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Leeman-Markowski BA, Martin SP, Hardstone R, Tam DM, Devinsky O, Meador KJ. Novelty preference assessed by eye tracking: A sensitive measure of impaired recognition memory in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2024; 155:109749. [PMID: 38636142 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2024.109749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epilepsy patients often report memory deficits despite normal objective testing, suggesting that available measures are insensitive or that non-mnemonic factors are involved. The Visual Paired Comparison Task (VPCT) assesses novelty preference, the tendency to fixate on novel images rather than previously viewed items, requiring recognition memory for the "old" images. As novelty preference is a sensitive measure of hippocampal-dependent memory function, we predicted impaired VPCT performance in epilepsy patients compared to healthy controls. METHODS We assessed 26 healthy adult controls and 31 epilepsy patients (16 focal-onset, 13 generalized-onset, 2 unknown-onset) with the VPCT using delays of 2 or 30 s between encoding and recognition. Fifteen healthy controls and 17 epilepsy patients (10 focal-onset, 5 generalized-onset, 2 unknown-onset) completed the task at 2-, 5-, and 30-minute delays. Subjects also performed standard memory measures, including the Medical College of Georgia (MCG) Paragraph Test, California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition (CVLT-II), and Brief Visual Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R). RESULTS The epilepsy group was high functioning, with greater estimated IQ (p = 0.041), greater years of education (p = 0.034), and higher BVMT-R scores (p = 0.024) compared to controls. Both the control group and epilepsy cohort, as well as focal- and generalized-onset subgroups, had intact novelty preference at the 2- and 30-second delays (p-values ≤ 0.001) and declined at 30 min (p-values > 0.05). Only the epilepsy patients had early declines at 2- and 5-minute delays (controls with intact novelty preference at p = 0.003 and p ≤ 0.001, respectively; epilepsy groups' p-values > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Memory for the "old" items decayed more rapidly in overall, focal-onset, and generalized-onset epilepsy groups. The VPCT detected deficits while standard memory measures were largely intact, suggesting that the VPCT may be a more sensitive measure of temporal lobe memory function than standard neuropsychological batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Leeman-Markowski
- Neurology Service, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, 423 E. 23(rd) St., New York, NY 10010, USA; Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Health, 223 E. 34(th) St., New York, NY 10016, USA; Research Service, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, 423 E. 23(rd) St., New York, NY 10010, USA.
| | - Samantha P Martin
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Health, 223 E. 34(th) St., New York, NY 10016, USA; Research Service, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, 423 E. 23(rd) St., New York, NY 10010, USA.
| | - Richard Hardstone
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, 550 1st Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Danny M Tam
- Division of Psychology, Mental Health Service, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, 423 E. 23(rd) St., New York, NY 10010, USA.
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Health, 223 E. 34(th) St., New York, NY 10016, USA; Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, 550 1st Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Kimford J Meador
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 213 Quarry Road, MC 5979, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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Ferretti A, Riva A, Fabrizio A, Bruni O, Capovilla G, Foiadelli T, Orsini A, Raucci U, Romeo A, Striano P, Parisi P. Best practices for the management of febrile seizures in children. Ital J Pediatr 2024; 50:95. [PMID: 38735928 PMCID: PMC11089695 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-024-01666-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Febrile seizures (FS) are commonly perceived by healthcare professionals as a self-limited condition with a generally 'benign' nature. Nonetheless, they frequently lead to pediatric consultations, and their management can vary depending on the clinical context. For parents and caregivers, witnessing a seizure can be a distressing experience, significantly impacting their quality of life. In this review, we offer an in-depth exploration of FS management, therapeutic interventions, and prognostic factors, with the aim of providing support for physicians and enhancing communication with families. We conducted a comprehensive literature search using the PubMed and Web of Science databases, spanning the past 50 years. The search terms utilized included "febrile seizure," "complex febrile seizure," "simple febrile seizure," in conjunction with "children" or "infant." Only studies published in English or those presenting evidence-based data were included in our assessment. Additionally, we conducted a cross-reference search to identify any additional relevant data sources. Our thorough literature search resulted in a compilation of references, with carefully selected papers thoughtfully integrated into this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Ferretti
- Pediatrics Unit, Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organ (NESMOS) Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, S. Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, via di Grottarossa 1035/1039, Rome, 00189, Italy.
| | - Antonella Riva
- IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alice Fabrizio
- Pediatrics Unit, Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organ (NESMOS) Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, S. Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, via di Grottarossa 1035/1039, Rome, 00189, Italy
| | - Oliviero Bruni
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, S. Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Capovilla
- Child Neuropsychiatry Department, Epilepsy Center, Mantova, Italy
- C. Poma HospitalFondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy
| | - Thomas Foiadelli
- Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Orsini
- Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Umberto Raucci
- General and Emergency Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino Romeo
- Fatebenefratelli Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Pasquale Parisi
- Pediatrics Unit, Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organ (NESMOS) Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, S. Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, via di Grottarossa 1035/1039, Rome, 00189, Italy
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Mao Y, Lin X, Wu Y, Lu J, Shen J, Zhong S, Jin X, Ma J. Additive interaction between birth asphyxia and febrile seizures on autism spectrum disorder: a population-based study. Mol Autism 2024; 15:17. [PMID: 38600595 PMCID: PMC11007945 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-024-00596-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a pervasive neurodevelopmental disorder that can significantly impact an individual's ability to socially integrate and adapt. It's crucial to identify key factors associated with ASD. Recent studies link both birth asphyxia (BA) and febrile seizures (FS) separately to higher ASD prevalence. However, investigations into the interplay of BA and FS and its relationship with ASD are yet to be conducted. The present study mainly focuses on exploring the interactive effect between BA and FS in the context of ASD. METHODS Utilizing a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling, we initially recruited 84,934 Shanghai children aged 3-12 years old from June 2014 to June 2015, ultimately including 74,251 post-exclusion criteria. A logistic regression model was conducted to estimate the interaction effect after controlling for pertinent covariates. The attributable proportion (AP), the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), the synergy index (SI), and multiplicative-scale interaction were computed to determine the interaction effect. RESULTS Among a total of 74,251 children, 192 (0.26%) were diagnosed with ASD. The adjusted odds ratio for ASD in children with BA alone was 3.82 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.42-6.02), for FS alone 3.06 (95%CI 1.48-6.31), and for comorbid BA and FS 21.18 (95%CI 9.10-49.30), versus children without BA or FS. The additive interaction between BA and FS showed statistical significance (P < 0.001), whereas the multiplicative interaction was statistically insignificant (P > 0.05). LIMITATIONS This study can only demonstrate the relationship between the interaction of BA and FS with ASD but cannot prove causation. Animal brain experimentation is necessary to unravel its neural mechanisms. A larger sample size, ongoing monitoring, and detailed FS classification are needed for confirming BA-FS interaction in ASD. CONCLUSION In this extensive cross-sectional study, both BA and FS were significantly linked to ASD. The coexistence of these factors was associated with an additive increase in ASD prevalence, surpassing the cumulative risk of each individual factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Mao
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xindi Lin
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yuhan Wu
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Jiayi Lu
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Jiayao Shen
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Shaogen Zhong
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xingming Jin
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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Fu Y, Zhang J, Cao Y, Ye L, Zheng R, Li Q, Shen B, Shi Y, Cao J, Fang J. Recognition memory deficits detected through eye-tracking in well-controlled children with self-limited epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes. Epilepsia 2024; 65:1128-1140. [PMID: 38299621 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children with self-limited epilepsy characterized by centrotemporal spikes (SeLECTS) exhibit cognitive deficits in memory during the active phase, but there is currently a lack of studies and techniques to assess their memory development after well-controlled seizures. In this study, we employed eye-tracking techniques to investigate visual memory and its association with clinical factors and global intellectual ability, aiming to identify potential risk factors by examining encoding and recognition processes. METHODS A total of 26 recruited patients diagnosed with SeLECTS who had been seizure-free for at least 2 years, along with 24 control subjects, underwent Wechsler cognitive assessment and an eye-movement-based memory task while video-electroencephalographic (EEG) data were recorded. Fixation and pupil data related to eye movements were utilized to detect distinct memory processes and subsequently to compare the cognitive performance of patients exhibiting different regression patterns on EEG. RESULTS The findings revealed persistent impairments in visual memory among children with SeLECTS after being well controlled, primarily observed in the recognition stage rather than the encoding phase. Furthermore, the age at onset, frequency of seizures, and interictal epileptiform discharges exhibited significant correlations with eye movement data. SIGNIFICANCE Children with SeLECTS exhibit persistent recognition memory impairment after being well controlled for the disease. Controlling the frequency of seizures and reducing prolonged epileptiform activity may improve memory cognitive development. The application of the eye-tracking technique may provide novel insights into exploring memory cognition as well as underlying mechanisms associated with pediatric epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlu Fu
- Department of Neurology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingxin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yina Cao
- Department of Neurology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linmei Ye
- Department of Neurology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Runze Zheng
- Artificial Intelligence Institute, Hangzhou Dianzi University School of Automation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiwei Li
- Department of Neurology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Beibei Shen
- Department of Neurology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Department of Neurology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiuwen Cao
- Artificial Intelligence Institute, Hangzhou Dianzi University School of Automation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiajia Fang
- Department of Neurology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
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Cavusoglu B, Ozer Gokaslan Ç, Cavusoglu D. Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging differences between complex febrile seizure and recurrent simple febrile seizure. Brain Dev 2024; 46:35-43. [PMID: 37813784 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the volumetric differences in cortical and subcortical structures between patients with complex febrile seizure (FS) and recurrent simple FS. We aimed to identify the brain morphological patterns of children with complex FS. METHODS Twenty-five patients with complex FS and age- and sex-matched 25 patients with recurrent simple FS with structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were studied. Cortical volumetric analysis was performed using a voxel-based morphometry method with the CAT12 toolbox within SPM12. FSL-FIRST was used to obtain volume measures of subcortical deep grey matter structures (amygdala, caudate nucleus, thalamus, nucleus accumbens, putamen, globus pallidus, and hippocampus). The volumetric asymmetry index (AI) and laterality index (LI) were calculated for each subcortical structure. RESULTS Compared with recurrent simple FS, complex FS demonstrated lower volume in the left putamen (p = .003) and right nucleus accumbens (p = .001). Additionally, patients with complex FS presented a higher magnitude of AI of the nucleus accumbens (p < .001) compared with recurrent simple FS. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that volumetric analysis may be a useful marker for the detection of FS-induced changes that reflect microstructural alterations. This study is the first to report on alterations in the putamen and nucleus accumbens in FS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berrin Cavusoglu
- Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Çigdem Ozer Gokaslan
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyon, Turkey.
