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Jacob SM, Lee S, Kim SH, Sharkey KA, Pfeffer G, Nguyen MD. Brain-body mechanisms contribute to sexual dimorphism in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 2024; 20:475-494. [PMID: 38965379 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-024-00991-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common form of human motor neuron disease. It is characterized by the progressive degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons, leading to generalized motor weakness and, ultimately, respiratory paralysis and death within 3-5 years. The disease is shaped by genetics, age, sex and environmental stressors, but no cure or routine biomarkers exist for the disease. Male individuals have a higher propensity to develop ALS, and a different manifestation of the disease phenotype, than female individuals. However, the mechanisms underlying these sex differences remain a mystery. In this Review, we summarize the epidemiology of ALS, examine the sexually dimorphic presentation of the disease and highlight the genetic variants and molecular pathways that might contribute to sex differences in humans and animal models of ALS. We advance the idea that sexual dimorphism in ALS arises from the interactions between the CNS and peripheral organs, involving vascular, metabolic, endocrine, musculoskeletal and immune systems, which are strikingly different between male and female individuals. Finally, we review the response to treatments in ALS and discuss the potential to implement future personalized therapeutic strategies for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Jacob
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sukyoung Lee
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Keith A Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gerald Pfeffer
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Minh Dang Nguyen
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Kulkarni PG, Mohire VM, Waghmare PP, Banerjee T. Interplay of mitochondria-associated membrane proteins and autophagy: Implications in neurodegeneration. Mitochondrion 2024; 76:101874. [PMID: 38514017 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2024.101874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Since the discovery of membrane contact sites between ER and mitochondria called mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs), several pieces of evidence identified their role in the regulation of different cellular processes such as Ca2+ signalling, mitochondrial transport, and dynamics, ER stress, inflammation, glucose homeostasis, and autophagy. The integrity of these membranes was found to be essential for the maintenance of these cellular functions. Accumulating pieces of evidence suggest that MAMs serve as a platform for autophagosome formation. However, the alteration within MAMs structure is associated with the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Dysregulated autophagy is a hallmark of neurodegeneration. Here, in this review, we highlight the present knowledge on MAMs, their structural composition, and their roles in different cellular functions. We also discuss the association of MAMs proteins with impaired autophagy and their involvement in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash G Kulkarni
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007 India
| | - Vaibhavi M Mohire
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y Patil Vidyapeeth, Survey No 87/88, Mumbai Bangalore Express Highway, Tathawade, Pune 411 033 India
| | - Pranjal P Waghmare
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y Patil Vidyapeeth, Survey No 87/88, Mumbai Bangalore Express Highway, Tathawade, Pune 411 033 India
| | - Tanushree Banerjee
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y Patil Vidyapeeth, Survey No 87/88, Mumbai Bangalore Express Highway, Tathawade, Pune 411 033 India; Infosys Ltd., SEZ unit VI, Plot No. 1, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi Phase I, Pune, Maharashtra 411057, India.
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3
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Wang Y, Sun S, Zhai J, Liu Y, Song C, Sun C, Li Q, Liu J, Jiang H, Liu Y. scAAV9-VEGF alleviates symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mice through regulating aromatase. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:2817-2827. [PMID: 37882882 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06721-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult-onset, chronic, progressive, and fatal neurodegenerative disease that leads to progressive atrophy and weakness of the muscles throughout the body. Herein, we found that the intrathecal injection of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-delivered VEGF in SOD1-G93A transgenic mice, as well as ALS mice, could significantly delay disease onset and preserve motor functions and neurological functions, thus prolonging the survival of mice models. Moreover, we found that VEGF treatment could induce the elevated expression of aromatase, which is a key enzyme in estrogen synthesis, in neurons but not in astrocytes. On the other hand, the changes in the expression of oxidative stress-related factors HO-1 and GCLM and autophagy-related proteins p62 and LC3II upon the administration of VEGF revealed the involvement of oxidative stress and autophagy underlying the downstream of the VEGF-induced mitigation of ALS. In conclusion, this study proved the protective effects of VEGF in the onset and development of ALS and revealed the involvement of estrogen, oxidative stress and autophagy in the VEGF-induced alleviation of ALS. Our results highlighted the potential of VEGF as a promising therapeutic agent in the treatment of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- West Department of Neurology, Zibo Central Hospital, No. 54 Gongqingtuan West Road, Zibo, 255036, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zibo Central Hospital, No. 54 Gongqingtuan West Road, Zibo, 255036, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxu Zhai
- The Third Department of Pediatrics, Xingtai People's Hospital, 16 Hongxing Street, Xingtai, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- General practice department, Cangzhou Central Hospital, 16 Xinhua West Road, Cangzhou, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoyuan Song
- West Department of Neurology, Zibo Central Hospital, No. 54 Gongqingtuan West Road, Zibo, 255036, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuimei Sun
- West Department of Neurology, Zibo Central Hospital, No. 54 Gongqingtuan West Road, Zibo, 255036, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Li
- West Department of Neurology, Zibo Central Hospital, No. 54 Gongqingtuan West Road, Zibo, 255036, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqiang Liu
- West Department of Neurology, Zibo Central Hospital, No. 54 Gongqingtuan West Road, Zibo, 255036, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Jiang
- West Department of Neurology, Zibo Central Hospital, No. 54 Gongqingtuan West Road, Zibo, 255036, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaling Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 West Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
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Kalimon OJ, Vekaria HJ, Velmurugan GV, Hubbard WB, Sullivan PG. Characterizing Sex Differences in Mitochondrial Dysfunction After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice. Neurotrauma Rep 2023; 4:627-642. [PMID: 37752924 PMCID: PMC10518693 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2023.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by an impact or penetrating injury to the head resulting in abnormal brain function. Mitochondrial dysfunction is an important hallmark of TBI and has been thoroughly studied in male rodent models of brain injury, but relatively little is known about these outcomes in females. These studies were designed to examine sex as a biological variable for mitochondria-related outcomes after the severe controlled cortical impact (CCI) mouse model of TBI. Synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondria were isolated from the sham- or CCI-injured cortex as well as the hippocampus ipsilateral to the craniotomy 3, 12, 24, or 48 h post-surgery, and then bioenergetics were measured. Subtle variations were observed in the timeline of mitochondrial dysfunction between sexes. Non-synaptic cortical mitochondria from injured females showed early impairment at 12 h post-CCI compared to mitochondria from injured males at 24 h post-CCI. Contrastingly, in the synaptic fraction, mitochondria from injured males showed early impairment at 12 h post-CCI, whereas mitochondria from injured females showed impairment at 24 h post-CCI. Based on bioenergetic impairments at 24 h post-CCI, synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondrial calcium loading was also measured at this time point. Consistent with bioenergetic data at 24 h, non-synaptic mitochondria from injured males had increased calcium loading compared to uninjured control, but this effect was not observed in females. Finally, histological assessment of cortical tissue sparing in each sex was measured at 7 days post-injury. There was a lack of sex-based differences in cortical tissue sparing after severe CCI. Overall, there were some subtle sex differences in mitochondrial outcomes after CCI, but these findings were not statistically significant. This study highlights the importance of utilizing both sexes when measuring mitochondrial function after severe CCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia J. Kalimon
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Lexington VA Healthcare System, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Hemendra J. Vekaria
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Lexington VA Healthcare System, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Gopal V. Velmurugan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - W. Brad Hubbard
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Lexington VA Healthcare System, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Patrick G. Sullivan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Lexington VA Healthcare System, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Tomiyama ALMR, Cartarozzi LP, de Oliveira Coser L, Chiarotto GB, Oliveira ALR. Neuroprotection by upregulation of the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) in SOD1 G93A mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1211486. [PMID: 37711512 PMCID: PMC10498468 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1211486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease that progressively affects motoneurons, causing muscle atrophy and evolving to death. Astrocytes inhibit the expression of MHC-I by neurons, contributing to a degenerative outcome. The present study verified the influence of interferon β (IFN β) treatment, a proinflammatory cytokine that upregulates MHC-I expression, in SOD1G93A transgenic mice. For that, 17 days old presymptomatic female mice were subjected to subcutaneous application of IFN β (250, 1,000, and 10,000 IU) every other day for 20 days. Rotarod motor test, clinical score, and body weight assessment were conducted every third day throughout the treatment period. No significant intergroup variations were observed in such parameters during the pre-symptomatic phase. All mice were then euthanized, and the spinal cords collected for comparative analysis of motoneuron survival, reactive gliosis, synapse coverage, microglia morphology classification, cytokine analysis by flow cytometry, and RT-qPCR quantification of gene transcripts. Additionally, mice underwent Rotarod motor assessment, weight monitoring, and neurological scoring. The results show that IFN β treatment led to an increase in the expression of MHC-I, which, even at the lowest dose (250 IU), resulted in a significant increase in neuronal survival in the ALS presymptomatic period which lasted until the onset of the disease. The treatment also influenced synaptic preservation by decreasing excitatory inputs and upregulating the expression of AMPA receptors by astrocytes. Microglial reactivity quantified by the integrated density of pixels did not decrease with treatment but showed a less activated morphology, coupled with polarization to an M1 profile. Disease progression upregulated gene transcripts for pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and IFN β treatment significantly decreased mRNA expression for IL4. Overall, the present results demonstrate that a low dosage of IFN β shows therapeutic potential by increasing MHC-I expression, resulting in neuroprotection and immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alexandre L. R. Oliveira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology—University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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Ramirez-Jarquin UN, Lopez-Huerta VG, Tapia R. Characterization of Mitochondria Degeneration in Spinal Motor Neurons Triggered by Chronic Over-activation of α-Amino-3-Hydroxy-5-Methylisoxazole-4-Propionic Acid Receptors in the Rat Spinal Cord in Vivo. Neuroscience 2023; 521:31-43. [PMID: 37085005 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial damage is a central mechanism involved in neurological disorders as Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's diseases and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Energy production is the most studied mitochondrial function; however, mitochondria are also involved in processes like calcium buffering homeostasis, and cell death control during apoptosis and necrosis. Using transmission electron microscopy, in this in vivo study in male rats, we describe ultrastructural mitochondrial alterations of spinal motor neurons along chronic AMPA-induced excitotoxicity, which has been described as one of the most relevant mechanisms in ALS disease. Mitochondrial alterations begin with a crest swelling, which progresses to a full mitochondrial swelling and crest disruption. Changes on the mitochondrial morphology from elongated to a circular shape also occur along the AMPA-excitotoxicity process. In addition, by combining the TUNEL assay and immunohistochemistry for mitochondrial enzymes, we show evidence of mitochondrial DNA damage. Evidence of mitochondrial alterations during an AMPA-excitotoxic event is relevant because resembles the mitochondrial alterations previously reported in ALS patients and in transgenic familial ALS models, suggesting that a chronic excitotoxic model can be related to sporadic ALS (as has been shown in recent papers), which represent more than the 90% of the ALS cases. Understanding the mechanisms involved in motor neuron degenerative process, such as the ultrastructural mitochondrial changes permits to design strategies for MN-degeneration treatments in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Nimrod Ramirez-Jarquin
