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Li J, Yang F, Zhan F, Estin J, Iyer A, Zhao M, Niemeyer JE, Luo P, Li D, Lin W, Liou JY, Ma H, Schwartz TH. Mesoscopic mapping of hemodynamic responses and neuronal activity during pharmacologically induced interictal spikes in awake and anesthetized mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024; 44:911-924. [PMID: 38230631 PMCID: PMC11318398 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x241226742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Imaging hemodynamic responses to interictal spikes holds promise for presurgical epilepsy evaluations. Understanding the hemodynamic response function is crucial for accurate interpretation. Prior interictal neurovascular coupling data primarily come from anesthetized animals, impacting reliability. We simultaneously monitored calcium fluctuations in excitatory neurons, hemodynamics, and local field potentials (LFP) during bicuculline-induced interictal events in both isoflurane-anesthetized and awake mice. Isoflurane significantly affected LFP amplitude but had little impact on the amplitude and area of the calcium signal. Anesthesia also dramatically blunted the amplitude and latency of the hemodynamic response, although not its area of spread. Cerebral blood volume change provided the best spatial estimation of excitatory neuronal activity in both states. Targeted silencing of the thalamus in awake mice failed to recapitulate the impact of anesthesia on hemodynamic responses suggesting that isoflurane's interruption of the thalamocortical loop did not contribute either to the dissociation between the LFP and the calcium signal nor to the alterations in interictal neurovascular coupling. The blood volume increase associated with interictal spikes represents a promising mapping signal in both the awake and anesthetized states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, USA
| | - Fengrui Zhan
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, USA
| | - Joshua Estin
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, USA
| | - Aditya Iyer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Mingrui Zhao
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, USA
| | - James E Niemeyer
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, USA
| | - Peijuan Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, USA
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Weihong Lin
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jyun-you Liou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Hongtao Ma
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, USA
| | - Theodore H Schwartz
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, USA
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Zhang Y, Ren L, Min S, Lv F, Yu J. Effects of N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and Ca 2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα (CaMKIIα) on learning and memory impairment in depressed rats with different charge by modified electroconvulsive shock. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1320. [PMID: 34532457 PMCID: PMC8422109 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-3690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background With the development of modified electroshock therapy (MECT), it has become necessary to increase the electric quantity in order to achieve a good antidepressant effect, but this increase will lead to more serious learning and memory impairment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the intrinsic mechanism of cognitive impairment induced by high-energy electroconvulsive shock (MECS, an animal model of MECT). Methods Rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: control (C, n=6), M0, M60, M120, M180, and M240 groups (MECS at 0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 mC stimulation intensity after 80 mg/kg propofol, with 12 rats in each group). Their depression-like behavior and learning and memory ability were evaluated by sucrose preference test (SPT), open field test (OFT), and Morris water maze test (MWM). The expression of phospho-NMDA receptor 1 (GluN1), GluN2A, GluN2B, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα (CaMKIIα), p-T305-CaMKII, and postsynaptic densities-95 (PSD-95) in hippocampus were detected by western blot. The co-expression of CaMKIIα and GluN2B subunit was detected by co-immunoprecipitation (CO-IP). Results The chronic unpredictable mild stresses (CUMS) procedure successfully induced depression-like behavior in rats, which was improved in varying degrees after MECS. The results showed that the expression of GluN1, GluN2A, GluN2B, and PSD-95 decreased with the increase of charge, while p-T305-CaMKII increased, which led to the deterioration of learning and memory ability, but the expression change of CaMKIIα was not statistically significant. Conclusions Increase in the MECS charge adjusts the synaptic plasticity by changing the binding amount of CaMKIIα and its subunit GluN2B and the level of CaMKII autophosphorylation, thereby impairing learning and memory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Su Min
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Lv