| | - Dilek Cavusoglu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyon, Turkey.
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Cheng A, Xiong Q, Wang J, Wang R, Shen L, Zhang G, Huang Y. Development and validation of a predictive model for febrile seizures. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18779. [PMID: 37907555 PMCID: PMC10618474 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45911-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Febrile seizures (FS) are the most prevalent type of seizures in children. Existing predictive models for FS exhibit limited predictive ability. To build a better-performing predictive model, a retrospective analysis study was conducted on febrile children who visited the Children's Hospital of Shanghai from July 2020 to March 2021. These children were divided into training set (n = 1453), internal validation set (n = 623) and external validation set (n = 778). The variables included demographic data and complete blood counts (CBCs). The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) method was used to select the predictors of FS. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to develop a predictive model. The coefficients derived from the multivariate logistic regression were used to construct a nomogram that predicts the probability of FS. The calibration plot, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and decision curve analysis (DCA) were used to evaluate model performance. Results showed that the AUC of the predictive model in the training set was 0.884 (95% CI 0.861 to 0.908, p < 0.001) and C-statistic of the nomogram was 0.884. The AUC of internal validation set was 0.883 (95% CI 0.844 to 0.922, p < 0.001), and the AUC of external validation set was 0.858 (95% CI 0.820 to 0.896, p < 0.001). In conclusion, the FS predictive model constructed based on CBCs in this study exhibits good predictive ability and has clinical application value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cheng
- Department of Emergency, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Xiong
- Department of Emergency, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Emergency, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Renjian Wang
- Department of Emergency, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Shen
- Department of Emergency, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqin Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujuan Huang
- Department of Emergency, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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Che Has AT. The applications of the pilocarpine animal model of status epilepticus: 40 years of progress (1983-2023). Behav Brain Res 2023; 452:114551. [PMID: 37348654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Status epilepticus is a neurological disorder that can result in various neuropathological conditions and presentations. Various studies involving animal models have been accomplished to understand and replicating its prominent manifestations including characteristics of related clinical cases. Up to these days, there are variety of methods and techniques to be utilized in inducing this disorder that can be chemically or electrically applied which depending on the experimental designs and targets of the studies. In particular, the chemically induced pilocarpine animal model of status epilepticus is a reliable choice which has evolved for 40 years from its initial discovery back in 1983. Although the development of the model can be considered as a remarkable breakthrough in understanding status epilepticus, several aspects of the model have been improved, throughout the years. Among the major issues in developing this model are the morbidity and mortality rates during induction process. Several modifications have been introduced in the process by different studies to tackle the related problems including application of dose fractionation, adaptation of pilocarpine to lithium-pilocarpine model and utilization of various drugs. Despite all challenges and drawbacks, this model has proven its pertinent and relevance with improvements that have been adapted since it was introduced 40 years ago. In this review, we emphasize on the evolution of this animal model from the beginning until now (1983 - 2023) and the related issues that have made this model still a popular choice in status epilepticus studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Tarmizi Che Has
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus Kubang Kerian, 16150, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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Kloc ML, Chen Y, Daglian JM, Holmes GL, Baram TZ, Barry JM. Spatial learning impairments and discoordination of entorhinal-hippocampal circuit coding following prolonged febrile seizures. Hippocampus 2023; 33:970-992. [PMID: 37096324 PMCID: PMC10529121 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
How the development and function of neural circuits governing learning and memory are affected by insults in early life remains poorly understood. The goal of this study was to identify putative changes in cortico-hippocampal signaling mechanisms that could lead to learning and memory deficits in a clinically relevant developmental pathophysiological rodent model, Febrile status epilepticus (FSE). FSE in both pediatric cases and the experimental animal model, is associated with enduring physiological alterations of the hippocampal circuit and cognitive impairment. Here, we deconstruct hippocampal circuit throughput by inducing slow theta oscillations in rats under urethane anesthesia and isolating the dendritic compartments of CA1 and dentate gyrus subfields, their reception of medial and lateral entorhinal cortex inputs, and the efficacy of signal propagation to each somatic cell layer. We identify FSE-induced theta-gamma decoupling at cortical synaptic input pathways and altered signal phase coherence along the CA1 and dentate gyrus somatodendritic axes. Moreover, increased DG synaptic activity levels are predictive of poor cognitive outcomes. We propose that these alterations in cortico-hippocampal coordination interfere with the ability of hippocampal dendrites to receive, decode and propagate neocortical inputs. If this frequency-specific syntax is necessary for cortico-hippocampal coordination and spatial learning and memory, its loss could be a mechanism for FSE cognitive comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Kloc
- Epilepsy Cognition and Development Group, Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Yuncai Chen
- Departments of Pediatrics, University California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Departments of Anatomy/Neurobiology, University California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Daglian
- Departments of Pediatrics, University California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Gregory L. Holmes
- Epilepsy Cognition and Development Group, Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Tallie Z. Baram
- Departments of Pediatrics, University California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Departments of Anatomy/Neurobiology, University California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Departments of Neurology, University California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jeremy M. Barry
- Epilepsy Cognition and Development Group, Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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Yi Y, Zhong C, Wei-wei H. The long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes of febrile seizures and underlying mechanisms. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1186050. [PMID: 37305674 PMCID: PMC10248510 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1186050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Febrile seizures (FSs) are convulsions caused by a sudden increase in body temperature during a fever. FSs are one of the commonest presentations in young children, occurring in up to 4% of children between the ages of about 6 months and 5 years old. FSs not only endanger children's health, cause panic and anxiety to families, but also have many adverse consequences. Both clinical and animal studies show that FSs have detrimental effects on neurodevelopment, that cause attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), increased susceptibility to epilepsy, hippocampal sclerosis and cognitive decline during adulthood. However, the mechanisms of FSs in developmental abnormalities and disease occurrence during adulthood have not been determined. This article provides an overview of the association of FSs with neurodevelopmental outcomes, outlining both the underlying mechanisms and the possible appropriate clinical biomarkers, from histological changes to cellular molecular mechanisms. The hippocampus is the brain region most significantly altered after FSs, but the motor cortex and subcortical white matter may also be involved in the development disorders induced by FSs. The occurrence of multiple diseases after FSs may share common mechanisms, and the long-term role of inflammation and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system are currently well studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Yi