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Belisario Domínguez Secc 16, Tlalpan, 14080 México City, Mexico; División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510-Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Violeta Gisselle Lopez-Huerta
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510-Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Tapia
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510-Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Dhasmana S, Dhasmana A, Kotnala S, Mangtani V, Narula AS, Haque S, Jaggi M, Yallapu MM, Chauhan SC. Boosting Mitochondrial Potential: An Imperative Therapeutic Intervention in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1117-1138. [PMID: 36111770 PMCID: PMC10286590 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220915092703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive and terminal neurodegenerative disorder. Mitochondrial dysfunction, imbalance of cellular bioenergetics, electron chain transportation and calcium homeostasis are deeply associated with the progression of this disease. Impaired mitochondrial functions are crucial in rapid neurodegeneration. The mitochondria of ALS patients are associated with deregulated Ca2+ homeostasis and elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress. Overload of mitochondrial calcium and ROS production leads to glutamatereceptor mediated neurotoxicity. This implies mitochondria are an attractive therapeutic target. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to brief the latest developments in the understanding of mitochondrial pathogenesis in ALS and emphasize the restorative capacity of therapeutic candidates. RESULTS In ALS, mitochondrial dysfunction is a well-known phenomenon. Various therapies targeted towards mitochondrial dysfunction aim at decreasing ROS generation, increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, and inhibiting apoptotic pathways. Some of the therapies briefed in this review may be categorized as synthetic, natural compounds, genetic materials, and cellular therapies. CONCLUSION The overarching goals of mitochondrial therapies in ALS are to benefit ALS patients by slowing down the disease progression and prolonging overall survival. Despite various therapeutic approaches, there are many hurdles in the development of a successful therapy due to the multifaceted nature of mitochondrial dysfunction and ALS progression. Intensive research is required to precisely elucidate the molecular pathways involved in the progression of mitochondrial dysfunctions that ultimately lead to ALS. Because of the multifactorial nature of ALS, a combination therapy approach may hold the key to cure and treat ALS in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Dhasmana
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas, TX, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Anupam Dhasmana
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas, TX, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India
| | - Sudhir Kotnala
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas, TX, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Varsha Mangtani
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas, TX, USA
| | - Acharan S. Narula
- Narula Research LLC, 107 Boulder Bluff, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, NC 27516, USA
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Meena Jaggi
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas, TX, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Murali M. Yallapu
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas, TX, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Subhash C. Chauhan
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas, TX, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
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Alvarez-Sanchez N, Dunn SE. Potential biological contributers to the sex difference in multiple sclerosis progression. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1175874. [PMID: 37122747 PMCID: PMC10140530 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1175874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease that targets the myelin sheath of central nervous system (CNS) neurons leading to axon injury, neuronal death, and neurological progression. Though women are more highly susceptible to developing MS, men that develop this disease exhibit greater cognitive impairment and accumulate disability more rapidly than women. Magnetic resonance imaging and pathology studies have revealed that the greater neurological progression seen in males correlates with chronic immune activation and increased iron accumulation at the rims of chronic white matter lesions as well as more intensive whole brain and grey matter atrophy and axon loss. Studies in humans and in animal models of MS suggest that male aged microglia do not have a higher propensity for inflammation, but may become more re-active at the rim of white matter lesions as a result of the presence of pro-inflammatory T cells, greater astrocyte activation or iron release from oligodendrocytes in the males. There is also evidence that remyelination is more efficient in aged female than aged male rodents and that male neurons are more susceptible to oxidative and nitrosative stress. Both sex chromosome complement and sex hormones contribute to these sex differences in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Alvarez-Sanchez
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shannon E. Dunn
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Shannon E. Dunn,
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Tian X, Lou S, Shi R. From mitochondria to sarcopenia: role of 17β-estradiol and testosterone. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1156583. [PMID: 37152937 PMCID: PMC10157222 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1156583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia, characterized by a loss of muscle mass and strength with aging, is prevalent in older adults. Although the exact mechanisms underlying sarcopenia are not fully understood, evidence suggests that the loss of mitochondrial integrity in skeletal myocytes has emerged as a pivotal contributor to the complex etiology of sarcopenia. Mitochondria are the primary source of ATP production and are also involved in generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), regulating ion signals, and initiating apoptosis signals in muscle cells. The accumulation of damaged mitochondria due to age-related impairments in any of the mitochondrial quality control (MQC) processes, such as proteostasis, biogenesis, dynamics, and mitophagy, can contribute to the decline in muscle mass and strength associated with aging. Interestingly, a decrease in sex hormones (e.g., 17β-estradiol and testosterone), which occurs with aging, has also been linked to sarcopenia. Indeed, 17β-estradiol and testosterone targeted mitochondria and exhibited activities in regulating mitochondrial functions. Here, we overview the current literature on the key mechanisms by which mitochondrial dysfunction contribute to the development and progression of sarcopenia and the potential modulatory effects of 17β-estradiol and testosterone on mitochondrial function in this context. The advance in its understanding will facilitate the development of potential therapeutic agents to mitigate and manage sarcopenia.
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Mitochondrial calcium buffering depends upon temperature and is associated with hypothermic neuroprotection against hypoxia-ischemia injury. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273677. [PMID: 36044480 PMCID: PMC9432759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothermia (HT) is a standard of care in the management of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HI). However, therapeutic mechanisms of HT are not well understood. We found that at the temperature of 32°C, isolated brain mitochondria exhibited significantly greater resistance to an opening of calcium-induced permeability transition pore (mPTP), compared to 37°C. Mitochondrial calcium buffering capacity (mCBC) was linearly and inversely dependent upon temperature (25°C—37°C). Importantly, at 37°C cyclosporine A did not increase mCBC, but significantly increased mCBC at lower temperature. Because mPTP contributes to reperfusion injury, we hypothesized that HT protects brain by improvement of mitochondrial tolerance to mPTP activation. Immediately after HI-insult, isolated brain mitochondria demonstrated very poor mCBC. At 30 minutes of reperfusion, in mice recovered under normothermia (NT) or HT, mCBC significantly improved. However, at four hours of reperfusion, only NT mice exhibited secondary decline of mCBC. HT-mice maintained their recovered mCBC and this was associated with significant neuroprotection. Direct inverted dependence of mCBC upon temperature in vitro and significantly increased mitochondrial resistance to mPTP activation after therapeutic HT ex vivo suggest that hypothermia-driven inhibition of calcium-induced mitochondrial mPTP activation mechanistically contributes to the neuroprotection associated with hypothermia.
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Abstract
Brain disease remains a significant health, social, and economic burden with a high failure rate of translation of therapeutics to the clinic. Nanotherapeutics have represented a promising area of technology investment to improve drug bioavailability and delivery to the brain, with several successes for nanotherapeutic use for central nervous system disease that are currently in the clinic. However, renewed and continued research on the treatment of neurological disorders is critically needed. We explore the challenges of drug delivery to the brain and the ways in which nanotherapeutics can overcome these challenges. We provide a summary and overview of general design principles that can be applied to nanotherapeutics for uptake and penetration in the brain. We next highlight remaining questions that limit the translational potential of nanotherapeutics for application in the clinic. Lastly, we provide recommendations for ongoing preclinical research to improve the overall success of nanotherapeutics against neurological disease. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 13 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Joseph
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - Elizabeth Nance
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;
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12
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Depression and obesity among females, are sex specificities considered? Arch Womens Ment Health 2021; 24:851-866. [PMID: 33880649 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-021-01123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to systematically review the relationship of obesity-depression in the female sex. We carried out a systematic search (PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase) to quantify the articles (controlled trials and randomized controlled trials) regarding obesity and depression on a female population or a mixed sample. Successively, we established whether the sex specificities were studied by the authors and if they reported on collecting data regarding factors that may contribute to the evolution of obesity and depression and that could be responsible for the greater susceptibility of females to those conditions. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we found a total of 20 articles with a female sample and 54 articles with a mixed sample. More than half of all articles (51.35%, n = 38) evaluated the relationship between depression and obesity, but only 20 (27.03%) evaluated this relationship among females; still, 80% of those (n = 16) presented supporting results. However, few articles considered confounding factors related to female hormones (12.16%, n = 9) and none of the articles focused on factors responsible for the binomial obesity-depression in the female sex. The resulting articles also supported that depression (and related impairments) influencing obesity (and related impairments) is a two-way road. This systematic review supports the concurrency of obesity-depression in females but also shows how sex specificities are ultimately under-investigated. Female sex specificity is not being actively considered when studying the binomial obesity-depression, even within a female sample. Future studies should focus on trying to understand how the female sex and normal hormonal variations influence these conditions.
