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Madias MI, Stessman LN, Warlof SJ, Kudryashev JA, Kwon EJ. Spatial Measurement and Inhibition of Calpain Activity in Traumatic Brain Injury with an Activity-Based Nanotheranostic Platform. ACS NANO 2024; 18:25565-25576. [PMID: 39236689 PMCID: PMC11411711 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c06052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health concern that can result in long-term neurological impairments. Calpain is a calcium-dependent cysteine protease that is activated within minutes after TBI, and sustained calpain activation is known to contribute to neurodegeneration and blood-brain barrier dysregulation. Based on its role in disease progression, calpain inhibition has been identified as a promising therapeutic target. Efforts to develop therapeutics for calpain inhibition would benefit from the ability to measure calpain activity with spatial precision within the injured tissue. In this work, we designed an activity-based nanotheranostic (ABNT) that can both sense and inhibit calpain activity in TBI. To sense calpain activity, we incorporated a peptide substrate of calpain flanked by a fluorophore/quencher pair. To inhibit calpain activity, we incorporated calpastatin peptide, an endogenous inhibitor of calpain. Both sensor and inhibitor peptides were scaffolded onto a polymeric nanoscaffold to create our ABNT. We show that in the presence of recombinant calpain, our ABNT construct is able to sense and inhibit calpain activity. In a mouse model of TBI, systemically administered ABNT can access perilesional brain tissue through passive accumulation and inhibit calpain activity in the cortex and hippocampus. In an analysis of cellular calpain activity, we observe the ABNT-mediated inhibition of calpain activity in neurons, endothelial cells, and microglia of the cortex. In a comparison of neuronal calpain activity by brain structure, we observe greater ABNT-mediated inhibition of calpain activity in cortical neurons compared to that in hippocampal neurons. Furthermore, we found that apoptosis was dependent on both calpain inhibition and brain structure. We present a theranostic platform that can be used to understand the regional and cell-specific therapeutic inhibition of calpain activity to help inform drug design for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne I Madias
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Lilyane N Stessman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Sophia J Warlof
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Julia A Kudryashev
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Ester J Kwon
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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2
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Dong L, Gao L. SP1-Driven FOXM1 Upregulation Induces Dopaminergic Neuron Injury in Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:5510-5524. [PMID: 38200349 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03854-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The aberrant expression of Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) has been associated with the pathological processes of Parkinson's disease (PD), but the upstream and downstream regulators remain poorly understood. This study sought to examine the underlying mechanism of FOXM1 in dopaminergic neuron injury in PD. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted to pinpoint the differential expression of FOXM1, which was verified in the nigral tissues of rotenone-lesioned mice and dopaminergic neuron MN9D cells. Interactions among SP1, FOXM1, SNAI2, and CXCL12 were analyzed. To evaluate their effects on dopaminergic neuron injury, the lentiviral vector-mediated manipulation of FOXM1, SP1, and CXCL12 was introduced in rotenone-lesioned mice and MN9D cells. SP1, FOXM1, SNAI2, and CXCL12 abundant expression occurred in rotenone-lesioned mice and MN9D cells. Silencing of FOXM1 delayed the rotenone-induced dopaminergic neuron injury in vitro. Mechanistically, SP1 was an upstream transcription factor of FOXM1 and upregulated FOXM1 expression, leading to increased SNAI2 and CXCL12 expression. In vivo, data confirmed that SP1 promoted dopaminergic neuron injury by activating the FOXM1/SNAI2/CXCL12 axis. Our data indicate that SP1 silencing has neuroprotective effects on dopaminergic neurons, which is dependent upon the inactivated FOXM1/SNAI2/CXCL12 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Dong
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 4, Chongshan East Road, Huanggu District, Shenyang, 110032, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lianbo Gao
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 4, Chongshan East Road, Huanggu District, Shenyang, 110032, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
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Elangovan A, Dahiya B, Kirola L, Iyer M, Jeeth P, Maharaj S, Kumari N, Lakhanpal V, Michel TM, Rao KRSS, Cho SG, Yadav MK, Gopalakrishnan AV, Kadhirvel S, Kumar NS, Vellingiri B. Does gut brain axis has an impact on Parkinson's disease (PD)? Ageing Res Rev 2024; 94:102171. [PMID: 38141735 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is becoming a growing global concern by being the second most prevalent disease next to Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Henceforth new exploration is needed in search of new aspects towards the disease mechanism and origin. Evidence from recent studies has clearly stated the role of Gut Microbiota (GM) in the maintenance of the brain and as a root cause of various diseases and disorders including other neurological conditions. In the case of PD, with an unknown etiology, the GM is said to have a larger impact on the disease pathophysiology. Although GM and its metabolites are crucial for maintaining the normal physiology of the host, it is an undeniable fact that there is an influence of GM in the pathophysiology of PD. As such the Enteroendocrine Cells (EECs) in the epithelium of the intestine are one of the significant regulators of the gut-brain axis and act as a communication mediator between the gut and the brain. The communication is established via the molecules of neuroendocrine which are said to have a crucial part in neurological diseases such as AD, PD, and other psychiatry-related disorders. This review is focused on understanding the proper role of GM and EECs in PD. Here, we also focus on some of the metabolites and compounds that can interact with the PD genes causing various dysfunctions in the cell and facilitating the disease conditions using bioinformatical tools. Various mechanisms concerning EECs and PD, their identification, the latest studies, and available current therapies have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Elangovan
- Human Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Bhawna Dahiya
- Human Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Laxmi Kirola
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences and Technology (SoHST), UPES University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Coimbatore 641021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Priyanka Jeeth
- Department of Computational Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Sakshi Maharaj
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Nikki Kumari
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Vikas Lakhanpal
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda 151005, Punjab, India
| | - Tanja Maria Michel
- Research Unit of Psychiatry, Dept. of Psychiatry Odense, Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winslowsvej 20, Indg. 220B, Odense, Denmark
| | - K R S Sambasiva Rao
- Mangalayatan University - Jabalpur, Jabalpur - 481662, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Molecular & Cellular Reprogramming Center and Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Mukesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632 014, India
| | - Saraboji Kadhirvel
- Department of Computational Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University (A Central University), Aizawl, 796 004 Mizoram, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India.
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4
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Lashgari NA, Roudsari NM, Niknejad A, Shamsnia HS, Shayan M, Shalmani LM, Momtaz S, Rezaei N, Abdolghaffari AH. LRRK2; Communicative Role in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis Overlapping. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:1177-1188. [PMID: 38279762 DOI: 10.2174/0118715273270874231205050727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Involvement of gastrointestinal inflammation in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis and movement have progressively emerged. Inflammation is involved in the etiology of both PD and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Transformations in leucine-rich recurrent kinase 2 (LRRK2) are among the best hereditary supporters of IBD and PD. Elevated levels of LRRK2 have been reported in stimulated colonic tissue from IBD patients and peripheral invulnerable cells from irregular PD patients; thus, it is thought that LRRK2 directs inflammatory cycles. OBJECTIVE Since its revelation, LRRK2 has been seriously linked in neurons, albeit various lines of proof affirmed that LRRK2 is profoundly communicated in invulnerable cells. Subsequently, LRRK2 might sit at a junction by which stomach inflammation and higher LRRK2 levels in IBD might be a biomarker of expanded risk for inconsistent PD or potentially may address a manageable helpful objective in incendiary sicknesses that increment the risk of PD. Here, we discuss how PD and IBD share covering aggregates, especially regarding LRRK2 and present inhibitors, which could be a helpful objective in ongoing treatments. METHOD English data were obtained from Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane library studies published between 1990-December 2022. RESULT Inhibitors of the LRRK2 pathway can be considered as the novel treatment approaches for IBD and PD treatment. CONCLUSION Common mediators and pathways are involved in the pathophysiology of IBD and PD, which are majorly correlated with inflammatory situations. Such diseases could be used for further clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser-Aldin Lashgari
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Momeni Roudsari
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Niknejad
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hedieh Sadat Shamsnia
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Shayan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Mohaghegh Shalmani
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeideh Momtaz
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran
- Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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Azimullah S, Meeran MFN, Ayoob K, Arunachalam S, Ojha S, Beiram R. Tannic Acid Mitigates Rotenone-Induced Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration by Inhibiting Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, and Glutamate Toxicity in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9876. [PMID: 37373023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a movement disorder, is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) region of the brain. The etiopathogenesis of PD involves increased oxidative stress, augmented inflammation, impaired autophagy, accumulation of α-synuclein, and α-Glutamate neurotoxicity. The treatment of PD is limited and there is a lack of agents to prevent the disease/delay its progression and inhibit the onset of pathogenic events. Many agents of natural and synthetic origin have been investigated employing experimental models of PD, mimicking human PD. In the present study, we assessed the effect of tannic acid (TA) in a rodent model of PD induced by rotenone (ROT), a pesticide and an environmental toxin of natural origin reported to cause PD in agricultural workers and farmers. Rotenone (2.5 mg/kg/day, i.p.) was administered for 28 days, and TA (50 mg/kg, orally) was administered 30 min before ROT injections. The study results showed an increase in oxidative stress, as evidenced by the depletion of endogenous antioxidants and enhanced formation of lipid peroxidation products, along with the onset of inflammation following a rise in inflammatory mediators and proinflammatory cytokines. ROT injections have also augmented apoptosis, impaired autophagy, promoted synaptic loss, and perturbed α-Glutamate hyperpolarization in rats. ROT injections also induced the loss of dopaminergic neurons subsequent to the activation of microglia and astrocytes. However, TA treatment was observed to reduce lipid peroxidation, prevent loss of endogenous antioxidants, and inhibit the release and synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines, in addition to the favorable modulation of apoptosis and autophagic pathways. Treatment with TA also attenuated the activation of microglia and astrocytes along with preservation of dopaminergic neurons following reduced loss of dopaminergic neurodegeneration and inhibition of synaptic loss and α-Glutamate cytotoxicity. The effects of TA in ROT-induced PD were attributed to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and neurogenesis properties. Based on the present study findings, it can be concluded that TA may be a promising novel therapeutic candidate for pharmaceutical as well as nutraceutical development owing to its neuroprotective properties in PD. Further regulatory toxicology and translational studies are suggested for future clinical usage in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Azimullah
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Fizur Nagoor Meeran
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khatija Ayoob
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Seenipandi Arunachalam
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rami Beiram
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
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6