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Yang F, Li J, Song Y, Zhao M, Niemeyer JE, Luo P, Li D, Lin W, Ma H, Schwartz TH. Mesoscopic Mapping of Ictal Neurovascular Coupling in Awake Behaving Mice Using Optical Spectroscopy and Genetically Encoded Calcium Indicators. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:704834. [PMID: 34366781 PMCID: PMC8343016 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.704834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Unambiguously identifying an epileptic focus with high spatial resolution is a challenge, especially when no anatomic abnormality can be detected. Neurovascular coupling (NVC)-based brain mapping techniques are often applied in the clinic despite a poor understanding of ictal NVC mechanisms, derived primarily from recordings in anesthetized animals with limited spatial sampling of the ictal core. In this study, we used simultaneous wide-field mesoscopic imaging of GCamp6f and intrinsic optical signals (IOS) to record the neuronal and hemodynamic changes during acute ictal events in awake, behaving mice. Similar signals in isoflurane-anesthetized mice were compared to highlight the unique characteristics of the awake condition. In awake animals, seizures were more focal at the onset but more likely to propagate to the contralateral hemisphere. The HbT signal, derived from an increase in cerebral blood volume (CBV), was more intense in awake mice. As a result, the “epileptic dip” in hemoglobin oxygenation became inconsistent and unreliable as a mapping signal. Our data indicate that CBV-based imaging techniques should be more accurate than blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD)-based imaging techniques for seizure mapping in awake behaving animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Mind Research Institute, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Mind Research Institute, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yan Song
- School of Nursing, Beihua University, Jilin City, China
| | - Mingrui Zhao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Mind Research Institute, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - James E Niemeyer
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Mind Research Institute, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Peijuan Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Mind Research Institute, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Weihong Lin
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongtao Ma
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Mind Research Institute, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Theodore H Schwartz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Mind Research Institute, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
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Dimitrov IV, Suonio EEK. Syntheses of Analogues of Propofol: A Review. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPropofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) is an intravenous sedative/hypnotic agent that is used extensively for introduction and maintenance of general anaesthesia, sedation of critically ill patients and procedural sedation (e.g., endoscopy). Propofol has a rapid onset and offset of action and shows only minimal accumulation upon prolonged use. Propofol is only sparingly soluble in water and is currently marketed in 10% soybean oil-based lipid emulsion. Propofol’s anaesthetic properties were discovered over forty years ago, and it has been in clinical use for over thirty years. The main use of propofol remains as an anaesthetic but, over the years, analogues have been developed with varying properties from anticancer, anticonvulsant and antioxidant. In addition, large synthetic efforts have been made towards improving propofol’s water-solubility, its activity, and elucidating its structure–activity relationship and exact mechanism of action have been made. This review provides an overview of the research pertaining to propofol-like molecules and covers the efforts of synthetic chemists towards propofol analogues over the last 40 years.1 Introduction2 History3 Early Work4 Improving Water Solubility5 The Importance of the Phenol6 Exploring the Structure–Activity Relationship and Attempts to Improve Activity7 Anticancer Activity8 Anticonvulsant Properties9 Antioxidant Activity10 Photoactive Labelling to Elucidate Mechanism of Action11 Photoregulation12 Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivaylo V. Dimitrov
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland
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5
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Yu Q, Li J, Dai CL, Li H, Iqbal K, Liu F, Gong CX. Anesthesia with sevoflurane or isoflurane induces severe hypoglycemia in neonatal mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231090. [PMID: 32240260 PMCID: PMC7117736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sevoflurane and isoflurane are among the most commonly used general anesthetics for children including infants, but their impact on metabolism, especially on blood glucose level, in children is not well understood. We investigated the impacts of anesthesia of neonatal (7–8 days old) and adult (2–3 months old) mice with the inhalational anesthetics 2.5% sevoflurane or 1.5% isoflurane, or the injectable anesthetics propofol (150 mg/kg) or avertin (375 mg/kg), for up to 6 hours. We found that sevoflurane and isoflurane induced severe hypoglycemia in neonatal mice and that this phenomenon was specific to the inhalational anesthetics because the injectable anesthetics propofol and avertin did not induce hypoglycemia. Surprisingly, the inhalational anesthesia induced hyperglycemia instead in adult mice. We also demonstrated that the inhalational anesthesia-induced hypoglycemia was a major cause of death for the neonatal mice receiving intranasal administration of saline prior to anesthesia. These studies revealed severe hypoglycemia in neonatal mice during anesthesia with sevoflurane or isoflurane. If this phenomenon also occurs in human, our findings would warrant closely monitoring blood glucose level and maintaining it in the normal range in infants receiving inhalational anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yu
