the soil fungal community and estimated its genetic potential for the decay of lignin and phenolics (class II peroxidase potential) along peatland drainage gradients stretching from interior locations (undrained, open) to ditched locations (drained, forested). Mycorrhizal fungi dominated the community across the gradients. When moving towards ditches, the dominant type of mycorrhizal association abruptly shifted from ericoid mycorrhiza to ectomycorrhiza at c. 120 m from the ditches. This distance corresponded with increased peat loss, from which more than half may be attributed to oxidation. The ectomycorrhizal genus Cortinarius dominated at the drained end of the gradients and its relatively higher genetic potential to produce class II peroxidases (together with Mycena) was positively associated with peat humification and negatively with carbon-to-nitrogen ratio. Our study is consistent with a plant-soil feedback mechanism, driven by a shift in the mycorrhizal type of vegetation, that potentially mediates changes in aerobic decomposition during postdrainage succession. Such feedback may have long-term legacy effects upon postdrainage restoration efforts and implication for tree encroachment onto carbon-rich soils globally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica A M Moore
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Colin L Tucker
- USDA Forest Service-Northern Research Station, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Louis J Lamit
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Evan S Kane
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
- USDA Forest Service-Northern Research Station, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Randall K Kolka
- U.S. Forest Service-Northern Research Station, Grand Rapids, MN, 55744, USA
| | | | - Jason K Keller
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, 92866, USA
| | - Erik A Lilleskov
- USDA Forest Service-Northern Research Station, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
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Makrickas E, Manton M, Angelstam P, Grygoruk M. Trading wood for water and carbon in peatland forests? Rewetting is worth more than wood production. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 341:117952. [PMID: 37196393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
While traditional forest management systems aim at maximizing timber production, sustainable forest management focuses on the multiple benefits of entire forest landscapes. The latter is now at the top of policy agendas. This calls for learning through evaluation to support the implementation of policies aiming towards multi-functional forest landscapes. The aim of this study is to quantify the economic trade-offs among natural, current, and re-wetted peatland forests using seven indicators, viz. drainage maintenance, rewetting, water retention, wood production, and three types of carbon sequestration as economic indicators. We discuss ways to adapt to and mitigate effect of forest draining on climate change toward securing multi-functional forest landscapes. The cost benefit analysis showed that in a potential natural state, Lithuania's peatland forests would deliver an economic benefit of ∼€176.1 million annually. In contrast, compared to natural peatland forests, the drainage of peatland forests for wood production has caused a loss of ∼€309 million annually. In comparison, peatland forest rewetting is estimated to increase the economic value by ∼€170 million annually. This study shows that satisfying different ecosystem services is a balancing act, and that a focus on wood production has resulted in net losses when foregone values of water storage and carbon sequestration are considered. Valuation of different sets of ecosystems service benefits and disservices must be assessed, and can be used as a tool towards creating, implementing and monitoring consequences of policies on both sustainability and biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evaldas Makrickas
- Vytautas Magnus University, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Ecology, Studentu Str. 11, Akademija, Kauno r., 53361, Lithuania.
| | - Michael Manton
- Vytautas Magnus University, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Ecology, Studentu Str. 11, Akademija, Kauno r., 53361, Lithuania.
| | - Per Angelstam
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, 2480, Evenstad, Norway; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Faculty of Forest Sciences, School for Forest Management, PO Box 43, 73921, Skinnskatteberg, Sweden.
| | - Mateusz Grygoruk
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, ul. Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787, Warsaw, Poland.