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hu Wei-wei
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Obinna UCHEWAO, Shallom EMECHETAS, Ogugua EGWUA, Joy EDEC, Augustine IBEGBUO. Neuromodulatory roles of PIPER GUINEENSE and honey against Lead-Induced neurotoxicity in social interactive behaviors and motor activities in rat models. AIMS Neurosci 2022; 9:460-478. [PMID: 36660078 PMCID: PMC9826751 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2022026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Piper guineense and honey contain antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties that can help restore neuronal and other cell damage. To investigate the neuromodulatory roles of p. guineense and honey against lead toxicity on the hippocampus and cerebellum, impairing social behaviors and motor activities. Methodology Thirty Wistar rats were separated into six groups of five rats each, marked with dye. Group A served as control; B was untreated lead; C was a medium dose of the extract (50 mg/kg) and honey (1000 mg/kg); D was a high dose of the extract (80 mg/kg) and honey (1500 mg/kg); E received extract (80 mg/kg), and F received honey (1500 mg/kg). All groups received 110 mg/kg of lead orally, except the control. Social interaction, antidepressant effects, and motor activities were studied using a sociability chamber (SC), Forced Swim Test (FST), and String methods. A blood sample was used to evaluate glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione oxide transaminase (GOT), while the lipid level was estimated using cerebellar homogenate. Neuronal damage, vacuolation, necrosis, cell degeneration, and alterations in both hippocampus and cerebellum marked untreated group, with decreased GPx and GOT activities followed by impaired motor activities, social behavior, memory, and motivation. Using SCT, group B spent significantly lesser time (47.60 ± 47.60) with stranger 1 compared to A (138.20 ± 34.05), while group C spent considerably more time with stranger 1 (86.80 ± 30.32) than group B at P ≥ 0.05. The treatment increased the enzyme level and restored histoarchitecture (Figures 1-12), improving motor activities, social behavior, memory, motivation, and social affiliation (Tables 3, 4, 2, and 6). The extract and honey may be helpful as neuromodulators in lead toxicity in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- UCHEWA O. Obinna
- * Correspondence: E-mail: ; Tel: +2348172628746 or +2347061644732
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Botdorf M, Canada KL, Riggins T. A meta-analysis of the relation between hippocampal volume and memory ability in typically developing children and adolescents. Hippocampus 2022; 32:386-400. [PMID: 35301771 PMCID: PMC9313816 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Memory is supported by a network of brain regions, with the hippocampus serving a critical role in this cognitive process. Previous meta-analyses on the association between hippocampal structure and memory have largely focused on adults. Multiple studies have since suggested that hippocampal volume is related to memory performance in children and adolescents; however, the strength and direction of this relation varies across reports, and thus, remains unclear. To further understand this brain-behavior relation, we conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the association between hippocampal volume (assessed as total volume) and memory during typical development. Across 25 studies and 61 memory outcomes with 1357 participants, results showed a small, but significant, positive association between total hippocampal volume and memory performance. Estimates of the variability across studies in the relation between total volume and memory were not explained by differences in memory task type (delayed vs. immediate; relational vs. nonrelational), participant age range, or the method of normalization of hippocampal volumes. Overall, findings suggest that larger total hippocampal volume relates to better memory performance in children and adolescents and that this relation is similar across the memory types and age ranges assessed. To facilitate enhanced generalization across studies in the future, we discuss considerations for the field moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Botdorf
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA
- Present address:
Department of PsychologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kelsey L. Canada
- Institute of GerontologyWayne State UniversityDetroitMichiganUSA
| | - Tracy Riggins
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA
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12
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Kloc ML, Marchand DH, Holmes GL, Pressman RD, Barry JM. Cognitive impairment following experimental febrile seizures is determined by sex and seizure duration. Epilepsy Behav 2022; 126:108430. [PMID: 34902661 PMCID: PMC8748413 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Febrile seizures are the most common type of seizures in children. While in most children the outcome is favorable, children with febrile status epilepticus may exhibit modest cognitive impairment. Whether children with other forms of complex febrile seizure, such as repetitive febrile seizures within the same illness are at risk of cognitive deficits is not known. In this study, we used a well-established model of experimental febrile seizures in rat pups to compare the effects of febrile status epilepticus and recurrent febrile seizures on subsequent spatial cognition and anxiety. METHODS Male and female rat pups were subjected to hyperthermic seizures at postnatal day 10 and were divided into groups of rats with continuous seizures for ≥40 min or recurrent febrile seizures. They were then tested as adults in the active avoidance and spatial accuracy tests to assess spatial learning and memory and the elevated plus maze to measure anxiety. RESULTS Febrile status epilepticus rats demonstrated impaired spatial cognition in active avoidance and spatial accuracy and exhibited reduced anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze. Rats with recurrent febrile seizures did not differ significantly from the controls on any measures. There were also significant sex-related differences with females with FSE performing far better than males with FSE in active avoidance but demonstrating a navigational learning impairment relative to CTL females in spatial accuracy. However, once learned, females with FSE performed the spatial accuracy task as well as CTL females. CONCLUSION There is a duration-dependent effect of febrile seizures on subsequent cognitive and behavioral outcomes. Febrile status epilepticus resulted in spatial cognitive deficits and reduced anxiety-related behaviors whereas rats with recurrent febrile seizures did not differ from controls. Sex had a remarkable effect on spatial cognitive outcome where males with FSE fared worse than females with FSE. The results demonstrate that sex should be considered as a biological variable in studies evaluating the effects of seizures on the developing brain.
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Alshebib YA, Hori T, Kashiwagi T. HOP protein expression in the hippocampal dentate gyrus is acutely downregulated in a status epilepticus mouse model. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2021; 11:183-193. [PMID: 34766103 PMCID: PMC8569711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is a neurological emergency, and delayed management can lead to higher morbidity and mortality. It is thought that prolonged seizures stimulate stem cells in the hippocampus and that epileptogenesis may arise from aberrant connections formed by newly born cells, while others have suggested that the acute neuroinflammation and gliosis often seen in epileptic hippocampi contribute to hyperexcitability and epilepsy development. Previous studies have identified the expression of homeodomain-only protein (HOP) in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (HDG) and the heart. HOP was found to be a regulator of cell proliferation and differentiation during heart development, while it maintains the 'heart conduction system' in adulthood. However, little is known about HOP function in the adult HDG, particularly in the SE setting. Here, a HOP immunohistochemical profile in an SE mouse model was established. A total of 24 adult mice were analyzed 3-10 days following the SE episode, the 'acute phase'. Our findings demonstrate a significant downregulation of HOP and BLBP protein expression in the SE group following SE episodes, while HOP/Ki67 coexpression did not remarkably differ. Furthermore, coexpression of HOP/S100β and HOP/Prox1 was not observed, although we noticed insignificant HOP/DCX coexpression level. The findings of this study show no compelling evidence of proliferation, and newly added neurons were not identified during the acute phase following SE, although HOP protein expression was significantly decreased in the HDG. Similar to its counterpart in the adult heart, this suggests that HOP seems to play a key role in regulating signal conduction in adult hippocampus. Moreover, acute changes in HOP expression following SE could be part of an inflammatory response that could subsequently influence epileptogenicity.