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
- Department of Orthopedic, Shandong University Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chun-ling Dai
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Hengchang Li
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Khalid Iqbal
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Cheng-Xin Gong
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Prims S, Van Raemdonck G, Vanden Hole C, Van Cruchten S, Van Ginneken C, Van Ostade X, Casteleyn C. On the characterisation of the porcine gland-specific salivary proteome. J Proteomics 2019; 196:92-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Feng AY, Kaye AD, Kaye RJ, Belani K, Urman RD. Novel propofol derivatives and implications for anesthesia practice. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2017; 33:9-15. [PMID: 28413268 PMCID: PMC5374837 DOI: 10.4103/0970-9185.202205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) is the most commonly used intravenous agent for induction of anesthesia. It is also used for maintenance of anesthesia and sedation in both Intensive Care Units and outpatient procedural settings. Its success in the clinical setting has been a result of its rapid onset, short duration of action, and minimal side effects despite disadvantages associated with its oil emulsion formulation. Early attempts to alter the standard emulsion or to develop new formulations with cyclodextrins and micelles to resolve issues with pain upon injection, the need for antimicrobial agents, and possible hyperlipidemia have mostly failed. With these challenges in the foreground, attention has now shifted to the use of more prodrugs and exogenous alternatives, the success of which is yet to be determined. These new agents must offer significant clinical advantages over the well-entrenched, generic propofol oil emulsion to justify higher costs and to be well received in the increasingly cost-conscious healthcare marketplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiden Y Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alan D Kaye
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Rachel J Kaye
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, USA
| | - Kumar Belani
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Richard D Urman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Kawakami S, Izumi H, Masaki E, Kuchiiwa S, Mizuta K. Role of medullary GABA signal transduction on parasympathetic reflex vasodilatation in the lower lip. Brain Res 2012; 1437:26-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Knudsen J, Nauntofte B, Josipovic M, Engelholm SA, Hyldegaard O. Effects of Isoflurane Anesthesia and Pilocarpine on Rat Parotid Saliva Flow. Radiat Res 2011; 176:84-8. [DOI: 10.1667/rr2304.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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Orestes P, Todorovic SM. Are neuronal voltage-gated calcium channels valid cellular targets for general anesthetics? Channels (Austin) 2010; 4:518-22. [PMID: 21164281 DOI: 10.4161/chan.4.6.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of anesthetics and analgesics on ion channels have been the subject of intense research since recent reports of direct actions of anesthetic molecules on ion channel proteins. It is now known that ligand-gated channels, particularly γ-amino-butyric acid (GABAA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, play a key role in mediating anesthetic actions, but these channels are unable to account for all aspects of clinical anesthesia such as loss of consciousness, immobility, analgesia, amnesia, and muscle relaxation. Furthermore, an assortment of voltage-gated and background channels also display anesthetic sensitivity and a key question arises: What role do these other channels play in clinical anesthesia? These channels have overlapping physiological roles and pharmacological profiles, making it difficult to assign aspects of the anesthetic state to individual channel types. Here, we will focus on the function of neuronal voltage-gated calcium channels in mediating the effects of general anesthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peihan Orestes
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine and Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Stern TA, Gross AF, Stern TW, Nejad SH, Maldonado JR. Current approaches to the recognition and treatment of alcohol withdrawal and delirium tremens: "old wine in new bottles" or "new wine in old bottles". PRIMARY CARE COMPANION TO THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHIATRY 2010; 12:PCC.10r00991. [PMID: 20944765 PMCID: PMC2947546 DOI: 10.4088/pcc.10r00991ecr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kotani Y, Shimazawa M, Yoshimura S, Iwama T, Hara H. The experimental and clinical pharmacology of propofol, an anesthetic agent with neuroprotective properties. CNS Neurosci Ther 2008; 14:95-106. [PMID: 18482023 PMCID: PMC6494023 DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3458.2008.00043.