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13
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Veres B, Eros K, Antus C, Kalman N, Fonai F, Jakus PB, Boros E, Hegedus Z, Nagy I, Tretter L, Gallyas F, Sumegi B. Cyclophilin D-dependent mitochondrial permeability transition amplifies inflammatory reprogramming in endotoxemia. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:684-704. [PMID: 33471430 PMCID: PMC7931201 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms or LPS (lipopolysaccharide), an outer membrane component of Gram-negative bacteria, can induce a systemic inflammatory response that leads to sepsis, multiple organ dysfunction, and mortality. Here, we investigated the role of cyclophilin D (CypD)-dependent mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) in the immunosuppressive phase of LPS-induced endotoxic shock. The liver plays an important role in immunity and organ dysfunction; therefore, we used liver RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data, Ingenuity® Pathway Analysis (IPA ® ) to investigate the complex role of mPT formation in inflammatory reprogramming and disease progression. LPS induced significant changes in the expression of 2844 genes, affecting 179 pathways related to mitochondrial dysfunction, defective oxidative phosphorylation, nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 (Nrf2), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and tumor necrosis factor α receptor (TNFR)-mediated processes in wild-type mice. The disruption of CypD reduced LPS-induced alterations in gene expression and pathways involving TNFRs and TLRs, in addition to improving survival and attenuating oxidative liver damage and the related NO- and ROS-producing pathways. CypD deficiency diminished the suppressive effect of LPS on mitochondrial function, nuclear- and mitochondrial-encoded genes, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) quantity, which could be critical in improving survival. Our data propose that CypD-dependent mPT is an amplifier in inflammatory reprogramming and promotes disease progression. The mortality in human sepsis and shock is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Prevention of mPT by CypD disruption reduces inflammatory reprogramming, mitochondrial dysfunction, and lethality; therefore, CypD can be a novel drug target in endotoxic shock and related inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balazs Veres
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical ChemistryMedical SchoolUniversity of PecsHungary
| | - Krisztian Eros
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical ChemistryMedical SchoolUniversity of PecsHungary
- MTA‐PTE Nuclear‐Mitochondrial Interactions Research GroupPecsHungary
- Szentagothai Janos Research CenterUniversity of PecsHungary
| | - Csenge Antus
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical ChemistryMedical SchoolUniversity of PecsHungary
| | - Nikoletta Kalman
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical ChemistryMedical SchoolUniversity of PecsHungary
| | - Fruzsina Fonai
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical ChemistryMedical SchoolUniversity of PecsHungary
| | - Peter Balazs Jakus
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical ChemistryMedical SchoolUniversity of PecsHungary
| | - Eva Boros
- Institute of BiochemistryBiological Research CentreSzegedHungary
| | - Zoltan Hegedus
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical ChemistryMedical SchoolUniversity of PecsHungary
- Institute of BiophysicsBiological Research CentreSzegedHungary
| | - Istvan Nagy
- Institute of BiochemistryBiological Research CentreSzegedHungary
- SeqOmics Biotechnology LtdMorahalomHungary
| | - Laszlo Tretter
- Department of Medical BiochemistrySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Ferenc Gallyas
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical ChemistryMedical SchoolUniversity of PecsHungary
- MTA‐PTE Nuclear‐Mitochondrial Interactions Research GroupPecsHungary
- Szentagothai Janos Research CenterUniversity of PecsHungary
| | - Balazs Sumegi
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical ChemistryMedical SchoolUniversity of PecsHungary
- MTA‐PTE Nuclear‐Mitochondrial Interactions Research GroupPecsHungary
- Szentagothai Janos Research CenterUniversity of PecsHungary
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14
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Shaw RL, Norton CE, Segal SS. Apoptosis in resistance arteries induced by hydrogen peroxide: greater resilience of endothelium versus smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H1625-H1633. [PMID: 33606587 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00956.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in cardiovascular and neurologic disorders including atherosclerosis, heart attack, stroke, and traumatic brain injury. Although oxidative stress can lead to apoptosis of vascular cells, such findings are largely based upon isolated vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) studied in culture. Studying intact resistance arteries, we have focused on understanding how SMCs and ECs in the blood vessel wall respond to acute oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide, a ubiquitous, membrane-permeant ROS. We find that apoptosis induced by H2O2 is far greater in SMCs compared to ECs. For both cell types, apoptosis is associated with a rise in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) during H2O2 exposure. Consistent with their greater death, the rise in [Ca2+]i for SMCs exceeds that in ECs. Finding that disruption of the endothelium increases SMC death, we address how myoendothelial coupling and paracrine signaling attenuate apoptosis. Remarkably, conditions associated with chronic oxidative stress (advanced age, Western-style diet) protect SMCs during H2O2 exposure, as does female sex. In light of intracellular Ca2+ handling, we consider how glycolytic versus oxidative pathways for ATP production and changes in mitochondrial structure and function impact cellular resilience to H2O2-induced apoptosis. Gaining new insight into protective signaling within and between SMCs and ECs of the arterial wall can be applied to promote vascular cell survival (and recovery of blood flow) in tissues subjected to acute oxidative stress as occurs during reperfusion following myocardial infarction and thrombotic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Shaw
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Charles E Norton
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Steven S Segal
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, Missouri
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15
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Sultanova RF, Schibalski R, Yankelevich IA, Stadler K, Ilatovskaya DV. Sex differences in renal mitochondrial function: a hormone-gous opportunity for research. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 319:F1117-F1124. [PMID: 33135479 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00320.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences (biological distinctions between males and females) present a complex interplay of genetic, developmental, biological, and environmental factors. More and more studies are shedding light on the importance of sex differences in normal physiology and susceptibility to cancer, cardiovascular and renal conditions, and neurodegenerative diseases. This mini-review is devoted to the role of sex dimorphisms in renal function, with a focus on the distinctions between male and female mitochondria. Here, we cover the aspects of renal mitochondrial bioenergetics where sex differences have been reported to date, for instance, biogenesis, reactive oxygen species production, and oxidative stress. Special attention is devoted to the effects of sex hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone, on mitochondrial bioenergetics in the kidney in physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina F Sultanova
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Saint-Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ryan Schibalski
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Irina A Yankelevich
- Saint-Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Insitute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Daria V Ilatovskaya
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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16
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Zhang B, Jia K, Tian J, Du H. Cyclophilin D counterbalances mitochondrial calcium uniporter-mediated brain mitochondrial calcium uptake. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 529:314-320. [PMID: 32703429 PMCID: PMC7481651 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play an essential role in maintaining intraneuronal calcium homeostasis. Mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) is a determined major brain mitochondrial calcium entry pathway. Activated MCU-mediated mitochondrial calcium overloading has been linked with brain mitochondrial pathology in disease conditions. Cyclophilin D (CypD)-mediated mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) favors mitochondrial calcium efflux. The physiological function of CypD-mediated mPT has received increasing recognition. However, the regulatory role of CypD-mediated mPT in brain mitochondrial calcium dynamics in response to mitochondrial calcium accumulation via MCU has not been comprehensively studied. Here, by adopting purified brain mitochondria, we have determined an effect of CypD and CypD-mediated mPT against mitochondrial calcium overloading. In addition, blockade of CypD pharmaceutically or genetically blunts brain mitochondrial MCU's sensitivity to its inhibitor. Therefore, our findings suggest that CypD-mediated mPT is a mitochondrial compensatory response to MCU-mediated excess mitochondrial calcium accumulation. Moreover, CypD may potentially modulate MCU function in calcium-stressed mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Kun Jia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Heng Du
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA.
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17
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Shah EJ, Gurdziel K, Ruden DM. Drosophila Exhibit Divergent Sex-Based Responses in Transcription and Motor Function After Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2020; 11:511. [PMID: 32636795 PMCID: PMC7316956 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Every year, millions of people in the US suffer brain damage from mild to severe traumatic brain injuries (TBI) that result from a sudden impact to the head. Despite TBI being a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, sex differences that contribute to varied outcomes post-injury are not extensively studied and therefore, poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to explore biological sex as a variable influencing response to TBI using Drosophila melanogaster as a model, since flies have been shown to exhibit symptoms commonly seen in other mammalian models of TBI. After inflicting TBI using the high-impact trauma device, we isolated w1118 fly brains and assessed gene transcription changes in male and female flies at control and 1, 2, and 4 hr after TBI. Our results suggest that overall, Drosophila females show more gene transcript changes than males. Females also exhibit upregulated expression changes in immune response and mitochondrial genes across all time-points. In addition, we looked at the impact of injury on mitochondrial health and motor function in both sexes before and after injury. Although both sexes report similar changes in mitochondrial oxidation and negative geotaxis, locomotor activity appears to be more impaired in males than females. These data suggest that sex-differences not only influence the response to TBI but also contribute to varied outcomes post-injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta J Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Katherine Gurdziel
- Office of the Vice President for Research, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Douglas M Ruden
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States.,Office of the Vice President for Research, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States.,Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
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18
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Cerri S, Mus L, Blandini F. Parkinson's Disease in Women and Men: What's the Difference? JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2020; 9:501-515. [PMID: 31282427 PMCID: PMC6700650 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-191683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence points to biological sex as an important factor in the development and phenotypical expression of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Risk of developing PD is twice as high in men than women, but women have a higher mortality rate and faster progression of the disease. Moreover, motor and nonmotor symptoms, response to treatments and disease risk factors differ between women and men. Altogether, sex-related differences in PD support the idea that disease development might involve distinct pathogenic mechanisms (or the same mechanism but in a different way) in male and female patients. This review summarizes the most recent knowledge concerning differences between women and men in PD clinical features, risk factors, response to treatments and mechanisms underlying the disease pathophysiology. Unraveling how the pathology differently affect the two sexes might allow the development of tailored interventions and the design of innovative programs that meet the distinct needs of men and women, improving patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cerri
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Liudmila Mus
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabio Blandini
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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19
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Rubin JB, Lagas JS, Broestl L, Sponagel J, Rockwell N, Rhee G, Rosen SF, Chen S, Klein RS, Imoukhuede P, Luo J. Sex differences in cancer mechanisms. Biol Sex Differ 2020; 11:17. [PMID: 32295632 PMCID: PMC7161126 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-020-00291-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We now know that cancer is many different diseases, with great variation even within a single histological subtype. With the current emphasis on developing personalized approaches to cancer treatment, it is astonishing that we have not yet systematically incorporated the biology of sex differences into our paradigms for laboratory and clinical cancer research. While some sex differences in cancer arise through the actions of circulating sex hormones, other sex differences are independent of estrogen, testosterone, or progesterone levels. Instead, these differences are the result of sexual differentiation, a process that involves genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, in addition to acute sex hormone actions. Sexual differentiation begins with fertilization and continues beyond menopause. It affects virtually every body system, resulting in marked sex differences in such areas as growth, lifespan, metabolism, and immunity, all of which can impact on cancer progression, treatment response, and survival. These organismal level differences have correlates at the cellular level, and thus, males and females can fundamentally differ in their protections and vulnerabilities to cancer, from cellular transformation through all stages of progression, spread, and response to treatment. Our goal in this review is to cover some of the robust sex differences that exist in core cancer pathways and to make the case for inclusion of sex as a biological variable in all laboratory and clinical cancer research. We finish with a discussion of lab- and clinic-based experimental design that should be used when testing whether sex matters and the appropriate statistical models to apply in data analysis for rigorous evaluations of potential sex effects. It is our goal to facilitate the evaluation of sex differences in cancer in order to improve outcomes for all patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Rubin
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Joseph S Lagas
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Lauren Broestl
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jasmin Sponagel
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Nathan Rockwell
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Gina Rhee
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Sarah F Rosen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Robyn S Klein
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Princess Imoukhuede
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jingqin Luo
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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20
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Sex-Specific Differences in Motor-Unit Remodeling in a Mouse Model of ALS. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0388-19.2020. [PMID: 32033983 PMCID: PMC7044502 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0388-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive loss of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) is an early event in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), preceding the global degeneration of motor axons and being accompanied by new axonal sprouting within the same axonal arbor. Some aspects of ALS onset and progression seem to be affected by sex in animal models of the disease. However, whether there are sex-specific differences in the pattern or time course of NMJ loss and repair within single motor axons remains unknown. We performed further analysis of a previously published in vivo dataset, obtained from male and female SOD1G37R mice. We found that NMJ losses are as frequent in male and female motor axons but, intriguingly, axonal sprouting is more frequent in female than male mice, resulting in a net increase of axonal arborization. Interestingly, these numerous new axonal branches in female mice are associated with a slightly faster decline in grip strength, increased NMJ denervation, and reduced α-motor neuron survival. Collectively, these results suggest that excessive axonal sprouting and motor-unit (MU) expansion in female SOD1G37R mice are maladaptive during ALS progression.