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Key Words
- BLBP, Brain lipid-binding protein
- BrdU, 5-Bromo-2′-deoxyuridine
- Ctrl, control tissue
- DCX, Doublecortin
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- Epileptogenicity
- GCL, granule cell layer
- GFAP, Glial fibrillary acidic protein
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HDG, Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus
- HF, Hippocampus Formation
- HOP
- HOP, Homeodomain Only Protein
- Hippocampal Formation
- Homeodomain-Only Protein
- IHC, Immunohistochemistry
- NSC, Neural stem cells
- Neurocardiology
- Prox1, Prospero Homeobox 1
- RGL cell, Radial glia-like cell
- S100β, S100 calcium-binding protein B
- SE, Status Epilepticus
- SGZ, subgranular zone
- SVZ, subventricular zone
- Seizure-induced neuroinflammation
- Status Epileptics
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Affiliation(s)
- YA Alshebib
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Neurological Center Hospital, Tokyo 134-0088, Japan
| | - Tomokatsu Hori
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Neurological Center Hospital, Tokyo 134-0088, Japan
| | - Taichi Kashiwagi
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
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Li B, Wu Y, He Q, Zhou H, Cai J. The effect of complicated febrile convulsion on hippocampal function and its antiepileptic treatment significance. Transl Pediatr 2021; 10:394-405. [PMID: 33708526 PMCID: PMC7944171 DOI: 10.21037/tp-20-458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to explore the effects of complex febrile seizures on hippocampal function and the significance of antiepileptic therapy. METHODS A total of 150 children with complex febrile seizures admitted to our hospital from July 2017 to July 2020 were included in the study. The VPA group was given sodium valproate treatment; the LEV group was given levetiracetam treatment; and the observation group was given basic treatment. The efficacy of the patients was evaluated after medication. A complex febrile seizure young mouse model was constructed, and the hippocampal cell morphology and BCL-2 expression of the mice pups were analyzed. A Morris water maze was used to detect the changes in cognitive function of the young mice with complex febrile seizures. RESULTS After treatment, the recurrence-free rate of the VPA group was significantly higher than that of the observation group (P=0.0045). After 1 month and 6 months, the improvement rate of EEG in VPA group was significantly higher than that in observation group (P<0.05). After treatment, the levels of BCL-2 in the VPA group and the LEV group decreased and were significantly lower than the observation group during the same period (P<0.05), and the M/C of the two groups was significantly higher than the observation group (P<0.05). The neuronal cells in the hippocampus of the young rats in the VPA group and the LEV group were regular, the matrix was more uniform, and nuclear pyknotic cells were occasionally seen. The pathological changes were less obvious than the model group, followed by the degree of pathological changes (0.92±1.31, 0.94±1.24). The incubation period of pups in the model group was significantly higher than that of the normal group, VPA group, and LEV group (P<0.05), and the number of crossing the station area was significantly less than that of the normal group, VPA group, and LEV group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Antiepileptic drugs are effective in preventing the recurrence of complicated febrile seizures (CFS), and the main mechanism may be related to the targeted regulation of BCL-2 on the apoptosis of the hippocampus in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Youjia Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qingjuan He
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jin Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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15
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Zelazo PD, Lourenco SF, Frank MC, Elison JT, Heaton RK, Wellman HM, Slotkin J, Kharitonova M, Reznick JS. Measurement of Cognition for the National Children's Study. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:603126. [PMID: 34136435 PMCID: PMC8200393 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.603126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The National Children's Study Cognitive Health Domain Team developed detailed plans for assessing cognition longitudinally from infancy to early adulthood. These plans identify high-priority aspects of cognition that can be measured efficiently and effectively, and we believe they can serve as a model for future large-scale longitudinal research. For infancy and toddlerhood, we proposed several paradigms that collectively allowed us to assess six broad cognitive constructs: (1) executive function skills, (2) episodic memory, (3) language, (4) processing speed, (5) spatial and numerical processing, and (6) social cognition. In some cases, different trial sequences within a paradigm allow for the simultaneous assessment of multiple cognitive skills (e.g., executive function skills and processing speed). We define each construct, summarize its significance for understanding developmental outcomes, discuss the feasibility of its assessment throughout development, and present our plan for measuring specific skills at different ages. Given the need for well-validated, direct behavioral measures of cognition that can be used in large-scale longitudinal studies, especially from birth to age 3 years, we also initiated three projects focused on the development of new measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip David Zelazo
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Stella F Lourenco
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Michael C Frank
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Jed T Elison
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Robert K Heaton
- Department Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Henry M Wellman
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jerry Slotkin
- Center for Health Research and Translation, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | | | - J Steven Reznick
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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16
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Joshi S, Goodkin HP. The Need to Intervene Before Time Point 2: Evidence From Clinical and Animal Data That Status Epilepticus Damages the Brain. J Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 37:375-380. [PMID: 32890057 DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus, a condition characterized by abnormally prolonged seizures, has the potential to cause irreversible, structural or functional, injury to the brain. Unfavorable consequences of these seizures include mortality, the risk of developing epilepsy, and cognitive impairment. We highlight key findings of clinical and laboratory studies that have provided insights into aspects of cell death, and anatomical and functional alterations triggered by status epilepticus that support the need to intervene before time point 2, the time after which the risk of these long-term consequences increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchitra Joshi
- Department of Neurology, UVA Health, Charlottesville, Virginia, U.S.A
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17
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Mewasingh LD, Chin RFM, Scott RC. Current understanding of febrile seizures and their long-term outcomes. Dev Med Child Neurol 2020; 62:1245-1249. [PMID: 32748466 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we reframe febrile seizures, which are viewed as a symptom of an underlying brain disorder. The general observation is that a small cohort of children will develop febrile seizures (2-5% in the West), while the greater majority will not. This suggests that the brain that generates a seizure, in an often-mild febrile context, differs in some ways from the brain that does not. While the underlying brain disorder appears to have no significant adverse implication in the majority of children with febrile seizures, serious long-term outcomes (cognitive and neuropsychiatric) have been recently reported, including sudden death. These adverse events likely reflect the underlying intrinsic brain pathology, as yet undefined, of which febrile seizures are purely a manifestation and not the primary cause. A complex interaction between brain-genetics-epigenetics-early environment is likely at play. In view of this emerging data, it is time to review whether febrile seizures are a single entity, with a new and multidimensional approach needed to help with predicting outcome. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: A febrile seizure is due to a brain's aberrant response to high temperature. Problems in a small group of children are now being identified later in life. There is no clear correlation between duration or other characteristics of febrile seizures and subsequent mesial temporal sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena D Mewasingh
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Richard F M Chin
- Muir Maxwell Epilepsy Centre, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,The Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rod C Scott
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
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18
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Barry JM, Mahoney JM, Holmes GL. Coordination of hippocampal theta and gamma oscillations relative to spatial active avoidance reflects cognitive outcome after febrile status epilepticus. Behav Neurosci 2020; 134:562-576. [PMID: 32628031 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits may arise from a variety of genetic alterations and neurological insults that impair neural coding mechanisms and the routing of neural information underpinning learning and memory. Slow and medium gamma oscillations underpin memory recall and sensorimotor processing and represent dynamic inputs at CA1 synapses. Febrile status epilepticus (FSE) can lead to increased risk for temporal lobe epilepsy and enduring cognitive impairments. In a rodent model, we assessed how FSE alters hippocampal CA1 signals relative to spatial task performance and serve as a readout of synaptic input efficacy. The power of theta (5-12 Hz), slow gamma (30-50 Hz), and medium gamma (70-90 Hz) differentially interact with respect to cognitive demands during active avoidance behavior on a rotating arena. Successful avoidance was characterized by slow gamma that was largest several seconds before or after peak acceleration. Peak acceleration coincides with peak theta oscillations, followed within approximately 1 s by peak medium gamma. FSE animals showing impairment in the task maintained the profiles of theta and medium gamma associated with increased sensorimotor processing following peak acceleration but did not exhibit the same slow gamma profile associated with epochs of memory retrieval. While CA1 synapses from entorhinal cortex were functionally unaffected by FSE, communication via synapses from CA3 may have been impaired, leading to both temporal discoordination and poor memory retrieval. These findings demonstrate theta/gamma profiles can serve as both physiological biomarkers for memory retrieval or encoding deficits and synapse level treatment targets that could attenuate cognitive comorbidities associated with early life seizures. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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19
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Billstedt E, Nilsson G, Leffler L, Carlsson L, Olsson I, Fernell E, Gillberg C. Cognitive functioning in a representative cohort of preschool children with febrile seizures. Acta Paediatr 2020; 109:989-994. [PMID: 31618476 DOI: 10.1111/apa.15059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM To analyse cognitive functioning in 4-5-year-old children who had experienced febrile seizures (FS) and to assess the importance of complex, recurrent and early vs late onset FS. METHODS The sample consisted of 73 children, screen positive for FS, drawn from the general child population of 4-year-old children attending their health check-up at child healthcare centres in Gothenburg, Sweden. They were assessed as regards general cognitive ability, visual memory and attention and were contrasted with age norms and with results obtained in 20 children without FS from the same healthcare centres. RESULTS Of the 73 children, two had a previously diagnosed intellectual disability (ID) (one mild, one moderate) and two further children tested within the study had results corresponding to mild ID. Children with early onset of FS (before age 12 months)-who often had recurrent FS-had lower full-scale, verbal and processing speed IQ than those who had later onset of FS. CONCLUSION Children with early onset of FS and particularly those with recurrent FS may be at increased risk for poorer verbal and processing speed functioning and therefore at risk of developing cognitive, executive dysfunctions. They would probably benefit from neuropaediatric and neuropsychological follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Billstedt
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Child Neuropsychiatry Clinic Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Gill Nilsson
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Child Neuropsychiatry Clinic Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Lotta Leffler
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Children and Young Persons Medical Centre Mölnlycke Sweden
| | - Lisa Carlsson
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Maternity and Paediatric Healthcare Fyrbodal Sotenäs Sweden
| | - Ingrid Olsson
- Department of Pediatrics Institute of Clinical Sciences Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Fernell
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Child Neuropsychiatry Clinic Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Christopher Gillberg
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Child Neuropsychiatry Clinic Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
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20
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Adachi S, Inoue M, Kawakami I, Koga H. Short-term neurodevelopmental outcomes of focal febrile seizures. Brain Dev 2020; 42:342-347. [PMID: 32019687 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effect of complex febrile seizures (FS), specifically focal FS, on long-term neurodevelopmental outcome is not well known. The aim of this study was to assess the association between complex FS and neurodevelopmental outcome. METHODS A single-center, retrospective, cohort study was performed. The study included 282 children aged 6-60 months who experienced FS. Of these, 61 (22%) experienced recurrent FS, 33 (12%) prolonged FS, and 17 (6%) focal FS. The effect of these complex FS on subsequent need for special neurodevelopmental support was investigated. The neurodevelopmental status after FS was evaluated by a questionnaire. RESULTS During a median follow-up period of 3 years post FS, 12 children (4.3%) required special neurodevelopmental support. Univariate analysis demonstrated a significant association between focal FS and the need for subsequent special neurodevelopmental support, as well as a correlation between prolonged FS and pre-existing neurodevelopmental abnormality. Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that focal FS (odds ratio [OR]: 12.27; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.11-71.22) and pre-existing neurodevelopmental abnormality (OR: 262; 95% CI: 17-3944) were significantly associated with the need for subsequent special support. CONCLUSION An association was found between focal FS and subsequent neurodevelopmental impairment; therefore, close follow-up with particular attention to neurodevelopmental status is required for children who experience focal FS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Adachi
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Beppu Medical Center, 1473 Oaza-Uchikamado, Beppu, Oita 874-0011, Japan
| | - Masataka Inoue
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Beppu Medical Center, 1473 Oaza-Uchikamado, Beppu, Oita 874-0011, Japan
| | - Isao Kawakami
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Beppu Medical Center, 1473 Oaza-Uchikamado, Beppu, Oita 874-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Koga
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Beppu Medical Center, 1473 Oaza-Uchikamado, Beppu, Oita 874-0011, Japan.