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Zheng C, Yang C, Gao D, Zhang L, Li Y, Li L, Zhang L. Cornel Iridoid Glycoside Alleviates Microglia-Mediated Inflammatory Response via the NLRP3/Calpain Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:11967-11980. [PMID: 36104266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is associated with cerebral hypoperfusion, which results in long-term cognitive impairment and memory loss. Cornel iridoid glycoside (CIG) is the major active constituent isolated from the ripe fruit of Cornus officinalis. Previous studies have shown that CIG enhances neurological function in VaD rats. In the present research, we attempted to clarify the molecular processes underlying the role of CIG in neuroinflammation in VaD. We created a chronic cerebral ischemia rat model by ligation of the bilateral common carotid arteries (2VO) and then treated rats with different concentrations of CIG. Comprehensive analyses revealed that CIG ameliorated myelin integrity and neuronal loss. Furthermore, we also found that CIG inhibited polarized microglia activation and attenuated inflammasome-mediated production of proinflammatory cytokines in BV2 microglia cells induced by LPS/IFN-γ and in the brains of 2VO rats. To further elucidate the role of CIG in microglia-mediated inflammatory response, we investigated the expression and activity of calpain. CIG inhibited the expression and activity of calpain 1/2, which was characterized by decreased calpastatin and spectrin αII expression. In particular, intra- and extracellular calpain 1 levels were reduced by CIG. However, CIG showed weak interaction with calpain 1. In addition, we found that CG administration significantly repressed the assembly of the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, including NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1. In conclusion, our knowledge of the mechanisms by which CIG regulates NLRP3/calpain signaling to influence inflammatory responses offers further insights into potential therapeutic strategies to treat VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cengceng Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Cuicui Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Dan Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yali Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
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Yarim GF, Yarim M, Sozmen M, Gokceoglu A, Ertekin A, Kabak YB, Karaca E. Nobiletin attenuates inflammation via modulating proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokine expressions in an autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model. Fitoterapia 2021; 156:105099. [PMID: 34896483 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.105099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the potential preventive and therapeutic effects of nobiletin by evaluating the expression of cytokines associated with inflammatory reactions in an autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model. A total of 60 male C57BL/6 mice aged between 8 and 10 weeks were used. Mice were divided into six groups (n = 10 mice per group): control, EAE, low-prophylaxis, high-prophylaxis, low-treatment and high-treatment. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and pertussis toxin. Nobiletin was administered in low (25 mg/kg) and high (50 mg/kg) doses, intraperitoneally. The prophylactic and therapeutic effects of nobiletin on brain tissue and spinal cord were evaluated by expression of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFNγ), IL-6, IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) using immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Prophylactic and therapeutic use of nobiletin inhibited EAE-induced increase of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 activities to alleviate inflammatory response in brain and spinal cord. Moreover, nobiletin supplement dramatically increased the IL-10, TGF-β and IFNγ expressions in prophylaxis and treatment groups compared with the EAE group in the brain and spinal cord. The results obtained from this study show that prophylactic and therapeutic nobiletin modulates expressions of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines in brain and spinal cord dose-dependent manner in EAE model. These data demonstrates that nobiletin has a potential to attenuate inflammation in EAE mouse model. These experimental findings need to be supported by clinical studies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antioxidants/pharmacology
- Antioxidants/therapeutic use
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/pathology
- Cytokines/drug effects
- Cytokines/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/biosynthesis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Flavones/pharmacology
- Flavones/therapeutic use
- Immunohistochemistry
- Inflammation/drug therapy
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/prevention & control
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Multiple Sclerosis/prevention & control
- RNA/genetics
- RNA/isolation & purification
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Gul Fatma Yarim
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Atakum, 55200 Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Murat Yarim
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Atakum, 55200 Samsun, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Sozmen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Atakum, 55200 Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ayris Gokceoglu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Atakum, 55200 Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ali Ertekin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Atakum, 55200 Samsun, Turkey
| | - Yonca Betil Kabak
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Atakum, 55200 Samsun, Turkey
| | - Efe Karaca
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Atakum, 55200 Samsun, Turkey
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8
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Fine mapping of the HLA locus in Parkinson's disease in Europeans. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2021; 7:84. [PMID: 34548497 PMCID: PMC8455634 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We fine mapped the leukocyte antigen (HLA) region in 13,770 Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients, 20,214 proxy-cases, and 490,861 controls of European origin. Four HLA types were associated with PD after correction for multiple comparisons, HLA-DQA1*03:01, HLA-DQB1*03:02, HLA-DRB1*04:01, and HLA-DRB1*04:04. Haplotype analyses followed by amino acid analysis and conditional analyses suggested that the association is protective and primarily driven by three specific amino acid polymorphisms present in most HLA-DRB1*04 subtypes—11V, 13H, and 33H (OR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.83–0.90, p < 8.23 × 10−9 for all three variants). No other effects were present after adjustment for these amino acids. Our results suggest that specific HLA-DRB1 variants are associated with reduced risk of PD, providing additional evidence for the role of the immune system in PD. Although effect size is small and has no diagnostic significance, understanding the mechanism underlying this association may lead to the identification of new targets for therapeutics development.
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9
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Podbielska M, O’Keeffe J, Pokryszko-Dragan A. New Insights into Multiple Sclerosis Mechanisms: Lipids on the Track to Control Inflammation and Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147319. [PMID: 34298940 PMCID: PMC8303889 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system disease with complex pathogenesis, including two main processes: immune-mediated inflammatory demyelination and progressive degeneration with axonal loss. Despite recent progress in our understanding and management of MS, availability of sensitive and specific biomarkers for these both processes, as well as neuroprotective therapeutic options targeted at progressive phase of disease, are still being sought. Given their abundance in the myelin sheath, lipids are believed to play a central role in underlying immunopathogenesis in MS and seem to be a promising subject of investigation in this field. On the basis of our previous research and a review of the literature, we discuss the current understanding of lipid-related mechanisms involved in active relapse, remission, and progression of MS. These insights highlight potential usefulness of lipid markers in prediction or monitoring the course of MS, particularly in its progressive stage, still insufficiently addressed. Furthermore, they raise hope for new, effective, and stage-specific treatment options, involving lipids as targets or carriers of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Podbielska
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Laboratory of Microbiome Immunobiology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology & Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-370-9912
| | - Joan O’Keeffe
- Department of Analytical, Biopharmaceutical and Medical Sciences, School of Science & Computing, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland;
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10
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Xia Y, Zhang G, Kou L, Yin S, Han C, Hu J, Wan F, Sun Y, Wu J, Li Y, Huang J, Xiong N, Zhang Z, Wang T. Reactive microglia enhance the transmission of exosomal alpha-synuclein via toll-like receptor 2. Brain 2021; 144:2024-2037. [PMID: 33792662 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that microglial activation is strongly linked to the initiation and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Cell-to-cell propagation of α-synuclein (α-syn) pathology is a highlighted feature of PD, and the focus of such research has been primarily on neurons. However, recent studies as well as the data contained herein suggest that microglia, the primary phagocytes in the brain, play a direct role in the spread of α-syn pathology. Recent data revealed that plasma exosomes derived from PD patients (PD-EXO) carry pathological α-syn and target microglia preferentially. Hence, PD-EXO is likely a key tool for investigating the role of microglia in α-syn transmission. We showed that intrastriatal injection of PD-EXO resulted in the propagation of exosomal α-syn from microglia to neurons following microglia activation. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in microglia was activated by exosomal α-syn and acted as a crucial mediator of PD-EXO-induced microglial activation. Additionally, partial microglia depletion resulted in a significant decrease of exogenous α-syn in the substantia nigra (SN). Furthermore, exosomal α-syn internalization was initiated by binding to TLR2 of microglia. Excessive α-syn phagocytosis may induce the inflammatory responses of microglia and provide the seed for microglia-to-neuron transmission. Consistently, TLR2 silencing in microglia mitigated α-syn pathology in vivo. Overall, the present data support the idea that the interaction of exosomal α-syn and microglial TLR2 contribute to excessive α-syn phagocytosis and microglial activation, which lead to the further propagation and spread of α-syn pathology, thereby highlighting the pivotal roles of reactive microglia in α-syn transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoxin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Kou
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sijia Yin
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Han
- Department of Neurology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Junjie Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Wan
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yadi Sun
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiawei Wu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunna Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinsha Huang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Nian Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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11
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Muruzheva ZM, Traktirov DS, Zubov AS, Pestereva NS, Tikhomirova MS, Karpenko MN. Calpain activity in plasma of patients with essential tremor and Parkinson's disease: a pilot study. Neurol Res 2020; 43:314-320. [PMID: 33729106 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2020.1854004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Essential tremor (ET) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the two most common movement disorders in adults with similar clinical symptoms, which is hinting towards existence of coincident pathogenesis steps.Objectives: The objective of this report is to characterize the relationship between ET and PD severity and the activity of calcium-dependent proteases calpain in plasma.Methods: The study enrolled 12 volunteers for each condition: ET, PD, healthy. We evaluated the stage of PD on the H&Y scale in patients with PD, and the severity of tremor in patients with ET on the FTMS scale. IL-1β, TNFα, IL6, IL10 were determined in plasma using ELISA. Calpain activity was measured using fluorescent substrate and zymography methods.Results: We demonstrated that the activity of calpains in plasma of patients with PD and ET increased 5.1 and 4.3 times, respectively. The increase of calpain activity in plasma of PD patients correlated with the content of IL-1β, for ET such a connection was not found. At the advanced stages of PD calpain activity in plasma was significantly higher than that of the PD group at the early stage, and this increase was mediated by the increase in m-calpain activity. The increase in the tremor severity in ET did not lead to an increase in the activity of calpains in plasma.Conclusions: We observed general increase in the activity of calpains in plasma of both PD and ET patients that hints towards presence of the common steps in the pathogenesis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zamira M Muruzheva
- I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry S Traktirov
- I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander S Zubov
- I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nina S Pestereva
- I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria S Tikhomirova
- I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina N Karpenko
- I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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12
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Shields DC, Haque A, Banik NL. Neuroinflammatory responses of microglia in central nervous system trauma. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:S25-S33. [PMID: 33086921 PMCID: PMC7687037 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20965786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although relatively few in number compared to astrocytes and neurons, microglia demonstrate multiple, varied neuroimmunological functions in the central nervous system during normal and pathological states. After injury to the brain or spinal cord, microglia express beneficial pro- and anti-inflammatory phenotypes at various stages of recovery. However, prolonged microglial activation following injury has been linked to impaired parenchymal healing and functional restoration. The nature and magnitude of microglial response to injury relates in part to peripheral immune cell invasion, extent of tissue damage, and the local microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald C Shields