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21
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Wood T, Nance E. Disease-directed engineering for physiology-driven treatment interventions in neurological disorders. APL Bioeng 2019; 3:040901. [PMID: 31673672 PMCID: PMC6811362 DOI: 10.1063/1.5117299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological disease is killing us. While there have long been attempts to develop therapies for both acute and chronic neurological diseases, no current treatments are curative. Additionally, therapeutic development for neurological disease takes 15 years and often costs several billion dollars. More than 96% of these therapies will fail in late stage clinical trials. Engineering novel treatment interventions for neurological disease can improve outcomes and quality of life for millions; however, therapeutics should be designed with the underlying physiology and pathology in mind. In this perspective, we aim to unpack the importance of, and need to understand, the physiology of neurological disease. We first dive into the normal physiological considerations that should guide experimental design, and then assess the pathophysiological factors of acute and chronic neurological disease that should direct treatment design. We provide an analysis of a nanobased therapeutic intervention that proved successful in translation due to incorporation of physiology at all stages of the research process. We also provide an opinion on the importance of keeping a high-level view to designing and administering treatment interventions. Finally, we close with an implementation strategy for applying a disease-directed engineering approach. Our assessment encourages embracing the complexity of neurological disease, as well as increasing efforts to provide system-level thinking in our development of therapeutics for neurological disease.
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22
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McAvoy K, Kawamata H. Glial mitochondrial function and dysfunction in health and neurodegeneration. Mol Cell Neurosci 2019; 101:103417. [PMID: 31678567 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2019.103417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play essential metabolic roles in neural cells. Mitochondrial dysfunction has profound effects on the brain. In primary mitochondrial diseases, mutations that impair specific oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) proteins or OXPHOS assembly factors lead to isolated biochemical defects and a heterogeneous group of clinical phenotypes, including mitochondrial encephalopathies. A broader defect of OXPHOS function, due to mutations in proteins involved in mitochondrial DNA maintenance, mitochondrial biogenesis, or mitochondrial tRNAs can also underlie severe mitochondrial encephalopathies. While primary mitochondrial dysfunction causes rare genetic forms of neurological disorders, secondary mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in the pathophysiology of some of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Many studies have investigated mitochondrial function and dysfunction in bulk central nervous system (CNS) tissue. However, the interpretation of these studies has been often complicated by the extreme cellular heterogeneity of the CNS, which includes many different types of neurons and glial cells. Because neurons are especially dependent on OXPHOS for ATP generation, mitochondrial dysfunction is thought to be directly involved in cell autonomous neuronal demise. Despite being metabolically more flexible than neurons, glial mitochondria also play an essential role in the function of the CNS, and have adapted specific metabolic and mitochondrial features to support their diversity of functions. This review analyzes our current understanding and the gaps in knowledge of mitochondrial properties of glia and how they affect neuronal functions, in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin McAvoy
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hibiki Kawamata
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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23
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Yan L, Qi W, Liu Y, Zhou F, Wang Y, Bai L, Zhou X, Sun C, Nie X, Duan S, Ran J, Chen J, Ji Y, Liu Y, Li Z, Li Y, Wang Q. The Protective Effect of Aromatase on NSC-34 Cells with Stably Expressed hSOD1-G93A. Neuroscience 2019; 411:37-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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24
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Fels JA, Manfredi G. Sex Differences in Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: The Role of Mitochondrial Permeability Transition. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:2336-2345. [PMID: 30863968 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02769-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Brain and heart ischemia are among the leading causes of death and disability in both men and women, but there are significant sex differences in the incidence and severity of these diseases. Ca2+ dysregulation in response to ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/RI) is a well-recognized pathogenic mechanism leading to the death of affected cells. Excess intracellular Ca2+ causes mitochondrial matrix Ca2+ overload that can result in mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), which can have severe consequences for mitochondrial function and trigger cell death. Recent findings indicate that estrogens and their related receptors are involved in the regulation of MPT, suggesting that sex differences in I/RI could be linked to estrogen-dependent modulation of mitochondrial Ca2+. Here, we review the evidence supporting sex differences in I/RI and the role of estrogen and estrogen receptors in producing these differences, the involvement of mitochondrial Ca2+ overload in disease pathogenesis, and the estrogen-dependent modulation of MPT that may contribute to sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine A Fels
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st St., RR506, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Giovanni Manfredi
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st St., RR506, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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25
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Burstein SR, Valsecchi F, Kawamata H, Bourens M, Zeng R, Zuberi A, Milner TA, Cloonan SM, Lutz C, Barrientos A, Manfredi G. In vitro and in vivo studies of the ALS-FTLD protein CHCHD10 reveal novel mitochondrial topology and protein interactions. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:160-177. [PMID: 29112723 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix-domain containing 10 (CHCHD10), a mitochondrial twin CX9C protein whose function is still unknown, cause myopathy, motor neuron disease, frontotemporal dementia, and Parkinson's disease. Here, we investigate CHCHD10 topology and its protein interactome, as well as the effects of CHCHD10 depletion or expression of disease-associated mutations in wild-type cells. We find that CHCHD10 associates with membranes in the mitochondrial intermembrane space, where it interacts with a closely related protein, CHCHD2. Furthermore, both CHCHD10 and CHCHD2 interact with p32/GC1QR, a protein with various intra and extra-mitochondrial functions. CHCHD10 and CHCHD2 have short half-lives, suggesting regulatory rather than structural functions. Cell lines with CHCHD10 knockdown do not display bioenergetic defects, but, unexpectedly, accumulate excessive intramitochondrial iron. In mice, CHCHD10 is expressed in many tissues, most abundantly in heart, skeletal muscle, liver, and in specific CNS regions, notably the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra and spinal cord neurons, which is consistent with the pathology associated with CHCHD10 mutations. Homozygote CHCHD10 knockout mice are viable, have no gross phenotypes, no bioenergetic defects or ultrastructural mitochondrial abnormalities in brain, heart or skeletal muscle, indicating that functional redundancy or compensatory mechanisms for CHCHD10 loss occur in vivo. Instead, cells expressing S59L or R15L mutant versions of CHCHD10, but not WT, have impaired mitochondrial energy metabolism. Taken together, the evidence obtained from our in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that CHCHD10 mutants cause disease through a gain of toxic function mechanism, rather than a loss of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Burstein
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - F Valsecchi
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - H Kawamata
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - M Bourens
- Department of Neurology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - R Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - A Zuberi
- The Jackson Laboratories, ME 04609, USA
| | - T A Milner
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - S M Cloonan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - C Lutz
- The Jackson Laboratories, ME 04609, USA
| | - A Barrientos
- Department of Neurology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - G Manfredi
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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26
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Thams S, Lowry ER, Larraufie MH, Spiller KJ, Li H, Williams DJ, Hoang P, Jiang E, Williams LA, Sandoe J, Eggan K, Lieberam I, Kanning KC, Stockwell BR, Henderson CE, Wichterle H. A Stem Cell-Based Screening Platform Identifies Compounds that Desensitize Motor Neurons to Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Mol Ther 2019; 27:87-101. [PMID: 30446391 PMCID: PMC6318783 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease selectively targeting motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. The reasons for differential motor neuron susceptibility remain elusive. We developed a stem cell-based motor neuron assay to study cell-autonomous mechanisms causing motor neuron degeneration, with implications for ALS. A small-molecule screen identified cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) as a stressor to which stem cell-derived motor neurons were more sensitive than interneurons. CPA induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response. Furthermore, CPA resulted in an accelerated degeneration of motor neurons expressing human superoxide dismutase 1 (hSOD1) carrying the ALS-causing G93A mutation, compared to motor neurons expressing wild-type hSOD1. A secondary screen identified compounds that alleviated CPA-mediated motor neuron degeneration: three kinase inhibitors and tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), a bile acid derivative. The neuroprotective effects of these compounds were validated in human stem cell-derived motor neurons carrying a mutated SOD1 allele (hSOD1A4V). Moreover, we found that the administration of TUDCA in an hSOD1G93A mouse model of ALS reduced muscle denervation. Jointly, these results provide insights into the mechanisms contributing to the preferential susceptibility of ALS motor neurons, and they demonstrate the utility of stem cell-derived motor neurons for the discovery of new neuroprotective compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Thams
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Emily Rhodes Lowry
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Marie-Hélène Larraufie
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Northwest Corner Building, MC4846, 550 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Krista J Spiller
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hai Li
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Damian J Williams
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Phuong Hoang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Elise Jiang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Northwest Corner Building, MC4846, 550 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Luis A Williams
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jackson Sandoe
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kevin Eggan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ivo Lieberam
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Kevin C Kanning
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Brent R Stockwell
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Northwest Corner Building, MC4846, 550 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Christopher E Henderson
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hynek Wichterle
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA; Departments of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, and Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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27