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21
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Thébault-Dagher F, Deguire F, Knoth IS, Lafontaine MP, Barlaam F, Côté V, Agbogba K, Lippé S. Prolonged and unprolonged complex febrile seizures differently affect frontal theta brain activity. Epilepsy Res 2020; 159:106217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2019.106217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Abstract
Learning abilities are present in infancy, as they are critical for adaptation. From simple habituation and novelty responses to stimuli, learning capacities evolve throughout the lifespan. During development, learning abilities become more flexible and integrated across sensory modalities, allowing the encoding of more complex information, and in larger amounts. In turn, an increasing knowledge base leads to adaptive changes in behavior, making responses and actions more precise and effective. The objective of this chapter is to review the main behavioral manifestations of human learning abilities in early development and their biologic underpinnings, ranging from the cellular level to neurocognitive systems and mechanisms. We first focus on the ability to learn from repetitions of stimuli and how years of research in this field have recently contributed to theories of fundamental brain mechanisms whose implications for cognitive development are under study. The ability to memorize associations between different items and events is addressed next as we review the variety of contexts in which this associative memory and its neurologic bases come into play. Together, repetition-based learning and associative memory provide powerful means of understanding the surrounding environment, not only through the gathering and consolidation of specific types of information, but also by continually testing and adjusting stored information to better adapt to changing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Philippe Lafontaine
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Inga Sophia Knoth
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarah Lippé
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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23
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Chin RFM. The outcomes of childhood convulsive status epilepticus. Epilepsy Behav 2019; 101:106286. [PMID: 31196823 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies focus specifically on childhood convulsive status epilepticus (CSE). Geographical differences and study design may influence research findings. A comprehensive understanding of the outcomes of childhood CSE needs to bear these factors in mind when examining the published literature. A systematic review of the outcome of childhood CSE was carried out more than a decade ago. Since then, there have been major prospective studies (in the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)) focused on childhood CSE. METHODS Six major prospective studies are described, and their results combined through a narrative synthesis with findings of the earlier systematic review. The following CSE outcomes are described: (1) recurrence; (2) short-term mortality; (3) subsequent epilepsy; (4) neurological, cognitive, and behavioral impairments outside of epilepsy; (5) long-term mortality; (6) association with hippocampal injury and mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS); and (7) white matter changes. RESULTS One-year recurrence after the first-ever CSE, whether its prolonged febrile seizures (PFS) or non-PFS, is 16% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 10-24). Twenty percent will have a recurrence within 4 years. Case fatality during hospitalization in high income countries is 2.7-5.2%, and 15% in SSA. The cumulative incidence of subsequent epilepsy nine years post-CSE is 25% (95% CI: 16-36). Neurological, cognitive, and behavioral impairments outside of epilepsy are detectable within 6 weeks of CSE. This persists at one year, and by 9 years follow-up, at least at third of subjects will be affected. Long-term mortality ranges from 5 to 17%, with the true estimate at 9 years follow-up to be 8% with standardized mortality ratio of 46. Mesial temporal sclerosis is uncommon, and decreased hippocampal volume is seen in both PFS and non-PFS. Duration is not but etiology/CSE type is, associated with outcome. CONCLUSION Childhood CSE is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Etiology but not duration is the main determinant. This article is part of the Special Issue "Proceedings of the 7th London-Innsbruck Colloquium on Status Epilepticus and Acute Seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard F M Chin
- Muir Maxwell Epilepsy Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Paediatric Neurosciences, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, UK.
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de Nijs L, Choe K, Steinbusch H, Schijns OEMG, Dings J, van den Hove DLA, Rutten BPF, Hoogland G. DNA methyltransferase isoforms expression in the temporal lobe of epilepsy patients with a history of febrile seizures. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:118. [PMID: 31426844 PMCID: PMC6701147 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0721-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is a common pharmaco-resistant epilepsy referred for adult epilepsy surgery. Though associated with prolonged febrile seizures (FS) in childhood, the neurobiological basis for this relationship is not fully understood and currently no preventive or curative therapies are available. DNA methylation, an epigenetic mechanism catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), potentially plays a pivotal role in epileptogenesis associated with FS. In an attempt to start exploring this notion, the present cross-sectional pilot study investigated whether global DNA methylation levels (5-mC and 5-hmC markers) and DNMT isoforms (DNMT1, DNMT3a1, and DNMT3a2) expression would be different in hippocampal and neocortical tissues between controls and TLE patients with or without a history of FS. Results We found that global DNA methylation levels and DNMT3a2 isoform expression were lower in the hippocampus for all TLE groups when compared to control patients, with a more significant decrease amongst the TLE groups with a history of FS. Interestingly, we showed that DNMT3a1 expression was severely diminished in the hippocampus of TLE patients with a history of FS in comparison with control and other TLE groups. In the neocortex, we found a higher expression of DNMT1 and DNMT3a1 as well as increased levels of global DNA methylation for all TLE patients compared to controls. Conclusion Together, the findings of this descriptive cross-sectional pilot study demonstrated brain region-specific changes in DNMT1 and DNMT3a isoform expression as well as global DNA methylation levels in human TLE with or without a history of FS. They highlighted a specific implication of DNMT3a isoforms in TLE after FS. Therefore, longitudinal studies that aim at targeting DNMT3a isoforms to evaluate the potential causal relationship between FS and TLE or treatment of FS-induced epileptogenesis seem warranted. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13148-019-0721-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence de Nijs
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Kyonghwan Choe
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hellen Steinbusch
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Olaf E M G Schijns
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Academic Center for Epileptology (ACE), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jim Dings
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Academic Center for Epileptology (ACE), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel L A van den Hove
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bart P F Rutten
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Govert Hoogland
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Academic Center for Epileptology (ACE), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Nilsson G, Westerlund J, Fernell E, Billstedt E, Miniscalco C, Arvidsson T, Olsson I, Gillberg C. Neurodevelopmental problems should be considered in children with febrile seizures. Acta Paediatr 2019; 108:1507-1514. [PMID: 30614569 DOI: 10.1111/apa.14716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Clinical developmental phenotyping of four- to five-year-old children with febrile seizures (FSs). METHODS Children with FS (n = 157, corresponding to 3.7% of the targeted general population of four-five-year-olds) had been identified at child healthcare centres in Gothenburg. Parents of 73 children (41 boys, 32 girls) accepted participation in the present study. The assessments included a neuropaediatric assessment, Movement ABC, Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-III and parent questionnaires (Five-to-Fifteen (FTF) and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)). Hospital records were reviewed, when applicable. RESULTS One-third of the children had at least one DSM-5 neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosis or marked developmental problems within areas of attention, activity regulation, behaviour, speech and language, general cognition or motor functioning. No differences were found between children with single vs recurrent or simple vs complex FS. CONCLUSION Febrile seizure are relatively often associated with Early Symptomatic Syndromes Eliciting Neurodevelopmental Clinical Examinations (ESSENCEs). We found no indications that ESSENCE might be caused by FS per se. However, the results suggest that child healthcare professionals should consider the possibility of ESSENCE in children with a history of FS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gill Nilsson
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre Sahlgrenska Academy Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Joakim Westerlund
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre Sahlgrenska Academy Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Institute of Psychology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Fernell
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre Sahlgrenska Academy Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Eva Billstedt
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre Sahlgrenska Academy Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Carmela Miniscalco
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre Sahlgrenska Academy Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | | | - Ingrid Olsson
- Department of Paediatrics Institute of Clinical Sciences Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Christopher Gillberg
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre Sahlgrenska Academy Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
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Martinos MM, Pujar S, O'Reilly H, de Haan M, Neville BG, Scott RC, Chin RF. Intelligence and memory outcomes within 10 years of childhood convulsive status epilepticus. Epilepsy Behav 2019; 95:18-25. [PMID: 31009825 PMCID: PMC6586081 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Long-term intelligence and memory outcomes of children post convulsive status epilepticus (CSE) have not been systematically investigated despite evidence of short-term impairments in CSE. The present study aimed to describe intelligence and memory outcomes in children within 10 years of CSE and identify potential risk factors for adverse outcomes. In this cohort study, children originally identified by the population-based North London Convulsive Status Epilepticus in Childhood Surveillance Study (NLSTEPSS) were prospectively recruited between July 2009 and February 2013 and invited for neuropsychological assessments and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Full-scale intelligence quotients (FSIQs) were measured using the Wechsler Abbreviated Scales of Intelligence (WASI), and global memory scores (GMS) was assessed using the Children's Memory Scale (CMS). The cohort was analyzed as a whole and stratified into a prolonged febrile seizures (PFS) and non-PFS group. Their performance was compared with population norms and controls. Regression models were fitted to identify predictors of outcomes. With a mean of 8.9 years post-CSE, 28.5% of eligible participants were unable to undertake testing because of their severe neurodevelopmental deficits. Children with CSE who undertook formal testing (N = 94) were shown to have significantly lower FSIQ (p = 0.001) and GMS (p = 0.025) from controls; the PFS group (N = 34) had lower FSIQs (p = 0.022) but similar memory quotients (p = 0.88) with controls. Intracranial volume (ICV), developmental delay at baseline, and active epilepsy at follow-up were predictive of long-term outcomes in the non-PFS group. The relationship between ICV and outcomes was absent in the PFS group despite its presence in the control and non-PFS groups. Post-CSE, survivors reveal significant intelligence and memory impairments, but prognosis differs by CSE type; memory scores are uncompromised in the PFS group despite evidence of their lower FSIQ whereas both are compromised in the non-PFS group. Correlations between brain volumes and outcomes differ in the PFS, non-PFS, and control groups and require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina M. Martinos
- Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK,Corresponding author at: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropsychiatry, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, WC1N 1EH London, UK.
| | - Suresh Pujar
- Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Helen O'Reilly
- Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Michelle de Haan
- Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Brian G.R. Neville
- Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Rod C. Scott
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, VT, USA
| | - Richard F.M. Chin
- Muir Maxwell Epilepsy Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Dai YJ, Wu DC, Feng B, Chen B, Tang YS, Jin MM, Zhao HW, Dai HB, Wang Y, Chen Z. Prolonged febrile seizures induce inheritable memory deficits in rats through DNA methylation. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 25:601-611. [PMID: 30666786 PMCID: PMC6488897 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Febrile seizures (FSs) are the most common types of seizures in young children. However, little is known whether the memory deficits induced by early‐life FSs could transmit across generations or not. Methods The memory functions of different generations of FS rats were behaviorally evaluated by morris water maze, inhibitory avoidance task, and contextual fear conditioning task. Meanwhile, molecular biology and pharmacological methods were used to investigate the role of DNA methylation in transgenerational transmission of memory defects. Results Prolonged FSs in infant rats resulted in memory deficits in adult and transgenerationally transmitted to next generation, which was mainly through mothers. For these two generations, DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1 was upregulated, leading to transcriptional inhibition of the synaptic plasticity protein reelin but not the memory suppressor protein phosphatase 1. DNMT inhibitors prevented the high expression of DNMT1 and hypermethylation of reelin gene and reversed the transgenerationally memory deficits. In addition, enriched environment in juvenile rats rescued memory deficits induced by prolonged FSs. Conclusions Our study demonstrated early experience of prolonged FSs led to memory deficits in adult rats and their unaffected offspring, which involved epigenetic mechanisms, suggesting early environmental experiences had a significant impact on the transgenerational transmission of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jian Dai
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Deng-Chang Wu
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Feng
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang-Shun Tang
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Miao-Miao Jin
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua-Wei Zhao
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Children's hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Bin Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Kavanagh FA, Heaton PA, Cannon A, Paul SP. Recognition and management of febrile convulsions in children. BRITISH JOURNAL OF NURSING (MARK ALLEN PUBLISHING) 2018; 27:1156-1162. [PMID: 30418862 DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2018.27.20.1156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Febrile convulsions (FCs) are characterised by convulsions associated with fever in children aged between 6 months and 6 years. FCs are relatively common and affect 3-4% of children in western countries. This is the most common seizure disorder seen in children. The cause of febrile illness in FC is usually benign and most frequently due to acute viral infection. Convulsions secondary to an intracranial infection (e.g. meningitis, encephalitis) or from acute electrolyte imbalance should not be labelled as FCs. The diagnosis is based mainly on clinical history, and further investigations are generally unnecessary; management is largely symptomatic. Prolonged FC may need anticonvulsant medication to stop the seizure. Referral to paediatric neurologists may be considered in cases of complex or recurrent FC or in children where there is a pre-existing neurological disorder. One third of children with a first FC will develop a further FC during subsequent febrile illness; the likelihood increases in presence of other risk factors. This article outlines the presentation, management, investigations and prognosis for FC, and highlights how nurses in different clinical settings can provide education, support and counselling to help families return to normality after the event. An illustrative case study is also included to highlight the challenges faced by health professionals while managing children with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Cannon
- Matron in Paediatrics, Yeovil District Hospital
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29
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Martinos MM, Pujar S, Gillberg C, Cortina‐Borja M, Neville BGR, De Haan M, Scott RC, Chin RFM. Long-term behavioural outcomes after paediatric convulsive status epilepticus: a population-based cohort study. Dev Med Child Neurol 2018; 60:409-416. [PMID: 29226310 PMCID: PMC5900729 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To describe behavioural and psychiatric outcomes of children within 10 years of convulsive status epilepticus (CSE). METHOD Children originally identified by the population-based North London Convulsive Status Epilepticus in Childhood Surveillance Study were followed-up between July 2009 and February 2013. They were grouped into epilepsy- and non-epilepsy-related CSE, and compared with population norms and healthy controls using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; the Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire; and the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham questionnaire. Children who scored above recommended clinical cut-offs on any scale were invited for a neuropsychiatric assessment. Regression models were fitted to identify clinically relevant covariates associated with behavioural outcomes. RESULTS At a mean follow-up of 8.1 years post-CSE, 28% of enrolled children were found to have a psychiatric disorder. Children with epilepsy-related CSE scored higher than norms on all scales and children with non-epilepsy-related CSE scored higher than norms on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and the Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire. Presence of seizures at baseline and recurrence of CSE was associated with worse outcomes in the group with epilepsy. Intellectual abilities were associated with behavioural outcomes in all participants. INTERPRETATION A large proportion of children manifest behavioural issues 8 years after CSE. The present data highlight the need for behavioural screening in children with neurodevelopmental impairments post-CSE. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS Eight years post convulsive status epilepticus (CSE), 37% of parents report behavioural issues. Of enrolled children, 28% were found to have a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual mental disorder. Intellectual abilities are strongly associated with behavioural outcomes in children post-CSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina M Martinos
- Developmental Neurosciences ProgrammeUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUK
| | - Suresh Pujar
- Developmental Neurosciences ProgrammeUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUK
| | | | - Mario Cortina‐Borja
- Population, Policy and Practice ProgrammeUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUK
| | - Brian G R Neville
- Developmental Neurosciences ProgrammeUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUK
| | - Michelle De Haan
- Developmental Neurosciences ProgrammeUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUK
| | - Rod C Scott
- Developmental Neurosciences ProgrammeUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUK,Department of Neurological SciencesUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
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Gillberg C, Lundström S, Fernell E, Nilsson G, Neville B. Febrile Seizures and Epilepsy: Association With Autism and Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders in the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden. Pediatr Neurol 2017; 74:80-86.e2. [PMID: 28754226 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a recently well-documented association between childhood epilepsy and earlysymptomaticsyndromeselicitingneurodevelopmentalclinicalexaminations (ESSENCE) including autism spectrum disorder, but the relationship between febrile seizures and ESSENCE is less clear. METHODS The Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS) is an ongoing population-based study targeting twins born in Sweden since July 1, 1992. Parents of 27,092 twins were interviewed using a validated DSM-IV-based interview for ESSENCE, in connection with the twins' ninth or twelfth birthday. Diagnoses of febrile seizures (n = 492) and epilepsy (n = 282) were based on data from the Swedish National Patient Register. Prevalence of ESSENCE in individuals with febrile seizures and epilepsy was compared with prevalence in the twin population without seizures. The association between febrile seizures and ESSENCE was considered before and after adjustment for epilepsy. Age of diagnosis of febrile seizures and epilepsy was considered as a possible correlate of ESSENCE in febrile seizures and epilepsy. RESULTS The rate of ESSENCE in febrile seizures and epilepsy was significantly higher than in the total population without seizures (all P < 0.001). After adjusting for epilepsy, a significant association between febrile seizures and autism spectrum disorder, developmental coordination disorder, and intellectual disability remained. Earlier age of onset was associated with all ESSENCE except attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in epilepsy but not with ESSENCE in febrile seizures. CONCLUSIONS In a nationally representative sample of twins, there was an increased rate of ESSENCE in childhood epilepsy and in febrile seizures. Febrile seizures alone could occur as a marker for a broader ESSENCE phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Gillberg
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Research Department, Young Epilepsy, Surrey, UK; Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sebastian Lundström
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Fernell
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Gill Nilsson
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Brian Neville