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Lehtonen E, Gustafsson L, Lõhmus A, von Stedingk H. What does FSC forest certification contribute to biodiversity conservation in relation to national legislation? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 299:113606. [PMID: 34523540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Forest certification has emerged as a voluntary, market-driven tool for sustainable forest management (SFM). Its legitimacy depends on its ability to achieve its objectives and to retain the support of stakeholders such as NGOs and the companies that adopt it. This study presents a novel approach for assessing the contributions of forest certification to biodiversity conservation, based on Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification in four northern European countries (Finland, Sweden, Estonia, Latvia). In each case, national FSC certification requirements related to specific biodiversity targets were compared with requirements in national legislation. Nearly 80% of the assessed certification requirements were more prescriptive than the national legislation. One-third of these requirements (3-8 per country) were assessed to have a positive contribution to biodiversity conservation, whereas four requirements (up to 2 per country) were assessed to have a low positive contribution. FSC requirements to protect Woodland Key Habitats were identified as having a positive contribution in all four countries, whereas requirements regarding live tree retention in harvests and preserving dead wood had a positive contribution in three countries each. Despite often prescribing similar measures, the other requirements with positive contributions varied between countries depending on the national legislative baseline. The remaining requirements could not be assessed through expert evaluation, indicating the need for additional empirical research to evaluate how the normative requirements translate to impacts in the field, and how the national context may affect their implementation. The approach is globally applicable, repeatable, and provides a basis for designing systematic empirical assessments of the certification impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Lehtonen
- FSC Sweden, S:t Olofsgatan 18, SE, 75311, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Lena Gustafsson
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O Box 7044, SE, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Asko Lõhmus
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, EE, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
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Kuglerová L, Hasselquist EM, Sponseller RA, Muotka T, Hallsby G, Laudon H. Multiple stressors in small streams in the forestry context of Fennoscandia: The effects in time and space. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 756:143521. [PMID: 33243494 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we describe how forest management practices in Fennoscandian countries, namely Sweden and Finland, expose streams to multiple stressors over space and time. In this region, forestry includes several different management actions and we explore how these may successively disturb the same location over 60-100 year long rotation periods. Of these actions, final harvest and associated road construction, soil scarification, and/or ditch network maintenance are the most obvious sources of stressors to aquatic ecosystems. Yet, more subtle actions such as planting, thinning of competing saplings and trees, and removing logging residues also represent disturbances around waterways in these landscapes. We review literature about how these different forestry practices may introduce a combination of physicochemical stressors, including hydrological change, increased sediment transport, altered thermal and light regimes, and water quality deterioration. We further elaborate on how the single stressors may combine and interact and we consequently hypothesise how these interactions may affect aquatic communities and processes. Because production forestry is practiced on a large area in both countries, the various stressors appear multiple times during the rotation cycles and potentially affect the majority of the stream network length within most catchments. We concluded that forestry practices have traditionally not been the focus of multiple stressor studies and should be investigated further in both observational and experimental fashion. Stressors accumulate across time and space in forestry dominated landscapes, and may interact in unpredictable ways, limiting our current understanding of what forested stream networks are exposed to and how we can design and apply best management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Kuglerová
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Eliza Maher Hasselquist
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden; Water Quality Impacts Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Timo Muotka
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Finnish Environment Institute, Freshwater Centre, Oulu, Finland
| | - Göran Hallsby
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hjalmar Laudon
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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Long Term Interferometric Temporal Coherence and DInSAR Phase in Northern Peatlands. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12101566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Peatlands of northern temperate and cold climates are significant pools of stored carbon. Understanding seasonal dynamics of peatland surface height and volume, often referred to as mire breathing or oscillation, is the key to improve spatial models of material flow and gas exchange. The monitoring of this type of dynamics over large areas is only feasible by remote sensing instruments. The objective of this study is to examine the applicability of Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) to characterize seasonal dynamics of peatland surface height and water table (WT) over open raised bog areas in Endla mire complex in central Estonia, characteristic for northern temperate bogs. Our results show that InSAR temporal coherence, sufficient for differential InSAR (DInSAR), is preserved in the open bog over more than six months of temporal baseline. Moreover, the coherence which is lost in a dry summer, make a recovery in autumn correlate with WT dynamics. The relationship between the coherence from a single master image and the corresponding WT difference is described by the second degree polynomial regression model (Root Mean Squared Error RMSE = 0.041 for coherence magnitude). It is also demonstrated that DInSAR phase is connected to bog surface dynamics and reveals differences between bogs and for ecotopes within a bog. These findings suggest that InSAR long term temporal coherence could be used to describe seasonal bog WT dynamics and differentiate between mire types and ecotopes within a bog. Moreover, DInSAR analysis has the potential to characterize seasonal mire surface oscillation which may be important for assessing the capacity of water storage or restoration success in northern temperate bogs.