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Xiao Y, Karam C, Yi J, Zhang L, Li X, Yoon D, Wang H, Dhakal K, Ramlow P, Yu T, Mo Z, Ma J, Zhou J. ROS-related mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle of an ALS mouse model during the disease progression. Pharmacol Res 2018; 138:25-36. [PMID: 30236524 PMCID: PMC6263743 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress form a vicious cycle that promotes neurodegeneration and muscle wasting. To quantify the disease-stage-dependent changes of mitochondrial function and their relationship to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), we generated double transgenic mice (G93A/cpYFP) that carry human ALS mutation SOD1G93A and mt-cpYFP transgenes, in which mt-cpYFP detects dynamic changes of ROS-related mitoflash events at individual mitochondria level. Compared with wild type mice, mitoflash activity in the SOD1G93A (G93A) mouse muscle showed an increased flashing frequency prior to the onset of ALS symptom (at the age of 2 months), whereas the onset of ALS symptoms (at the age of 4 months) is associated with drastic changes in the kinetics property of mitoflash signal with prolonged full duration at half maximum (FDHM). Elevated levels of cytosolic ROS in skeletal muscle derived from the SOD1G93A mice were confirmed with fluorescent probes, MitoSOX™ Red and ROS Brite™570. Immunoblotting analysis of subcellular mitochondrial fractionation of G93A muscle revealed an increased expression level of cyclophilin D (CypD), a regulatory component of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), at the age of 4 months but not at the age of 2 months. Transient overexpressing of SOD1G93A in skeletal muscle of wild type mice directly promoted mitochondrial ROS production with an enhanced mitoflash activity in the absence of motor neuron axonal withdrawal. Remarkably, the SOD1G93A-induced mitoflash activity was attenuated by the application of cyclosporine A (CsA), an inhibitor of CypD. Similar to the observation with the SOD1G93A transgenic mice, an increased expression level of CypD was also detected in skeletal muscle following transient overexpression of SOD1G93A. Overall, this study reveals a disease-stage-dependent change in mitochondrial function that is associated with CypD-dependent mPTP opening; and the ALS mutation SOD1G93A directly contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction in the absence of motor neuron axonal withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Xiao
- Kansas City University of Medicine and Bioscience, Kansas City, USA; Rush University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chehade Karam
- Rush University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jianxun Yi
- Kansas City University of Medicine and Bioscience, Kansas City, USA; Rush University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Kansas City University of Medicine and Bioscience, Kansas City, USA; Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Xuejun Li
- Kansas City University of Medicine and Bioscience, Kansas City, USA
| | - Dosuk Yoon
- Kansas City University of Medicine and Bioscience, Kansas City, USA
| | - Huan Wang
- Kansas City University of Medicine and Bioscience, Kansas City, USA
| | - Kamal Dhakal
- Kansas City University of Medicine and Bioscience, Kansas City, USA
| | - Paul Ramlow
- Kansas City University of Medicine and Bioscience, Kansas City, USA
| | - Tian Yu
- Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhaohui Mo
- 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianjie Ma
- Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jingsong Zhou
- Kansas City University of Medicine and Bioscience, Kansas City, USA; Rush University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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28
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Sui S, Tian J, Gauba E, Wang Q, Guo L, Du H. Cyclophilin D regulates neuronal activity-induced filopodiagenesis by fine-tuning dendritic mitochondrial calcium dynamics. J Neurochem 2018; 146:403-415. [PMID: 29900530 PMCID: PMC6107423 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the role of mitochondria in dendritic protrusion growth and plasticity. However, the detailed mechanisms that mitochondria regulate dendritic filopodia morphogenesis remain elusive. Cyclophilin D (CypD, gene name: Ppif) controls the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Although the pathological relevance of CypD has been intensively investigated, little is known about its physiological function in neurons. Here, we have found that genetic depletion of or pharmaceutical inhibition of CypD blunts the outgrowth of dendritic filopodia in response to KCl-stimulated neuronal depolarization. Further cell biological studies suggest that such inhibitory effect of CypD loss-of-function is closely associated with compromised flexibility of dendritic mitochondrial calcium regulation during neuronal depolarization, as well as the resultant changes in intradendritic calcium homeostasis, calcium signaling activation, dendritic mitochondrial motility and redistribution. Interestingly, loss of CypD attenuates oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial calcium perturbations and dendritic protrusion injury. Therefore, our study has revealed the physiological function of CypD in dendritic plasticity by acting as a fine-tuner of mitochondrial calcium homeostasis. Moreover, CypD plays distinct roles in neuronal physiology and pathology. Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14189.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomei Sui
- AD Center, Department of Neurology, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China. 250014
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson, Texas. 75080
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson, Texas. 75080
| | - Esha Gauba
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson, Texas. 75080
| | - Qi Wang
- AD Center, Department of Neurology, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China. 250014
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson, Texas. 75080
| | - Lan Guo
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson, Texas. 75080
| | - Heng Du
- AD Center, Department of Neurology, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China. 250014
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson, Texas. 75080
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29
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Torres-Rojas C, Jones BC. Sex Differences in Neurotoxicogenetics. Front Genet 2018; 9:196. [PMID: 29922331 PMCID: PMC5996082 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A major development in biomedical research is the recognition that the sex of an individual plays a key role in susceptibility, treatment, and outcomes of most diseases. In this contribution, we present evidence that sex is also important in the toxicity of many environmental toxicants and contributes to the effect of genetics. Thus, individual differences in response to toxicants includes genetic makeup, the environment and sex; in fact, sex differences may be considered a part of genetic constitution. In this review, we present evidence for sex contribution to susceptibility for a number of toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Torres-Rojas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Byron C Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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30
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Burstein SR, Kim HJ, Fels JA, Qian L, Zhang S, Zhou P, Starkov AA, Iadecola C, Manfredi G. Estrogen receptor beta modulates permeability transition in brain mitochondria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2018; 1859:423-433. [PMID: 29550215 PMCID: PMC5912174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence highlights a role for sex and hormonal status in regulating cellular responses to ischemic brain injury and neurodegeneration. A key pathological event in ischemic brain injury is the opening of a mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPT) induced by excitotoxic calcium levels, which can trigger irreversible damage to mitochondria accompanied by the release of pro-apoptotic factors. However, sex differences in brain MPT modulation have not yet been explored. Here, we show that mitochondria isolated from female mouse forebrain have a lower calcium threshold for MPT than male mitochondria, and that this sex difference depends on the MPT regulator cyclophilin D (CypD). We also demonstrate that an estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) antagonist inhibits MPT and knockout of ERβ decreases the sensitivity of mitochondria to the CypD inhibitor, cyclosporine A. These results suggest a functional relationship between ERβ and CypD in modulating brain MPT. Moreover, co-immunoprecipitation studies identify several ERβ binding partners in mitochondria. Among these, we investigate the mitochondrial ATPase as a putative site of MPT regulation by ERβ. We find that previously described interaction between the oligomycin sensitivity-conferring subunit of ATPase (OSCP) and CypD is decreased by ERβ knockout, suggesting that ERβ modulates MPT by regulating CypD interaction with OSCP. Functionally, in primary neurons and hippocampal slice cultures, modulation of ERβ has protective effects against glutamate toxicity and oxygen glucose deprivation, respectively. Taken together, these results reveal a novel pathway of brain MPT regulation by ERβ that could contribute to sex differences in ischemic brain injury and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne R Burstein
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Hyun Jeong Kim
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jasmine A Fels
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Liping Qian
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, 139 Biotechnology Building, Cornell University, 526 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ping Zhou
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anatoly A Starkov
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Giovanni Manfredi
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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31
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Yan L, Liu Y, Sun C, Zheng Q, Hao P, Zhai J, Liu Y. Effects of Ovariectomy in an hSOD1-G93A Transgenic Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:678-686. [PMID: 29394243 PMCID: PMC5806477 DOI: 10.12659/msm.908786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive muscular dystrophy and paralysis; most ALS patients die from respiratory failure within 3 to 5 years, and there is currently no effective treatment. Some studies have indicated sex differences in the incidence of ALS, and evidence suggests a neuroprotective role for estrogen. Material/Methods We used human Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (hSOD1-G93A) transgenic mice to determine the effects of ovariotomy on the onset of disease and behavior; we also used Western blotting to measure the expression of aromatase and estrogen receptors, as well as the inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis markers, in the lumbar spinal cord to determine the mechanism of estrogen-mediated neuroprotection. Results Ovariectomy advanced the onset of disease, down-regulated aromatase and estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α) expression, and inhibited expression of the anti-inflammatory factors arginase-1 and the anti-apoptotic factor B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) in the lumbar spinal cord of hSOD1-G93A transgenic mice. Conclusions Ovariectomy resulted in earlier disease onset and attenuated the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic actions of estrogen in hSOD1-G93A transgenic mice. Therefore, estrogen may play an important role in protecting spinal cord motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Yan
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland).,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Yaling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland).,Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Can Sun
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Qian Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Pengli Hao
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Jingxu Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
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32