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Research Department, Young Epilepsy, Surrey, UK; Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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Barry JM, Sakkaki S, Barriere SJ, Patterson KP, Lenck-Santini PP, Scott RC, Baram TZ, Holmes GL. Temporal Coordination of Hippocampal Neurons Reflects Cognitive Outcome Post-febrile Status Epilepticus. EBioMedicine 2016; 7:175-90. [PMID: 27322471 PMCID: PMC4909381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The coordination of dynamic neural activity within and between neural networks is believed to underlie normal cognitive processes. Conversely, cognitive deficits that occur following neurological insults may result from network discoordination. We hypothesized that cognitive outcome following febrile status epilepticus (FSE) depends on network efficacy within and between fields CA1 and CA3 to dynamically organize cell activity by theta phase. Control and FSE rats were trained to forage or perform an active avoidance spatial task. FSE rats were sorted by those that were able to reach task criterion (FSE-L) and those that could not (FSE-NL). FSE-NL CA1 place cells did not exhibit phase preference in either context and exhibited poor cross-theta interaction between CA1 and CA3. FSE-L and control CA1 place cells exhibited phase preference at peak theta that shifted during active avoidance to the same static phase preference observed in CA3. Temporal coordination of neuronal activity by theta phase may therefore explain variability in cognitive outcome following neurological insults in early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Barry
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States.
| | - Sophie Sakkaki
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States
| | - Sylvain J Barriere
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States
| | - Katelin P Patterson
- Departments of Anatomy/Neurobiology and Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
| | | | - Rod C Scott
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States; Department of Neurology, University College London, Institute of Child Health, United Kingdom
| | - Tallie Z Baram
- Departments of Anatomy/Neurobiology and Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Gregory L Holmes
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States
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Tao K, Ichikawa J, Matsuki N, Ikegaya Y, Koyama R. Experimental febrile seizures induce age-dependent structural plasticity and improve memory in mice. Neuroscience 2016; 318:34-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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The Effects of Amiloride on Seizure Activity, Cognitive Deficits and Seizure-Induced Neurogenesis in a Novel Rat Model of Febrile Seizures. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:933-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1777-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
The challenges to individuals with epilepsy extend far beyond the seizures. Co-morbidities in epilepsy are very common and are often more problematic to individuals than the seizures themselves. In this review, the pathophysiological mechanisms of cognitive impairment are discussed. While aetiology of the epilepsy has a significant influence on cognition, there is increasing evidence that prolonged or recurrent seizures can cause or exacerbate cognitive impairment. Alterations in signalling pathways and neuronal network function play a major role in both the pathophysiology of epilepsy and the epilepsy comorbidities. However, the biological underpinnings of cognitive impairment can be distinct from the pathophysiological processes that cause seizures.
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Coughlin CR, van Karnebeek CDM, Al-Hertani W, Shuen AY, Jaggumantri S, Jack RM, Gaughan S, Burns C, Mirsky DM, Gallagher RC, Van Hove JLK. Triple therapy with pyridoxine, arginine supplementation and dietary lysine restriction in pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy: Neurodevelopmental outcome. Mol Genet Metab 2015; 116:35-43. [PMID: 26026794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (PDE) is an epileptic encephalopathy characterized by response to pharmacologic doses of pyridoxine. PDE is caused by deficiency of α-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase resulting in impaired lysine degradation and subsequent accumulation of α-aminoadipic semialdehyde. Despite adequate seizure control with pyridoxine monotherapy, 75% of individuals with PDE have significant developmental delay and intellectual disability. We describe a new combined therapeutic approach to reduce putative toxic metabolites from impaired lysine metabolism. This approach utilizes pyridoxine, a lysine-restricted diet to limit the substrate that leads to neurotoxic metabolite accumulation and L-arginine to compete for brain lysine influx and liver mitochondrial import. We report the developmental and biochemical outcome of six subjects who were treated with this triple therapy. Triple therapy reduced CSF, plasma, and urine biomarkers associated with neurotoxicity in PDE. The addition of arginine supplementation to children already treated with dietary lysine restriction and pyridoxine further reduced toxic metabolites, and in some subjects appeared to improve neurodevelopmental outcome. Dietary lysine restriction was associated with improved seizure control in one subject, and the addition of arginine supplementation increased the objective motor outcome scale in two twin siblings, illustrating the contribution of each component of this treatment combination. Optimal results were noted in the individual treated with triple therapy early in the course of the disease. Residual disease symptoms could be related to early injury suggested by initial MR imaging prior to initiation of treatment or from severe epilepsy prior to diagnosis. This observational study reports the use of triple therapy, which combines three effective components in this rare condition, and suggests that early diagnosis and treatment with this new triple therapy may ameliorate the cognitive impairment in PDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis R Coughlin
- Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Clara D M van Karnebeek
- Division of Biochemical Diseases &Treatable Intellectual Disability Endeavour in British Columbia (TIDE-BC), Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Walla Al-Hertani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University of Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Andrew Y Shuen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University of Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sravan Jaggumantri
- Division of Biochemical Diseases &Treatable Intellectual Disability Endeavour in British Columbia (TIDE-BC), Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rhona M Jack
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital Laboratory, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sommer Gaughan
- Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Casey Burns
- Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - David M Mirsky
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Renata C Gallagher
- Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Johan L K Van Hove
- Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.
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Agadi S, Shetty AK. Concise Review: Prospects of Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Treating Status Epilepticus and Chronic Epilepsy. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2093-103. [PMID: 25851047 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mononuclear cells (MNCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from the bone marrow and other sources have received significant attention as donor cells for treating various neurological disorders due to their robust neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover, it is relatively easy to procure these cells from both autogenic and allogenic sources. Currently, there is considerable interest in examining the usefulness of these cells for conditions such as status epilepticus (SE) and chronic epilepsy. A prolonged seizure activity in SE triggers neurodegeneration in the limbic brain areas, which elicits epileptogenesis and evolves into a chronic epileptic state. Because of their potential for providing neuroprotection, diminishing inflammation and curbing epileptogenesis, early intervention with MNCs or MSCs appears attractive for treating SE as such effects may restrain the development of chronic epilepsy typified by spontaneous seizures and learning and memory impairments. Delayed administration of these cells after SE may also be useful for easing spontaneous seizures and cognitive dysfunction in chronic epilepsy. This concise review evaluates the current knowledge and outlook pertaining to MNC and MSC therapies for SE and chronic epilepsy. In the first section, the behavior of these cells in animal models of SE and their efficacy to restrain neurodegeneration, inflammation, and epileptogenesis are discussed. The competence of these cells for suppressing seizures and improving cognitive function in chronic epilepsy are conferred in the next section. The final segment ponders issues that need to be addressed to pave the way for clinical application of these cells for SE and chronic epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Agadi
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine at Scott & White, Temple, Texas, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, McLane's Children's Hospital, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine at Scott & White, Temple, Texas, USA.,Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, Texas, USA
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Jabès A, Nelson CA. 20 years after “The ontogeny of human memory: A cognitive neuroscience perspective,” where are we? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/0165025415575766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In 1995, Nelson published a paper describing a model of memory development during the first years of life. The current article seeks to provide an update on the original work published 20 years ago. Specifically, we review our current knowledge on the relation between the emergence of explicit memory functions throughout development and the maturation of associated brain regions. It is now well established that the brain regions subserving explicit memory functions (i.e. the hippocampal formation) are far from mature at birth, and exhibit important and gradual structural changes during childhood and beyond. Accordingly, explicit memory functions develop progressively. While some functions are present shortly after birth (formerly proposed as pre-explicit memory), others exhibit protracted developmental profiles during the first years of life. We examine the link between the emergence of different memory functions and the maturation of specific hippocampal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Jabès
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles A Nelson
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Barry JM, Choy M, Dube C, Robbins A, Obenaus A, Lenck-Santini PP, Scott RC, Baram TZ, Holmes GL. T2 relaxation time post febrile status epilepticus predicts cognitive outcome. Exp Neurol 2015; 269:242-52. [PMID: 25939697 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from animal models and patient data indicates that febrile status epilepticus (FSE) in early development can result in permanently diminished cognitive abilities. To understand the variability in cognitive outcome following FSE, we used MRI to measure dynamic brain metabolic responses to the induction of FSE in juvenile rats. We then compared these measurements to the ability to learn an active avoidance spatial task weeks later. T2 relaxation times were significantly lower in FSE rats that were task learners in comparison to FSE non-learners. While T2 time in whole brain held the greatest predictive power, T2 in hippocampus and basolateral amygdala were also excellent predictors. These signal differences in response to FSE indicate that rats that fail to meet metabolic and oxygen demand are more likely to develop spatial cognition deficits. Place cells from FSE non-learners had significantly larger firing fields and higher in-field firing rate than FSE learners and control animals and imply increased excitability in the pyramidal cells of FSE non-learners. These findings suggest a mechanistic cause for the spatial memory deficits in active avoidance and are relevant to other acute neurological insults in early development where cognitive outcome is a concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Barry
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States; Department of Neurology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States.