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Naren L Banik
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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13
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Hou L, Zhang L, Hong JS, Zhang D, Zhao J, Wang Q. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Mechanisms and Therapy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:374-393. [PMID: 31968994 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.8014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Significance: The growing incidence of neurodegenerative diseases significantly impacts the individuals who suffer from these disorders and is a major health concern globally. Although the specific mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases are still far from being acknowledged, it is becoming clear that oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are critical contributing factors to the progression of neurodegeneration. Thus, it is conceivable that the inhibition of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation may represent promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Recent Advances: Recently, the strategy for neurodegenerative disease therapy has shifted from the use of antioxidants and conventional anti-inflammatory targets to upstream mediators due to the failure of most antioxidants and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in clinical trials. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases (NOXs), a family of superoxide-producing enzyme complexes, have been identified as an upstream factor that controls both oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Genetic inactivation or pharmacological inhibition of NOX enzymes displays potent neuroprotective effects in a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative disease models. Critical Issues: The detailed mechanisms of how NOX enzymes regulate oxidative stress and neuroinflammation still remain unclear. Moreover, the currently available inhibitors of NOX enzymes exhibit nonspecificity, off-target effects, unsuitable pharmacokinetic properties, and even high toxicity, markedly limiting their potential clinical applications. Future Directions: This review provides novel insights into the roles of NOXs in neurodegenerative pharmacology, and indicates the types of NOX enzyme inhibitors that should be identified and developed as candidates for future applications, which might reveal novel neurodegenerative disease therapies based on NOXs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Hou
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neuropharmacology Section, Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Functions, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qingshan Wang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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14
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Samantaray S, Knaryan VH, M Del Re A, Woodward JJ, Shields DC, Azuma M, Inoue J, Ray SK, Banik NL. Cell-Permeable Calpain Inhibitor SJA6017 Provides Functional Protection to Spinal Motoneurons Exposed to MPP . Neurotox Res 2020; 38:640-649. [PMID: 32761446 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00264-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Extra-nigral central nervous system sites have been found to be affected in Parkinson's disease (PD). In addition to substantia nigra, degeneration of spinal cord motor neurons may play a role in the motor symptoms of PD. To this end, hybrid rodent VSC 4.1 cells differentiated into motoneurons were used as a cell culture model following exposure to Parkinsonian neurotoxicant MPP+. SJA6017, a cell-permeable calpain inhibitor, was tested for its neuroprotective efficacy against the neurotoxicant. SJA6017 attenuated MPP+-induced rise in intracellular free Ca2+ and concomitant increases in the active form of calpain. It also significantly prevented increased levels of proteases and their activities, as shown by reduced levels of 145 kDa calpain-specific and 120 kDa caspase-3-specific spectrin breakdown products. Exposure to MPP+ elevated the levels of reactive oxygen species in VSC 4.1 motoneurons; this was significantly diminished with SJA6017. The motor proteins in spinal motoneurons, i.e., dynein and kinesin, were also impaired following exposure to MPP+ through calpain-mediated mechanisms; this process was partially ameliorated by SJA6017 pretreatment. Cytoprotection provided by SJA6017 against MPP+-induced damage to VSC 4.1 motoneurons was confirmed by restoration of membrane potential via whole-cell patch-clamp assay. This study demonstrates that calpain inhibition is a prospective route for neuroprotection in experimental PD; moreover, calpain inhibitor SJA6017 appears to be an effective neuroprotective agent against MPP+-induced damage in spinal motoneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriti Samantaray
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St., MSC606 Suite 301, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Varduhi H Knaryan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St., MSC606 Suite 301, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Angelo M Del Re
- Division of Neuroscience Research and Center for Drug & Alcohol Programs, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - John J Woodward
- Division of Neuroscience Research and Center for Drug & Alcohol Programs, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Donald C Shields
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St., MSC606 Suite 301, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Mitsuyoshi Azuma
- Kobe Creative Center, Senju Pharmaceutical Corporation Limited, Kobe, 651-2241, Japan.,Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jun Inoue
- Kobe Creative Center, Senju Pharmaceutical Corporation Limited, Kobe, 651-2241, Japan
| | - Swapan K Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Naren L Banik
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St., MSC606 Suite 301, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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15
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Haque A, Samantaray S, Knaryan VH, Capone M, Hossain A, Matzelle D, Chandran R, Shields DC, Farrand AQ, Boger HA, Banik NL. Calpain mediated expansion of CD4+ cytotoxic T cells in rodent models of Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2020; 330:113315. [PMID: 32302678 PMCID: PMC7282933 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a debilitating progressive degenerative movement disorder associated with loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN), afflicts approximately one million people in the U.S., including a significant number of Veterans. Disease characteristics include tremor, rigidity, postural instability, bradykinesia, and at a cellular level, glial cell activation and Lewy body inclusions in DA neurons. The most potent medical/surgical treatments do not ultimately prevent disease progression. Therefore, new therapies must be developed to halt progression of the disease. While the mechanisms of the degenerative process in PD remain elusive, chronic inflammation, a common factor in many neurodegenerative diseases, has been implicated with associated accumulation of toxic aggregated α-synuclein in neurons. Calpain, a calcium-activated cysteine neutral protease, plays a pivotal role in SN and spinal cord degeneration in PD via its role in α-synuclein aggregation, activation/migration of microglia and T cells, and upregulation of inflammatory processes. Here we report an increased expression of a subset of CD4+ T cells in rodent models of PD, including MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) mice and DSP-4 [N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine hydrochloride]/6-hydroxydopamine rats, which produced higher levels of perforin and granzyme B - typically found in cytotoxic T cells. Importantly, the CD4+ cytotoxic subtype was attenuated following calpain inhibition in MPTP mice, suggesting that calpain and this distinct CD4+ T cell subset may have critical roles in the inflammatory process, disease progression, and neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Supriti Samantaray
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St., Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Varduhi H Knaryan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St., Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Mollie Capone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Azim Hossain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Denise Matzelle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St., Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, 109 Bee St, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| | - Raghavendar Chandran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St., Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Donald C Shields
- Department of Neurosurgery, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ariana Q Farrand
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Heather A Boger
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Naren L Banik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St., Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, 109 Bee St, Charleston, SC 29401, USA.
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16
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Kudryashev JA, Waggoner LE, Leng HT, Mininni NH, Kwon EJ. An Activity-Based Nanosensor for Traumatic Brain Injury. ACS Sens 2020; 5:686-692. [PMID: 32100994 PMCID: PMC7534893 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Currently, traumatic brain injury (TBI) is detected by medical imaging; however, medical imaging requires expensive capital equipment, is time- and resource-intensive, and is poor at predicting patient prognosis. To date, direct measurement of elevated protease activity has yet to be utilized to detect TBI. In this work, we engineered an activity-based nanosensor for TBI (TBI-ABN) that responds to increased protease activity initiated after brain injury. We establish that a calcium-sensitive protease, calpain-1, is active in the injured brain hours within injury. We then optimize the molecular weight of a nanoscale polymeric carrier to infiltrate into the injured brain tissue with minimal renal filtration. A calpain-1 substrate that generates a fluorescent signal upon cleavage was attached to this nanoscale polymeric carrier to generate an engineered TBI-ABN. When applied intravenously to a mouse model of TBI, our engineered sensor is observed to locally activate in the injured brain tissue. This TBI-ABN is the first demonstration of a sensor that responds to protease activity to detect TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. Kudryashev
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Lauren E. Waggoner
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Hope T. Leng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Nicholas H. Mininni
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Ester J. Kwon
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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17
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Olanow CW, Savolainen M, Chu Y, Halliday GM, Kordower JH. Temporal evolution of microglia and α-synuclein accumulation following foetal grafting in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2020; 142:1690-1700. [PMID: 31056668 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We observed Lewy pathology in healthy embryonic dopamine neurons implanted into the striatum of patients with advanced Parkinson's disease. In the present study we examined the temporal relationship between the presence of inflammation with activated microglia and the emergence of α-synuclein pathology. Inflammation with activated microglia was observed in all grafts and at all time points examined between 18 months and 16 years as determined by both CD45 and TMEM119 staining. In contrast, α-synuclein was not detected at 18 months, only diffuse monomeric α-synuclein staining was observed at 4 years, and α-synuclein aggregates were not observed until 14-16 years after transplantation. Thus, there is evidence of inflammation and microglial activation in graft deposits long before the accumulation of α-synuclein pathology in implanted dopamine neurons. These observations raise the possibility that microglial activation contributes to the development of α-synuclein pathology, and supports the concept that microglia play an integral role in the propagation and spread of α-synuclein pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Warren Olanow
- Department of Neurology and Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Clintrex Research Inc, Sarasota, Florida, USA
| | - Mari Savolainen
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois, USA
| | - Yaping Chu
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois, USA
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Neuroscience Research Australia and Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeffrey H Kordower
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois, USA
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18
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Modulation of neuroinflammation by cysteinyl leukotriene 1 and 2 receptors: implications for cerebral ischemia and neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 87:1-10. [PMID: 31986345 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a complex biological process and has been known to play an important role in age-related cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative disorders, such as cerebral ischemia, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are potent inflammatory lipid mediators that exhibit actions mainly through activating type 1 and type 2 CysLT receptors (CysLT1 and CysLT2). Accumulating evidence shows that CysLT1 and CysLT2 are activated at different stages of pathological process in various cell types in the brain such as vascular endothelial cells, astrocytes, microglia, and neurons in response to insults. However, the precise roles and mechanisms of CysLT1 and CysLT2 in regulating the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease are not fully understood. In this article, we focus on current advances that link activation of CysLT1 and CysLT2 to the pathological process during brain ischemia and neurodegeneration and discuss mechanisms by which CysLT1 and CysLT2 mediate inflammatory process and brain injury. Multitarget anti-inflammatory potentials of CysLT1 and CysLT2 antagonism for neuroinflammation and brain injury will also be reviewed.