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Remm L, Lõhmus A, Leibak E, Kohv M, Salm JO, Lõhmus P, Rosenvald R, Runnel K, Vellak K, Rannap R. Restoration dilemmas between future ecosystem and current species values: The concept and a practical approach in Estonian mires. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 250:109439. [PMID: 31499461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystem restoration is gaining political and economic support worldwide, but its exact targets and costs often remain unclear. A key issue, both for predicting restoration success and assessing the costs, is the uncertainty of post-restoration development of the ecosystem. A specific combination of uncertainties emerges when ecosystem restoration would negatively affect pre-restoration species conservation values. Such dilemma appears to be common, but largely ignored in restoration planning; for example, in historically degraded forests, wetlands and grasslands that provide novel habitats for some threatened species. We present a framework of linked options for resolving the dilemma, and exemplify its application in extensive mire restoration in Estonia. The broad options include: redistributing the risks by timing; relocating restoration sites; modifying restoration techniques; and managing for future habitats of the species involved. In Estonia, we assessed these options based on spatially explicit mapping of expected future states of the ecosystem, their uncertainty, and the distribution of species at risk. Such planning documentation, combined with follow-up monitoring and experimentation, can be used for adaptive management, by funding organizations and for academic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liina Remm
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, EE-51005, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Asko Lõhmus
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, EE-51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eerik Leibak
- Estonian Fund for Nature, Lai 29, EE-51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marko Kohv
- Department of Geology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, EE-50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jüri-Ott Salm
- Estonian Fund for Nature, Lai 29, EE-51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Piret Lõhmus
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, EE-51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Raul Rosenvald
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, EE-51006, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kadri Runnel
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, EE-51005, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kai Vellak
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, EE-51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Riinu Rannap
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, EE-51005, Tartu, Estonia
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Lõhmus A, Lõhmus P, Runnel K. A simple survey protocol for assessing terrestrial biodiversity in a broad range of ecosystems. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208535. [PMID: 30540799 PMCID: PMC6291155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Finding standard cost-effective methods for monitoring biodiversity is challenging due to trade-offs between survey costs (including expertise), specificity, and range of applicability. These trade-offs cause a lack of comparability among datasets collected by ecologists and conservationists, which is most regrettable in taxonomically demanding work on megadiverse inconspicuous taxon groups. We have developed a site-scale survey method for diverse sessile land organisms, which can be analyzed over multiple scales and linked with ecological insights and management. The core idea is that field experts can effectively allocate observation effort when the time, area, and priority sequence of tasks are fixed. We present the protocol, explain its specifications (taxon group; expert qualification; plot size; effort) and applications based on >800 original surveys of four taxon groups; and we analyze its effectiveness using data on polypores in hemiboreal and tropical forests. We demonstrate consistent effort-species richness curves and among-survey variation in contrasting ecosystems, and high effectiveness compared with casual observations both at local and regional scales. Bias related to observer experience appeared negligible compared with typical assemblage variation. Being flexible in terms of sampling design, the method has enabled us to compile data from various projects to assess conservation status and habitat requirements of most species (specifically rarities and including discovery of new species); also, when linked with site descriptions, to complete environmental assessments and select indicator species for management. We conclude that simple rules can significantly improve expert-based biodiversity surveys. Ideally, define (i) a common plot size that addresses multiple taxon groups and management goals; (ii) taxon groups based on field expertise and feasible number of species; (iii) sufficient and practical search time; (iv) a procedure for recording within-plot heterogeneity. Such a framework, combined with freedom to allocate effort on-site, helps utilizing full expertise of observers without losing technical rigor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asko Lõhmus
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Piret Lõhmus
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kadri Runnel
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise, Tartu, Estonia
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11
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Hasselquist EM, Lidberg W, Sponseller RA, Ågren A, Laudon H. Identifying and assessing the potential hydrological function of past artificial forest drainage. AMBIO 2018; 47:546-556. [PMID: 29098602 PMCID: PMC6072640 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-017-0984-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Drainage of forested wetlands for increased timber production has profoundly altered the hydrology and water quality of their downstream waterways. Some ditches need network maintenance (DNM), but potential positive effects on tree productivity must be balanced against environmental impacts. Currently, no clear guidelines exist for DNM that strike this balance. Our study helps begin to prioritise DNM by: (1) quantifying ditches by soil type in the 68 km2 Krycklan Catchment Study in northern Sweden and (2) using upslope catchment area algorithms on new high-resolution digital elevation models to determine their likelihood to drain water. Ditches nearly doubled the size of the stream network (178-327 km) and 17% of ditches occurred on well-draining sedimentary soils, presumably making DNM unwarranted. Modelling results suggest that 25-50% of ditches may never support flow. With new laser scanning technology, simple mapping and modelling methods can locate ditches and model their function, facilitating efforts to balance DNM with environmental impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Maher Hasselquist
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Skogsmarksgränd, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - William Lidberg
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Skogsmarksgränd, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ryan A. Sponseller
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anneli Ågren
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Skogsmarksgränd, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hjalmar Laudon
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Skogsmarksgränd, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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12
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Hemiboreal forest: natural disturbances and the importance of ecosystem legacies to management. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Forest Management Challenges for Sustaining Water Resources in the Anthropocene. FORESTS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/f7030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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