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) is a versatile, short-acting, intravenous (i.v.) sedative-hypnotic agent initially marketed as an anesthetic, and now also widely used for the sedation of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). At the room temperature propofol is an oil and is insoluble in water. It has a remarkable safety profile. Its most common side effects are dose-dependent hypotension and cardiorespiratory depression. Propofol is a global central nervous system (CNS) depressant. It activates gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA A) receptors directly, inhibits the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and modulates calcium influx through slow calcium-ion channels. Furthermore, at doses that do not produce sedation, propofol has an anxiolytic effect. It has also immunomodulatory activity, and may, therefore, diminish the systemic inflammatory response believed to be responsible for organ dysfunction. Propofol has been reported to have neuroprotective effects. It reduces cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure (ICP), is a potent antioxidant, and has anti-inflammatory properties. Laboratory investigations revealed that it might also protect brain from ischemic injury. Propofol formulations contain either disodium edetate (EDTA) or sodium metabisulfite, which have antibacterial and antifungal properties. EDTA is also a chelator of divalent ions such as calcium, magnesium, and zinc. Recently, EDTA has been reported to exert a neuroprotective effect itself by chelating surplus intracerebral zinc in an ischemia model. This article reviews the neuroprotective effects of propofol and its mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Kotani
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 502-8585, Japan
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Watanabe H, Ishii H, Niioka T, Yamamuro M, Izumi H. Occurrence of parasympathetic vasodilator fibers in the lower lip of the guinea-pig. J Comp Physiol B 2007; 178:297-305. [PMID: 18030480 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-007-0222-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to examine whether there are parasympathetic vasodilator fibers in the lower lip of the guinea-pig. Electrical stimulation of the central cut end of the lingual nerve of guinea-pigs evoked intensity- and frequency-dependent decreases in lower lip blood flow and systemic arterial blood pressure (SABP). Pretreatment with guanethidine, a postganglionic sympathetic nerve blocker and antihypertensive drug (30 mg kg(-1), s.c., 24 h prior to experiments), reduced the magnitude of the decrease in SABP while the intensity- and frequency-dependent increases of the lip blood flow occurred by the lingual nerve stimulation only on the side ipsilateral to stimulation. Increases in the lip blood flow evoked by lingual nerve stimulation in guanethidine pretreated guinea-pigs were reduced by hexamethonium (an autonomic ganglion cholinergic blocker) in a dose-dependent manner. When fluoro-gold (a retrograde neural tracer) was injected into the lower lip, labeled neurons were observed in the ipsilateral otic ganglion. The present study indicates the presence of parasympathetic vasodilator fibers originating from the otic parasympathetic ganglion in the guinea-pig lower lip, similar to those reported previously in rats, cats, rabbits and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Watanabe
- Department of Pain Control, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
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Hua X, Erikson CJ, Chason KD, Rosebrock CN, Deshpande DA, Penn RB, Tilley SL. Involvement of A1 adenosine receptors and neural pathways in adenosine-induced bronchoconstriction in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 293:L25-32. [PMID: 17468137 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00058.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High levels of adenosine can be measured from the lungs of asthmatics, and it is well recognized that aerosolized 5'AMP, the precursor of adenosine, elicits robust bronchoconstriction in patients with this disease. Characterization of mice with elevated adenosine levels secondary to the loss of adenosine deaminase (ADA) expression, the primary metabolic enzyme for adenosine, further support a role for this ubiquitous mediator in the pathogenesis of asthma. To begin to identify pathways by which adenosine can alter airway tone, we examined adenosine-induced bronchoconstriction in four mouse lines, each lacking one of the receptors for this nucleoside. We show, using direct measures of airway mechanics, that adenosine can increase airway resistance and that this increase in resistance is mediated by binding the A(1) receptor. Further examination of this response using pharmacologically, surgically, and genetically manipulated mice supports a model in which adenosine-induced bronchoconstriction occurs indirectly through the activation of sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Hua
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7219, USA
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Mizuta K, Mizuta F, Takahashi M, Ishii H, Niioka T, Izumi H. Effects of isoflurane on parasympathetic vasodilatation in the rat submandibular gland. J Dent Res 2006; 85:379-83. [PMID: 16567563 DOI: 10.1177/154405910608500419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile anesthetics have been known to suppress parasympathetic reflex vasodilatation in the lower lip and palate. However, in the submandibular gland, little is known about the effects of these anesthetics on the parasympathetic vasodilatation elicited by reflex and direct (i.e., non-reflex) activation of the parasympathetic vasodilator mechanisms. Although both parasympathetic vasodilatations were inhibited by isoflurane in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, the effects of continuous administration of the alpha(1)-adrenoceptor agonist methoxamine were markedly different: The reflex vasodilatation was not affected by methoxamine, while the direct vasodilatation was significantly reduced. Picrotoxin (GABA(A) receptor antagonist) attenuated the inhibitory effect of isoflurane on direct vasodilatation and the systemic arterial blood pressure. These findings suggest that the isoflurane-induced inhibitory effects on direct vasodilatation are produced by a decrease of peripheral vascular tone by GABAergic mechanisms, whereas those on the reflex vasodilatation are produced exclusively by the inhibition of the reflex center.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mizuta