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19
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Feng CW, Chen NF, Sung CS, Kuo HM, Yang SN, Chen CL, Hung HC, Chen BH, Wen ZH, Chen WF. Therapeutic Effect of Modulating TREM-1 via Anti-inflammation and Autophagy in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:769. [PMID: 31440123 PMCID: PMC6691936 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common age-related neurodegenerative diseases, and neuroinflammation has been identified as one of its key pathological characteristics. Triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) amplify the inflammatory response and play a role in sepsis and cancer. Recent studies have demonstrated that the attenuation of TREM-1 activity produces cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in macrophages. However, no study has examined the role of TREM-1 in neurodegeneration. We showed that LP17, a synthetic peptide blocker of TREM-1, significantly inhibited the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced upregulation of proinflammatory cascades of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor-kappa B. Moreover, LP17 enhanced the LPS-induced upregulation of autophagy-related proteins such as light chain-3 and histone deacetylase-6. We also knocked down TREM-1 expression in a BV2 cell model to further confirm the role of TREM-1. LP17 inhibited 6-hydroxydopamine-induced locomotor deficit and iNOS messenger RNA expression in zebrafish. We also observed therapeutic effects of LP17 administration in 6-hydroxydopamine-induced PD syndrome using a rat model. These data suggest that the attenuation of TREM-1 could ameliorate neuroinflammatory responses in PD and that this neuroprotective effect might occur via the activation of autophagy and anti-inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Wei Feng
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan.,Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Fu Chen
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Sung Sung
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Mei Kuo
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.,Center for Neuroscience, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - San-Nan Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Liang Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chun Hung
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Hung Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Hong Wen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Fu Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China
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20
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Zhang C, Zhan J, Zhao M, Dai H, Deng Y, Zhou W, Zhao L. Protective mechanism of Taxifolin for chlorpyrifos neurotoxicity in BV2 cells. Neurotoxicology 2019; 74:74-80. [PMID: 31152760 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphorus pesticide that can damage the central nervous system in children upon exposure. Taxifolin (Tax) exerts protective effects against neurotoxins; however, the mechanism has not yet been illustrated. The current study used BV2 cells to investigate the protective mechanism underlying the organophosphorus pesticide taxifolin on CPF-induced neurotoxicity, which might present a therapeutic potential for the prevention and treatment of the nervous system diseases in children. BV2 cells were randomly divided into 4 groups: DMSO, CPF, Tax, and Tax + CPF. The viability, morphocytology, oxidative stress, inflammatory reaction, and autophagocytosis have been studied in the cells using Western blot analysis, CCK-8 assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunofluorescence to estimate the level of LC3 II. As a result, CPF was found to exert a significant toxic effect on BV2 cells that was characterized by rounded cell body, atrophic synapse, poor adhesion, cell aggregation, inflammation, oxidative reaction, and autophagy. Tax treatment has a protective effect on CPF-induced neurotoxicity via downregulation of ROS, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and p62 levels and increased LC3 II level, which in turn, improved the viability and activity of BV2 cells. This phenomenon suggested that Tax can reduce the inflammation and oxidative stress and promote autophagy. Furthermore, the current study suggested that the protective mechanism of Tax on CPF-induced BV2 cell toxicity was via up-regulation of pAMPK level and activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Department of Paediatrics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jichun Zhan
- Department of Paediatrics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mingyi Zhao
- Department of Paediatrics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongmei Dai
- Department of Paediatrics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuanying Deng
- Department of Paediatrics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhou
- Department of Paediatrics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lingling Zhao
- Department of Paediatrics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Tamtaji OR, Mirhosseini N, Reiter RJ, Azami A, Asemi Z. Melatonin, a calpain inhibitor in the central nervous system: Current status and future perspectives. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:1001-1007. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omid Reza Tamtaji
- Physiology Research Center Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
| | | | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio Texas
| | - Abolfazl Azami
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
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22
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Hain EG, Sparenberg M, Rasińska J, Klein C, Akyüz L, Steiner B. Indomethacin promotes survival of new neurons in the adult murine hippocampus accompanied by anti-inflammatory effects following MPTP-induced dopamine depletion. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:162. [PMID: 29803225 PMCID: PMC5970532 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1179-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by dopaminergic cell loss and inflammation in the substantia nigra (SN) leading to motor deficits but also to hippocampus-associated non-motor symptoms such as spatial learning and memory deficits. The cognitive decline is correlated with impaired adult hippocampal neurogenesis resulting from dopamine deficit and inflammation, represented in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride (MPTP) mouse model of PD. In the inflammatory tissue, cyclooxygenase (COX) is upregulated leading to an ongoing inflammatory process such as prostaglandin-mediated increased cytokine levels. Therefore, inhibition of COX by indomethacin may prevent the inflammatory response and the impairment of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. METHODS Wildtype C57Bl/6 and transgenic Nestin-GFP mice were treated with MPTP followed by short-term or long-term indomethacin treatment. Then, aspects of inflammation and neurogenesis were evaluated by cell counts using immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical stainings in the SN and dentate gyrus (DG). Furthermore, hippocampal mRNA expression of neurogenesis-related genes of the Notch, Wnt, and sonic hedgehog signaling pathways and neurogenic factors were assessed, and protein levels of serum cytokines were measured. RESULTS Indomethacin restored the reduction of the survival rate of new mature neurons and reduced the amount of amoeboid CD68+ cells in the DG after MPTP treatment. Indomethacin downregulated genes of the Wnt and Notch signaling pathways and increased neuroD6 expression. In the SN, indomethacin reduced the pro-inflammatory cellular response without reversing dopaminergic cell loss. CONCLUSION Indomethacin has a pro-neurogenic and thereby restorative effect and an anti-inflammatory effect on the cellular level in the DG following MPTP treatment. Therefore, COX inhibitors such as indomethacin may represent a therapeutic option to restore adult neurogenesis in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth G Hain
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Maria Sparenberg
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Justyna Rasińska
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Charlotte Klein
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Levent Akyüz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute for Medical Immunology, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Steiner
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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Li JW, Zong Y, Cao XP, Tan L, Tan L. Microglial priming in Alzheimer's disease. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:176. [PMID: 29951498 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.04.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease of central nervous system (CNS). Nowadays, increasing evidence suggests that immune system plays a significant role in the mechanisms of AD's onset and progression. Microglia, the main participator in the immune system of CNS, is always regarded as a protector of our brain in a healthy state and also has a beneficial role in maintaining the homeostasis of CNS microenvironment. However, chronic and sustained stimulation can push microglia into the state termed priming. Primed microglia can induce the production of amyloid β (Aβ), tau pathology, neuroinflammation and reduce the release of neurotrophic factors, resulting in loss of normal neurons in quantity and function that has immense relationship with AD. The therapeutic strategies mainly aimed at modulating the microenvironment and microglial activity in CNS to delay progression and alleviate pathogenesis of AD. Overall, in this review, we highlight the mechanism of microglial priming, and discuss the profound relationship between microglial priming and AD. Besides, we also pay attention to the therapeutic strategies targeting at microglial priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Wei Li
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Yu Zong
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xi-Peng Cao
- Clinical Research Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lin Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Qingdao 266000, China.,Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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Langley MR, Ghaisas S, Ay M, Luo J, Palanisamy BN, Jin H, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy A, Kanthasamy AG. Manganese exposure exacerbates progressive motor deficits and neurodegeneration in the MitoPark mouse model of Parkinson's disease: Relevance to gene and environment interactions in metal neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology 2018; 64:240-255. [PMID: 28595911 PMCID: PMC5736468 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is now recognized as a neurodegenerative condition caused by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental influences. Chronic manganese (Mn) exposure has been implicated in the development of PD. Since mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with PD pathology as well as Mn neurotoxicity, we investigated whether Mn exposure augments mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system using a newly available mitochondrially defective transgenic mouse model of PD, the MitoPark mouse. This unique PD model recapitulates key features of the disease including progressive neurobehavioral changes and neuronal degeneration. We exposed MitoPark mice to a low dose of Mn (10mg/kg, p.o.) daily for 4 weeks starting at age 8 wks and then determined the behavioral, neurochemical and histological changes. Mn exposure accelerated the rate of progression of motor deficits in MitoPark mice when compared to the untreated MitoPark group. Mn also worsened olfactory function in this model. Most importantly, Mn exposure intensified the depletion of striatal dopamine and nigral TH neuronal loss in MitoPark mice. The neurodegenerative changes were accompanied by enhanced oxidative damage in the striatum and substantia nigra (SN) of MitoPark mice treated with Mn. Furthermore, Mn-treated MitoPark mice had significantly more oligomeric protein and IBA-1-immunoreactive microglia cells, suggesting Mn augments neuroinflammatory processes in the nigrostriatal pathway. To further confirm the direct effect of Mn on impaired mitochondrial function, we also generated a mitochondrially defective dopaminergic cell model by knocking out the TFAM transcription factor by using a CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing method. Seahorse mitochondrial bioenergetic analysis revealed that Mn decreases mitochondrial basal and ATP-linked respiration in the TFAM KO cells. Collectively, our results reveal that Mn can augment mitochondrial dysfunction to exacerbate nigrostriatal neurodegeneration and PD-related behavioral symptoms. Our study also demonstrates that the MitoPark mouse is an excellent model to study the gene-environment interactions associated with mitochondrial defects in the nigral dopaminergic system as well as to evaluate the contribution of potential environmental toxicant interactions in a slowly progressive model of Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica R Langley
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Shivani Ghaisas
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Muhammet Ay
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Jie Luo
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Bharathi N Palanisamy
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Huajun Jin
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Vellareddy Anantharam
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