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Khalifa ARM, Abdel-Rahman EA, Mahmoud AM, Ali MH, Noureldin M, Saber SH, Mohsen M, Ali SS. Sex-specific differences in mitochondria biogenesis, morphology, respiratory function, and ROS homeostasis in young mouse heart and brain. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/6/e13125. [PMID: 28325789 PMCID: PMC5371549 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex-specific differences in mitochondrial function and free radical homeostasis are reported in the context of aging but not well-established in pathogeneses occurring early in life. Here, we examine if sex disparity in mitochondria function, morphology, and redox status starts early and hence can be implicated in sexual dimorphism in cardiac as well as neurological disorders prevalent at young age. Although mitochondrial activity in the heart did not significantly vary between sexes, female brain exhibited enhanced respiration and higher reserve capacity. This was associated with lower H2O2 production in female cardiac and brain tissues. Using transmission electron microscopy, we found that the number of female cardiac mitochondria is moderately greater (117 ± 3%, P = 0.049, N = 4) than male's, which increased significantly for cortical mitochondria (134 ± 4%, P = 0.001, N = 4). However, male's cardiac mitochondria exhibited fragmented, circular, and smaller mitochondria relative to female's mitochondria, while no morphologic sex-dependent differences were observed in cortical mitochondria. No sex differences were detected in Nox2 and Nox4 proteins or O2-consuming/H2O2-producing activities in brain homogenate or synaptosomes. However, a strong trend of increased EPR-detected NOX superoxide in male synaptosomes hinted at higher superoxide dismutase activity in female brains, which was confirmed by two independent protocols. We also provide direct evidence that respiring mitochondria generally produce an order-of-magnitude lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) proportions than currently estimated. Our results indicate that sex differences in mitochondrial biogenesis, bioenergetics, and morphology may start at young age and that sex-dependent SOD capacity may be responsible for differences in ROS homeostasis in heart and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Rahman M Khalifa
- Center for Aging and Associated Diseases, Helmy Institute of Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Engy A Abdel-Rahman
- Center for Aging and Associated Diseases, Helmy Institute of Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ali M Mahmoud
- Center for Aging and Associated Diseases, Helmy Institute of Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Ali
- Center for Aging and Associated Diseases, Helmy Institute of Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Maha Noureldin
- Center for Aging and Associated Diseases, Helmy Institute of Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Saber H Saber
- Center for Aging and Associated Diseases, Helmy Institute of Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Mohsen
- Center for Aging and Associated Diseases, Helmy Institute of Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sameh S Ali
- Center for Aging and Associated Diseases, Helmy Institute of Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
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33
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Doshi S, Gupta P, Kalb RG. Genetic induction of hypometabolism by ablation of MC4R does not suppress ALS-like phenotypes in the G93A mutant SOD1 mouse model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13150. [PMID: 29030576 PMCID: PMC5640619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13304-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction and death of motor neurons leads to progressive paralysis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Recent studies have reported organism-level metabolic dysfunction as a prominent but poorly understood feature of the disease. ALS patients are hypermetabolic with increased resting energy expenditure, but if and how hypermetabolism contributes to disease pathology is unknown. We asked if decreasing metabolism in the mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mouse model of ALS (G93A SOD1) would alter motor function and survival. To address this, we generated mice with the G93A SOD1 mutation that also lacked the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R). MC4R is a critical regulator of energy homeostasis and food intake in the hypothalamus. Loss of MC4R is known to induce hyperphagia and hypometabolism in mice. In the MC4R null background, G93A SOD1 mice become markedly hypometabolic, overweight and less active. Decreased metabolic rate, however, did not reverse any ALS-related disease phenotypes such as motor dysfunction or decreased lifespan. While hypermetabolism remains an intriguing target for intervention in ALS patients and disease models, our data indicate that the melanocortin system is not a good target for manipulation. Investigating other pathways may reveal optimal targets for addressing metabolic dysfunction in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shachee Doshi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, 140 John Morgan, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Preetika Gupta
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, 140 John Morgan, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Robert G Kalb
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, 140 John Morgan, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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34
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Park I, Londhe AM, Lim JW, Park BG, Jung SY, Lee JY, Lim SM, No KT, Lee J, Pae AN. Discovery of non-peptidic small molecule inhibitors of cyclophilin D as neuroprotective agents in Aβ-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2017; 31:929-941. [PMID: 28913661 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-017-0067-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophilin D (CypD) is a mitochondria-specific cyclophilin that is known to play a pivotal role in the formation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP).The formation and opening of the mPTP disrupt mitochondrial homeostasis, cause mitochondrial dysfunction and eventually lead to cell death. Several recent studies have found that CypD promotes the formation of the mPTP upon binding to β amyloid (Aβ) peptides inside brain mitochondria, suggesting that neuronal CypD has a potential to be a promising therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we generated an energy-based pharmacophore model by using the crystal structure of CypD-cyclosporine A (CsA) complex and performed virtual screening of ChemDiv database, which yielded forty-five potential hit compounds with novel scaffolds. We further tested those compounds using mitochondrial functional assays in neuronal cells and identified fifteen compounds with excellent protective effects against Aβ-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. To validate whether these effects derived from binding to CypD, we performed surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based direct binding assays with selected compounds and discovered compound 29 was found to have the equilibrium dissociation constants (KD) value of 88.2 nM. This binding affinity value and biological activity correspond well with our predicted binding mode. We believe that this study offers new insights into the rational design of small molecule CypD inhibitors, and provides a promising lead for future therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insun Park
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashwini M Londhe
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Woong Lim
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Converging Science and Technology, KyungHee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Beoung-Geon Park
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Center for Neuro-Medicine, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14- gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Yun Jung
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yeol Lee
- Department of Converging Science and Technology, KyungHee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Min Lim
- Center for Neuro-Medicine, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14- gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Tai No
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoun Lee
- Department of Global Medical Science, Sungshin University, Seoul, 02844, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Nim Pae
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Converging Science and Technology, KyungHee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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35
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Loubiere C, Clavel S, Gilleron J, Harisseh R, Fauconnier J, Ben-Sahra I, Kaminski L, Laurent K, Herkenne S, Lacas-Gervais S, Ambrosetti D, Alcor D, Rocchi S, Cormont M, Michiels JF, Mari B, Mazure NM, Scorrano L, Lacampagne A, Gharib A, Tanti JF, Bost F. The energy disruptor metformin targets mitochondrial integrity via modification of calcium flux in cancer cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5040. [PMID: 28698627 PMCID: PMC5506014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial integrity is critical for the regulation of cellular energy and apoptosis. Metformin is an energy disruptor targeting complex I of the respiratory chain. We demonstrate that metformin induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, calcium release from the ER and subsequent uptake of calcium into the mitochondria, thus leading to mitochondrial swelling. Metformin triggers the disorganization of the cristae and inner mitochondrial membrane in several cancer cells and tumors. Mechanistically, these alterations were found to be due to calcium entry into the mitochondria, because the swelling induced by metformin was reversed by the inhibition of mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU). We also demonstrated that metformin inhibits the opening of mPTP and induces mitochondrial biogenesis. Altogether, the inhibition of mPTP and the increase in mitochondrial biogenesis may account for the poor pro-apoptotic effect of metformin in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Loubiere
- Inserm U1065, C3M, Team Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes, Nice, France.,Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Inserm, Nice, France
| | - Stephan Clavel
- Inserm U1065, C3M, Team Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes, Nice, France.,Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Inserm, Nice, France
| | - Jerome Gilleron
- Inserm U1065, C3M, Team Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes, Nice, France.,Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Inserm, Nice, France
| | - Rania Harisseh
- Inserm U1060/ INRA 1235/ Université-Lyon1/ INSA, Lyon, France
| | - Jeremy Fauconnier
- Inserm U1046, UMR CNRS 9214, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Lisa Kaminski
- Inserm U1065, C3M, Team Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes, Nice, France.,Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Inserm, Nice, France
| | - Kathiane Laurent
- Inserm U1065, C3M, Team Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes, Nice, France.,Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Inserm, Nice, France
| | - Stephanie Herkenne
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Dulbecco-Telethon Institute, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Sandra Lacas-Gervais
- Centre Commun de Microscopie Appliquée, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Damien Ambrosetti
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Nice, Hôpital Pasteur, Laboratoire Central d'Anatomo Pathologie, 06002, Nice, France
| | - Damien Alcor
- Inserm U1065, C3M, Team Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes, Nice, France.,Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Inserm, Nice, France
| | - Stephane Rocchi
- Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Inserm, Nice, France.,Inserm U1065, C3M, Team Biology and pathology of melanocyte cells: From skin pigmentation to melanomas, Nice, France
| | - Mireille Cormont
- Inserm U1065, C3M, Team Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes, Nice, France.,Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Inserm, Nice, France
| | - Jean-François Michiels
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Nice, Hôpital Pasteur, Laboratoire Central d'Anatomo Pathologie, 06002, Nice, France
| | - Bernard Mari
- CNRS, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Nathalie M Mazure
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice, CNRS-UMR 7284-Inserm U1081, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | - Luca Scorrano
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Dulbecco-Telethon Institute, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Alain Lacampagne
- Inserm U1046, UMR CNRS 9214, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Abdallah Gharib
- Inserm U1060/ INRA 1235/ Université-Lyon1/ INSA, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-François Tanti
- Inserm U1065, C3M, Team Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes, Nice, France.,Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Inserm, Nice, France
| | - Frederic Bost
- Inserm U1065, C3M, Team Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes, Nice, France. .,Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Inserm, Nice, France.