- Division of Dento-Oral Anesthesiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
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16
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Zagvazdin Y, Fitzgerald ME, Reiner A. Role of muscarinic cholinergic transmission in Edinger-Westphal nucleus-induced choroidal vasodilation in pigeon. Exp Eye Res 2000; 70:315-27. [PMID: 10712818 DOI: 10.1006/exer.1999.0791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the parasympathetic ciliary ganglion input to the choroid causes increases in choroidal blood flow. We examined the role and the type of muscarinic receptors within the choroid that are involved in these increases in choroidal blood flow, using electrical stimulation of the nucleus of Edinger-Westphal (EW) to activate the ciliary ganglion input to choroid in ketamine anesthetized pigeons. Baseline choroidal blood flow and its EW-evoked increases measured as peak and total (area under the curve) responses were determined using laser Doppler flowmetry. The EW-evoked responses were reduced dose-dependently after administration of 4-diphenyl-acetoxy-N-methylpiperedine (4-DAMP), a relatively selective antagonist of M3 type muscarinic receptors, with a maximal mean decrease of 86% (peak response) and 93% (total response) at a dose of 10 microg kg(-1)i.v. without a significant effect on baseline choroidal blood flow, heart rate or systemic arterial blood pressure. Atropine, a non-selective antagonist of muscarinic receptors, decreased the EW-evoked responses to a lesser extent than 4-DAMP after intravenous administration of 1 mg kg(-1)(by 67% for peak response and by 53% for total response) or topical administration of a 5% solution (by 41% for peak response and by 62% for total response), both of which increased heart rate and systemic arterial blood pressure without a consistent effect on baseline choroidal blood flow. In contrast, himbacine (i.p. 10 microg kg(-1)), a relatively selective antagonist of M2 type muscarinic receptors, increased the EW-evoked parasympathetic cholinergic vasodilation (by 93% for the peak response and by 142% for the total response) without a significant effect on heart rate, systemic arterial blood pressure or baseline choroidal blood flow. The results of our study suggest a major role of M3 type muscarinic receptors in the EW-evoked increases in choroidal blood flow. Based on findings that the ciliary ganglion input to choroid does not synthesize nitric oxide but inhibitors of NO production do block EW-evoked choroidal vasodilation, it seems likely that the M3 receptors acted on by 4-DAMP are present on choroidal endothelial cells and mediate choroidal vasodilation via stimulation of endothelial release of nitric oxide. In contrast, M2 muscarinic receptors may play a presynaptic role in downregulating EW-evoked parasympathetic cholinergic vasodilation in avian choroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zagvazdin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Izumi H, Ito Y. Correlation between degree of inhibition of parasympathetic reflex vasodilation and MAC value for various inhalation anesthetics. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1999; 32:689-93. [PMID: 10401994 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-3623(98)00242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Parasympathetic reflex vasodilation was elicited in the lower lip by stimulation of the central cut end of the lingual nerve in urethane plus alpha-chloralose-anesthetized, vago-sympathectomized cats. A dose-related inhibition of this response was induced by the inhalation anesthetics isoflurane, halothane, sevoflurane, and enflurane, the ID50 values being 0.94%, 0.82%, 1.74%, and 2.0%, respectively. These results indicate that the ID50 value is approximately two-thirds of the published MAC (for isoflurane, halothane, sevoflurane, and enflurane, 1.6%, 1.2%, 2.6%, and 2.4%, respectively) value for such anesthetics, suggesting that parasympathetic reflex vasodilation is more susceptible than somato-somatic reflexes to inhibition by inhalation anesthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Izumi
- Department of Physiology, Tohoku University School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan.
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18
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Abstract
The blood vessels of orofacial tissues are innervated by cranial parasympathetic, superior cervical sympathetic, and trigeminal nerves, a situation somewhat different from that seen in body skin. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the nervous control of blood flow in the orofacial region, and focuses on what we know of the respective roles of sympathetic, parasympathetic, and trigeminal sensory nerves in the regulation of blood flow in this region, with particular attention being paid to the mutual interaction between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Izumi
- Department of Physiology, Tohoku University School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
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