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Podbielska M, O'Keeffe J, Hogan EL. Autoimmunity in multiple sclerosis: role of sphingolipids, invariant NKT cells and other immune elements in control of inflammation and neurodegeneration. J Neurol Sci 2017; 385:198-214. [PMID: 29406905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. It is classified as being an autoimmune response in the genetically susceptible individual to a persistent but unidentified antigen(s). Both the adaptive and the innate immune systems are likely to contribute significantly to MS pathogenesis. This review summarizes current understanding of the characteristics of MS autoimmunity in the initiation and progression of the disease. In particular we find it timely to classify the autoimmune responses by focusing on the immunogenic features of myelin-derived lipids in MS including molecular mimicry; on alterations of bioactive sphingolipids mediators in MS; and on functional roles for regulatory effector cells, including innate lymphocyte populations, like the invariant NKT (iNKT) cells which bridge adaptive and innate immune systems. Recent progress in identifying the nature of sphingolipids recognition for iNKT cells in immunity and the functional consequences of the lipid-CD1d interaction opens new avenues of access to the pathogenesis of demyelination in MS as well as design of lipid antigen-specific therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Podbielska
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC, USA; Laboratory of Signal Transduction Molecules, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology & Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Joan O'Keeffe
- Department of Biopharmaceutical & Medical Science, School of Science & Computing, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
| | - Edward L Hogan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC, USA
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Langley M, Ghosh A, Charli A, Sarkar S, Ay M, Luo J, Zielonka J, Brenza T, Bennett B, Jin H, Ghaisas S, Schlichtmann B, Kim D, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy A, Narasimhan B, Kalyanaraman B, Kanthasamy AG. Mito-Apocynin Prevents Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Microglial Activation, Oxidative Damage, and Progressive Neurodegeneration in MitoPark Transgenic Mice. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:1048-1066. [PMID: 28375739 PMCID: PMC5651937 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive motor deficits and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Caused by a number of genetic and environmental factors, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress play a role in neurodegeneration in PD. By selectively knocking out mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) in dopaminergic neurons, the transgenic MitoPark mice recapitulate many signature features of the disease, including progressive motor deficits, neuronal loss, and protein inclusions. In the present study, we evaluated the neuroprotective efficacy of a novel mitochondrially targeted antioxidant, Mito-apocynin, in MitoPark mice and cell culture models of neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction. RESULTS Oral administration of Mito-apocynin (10 mg/kg, thrice a week) showed excellent central nervous system bioavailability and significantly improved locomotor activity and coordination in MitoPark mice. Importantly, Mito-apocynin also partially attenuated severe nigrostriatal degeneration in MitoPark mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that Mito-apo improves mitochondrial function and inhibits NOX2 activation, oxidative damage, and neuroinflammation. INNOVATION The properties of Mito-apocynin identified in the MitoPark transgenic mouse model strongly support potential clinical applications for Mito-apocynin as a viable neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory drug for treating PD when compared to conventional therapeutic approaches. CONCLUSION Collectively, our data demonstrate, for the first time, that a novel orally active apocynin derivative improves behavioral, inflammatory, and neurodegenerative processes in a severe progressive dopaminergic neurodegenerative model of PD. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 1048-1066.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Langley
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Anamitra Ghosh
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Adhithiya Charli
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Souvarish Sarkar
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Muhammet Ay
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Jie Luo
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Jacek Zielonka
- 2 Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Timothy Brenza
- 3 Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Brian Bennett
- 4 Department of Physics, Marquette University , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Huajun Jin
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Shivani Ghaisas
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Benjamin Schlichtmann
- 3 Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Dongsuk Kim
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Vellareddy Anantharam
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- 3 Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | | | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
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Jayaraj RL, Rodriguez EA, Wang Y, Block ML. Outdoor Ambient Air Pollution and Neurodegenerative Diseases: the Neuroinflammation Hypothesis. Curr Environ Health Rep 2017; 4:166-179. [PMID: 28444645 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-017-0142-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Accumulating research indicates that ambient outdoor air pollution impacts the brain and may affect neurodegenerative diseases, yet the potential underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. RECENT FINDINGS The neuroinflammation hypothesis holds that elevation of cytokines and reactive oxygen species in the brain mediates the deleterious effects of urban air pollution on the central nervous system (CNS). Studies in human and animal research document that neuroinflammation occurs in response to several inhaled pollutants. Microglia are a prominent source of cytokines and reactive oxygen species in the brain, implicated in the progressive neuron damage in diverse neurodegenerative diseases, and activated by inhaled components of urban air pollution through both direct and indirect pathways. The MAC1-NOX2 pathway has been identified as a mechanism through which microglia respond to different forms of air pollution, suggesting a potential common deleterious pathway. Multiple direct and indirect pathways in response to air pollution exposure likely interact in concert to exert CNS effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Jayaraj
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Eric A Rodriguez
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Michelle L Block
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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Shen Y, Guo X, Han C, Wan F, Ma K, Guo S, Wang L, Xia Y, Liu L, Lin Z, Huang J, Xiong N, Wang T. The implication of neuronimmunoendocrine (NIE) modulatory network in the pathophysiologic process of Parkinson's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3741-3768. [PMID: 28623510 PMCID: PMC11107509 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2549-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder implicitly marked by the substantia nigra dopaminergic neuron degeneration and explicitly characterized by the motor and non-motor symptom complexes. Apart from the nigrostriatal dopamine depletion, the immune and endocrine study findings are also frequently reported, which, in fact, have helped to broaden the symptom spectrum and better explain the pathogenesis and progression of PD. Nevertheless, based on the neural, immune, and endocrine findings presented above, it is still difficult to fully recapitulate the pathophysiologic process of PD. Therefore, here, in this review, we have proposed the neuroimmunoendocrine (NIE) modulatory network in PD, aiming to achieve a more comprehensive interpretation of the pathogenesis and progression of this disease. As a matter of fact, in addition to the classical motor symptoms, NIE modulatory network can also underlie the non-motor symptoms such as gastrointestinal, neuropsychiatric, circadian rhythm, and sleep disorders in PD. Moreover, the dopamine (DA)-melatonin imbalance in the retino-diencephalic/mesencephalic-pineal axis also provides an alternative explanation for the motor complications in the process of DA replacement therapy. In conclusion, the NIE network can be expected to deepen our understanding and facilitate the multi-dimensional management and therapy of PD in future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Xingfang Guo
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Chao Han
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Fang Wan
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Kai Ma
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Shiyi Guo
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Luxi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Yun Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Zhicheng Lin
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, Department of Psychiatry, and Mailman Neuroscience Research Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Jinsha Huang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Nian Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.
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Xu E, Liu J, Liu H, Wang X, Xiong H. Role of microglia in methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 9:84-100. [PMID: 28694920 PMCID: PMC5498881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (Meth) is an addictive psychostimulant widely abused around the world. The chronic use of Meth produces neurotoxicity featured by dopaminergic terminal damage and microgliosis, resulting in serious neurological and behavioral consequences. Ample evidence indicate that Meth causes microglial activation and resultant secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules leading to neural injury. However, the mechanisms underlying Meth-induced microglial activation remain to be determined. In this review, we attempt to address the effects of Meth on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated microglia activation both in vitro and in-vivo. Meth abuse not only increases HIV transmission but also exacerbates progression of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) through activation of microglia. In addition, the therapeutic potential of anti-inflammatory drugs on ameliorating Meth-induced microglia activation and resultant neuronal injury is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enquan Xu
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha 68198-5880, NE, USA
| | - Jianuo Liu
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha 68198-5880, NE, USA
| | - Han Liu
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha 68198-5880, NE, USA
| | - Xiaobei Wang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha 68198-6125, NE, USA
| | - Huangui Xiong
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha 68198-5880, NE, USA
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Paraquat and maneb co-exposure induces noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurodegeneration through NADPH oxidase-mediated microglial activation. Toxicology 2017; 380:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Zhang P, Li Y, Han X, Xing Q, Zhao L. Dexmedetomidine Regulates 6-hydroxydopamine-Induced Microglial Polarization. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:1524-1532. [PMID: 28247333 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microglia have undergone extensive characterization and have been shown to present distinct phenotypes, such as the M1 or M2 phenotypes, depending on their stimuli. As a highly specific neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) can be used to further our understanding of the immune response in Parkinson's disease (PD). Dexmedetomidine (DEX), a centrally selective α2-adrenoceptor agonist, performs very well as an anti-anxiety medication, sedative and analgesic. In the present study, we investigated the effects of DEX on 6-OHDA-induced microglial polarization. Our results indicate that treatment with 6-OHDA promotes microglial polarization toward the M1 state in BV2 microglia cells by increasing the release of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, or tumor necrosis factor-α, which can be prevented by pretreatment with DEX. In addition, we found that 6-OHDA blocked IL-4-mediated microglial M2 polarization by suppressing expression of the microglial M2 markers arginase-1 (Arg-1), resistin-like α (Retnla/Fizz1), and chitinase 3-like 3 (Chi3l3/Ym1), which could be ameliorated by pretreatment with DEX. Notably, the inhibitory effects of 6-OHDA on IL-4-mediated induction of the anti-inflammatory marker genes IL-10, IL-13, and transforming growth factor-β2 could be significantly alleviated by pretreatment with DEX in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.01). Mechanistically, alternations in the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 were involved in this process. These findings suggest that administration of DEX has the potential to interrupt the process of microgliosis in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, 24 Jinghua Road, Jianxi District, Luoyang, 471003, Henan, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, 24 Jinghua Road, Jianxi District, Luoyang, 471003, Henan, China
| | - Xuechang Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, 24 Jinghua Road, Jianxi District, Luoyang, 471003, Henan, China
| | - Qunzhi Xing
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, 24 Jinghua Road, Jianxi District, Luoyang, 471003, Henan, China.