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36
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Sex differences in ischaemic stroke: potential cellular mechanisms. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:533-552. [PMID: 28302915 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stroke remains a leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide. More women than men have strokes each year, in part because women live longer. Women have poorer functional outcomes, are more likely to need nursing home care and have higher rates of recurrent stroke compared with men. Despite continued advancements in primary prevention, innovative acute therapies and ongoing developments in neurorehabilitation, stroke incidence and mortality continue to increase due to the aging of the U.S. POPULATION Sex chromosomes (XX compared with XY), sex hormones (oestrogen and androgen), epigenetic regulation and environmental factors all contribute to sex differences. Ischaemic sensitivity varies over the lifespan, with females having an "ischaemia resistant" phenotype that wanes after menopause, which has recently been modelled in the laboratory. Pharmacological therapies for acute ischaemic stroke are limited. The only pharmacological treatment for stroke approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), which must be used within hours of stroke onset and has a number of contraindications. Pre-clinical studies have identified a number of potentially efficacious neuroprotective agents; however, nothing has been effectively translated into therapy in clinical practice. This may be due, in part, to the overwhelming use of young male rodents in pre-clinical research, as well as lack of sex-specific design and analysis in clinical trials. The review will summarize the current clinical evidence for sex differences in ischaemic stroke, and will discuss sex differences in the cellular mechanisms of acute ischaemic injury, highlighting cell death and immune/inflammatory pathways that may contribute to these clinical differences.
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37
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Mitochondria: a central target for sex differences in pathologies. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:803-822. [PMID: 28424375 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is increasingly acknowledged that a sex and gender specificity affects the occurrence, development, and consequence of a plethora of pathologies. Mitochondria are considered as the powerhouse of the cell because they produce the majority of energy-rich phosphate bonds in the form of adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) but they also participate in many other functions like steroid hormone synthesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, ionic regulation, and cell death. Adequate cellular energy supply and survival depend on mitochondrial life cycle, a process involving mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics, and quality control via mitophagy. It appears that mitochondria are the place of marked sexual dimorphism involving mainly oxidative capacities, calcium handling, and resistance to oxidative stress. In turn, sex hormones regulate mitochondrial function and biogenesis. Mutations in genes encoding mitochondrial proteins are the origin of serious mitochondrial genetic diseases. Mitochondrial dysfunction is also an important parameter for a large panel of pathologies including neuromuscular disorders, encephalopathies, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), metabolic disorders, neuropathies, renal dysfunction etc. Many of these pathologies present sex/gender specificity. Here we review the sexual dimorphism of mitochondria from different tissues and how this dimorphism takes part in the sex specificity of important pathologies mainly CVDs and neurological disorders.
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Kawamata H, Peixoto P, Konrad C, Palomo G, Bredvik K, Gerges M, Valsecchi F, Petrucelli L, Ravits JM, Starkov A, Manfredi G. Mutant TDP-43 does not impair mitochondrial bioenergetics in vitro and in vivo. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:37. [PMID: 28482850 PMCID: PMC5422931 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Functional studies of mitochondrial bioenergetics have focused mostly on superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mutants, and showed that mutant human SOD1 impairs mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, calcium homeostasis, and dynamics. However, recent reports have indicated that alterations in transactivation response element DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) can also lead to defects of mitochondrial morphology and dynamics. Furthermore, it was proposed that TDP-43 mutations cause oxidative phosphorylation impairment associated with respiratory chain defects and that these effects were caused by mitochondrial localization of the mutant protein. Here, we investigated the presence of bioenergetic defects in the brain of transgenic mice expressing human mutant TDP-43 (TDP-43A315T mice), patient derived fibroblasts, and human cells expressing mutant forms of TDP-43. Methods In the brain of TDP-43A315T mice, TDP-43 mutant fibroblasts, and cells expressing mutant TDP-43, we tested several bioenergetics parameters, including mitochondrial respiration, ATP synthesis, and calcium handling. Differences between mutant and control samples were evaluated by student t-test or by ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni correction, when more than two groups were compared. Mitochondrial localization of TDP-43 was investigated by immunocytochemistry in fibroblasts and by subcellular fractionation and western blot of mitochondrial fractions in mouse brain. Results We did not observe defects in any of the mitochondrial bioenergetic functions that were tested in TDP-43 mutants. We detected a small amount of TDP-43A315T peripherally associated with brain mitochondria. However, there was no correlation between TDP-43 associated with mitochondria and respiratory chain dysfunction. In addition, we observed increased calcium uptake in mitochondria from TDP-43A315T mouse brain and cells expressing A315T mutant TDP-43. Conclusions While alterations of mitochondrial morphology and dynamics in TDP-43 mutant neurons are well established, the present study did not demonstrate oxidative phosphorylation defects in TDP-43 mutants, in vitro and in vivo. On the other hand, the increase in mitochondrial calcium uptake in A315T TDP-43 mutants was an intriguing finding, which needs to be investigated further to understand its mechanisms and potential pathogenic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hibiki Kawamata
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, RR507, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Pablo Peixoto
- Department of Natural Sciences, CUNY Baruch College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Csaba Konrad
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, RR507, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Gloria Palomo
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, RR507, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Kirsten Bredvik
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, RR507, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Meri Gerges
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, RR507, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Federica Valsecchi
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, RR507, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | | | - John M Ravits
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anatoly Starkov
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, RR507, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Giovanni Manfredi
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, RR507, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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Liao Y, Dong Y, Cheng J. The Function of the Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020248. [PMID: 28208618 PMCID: PMC5343785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU)-a calcium uniporter on the inner membrane of mitochondria-controls the mitochondrial calcium uptake in normal and abnormal situations. Mitochondrial calcium is essential for the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP); however, excessive calcium will induce mitochondrial dysfunction. Calcium homeostasis disruption and mitochondrial dysfunction is observed in many neurodegenerative disorders. However, the role and regulatory mechanism of the MCU in the development of these diseases are obscure. In this review, we summarize the role of the MCU in controlling oxidative stress-elevated mitochondrial calcium and its function in neurodegenerative disorders. Inhibition of the MCU signaling pathway might be a new target for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajin Liao
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, No. 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100039, China.
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Yuan Dong
- Department of Biochemistry, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Jinbo Cheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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40
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Heitzer M, Kaiser S, Kanagaratnam M, Zendedel A, Hartmann P, Beyer C, Johann S. Administration of 17β-Estradiol Improves Motoneuron Survival and Down-regulates Inflammasome Activation in Male SOD1(G93A) ALS Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:8429-8443. [PMID: 27957680 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0322-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease manifested by the progressive loss of upper and lower motoneurons. The pathomechanism of ALS is complex and not yet fully understood. Neuroinflammation is believed to significantly contribute to disease progression. Inflammasome activation was recently shown in the spinal cord of human sporadic ALS patients and in the SOD1(G93A) mouse model for ALS. In the present study, we investigated the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) treatment in pre-symptomatic and symptomatic male SOD1(G93A) mice. Symptomatic mice with E2 substitution exhibited improved motor performance correlating with an increased survival of motoneurons in the lumbar spinal cord. Expression of NLRP3 inflammasome proteins and levels of activated caspase 1 and mature interleukin 1 beta were significantly reduced in SOD1(G93A) mice supplemented with E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Heitzer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sarah Kaiser
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mithila Kanagaratnam
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Adib Zendedel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Philipp Hartmann
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,JARA-BRAIN, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sonja Johann
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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41
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Lee J. Mitochondrial drug targets in neurodegenerative diseases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:714-720. [PMID: 26806044 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction is the main culprit in neurodegenerative diseases. Given the fact that mitochondria participate in diverse cellular processes, including energetics, metabolism, and death, the consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction in neuronal cells are inevitable. In fact, new strategies targeting mitochondrial dysfunction are emerging as potential alternatives to current treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we focus on mitochondrial proteins that are directly associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. We also examine recently identified small molecule modulators of these mitochondrial targets and assess their potential in research and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoun Lee
- Department of Global Medical Science, Sungshin University, Seoul 142-732, Republic of Korea.
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42
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Monpays C, Deslauriers J, Sarret P, Grignon S. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Schizophrenia: Determination of Mitochondrial Respiratory Activity in a Two-Hit Mouse Model. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 59:440-51. [PMID: 27034067 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0746-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic mental illness in which mitochondrial dysfunction has been suggested. Our laboratory recently developed a juvenile murine two-hit model (THM) of schizophrenia based on the combination of gestational inflammation, followed by juvenile restraint stress. We previously reported that relevant behaviors and neurochemical disturbances, including oxidative stress, were reversed by the antioxidant lipoic acid (LA), thereby pointing to the central role played by oxidative abnormalities and prompting us to investigate mitochondrial function. Mitochondrial activity was determined with the MitoXpress® commercial kit in two schizophrenia-relevant regions (prefrontal cortex (PFC) and striatum). Measurements were performed in state 3, with substrates for complex I- and complex II-induced respiratory activity (IRA). We observed an increase in complex I IRA in the PFC and striatum in both sexes but an increase in complex II activity only in males. LA treatment prevented this increase only in complex II IRA in males. Expression levels of the different respiratory chain complexes, as well as fission/fusion proteins and protein carbonylation, were unchanged. In conclusion, our juvenile schizophrenia THM shows an increase in mitochondrial activity reversed by LA, specifically in complex II IRA in males. Further investigations are required to determine the mechanisms of these modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Monpays
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 12e avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Jessica Deslauriers
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 12e avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 12e avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Sylvain Grignon
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 12e avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, 580 Bowen Sud, Sherbrooke, QC, J1G 2E8, Canada.