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, 24 Jinghua Road, Jianxi District, Luoyang, 471003, Henan, China
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Minimally Toxic Dose of Lipopolysaccharide and α-Synuclein Oligomer Elicit Synergistic Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration: Role and Mechanism of Microglial NOX2 Activation. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 55:619-632. [PMID: 27975175 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0308-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the role and mechanism of microglial NOX2 activation in minimally toxic dose of LPS and Syn-elicited synergistic dopaminergic neurodegeneration. NOX2+/+ and NOX2-/- mice and multiple primary cultures were treated with LPS and/or Syn in vivo and in vitro. Neuronal function and morphology were evaluated by uptake of related neurotransmitter and immunostaining with specific antibody. Levels of superoxide, intracellular reactive oxygen species, mRNA and protein of relevant molecules, and dopamine were detected. LPS and Syn synergistically induce selective and progressive dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Microglia are functionally and morphologically activated, contributing to synergistic dopaminergic neurotoxicity elicited by LPS and Syn. NOX2-/- mice are more resistant to synergistic neurotoxicity than NOX2+/+mice in vivo and in vitro, and NOX2 inhibitor protects against synergistic neurotoxicity through decreasing microglial superoxide production, illustrating a critical role of microglial NOX2. Microglial NOX2 is activated by LPS and Syn as mRNA and protein levels of NOX2 subunits P47and gp91 are enhanced. Molecules relevant to microglial NOX2 activation include PKC-σ, P38, ERK1/2, JNK, and NF-КBP50 as their mRNA and protein levels are elevated after treatment with LPS and Syn. Combination of exogenous and endogenous environmental factors with minimally toxic dose synergistically propagates dopaminergic neurodegeneration through activating microglial NOX2 and relevant signaling molecules, casting a new light for PD pathogenesis.
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Podbielska M, Das A, Smith AW, Chauhan A, Ray SK, Inoue J, Azuma M, Nozaki K, Hogan EL, Banik NL. Neuron-microglia interaction induced bi-directional cytotoxicity associated with calpain activation. J Neurochem 2016; 139:440-455. [PMID: 27529445 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Activated microglia release pro-inflammatory factors and calpain into the extracellular milieu, damaging surrounding neurons. However, mechanistic links to progressive neurodegeneration in disease such as multiple sclerosis (MS) remain obscure. We hypothesize that persistent damaged/dying neurons may also release cytotoxic factors and calpain into the media, which then activate microglia again. Thus, inflammation, neuronal damage, and microglia activation, i.e., bi-directional interaction between neurons and microglia, may be involved in the progressive neurodegeneration. We tested this hypothesis using two in vitro models: (i) the effects of soluble factors from damaged primary cortical neurons upon primary rat neurons and microglia and (ii) soluble factors released from CD3/CD28 activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells of MS patients on primary human neurons and microglia. The first model indicated that neurons due to injury with pro-inflammatory agents (IFN-γ) release soluble neurotoxic factors, including COX-2, reactive oxygen species, and calpain, thus activating microglia, which in turn released neurotoxic factors as well. This repeated microglial activation leads to persistent inflammation and neurodegeneration. The released calpain from neurons and microglia was confirmed by the use of calpain inhibitor calpeptin or SNJ-1945 as well as μ- and m-calpain knock down using the small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology. Our second model using activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, a source of pro-inflammatory Th1/Th17 cytokines and calpain released from auto-reactive T cells, corroborated similar results in human primary cell cultures and confirmed calpain to be involved in progressive MS. These insights into reciprocal paracrine regulation of cell injury and calpain activation in the progressive phase of MS, Parkinson's disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases suggest potentially beneficial preventive and therapeutic strategies, including calpain inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Podbielska
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Laboratory of Signaling Proteins, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology & Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Arabinda Das
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Amena W Smith
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ashok Chauhan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Swapan K Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jun Inoue
- Senju Pharmaceutical, Co LTD, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Kenkichi Nozaki
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Edward L Hogan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Naren L Banik
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA. .,Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
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Marrali G, Salamone P, Casale F, Fuda G, Cugnasco P, Caorsi C, Amoroso A, Calvo A, Lopiano L, Cocito D, Chiò A. NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) enzyme activation in patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Eur J Neurol 2016; 23:958-63. [DOI: 10.1111/ene.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Marrali
- ‘Rita Levi Montalcini’ Department of Neuroscience; University of Torino; Torino Italy
| | - P. Salamone
- ‘Rita Levi Montalcini’ Department of Neuroscience; University of Torino; Torino Italy
| | - F. Casale
- ‘Rita Levi Montalcini’ Department of Neuroscience; University of Torino; Torino Italy
| | - G. Fuda
- ‘Rita Levi Montalcini’ Department of Neuroscience; University of Torino; Torino Italy
| | - P. Cugnasco
- ‘Rita Levi Montalcini’ Department of Neuroscience; University of Torino; Torino Italy
| | - C. Caorsi
- Immunogenetics and Transplant Biology Laboratory; Department of Medical Sciences; University of Torino; Torino Italy
| | - A. Amoroso
- Immunogenetics and Transplant Biology Laboratory; Department of Medical Sciences; University of Torino; Torino Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza; Torino Italy
| | - A. Calvo
- ‘Rita Levi Montalcini’ Department of Neuroscience; University of Torino; Torino Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza; Torino Italy
| | - L. Lopiano
- ‘Rita Levi Montalcini’ Department of Neuroscience; University of Torino; Torino Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza; Torino Italy
| | - D. Cocito
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza; Torino Italy
| | - A. Chiò
- ‘Rita Levi Montalcini’ Department of Neuroscience; University of Torino; Torino Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza; Torino Italy
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies; Consiglio nazionale delle Ricerche; Rome Italy
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Charli A, Jin H, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy A, Kanthasamy AG. Alterations in mitochondrial dynamics induced by tebufenpyrad and pyridaben in a dopaminergic neuronal cell culture model. Neurotoxicology 2015; 53:302-313. [PMID: 26141520 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tebufenpyrad and pyridaben are two agro-chemically important acaricides that function like the known mitochondrial toxicant rotenone. Although these two compounds have been commonly used to kill populations of mites and ticks in commercial greenhouses, their neurotoxic profiles remain largely unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effects of these two pesticides on mitochondrial structure and function in an in vitro cell culture model using the Seahorse bioanalyzer and confocal fluorescence imaging. The effects were compared with rotenone. Exposing rat dopaminergic neuronal cells (N27 cells) to tebufenpyrad and pyridaben for 3h induced dose-dependent cell death with an EC50 of 3.98μM and 3.77μM, respectively. Also, tebufenpyrad and pyridaben (3μM) exposure induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and m-aconitase damage, suggesting that the pesticide toxicity is associated with oxidative damage. Morphometric image analysis with the MitoTracker red fluorescent probe indicated that tebufenpyrad and pyridaben, as well as rotenone, caused abnormalities in mitochondrial morphology, including reduced mitochondrial length and circularity. Functional bioenergetic experiments using the Seahorse XF96 analyzer revealed that tebufenpyrad and pyridaben very rapidly suppressed the basal mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate similar to that of rotenone. Further analysis of bioenergetic curves also revealed dose-dependent decreases in ATP-linked respiration and respiratory capacity. The luminescence-based ATP measurement further confirmed that pesticide-induced mitochondrial inhibition of respiration is accompanied by the loss of cellular ATP. Collectively, our results suggest that exposure to the pesticides tebufenpyrad and pyridaben induces neurotoxicity by rapidly initiating mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage in dopaminergic neuronal cells. Our findings also reveal that monitoring the kinetics of mitochondrial respiration with Seahorse could be used as an early neurotoxicological high-throughput index for assessing the risk that pesticides pose to the dopaminergic neuronal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adhithiya Charli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Huajun Jin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Vellareddy Anantharam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
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Samantaray S, Knaryan VH, Shields DC, Cox AA, Haque A, Banik NL. Inhibition of Calpain Activation Protects MPTP-Induced Nigral and Spinal Cord Neurodegeneration, Reduces Inflammation, and Improves Gait Dynamics in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 52:1054-66. [PMID: 26108182 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, resulting in dopaminergic (DA) neuronal loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and damage to the extranigral spinal cord neurons. Current therapies do not prevent the disease progression. Hence, developing efficacious therapeutic strategies for treatment of PD is of utmost importance. The goal of this study is to delineate the involvement of calpain-mediated inflammation and neurodegeneration in SN and spinal cord in MPTP-induced parkinsonian mice (C57BL/6 N), thereby elucidating potential therapeutic target(s). Increased calpain expression was found localized to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH(+)) neurons in SN with significantly increased TUNEL-positive neurons in SN and spinal cord neurons in MPTP mice. Inflammatory markers Cox-2, caspase-1, and NOS-2 were significantly upregulated in MPTP mouse spinal cord as compared to control. These parameters correlated with the activation of astrocytes, microglia, infiltration of CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cells, and macrophages. We found that subpopulations of CD4(+) cells (Th1 and Tregs) were differentially expanded in MPTP mice, which could be regulated by inhibition of calpain with the potent inhibitor calpeptin. Pretreatment with calpeptin (25 μg/kg, i.p.) attenuated glial activation, T cell infiltration, nigral dopaminergic degeneration in SN, and neuronal death in spinal cord. Importantly, calpeptin ameliorated MPTP-induced altered gait parameters (e.g., reduced stride length and increased stride frequency) as demonstrated by analyses of spatiotemporal gait indices using ventral plane videography. These findings suggest that calpain plays a pivotal role in MPTP-induced nigral and extranigral neurodegenerative processes and may be a valid therapeutic target in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriti Samantaray
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 309 CSB, MSC 606, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
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Kumar A, Leinisch F, Kadiiska MB, Corbett J, Mason RP. Formation and Implications of Alpha-Synuclein Radical in Maneb- and Paraquat-Induced Models of Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2983-2994. [PMID: 25952542 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9179-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating, progressive, neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons and motor deficits. Alpha-synuclein-containing aggregates represent a feature of a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, including PD; however, the mechanism that initiates and promotes intraneuronal alpha-synuclein aggregation remains unknown. We hypothesized protein radical formation as an initiating mechanism for alpha-synuclein aggregation. Therefore, we used the highly sensitive immuno-spin trapping technique to investigate protein radical formation as a possible mechanism of alpha-synuclein aggregation as well as to investigate the source of protein radical formation in the midbrains of Maneb- and paraquat-coexposed mice. Coexposure to Maneb and paraquat for 6 weeks resulted in active microgliosis, NADPH oxidase activation, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) induction, which culminated in protein radical formation in the midbrains of mice. Results obtained with immuno-spin trapping and immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed formation of alpha-synuclein radicals in dopaminergic neurons of exposed mice. Free radical formation requires NADPH oxidase and iNOS, as indicated by decreased protein radical formation in knockout mice (P47phox(-/-) and iNOS(-/-)) and in mice treated with inhibitors such as FeTPPS (a peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst), 1400 W (an iNOS inhibitor), or apocynin (a NADPH oxidase inhibitor). Concurrence of protein radical formation with dopaminergic neuronal death indicated a link between protein radicals and disease progression. Taken together, these results show for the first time the formation and detection of the alpha-synuclein radical and suggest that NADPH oxidase and iNOS play roles in peroxynitrite-mediated protein radical formation and subsequent neuronal death in the midbrains of Maneb- and paraquat-coexposed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar
- Free Radical Metabolism Group, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Fabian Leinisch
- Free Radical Metabolism Group, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Maria B Kadiiska
- Free Radical Metabolism Group, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Jean Corbett
- Free Radical Metabolism Group, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Ronald P Mason
- Free Radical Metabolism Group, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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Lopes da Fonseca T, Villar-Piqué A, Outeiro TF. The Interplay between Alpha-Synuclein Clearance and Spreading. Biomolecules 2015; 5:435-71. [PMID: 25874605 PMCID: PMC4496680 DOI: 10.3390/biom5020435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder classically characterized by movement impairment. Pathologically, the most striking features of PD are the loss of dopaminergic neurons and the presence of intraneuronal protein inclusions primarily composed of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) that are known as Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in surviving neurons. Though the mechanisms underlying the progression of PD pathology are unclear, accumulating evidence suggests a prion-like spreading of α-syn pathology. The intracellular homeostasis of α-syn requires the proper degradation of the protein by three mechanisms: chaperone-mediated autophagy, macroautophagy and ubiquitin-proteasome. Impairment of these pathways might drive the system towards an alternative clearance mechanism that could involve its release from the cell. This increased release to the extracellular space could be the basis for α-syn propagation to different brain areas and, ultimately, for the spreading of pathology and disease progression. Here, we review the interplay between α-syn degradation pathways and its intercellular spreading. The understanding of this interplay is indispensable for obtaining a better knowledge of the molecular basis of PD and, consequently, for the design of novel avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Lopes da Fonseca
- Department of Neurodegeneration and Restorative Research, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37073, Germany.