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Cacabelos D, Ramírez-Núñez O, Granado-Serrano AB, Torres P, Ayala V, Moiseeva V, Povedano M, Ferrer I, Pamplona R, Portero-Otin M, Boada J. Early and gender-specific differences in spinal cord mitochondrial function and oxidative stress markers in a mouse model of ALS. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:3. [PMID: 26757991 PMCID: PMC4711180 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-015-0271-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a motor neuron disease with a gender bias towards major prevalence in male individuals. Several data suggest the involvement of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in its pathogenesis, though differences between genders have not been evaluated. For this reason, we analysed features of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, as well as mitochondrial chain complex enzyme activities and protein expression, lipid profile, and protein oxidative stress markers, in the Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase with the G93A mutation (hSOD1-G93A)- transgenic mice and Neuro2A(N2A) cells overexpressing hSOD1-G93A. Results and Conclusions Our results show that overexpression of hSOD1-G93A in transgenic mice decreased efficiency of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, located at complex I, revealing a temporal delay in females with respect to males associated with a parallel increase in selected markers of protein oxidative damage. Further, females exhibit a fatty acid profile with higher levels of docosahexaenoic acid at 30 days. Mechanistic studies showed that hSOD1-G93A overexpression in N2A cells reduced complex I function, a defect prevented by 17β-estradiol pretreatment. In conclusion, ALS-associated SOD1 mutation leads to delayed mitochondrial dysfunction in female mice in comparison with males, in part attributable to the higher oestrogen levels of the former. This study is important in the effort to further understanding of whether different degrees of spinal cord mitochondrial dysfunction could be disease modifiers in ALS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40478-015-0271-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Ray R, Juranek JK, Rai V. RAGE axis in neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and its emerging role in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 62:48-55. [PMID: 26724598 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RAGE, the receptor of advanced glycation end-products, is thought to be one of the potential contributors to the neurodegeneration. It has been shown that RAGE activation triggers an increase in proinflammatory molecules, oxidative stressors and cytokines. RAGE involvement has been documented in the pathogenesis of a number of neurodegenerative diseases such amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, Creutzfeld-Jakob' diseases and various neurodegenerative conditions such as diabetic neuropathy, familial amyloid polyneuropathy, Charcot neuroarthropathy and vasculitic neuropathy. Although the detailed mechanisms of RAGE contribution to the neurodegeneration remains unclear, studies indicate that RAGE detrimental actions are exerted via its binding to the pro-inflammatory ligands such as advanced glycation end-products, S100/calgranulin and amphoterin and subsequent activation of downstream regulatory pathways such as NF-κB, STAT and JKN pathways. Here, in this review we attempt to shed light onto molecular events and pathological pathways involved in neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and its emerging role in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)--a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disorder, summarizing current knowledge and the prospect of RAGE in the pathogenesis of this disastrous disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Ray
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar 751023, India; Manipal University, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Judyta K Juranek
- Department of Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, USA; Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-557 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Vivek Rai
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar 751023, India.
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45
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Manfredi G, Kawamata H. Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum crosstalk in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 90:35-42. [PMID: 26282323 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical and functional interactions between mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are crucial for cell life. These two organelles are intimately connected and collaborate to essential processes, such as calcium homeostasis and phospholipid biosynthesis. The connections between mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum occur through structures named mitochondria associated membranes (MAMs), which contain lipid rafts and a large number of proteins, many of which serve multiple functions at different cellular sites. Growing evidence strongly suggests that alterations of ER-mitochondria interactions are involved in neurodegenerative disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a devastating and rapidly fatal motor neuron disease. Mutations in proteins that participate in ER-mitochondria interactions and MAM functions are increasingly being associated with genetic forms of ALS and other neurodegenerative diseases. This evidence strongly suggests that, rather than considering the two organelles separately, a better understanding of the disease process can derive from studying the alterations in their crosstalk. In this review we discuss normal and pathological ER-mitochondria interactions and the evidence that link them to ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Manfredi
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 401 East 61st Street, New York, NY 10065, United States.
| | - Hibiki Kawamata
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 401 East 61st Street, New York, NY 10065, United States.
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46
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Jiang Z, Wang W, Perry G, Zhu X, Wang X. Mitochondrial dynamic abnormalities in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Transl Neurodegener 2015. [PMID: 26225210 PMCID: PMC4518588 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-015-0037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common motor neuron disease characterized by progressive loss of motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord. Currently, there is no cure or effective treatment for ALS and the cause of disease is unknown in the majority of ALS cases. Neuronal mitochondria dysfunction is one of the earliest features of ALS. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that undergo continuous fission, fusion, trafficking and turnover, all of which contribute to the maintenance of mitochondrial function. Abnormal mitochondrial dynamics have been repeatedly reported in ALS and increasing evidence suggests altered mitochondrial dynamics as possible pathomechanisms underlying mitochondrial dysfunction in ALS. Here, we provide an overview of mitochondrial dysfunction and dynamic abnormalities observed in ALS, and discuss the possibility of targeting mitochondrial dynamics as a novel therapeutic approach for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Wenzhang Wang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - George Perry
- College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Xiongwei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Xinglong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
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47
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Demarest TG, McCarthy MM. Sex differences in mitochondrial (dys)function: Implications for neuroprotection. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2014; 47:173-88. [PMID: 25293493 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-014-9583-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Decades of research have revealed numerous differences in brain structure size, connectivity and metabolism between males and females. Sex differences in neurobehavioral and cognitive function after various forms of central nervous system (CNS) injury are observed in clinical practice and animal research studies. Sources of sex differences include early life exposure to gonadal hormones, chromosome compliment and adult hormonal modulation. It is becoming increasingly apparent that mitochondrial metabolism and cell death signaling are also sexually dimorphic. Mitochondrial metabolic dysfunction is a common feature of CNS injury. Evidence suggests males predominantly utilize proteins while females predominantly use lipids as a fuel source within mitochondria and that these differences may significantly affect cellular survival following injury. These fundamental biochemical differences have a profound impact on energy production and many cellular processes in health and disease. This review will focus on the accumulated evidence revealing sex differences in mitochondrial function and cellular signaling pathways in the context of CNS injury mechanisms and the potential implications for neuroprotective therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G Demarest
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,
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48
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Palomo GM, Manfredi G. Exploring new pathways of neurodegeneration in ALS: the role of mitochondria quality control. Brain Res 2014; 1607:36-46. [PMID: 25301687 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal cells are highly dependent on mitochondria, and mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with neurodegenerative diseases. As perturbed mitochondrial function renders neurons extremely sensitive to a wide variety of insults, such as oxidative stress and bioenergetic defects, mitochondrial defects can profoundly affect neuronal fate. Several studies have linked ALS with mitochondrial dysfunction, stemming from observations of mitochondrial abnormalities, both in patients and in cellular and mouse models of familial forms of ALS. Mitochondrial changes have been thoroughly investigated in mutants of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), one of the most common causes of familial ALS, for which excellent cellular and animal models are available, but recently evidence is emerging also in other forms of ALS, both familial and sporadic. Mitochondrial defects in ALS involve many critical physiopathological processes, from defective bioenergetics to abnormal calcium homeostasis, altered morphology and impaired trafficking. In this review, we summarize established evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in ALS, especially in SOD1 mutant models of familial ALS. The main focus of the review is on defective mitochondrial quality control (MQC) in ALS. MQC operates at multiple levels to clear damaged proteins through proteostasis and to eliminate irreparably damaged organelles through mitophagy. However, since ALS motor neurons progressively accumulate damaged mitochondria, it is plausible that the MQC is ineffective or overwhelmed by excessive workload imposed by the chronic and extensive mitochondrial damage. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled ALS complex pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria M Palomo
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Giovanni Manfredi
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, United States.
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49
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Tan W, Pasinelli P, Trotti D. Role of mitochondria in mutant SOD1 linked amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1842:1295-301. [PMID: 24568860 PMCID: PMC4074562 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with an adult onset characterized by loss of both upper and lower motor neurons. In ~10% of cases, patients developed ALS with an apparent genetic linkage (familial ALS or fALS). Approximately 20% of fALS displays mutations in the SOD1 gene encoding superoxide dismutase 1. There are many proposed cellular and molecular mechanisms among which, mitochondrial dysfunctions occur early, prior to symptoms occurrence. In this review, we modeled the effect of mutant SOD1 protein via the formation of a toxic complex with Bcl2 on mitochondrial bioenergetics. Furthermore, we discuss that the shutdown of ATP permeation through mitochondrial outer membrane could lead to both respiration inhibition and temporary mitochondrial hyperpolarization. Moreover, we reviewed mitochondrial calcium signaling, oxidative stress, fission and fusion, autophagy and apoptosis in mutant SOD1-linked ALS. Functional defects in mitochondria appear early before symptoms are manifested in ALS. Therefore, mitochondrial dysfunction is a promising therapeutic target in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Tan
- Frances and Joseph Weinberg Unit for ALS Research, Farber Institute for the Neurosciences, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Piera Pasinelli
- Frances and Joseph Weinberg Unit for ALS Research, Farber Institute for the Neurosciences, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Davide Trotti
- Frances and Joseph Weinberg Unit for ALS Research, Farber Institute for the Neurosciences, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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50
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Lim MA, Bence KK, Sandesara I, Andreux P, Auwerx J, Ishibashi J, Seale P, Kalb RG. Genetically altering organismal metabolism by leptin-deficiency benefits a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:4995-5008. [PMID: 24833719 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal, neurodegenerative disease that causes death of motor neurons. ALS patients and mouse models of familial ALS display organismal level metabolic dysfunction, which includes increased energy expenditure despite decreased lean mass. The pathophysiological relevance of abnormal energy homeostasis to motor neuron disease remains unclear. Leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone that regulates whole-animal energy expenditure. Here, we report that placing mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mice in a leptin-deficient background improves energy homeostasis and slows disease progression. Leptin-deficient mutant SOD1 mice possess increased bodyweight and fat mass, as well as decreased energy expenditure. These observations coincide with enhanced survival, improved strength and decreased motor neuron loss. These results suggest that altering whole-body energy metabolism in mutant SOD1 mice can mitigate disease progression. We propose that manipulations that increase fat mass and reduce energy expenditure will be beneficial in the setting of motor neuron disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Lim
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Neuroscience Graduate Group
| | - Kendra K Bence
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ishani Sandesara
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Pénélope Andreux
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeff Ishibashi
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Patrick Seale
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert G Kalb
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Neuroscience Graduate Group, Department of Neurology and
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