- Instituto de Fisiologia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisboa 1649-028, Portugal.
| | - Anna Villar-Piqué
- Department of Neurodegeneration and Restorative Research, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37073, Germany.
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Department of Neurodegeneration and Restorative Research, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37073, Germany.
- Instituto de Fisiologia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisboa 1649-028, Portugal.
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa 1150, Portugal.
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Wang Q, Qian L, Chen SH, Chu CH, Wilson B, Oyarzabal E, Ali S, Robinson B, Rao D, Hong JS. Post-treatment with an ultra-low dose of NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium attenuates disease progression in multiple Parkinson's disease models. Brain 2015; 138:1247-62. [PMID: 25716193 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, a key superoxide-producing enzyme, plays a critical role in microglia-mediated chronic neuroinflammation and subsequent progressive dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. Although nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase-targeting anti-inflammatory therapy for Parkinson's disease has been proposed, its application in translational research remains limited. The aim of this study was to obtain preclinical evidence supporting this therapeutic strategy by testing the efficacy of an ultra-low dose of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium in both endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide)- and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated mice using post-treatment regimens. Our data revealed that post-treatment with diphenyleneiodonium significantly attenuated progressive dopaminergic degeneration and improved rotarod activity. Remarkably, post-treatment with diphenyleneiodonium 10 months after lipopolysaccharide injection when mice had 30% loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons, showed high efficacy in protecting the remaining neuronal population and restoring motor function. Diphenyleneiodonium-elicited neuroprotection was associated with the inhibition of microglial activation, a reduction in the expression of proinflammatory factors and an attenuation of α-synuclein aggregation. A pathophysiological evaluation of diphenyleneiodonium-treated mice, including assessment of body weight, organs health, and neuronal counts, revealed no overt signs of toxicity. In summary, infusion of ultra-low dose diphenyleneiodonium potently reduced microglia-mediated chronic neuroinflammation by selectively inhibiting nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase and halted the progression of neurodegeneration in mouse models of Parkinson's disease. The robust neuroprotective effects and lack of apparent toxic side effects suggest that diphenyleneiodonium at ultra-low dose may be a promising candidate for future clinical trials in Parkinson's disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshan Wang
- 1 Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Li Qian
- 1 Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Shih-Heng Chen
- 1 Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Chun-Hsien Chu
- 1 Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Belinda Wilson
- 1 Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Esteban Oyarzabal
- 1 Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Syed Ali
- 2 Neurochemistry Laboratory, Division of Neurotoxicology, National Centre for Toxicological Research/USFDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Bonnie Robinson
- 2 Neurochemistry Laboratory, Division of Neurotoxicology, National Centre for Toxicological Research/USFDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Deepa Rao
- 3 National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- 1 Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Substance P exacerbates dopaminergic neurodegeneration through neurokinin-1 receptor-independent activation of microglial NADPH oxidase. J Neurosci 2015; 34:12490-503. [PMID: 25209287 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2238-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Although dysregulated substance P (SP) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD), how SP affects the survival of dopaminergic neurons remains unclear. Here, we found that mice lacking endogenous SP (TAC1(-/-)), but not those deficient in the SP receptor (neurokinin-1 receptor, NK1R), were more resistant to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced nigral dopaminergic neurodegeneration than wild-type controls, suggesting a NK1R-independent toxic action of SP. In vitro dose-response studies revealed that exogenous SP enhanced LPS- and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+))-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration in a bimodal manner, peaking at submicromolar and subpicomolar concentrations, but was substantially less effective at intermediate concentrations. Mechanistically, the actions of submicromolar levels of SP were NK1R-dependent, whereas subpicomolar SP-elicited actions required microglial NADPH oxidase (NOX2), the key superoxide-producing enzyme, but not NK1R. Subpicomolar concentrations of SP activated NOX2 by binding to the catalytic subunit gp91(phox) and inducing membrane translocation of the cytosolic subunits p47(phox) and p67(phox). The importance of NOX2 was further corroborated by showing that inhibition or disruption of NOX2 blocked subpicomolar SP-exacerbated neurotoxicity. Together, our findings revealed a critical role of microglial NOX2 in mediating the neuroinflammatory and dopaminergic neurodegenerative effects of SP, which may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of PD.
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Barbosa DJ, Capela JP, de Lourdes Bastos M, Carvalho F. In vitro models for neurotoxicology research. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015; 4:801-842. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00043a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The nervous system has a highly complex organization, including many cell types with multiple functions, with an intricate anatomy and unique structural and functional characteristics; the study of its (dys)functionality following exposure to xenobiotics, neurotoxicology, constitutes an important issue in neurosciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel José Barbosa
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia)
- Laboratório de Toxicologia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
| | - João Paulo Capela
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia)
- Laboratório de Toxicologia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia)
- Laboratório de Toxicologia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
| | - Félix Carvalho
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia)
- Laboratório de Toxicologia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Jorfi
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg; Chemin des Verdiers 4 Fribourg CH-1700 Switzerland
| | - E. Johan Foster
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg; Chemin des Verdiers 4 Fribourg CH-1700 Switzerland
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Virginia Tech; 445 Old Turner Street, 213 Holden Hall Blacksburg Virginia 24061
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Taetzsch T, Levesque S, McGraw C, Brookins S, Luqa R, Bonini MG, Mason RP, Oh U, Block ML. Redox regulation of NF-κB p50 and M1 polarization in microglia. Glia 2014; 63:423-40. [PMID: 25331559 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Redox-signaling is implicated in deleterious microglial activation underlying CNS disease, but how ROS program aberrant microglial function is unknown. Here, the oxidation of NF-κB p50 to a free radical intermediate is identified as a marker of dysfunctional M1 (pro-inflammatory) polarization in microglia. Microglia exposed to steady fluxes of H2 O2 showed altered NF-κB p50 protein-protein interactions, decreased NF-κB p50 DNA binding, and augmented late-stage TNFα expression, indicating that H2 O2 impairs NF-κB p50 function and prolongs amplified M1 activation. NF-κB p50(-/-) mice and cultures exhibited a disrupted M2 (alternative) response and impaired resolution of the M1 response. Persistent neuroinflammation continued 1 week after LPS (1 mg/kg, IP) administration in the NF-κB p50(-/-) mice. However, peripheral inflammation had already resolved in both strains of mice. Treatment with the spin-trap DMPO mildly reduced LPS-induced 22 h TNFα in the brain in NF-κB p50(+/+) mice. Interestingly, DMPO failed to reduce and strongly augmented brain TNFα production in NF-κB p50(-/-) mice, implicating a fundamental role for NF-κB p50 in the regulation of chronic neuroinflammation by free radicals. These data identify NF-κB p50 as a key redox-signaling mechanism regulating the M1/M2 balance in microglia, where loss of function leads to a CNS-specific vulnerability to chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Taetzsch
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Campus, Richmond, Virginia
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Reducing C-terminal-truncated alpha-synuclein by immunotherapy attenuates neurodegeneration and propagation in Parkinson's disease-like models. J Neurosci 2014; 34:9441-54. [PMID: 25009275 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5314-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are common neurodegenerative disorders of the aging population, characterized by progressive and abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn). Recent studies have shown that C-terminus (CT) truncation and propagation of α-syn play a role in the pathogenesis of PD/DLB. Therefore, we explored the effect of passive immunization against the CT of α-syn in the mThy1-α-syn transgenic (tg) mouse model, which resembles the striato-nigral and motor deficits of PD. Mice were immunized with the new monoclonal antibodies 1H7, 5C1, or 5D12, all directed against the CT of α-syn. CT α-syn antibodies attenuated synaptic and axonal pathology, reduced the accumulation of CT-truncated α-syn (CT-α-syn) in axons, rescued the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase fibers in striatum, and improved motor and memory deficits. Among them, 1H7 and 5C1 were most effective at decreasing levels of CT-α-syn and higher-molecular-weight aggregates. Furthermore, in vitro studies showed that preincubation of recombinant α-syn with 1H7 and 5C1 prevented CT cleavage of α-syn. In a cell-based system, CT antibodies reduced cell-to-cell propagation of full-length α-syn, but not of the CT-α-syn that lacked the 118-126 aa recognition site needed for antibody binding. Furthermore, the results obtained after lentiviral expression of α-syn suggest that antibodies might be blocking the extracellular truncation of α-syn by calpain-1. Together, these results demonstrate that antibodies against the CT of α-syn reduce levels of CT-truncated fragments of the protein and its propagation, thus ameliorating PD-like pathology and improving behavioral and motor functions in a mouse model of this disease.
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Seminotti B, Ribeiro RT, Amaral AU, da Rosa MS, Pereira CC, Leipnitz G, Koeller DM, Goodman S, Woontner M, Wajner M. Acute lysine overload provokes protein oxidative damage and reduction of antioxidant defenses in the brain of infant glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficient mice: A role for oxidative stress in GA I neuropathology. J Neurol Sci 2014; 344:105-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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46
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Wang Q, Chu CH, Oyarzabal E, Jiang L, Chen SH, Wilson B, Qian L, Hong JS. Subpicomolar diphenyleneiodonium inhibits microglial NADPH oxidase with high specificity and shows great potential as a therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases. Glia 2014; 62:2034-43. [PMID: 25043383 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Activation of microglial NADPH oxidase (NOX2) plays a critical role in mediating neuroinflammation, which is closely linked with the pathogenesis of a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). The inhibition of NOX2-generated superoxide has become an effective strategy for developing disease-modifying therapies for PD. However, the lack of specific and potent NOX2 inhibitors has hampered the progress of this approach. Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) is a widely used, long-acting NOX2 inhibitor. However, due to its non-specificity for NOX2 and high cytotoxicity at standard doses (µM), DPI has been precluded from human studies. In this study, using ultra-low doses of DPI, we aimed to: (1) investigate whether these problems could be circumvented and (2) determine whether ultra-low doses of DPI were able to preserve its utility as a potent NOX2 inhibitor. We found that DPI at subpicomolar concentrations (10(-14) and 10(-13) M) displays no toxicity in primary midbrain neuron-glia cultures. More importantly, we observed that subpicomolar DPI inhibited phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-induced activation of NOX2. The same concentrations of DPI did not inhibit the activities of a series of flavoprotein-containing enzymes. Furthermore, potent neuroprotective efficacy was demonstrated in a post-treatment study. When subpicomolar DPI was added to neuron-glia cultures pretreated with lipopolysaccharide, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium or rotenone, it potently protected the dopaminergic neurons. In summary, DPI's unique combination of high specificity toward NOX2, low cytotoxicity and potent neuroprotective efficacy in post-treatment regimens suggests that subpicomolar DPI may be an ideal candidate for further animal studies and potential clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshan Wang
- Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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Yan K, Zhang R, Chen L, Chen F, Liu Y, Peng L, Sun H, Huang W, Sun C, Lv B, Li F, Cai Y, Tang Y, Zou Y, Du M, Qin L, Zhang H, Jiang X. Nitric oxide-mediated immunosuppressive effect of human amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cells on the viability and migration of microglia. Brain Res 2014; 1590:1-9. [PMID: 24909791 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) are considered a novel and promising source of stem cells for cell replacement-based therapy. Current research is mostly limited to investigating the cellular differentiation potential of AMSCs, while few have focused on their immunosuppressive properties. This study is aimed at exploring and evaluating the immunosuppressive effect of human AMSCs on the viability and migratory properties of microglia. We found, from results of cell viability assays, that AMSCs can reduce the activity of inflammatory cells by secreting nitric oxide (NO). Also, based on results from wound healing and transwell migration assays, we show that AMSCs can inhibit the migration of human microglia as well as the mouse microglial cell line BV2, suggesting that they have the ability to inhibit the recruitment of certain immune cells to injury sites. Furthermore, we found that NO contributes significantly to this inhibitory effect. Our study provides evidence that human AMSCs can have detrimental effects on the viability and migration of microglia, through secretion of NO. This mechanism may contribute to anti-inflammatory processes in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yan
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Run Zhang
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lei Chen
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fanfan Chen
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yi Liu
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lingmei Peng
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Haitao Sun
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Weiyi Huang
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chengmei Sun
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bingke Lv
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Feng Li
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yingqian Cai
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yanping Tang
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuxi Zou
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mouxuan Du
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lingsha Qin
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hengzhu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaodan Jiang
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, Guangdong Province, China.
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Chotibut T, Davis RW, Arnold JC, Frenchek Z, Gurwara S, Bondada V, Geddes JW, Salvatore MF. Ceftriaxone increases glutamate uptake and reduces striatal tyrosine hydroxylase loss in 6-OHDA Parkinson's model. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 49:1282-92. [PMID: 24297323 PMCID: PMC4618839 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8598-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Excess glutamatergic neurotransmission may contribute to excitotoxic loss of nigrostriatal neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we determined if increasing glutamate uptake could reduce the extent of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) loss in PD progression. The beta-lactam antibiotic, ceftriaxone, increases the expression of glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1), a glutamate transporter that plays a major role in glutamate clearance in central nervous system and may attenuate adverse behavioral or neurobiological function in other neurodegenerative disease models. In association with >80% TH loss, we observed a significant decrease in glutamate uptake in the established 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) PD model. Ceftriaxone (200 mg/kg, i.p.) increased striatal glutamate uptake with >5 consecutive days of injection in nonlesioned rats and lasted out to 14 days postinjection, a time beyond that required for 6-OHDA to produce >70% TH loss (∼9 days). When ceftriaxone was given at the time of 6-OHDA, TH loss was ∼57% compared to ∼85% in temporally matched vehicle-injected controls and amphetamine-induced rotation was reduced about 2-fold. This attenuation of TH loss was associated with increased glutamate uptake, increased GLT-1 expression, and reduced Serine 19 TH phosphorylation, a calcium-dependent target specific for nigrostriatal neurons. These results reveal that glutamate uptake can be targeted in a PD model, decrease the rate of TH loss in a calcium-dependent manner, and attenuate locomotor behavior associated with 6-OHDA lesion. Given that detection of reliable PD markers will eventually be employed in susceptible populations, our results give credence to the possibility that increasing glutamate uptake may prolong the time period before locomotor impairment occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Chotibut
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, & Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Richard W. Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, & Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Jennifer C. Arnold
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, & Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Zachary Frenchek
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, & Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Shawn Gurwara
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, & Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Vimala Bondada
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - James W. Geddes
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Michael F. Salvatore
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, & Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA
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Translocator protein 18 kDa negatively regulates inflammation in microglia. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2014; 9:424-37. [PMID: 24687172 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-014-9540-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) is a mitochondrial outer membrane protein. Although TSPO expression is up-regulated during neuroinflammation, the role of TSPO and its signaling mechanisms in regulation of neuroinflammation remains to be elucidated at the molecular level. Here we demonstrate that TSPO is a negative regulator of neuroinflammation in microglia. Over-expression of TSPO decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines upon lipopolysaccharide treatment while TSPO knock-down had the opposite effect. Anti-inflammatory activity of TSPO is also supported by increased expression of alternatively activated M2 stage-related genes. These data suggest that up-regulation of TSPO level during neuroinflammation may be an adaptive response mechanism. We also provide the evidence that the repressive activity of TSPO is at least partially mediated by the attenuation of NF-κB activation. Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by loss of specific subsets of neurons at the particular anatomical regions of the central nervous system. Cause of neuronal death is still largely unknown, but it is becoming clear that neuroinflammation plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effects of TSPO on neuroinflammation can contribute to the therapeutic design for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Flinn LJ, Keatinge M, Bretaud S, Mortiboys H, Matsui H, De Felice E, Woodroof HI, Brown L, McTighe A, Soellner R, Allen CE, Heath PR, Milo M, Muqit MMK, Reichert AS, Köster RW, Ingham PW, Bandmann O. TigarB causes mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal loss in PINK1 deficiency. Ann Neurol 2014; 74:837-47. [PMID: 24027110 PMCID: PMC4154126 DOI: 10.1002/ana.23999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Loss of function mutations in PINK1 typically lead to early onset Parkinson disease (PD). Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are emerging as a powerful new vertebrate model to study neurodegenerative diseases. We used a pink1 mutant (pink(-/-) ) zebrafish line with a premature stop mutation (Y431*) in the PINK1 kinase domain to identify molecular mechanisms leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and loss of dopaminergic neurons in PINK1 deficiency. METHODS The effect of PINK1 deficiency on the number of dopaminergic neurons, mitochondrial function, and morphology was assessed in both zebrafish embryos and adults. Genome-wide gene expression studies were undertaken to identify novel pathogenic mechanisms. Functional experiments were carried out to further investigate the effect of PINK1 deficiency on early neurodevelopmental mechanisms and microglial activation. RESULTS PINK1 deficiency results in loss of dopaminergic neurons as well as early impairment of mitochondrial function and morphology in Danio rerio. Expression of TigarB, the zebrafish orthologue of the human, TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator TIGAR, was markedly increased in pink(-/-) larvae. Antisense-mediated inactivation of TigarB gave rise to complete normalization of mitochondrial function, with resulting rescue of dopaminergic neurons in pink(-/-) larvae. There was also marked microglial activation in pink(-/-) larvae, but depletion of microglia failed to rescue the dopaminergic neuron loss, arguing against microglial activation being a key factor in the pathogenesis. INTERPRETATION Pink1(-/-) zebrafish are the first vertebrate model of PINK1 deficiency with loss of dopaminergic neurons. Our study also identifies TIGAR as a promising novel target for disease-modifying therapy in PINK1-related PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Flinn
- Medical Research Council Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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