| | - ManKin Choy
- Department of Neurology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Celine Dube
- Department of Neurology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Ashlee Robbins
- Department of Neurology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Andre Obenaus
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Pierre Pascal Lenck-Santini
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Rod C Scott
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States; Department of Neurology, University College London, Institute of Child Health, United Kingdom
| | - Tallie Z Baram
- Department of Neurology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Gregory L Holmes
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is a long-standing hypothesis that febrile status epilepticus (FSE) can cause brain injury, particularly to the hippocampus. This review will evaluate recent evidence on the relationships between FSE and later epilepsy and cognitive impairments. Potential strategies for minimizing adverse outcomes will be discussed. RECENT FINDINGS There are two major longitudinal studies evaluating the outcomes for FSE. These studies provide evidence of acute hippocampal edema that evolves to mesial temporal sclerosis in a small number of children (∼7%). However, none of these children have developed temporal lobe epilepsy. There is also evidence of more global white matter injury. Development is affected, with a loss of about 10 developmental quotient points and there is evidence for accelerated forgetting. These findings do not correlate with MRI parameters. Therefore, FSE can cause a wide spectrum of injury, but the relationship between this and clinically relevant adverse outcomes remains uncertain. SUMMARY Although there is accumulating evidence that FSE can cause brain injury, the strategies to minimize the impact remain uncertain. Imaging requires sedation, with inherent risks, and may not be appropriate for all children with FSE, given the small number with significant hippocampal edema that could be a biomarker. The alternative of treating all children requires a very safe drug which currently does not exist.
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Abstract
Convulsive status epilepticus is the most common neurological emergency in children and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The morbidities include later development of epilepsy, cognitive impairment, and psychiatric impairments. There has been a long-standing hypothesis that these outcomes are, at least in part, a function of brain injury induced by the status epilepticus. There is evidence from animal models and prospective human studies that the hippocampus may be injured during febrile status epilepticus although this pathophysiological sequence remains uncommon. Potential mechanisms include excitotoxicity, ischaemia, and inflammation. Neuroprotective drugs reduce brain injury but have little impact on epileptogenesis or cognitive impairments. Anti-inflammatory treatments have given mixed results to date. Broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory agents, such as steroids, are potentially harmful, whereas prevention of leucocyte diapedesis across the blood brain barrier appears to have a positive outcome. Therefore, more studies dissecting the inflammatory process are required to establish the most effective strategies for translation into clinical practice. In addition to neuronal loss, cognitive impairments are related to neuronal re-organisation and disruption of neural networks underpinning cognition. Further understanding of these mechanisms may lead to novel therapies that prevent brain injury, but also therapies that may improve outcomes even if injury has occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rod C Scott
- Department of Neurological Science, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Neurosciences Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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Zhou J, Wang F, Zhang J, Gao H, Yang Y, Fu R. Repeated febrile convulsions impair hippocampal neurons and cause synaptic damage in immature rats: neuroprotective effect of fructose-1,6-diphosphate. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:937-42. [PMID: 25206915 PMCID: PMC4146224 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.133145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Fructose-1,6-diphosphate is a metabolic intermediate that promotes cell metabolism. We hypothesize that fructose-1,6-diphosphate can protect against neuronal damage induced by febrile convulsions. Hot-water bathing was used to establish a repetitive febrile convulsion model in rats aged 21 days, equivalent to 3–5 years in humans. Ninety minutes before each seizure induction, rats received an intraperitoneal injection of low- or high-dose fructose-1,6-diphosphate (500 or 1,000 mg/kg, respectively). Low- and high-dose fructose-1,6-diphosphate prolonged the latency and shortened the duration of seizures. Furthermore, high-dose fructose-1,6-diphosphate effectively reduced seizure severity. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that 24 hours after the last seizure, high-dose fructose-1,6-diphosphate reduced mitochondrial swelling, rough endoplasmic reticulum degranulation, Golgi dilation and synaptic cleft size, and increased synaptic active zone length, postsynaptic density thickness, and synaptic interface curvature in the hippocampal CA1 area. The present findings suggest that fructose-1,6-diphosphate is a neuroprotectant against hippocampal neuron and synapse damage induced by repeated febrile convulsion in immature rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yanan University Affiliated Hospital, Yan'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yufeng Yang
- Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Child Health Care, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Rongguo Fu
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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Are children affected by epileptic neuropsychiatric comorbidities? Epilepsy Behav 2014; 38:8-12. [PMID: 24239433 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Childhood-onset epilepsy is associated with psychiatric and cognitive difficulties and with poor social outcomes in adulthood. Some antiepileptic drugs adversely affect behavior in susceptible children with easy-to-control or refractory epilepsies, contributing to a high risk of psychological and psychiatric disturbance. Studies had demonstrated that patients with benign rolandic epilepsy and absence epilepsy had more aggressive behavior, depression, and anxiety disorders than control children. Psychiatric comorbidities are strongly associated with a poor long-term health-related quality of life in childhood-onset epilepsy, which suggests that comprehensive epilepsy care must include screening and long-term treatment for these conditions, even if seizures remit.
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Emsley HC, Appleton RE, Whitmore CL, Jury F, Lamb JA, Martin JE, Ollier WE, de la Morandière KP, Southern KW, Allan SM. Variations in inflammation-related genes may be associated with childhood febrile seizure susceptibility. Seizure 2014; 23:457-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Yoong M, Seunarine K, Martinos M, Chin RF, Clark CA, Scott RC. Prolonged febrile seizures cause reversible reductions in white matter integrity. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2013; 3:515-21. [PMID: 24273734 PMCID: PMC3830064 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged febrile seizures (PFS) are the commonest cause of childhood status epilepticus and are believed to carry a risk of neuronal damage, in particular to the mesial temporal lobe. This study was designed to determine: i) the effect of prolonged febrile seizures on white matter and ii) the temporal evolution of any changes seen. 33 children were recruited 1 month following PFS and underwent diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) with repeat imaging at 6 and 12 months after the original episode of PFS. 18 age-matched healthy control subjects underwent similar investigations at a single time point. Tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) was used to compare fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD) and radial diffusivity (RD) between patients and controls on a voxel-wise basis within the white matter skeleton. Widespread reductions in FA along multiple white matter tracts were found at 1 and 6 months post-PFS, but these had resolved at 12 months. At one month post-PFS the main changes seen were reductions in AD but at 6 months these had predominantly changed to increases in RD. These widespread white matter changes have not previously been noted following PFS. There are many possible explanations, but one plausible hypothesis is that this represents a temporary halting of normal white matter development caused by the seizure, that then resumes and normalises in the majority of children. Widespread reductions in FA occur in children after prolonged febrile seizures. These reductions persist up to 6 months post-PFS but resolve by 1 year. This may represent a seizure-related disruption of white matter development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yoong
- Neurosciences Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, 4/5 Long Yard, London WC1N 3LU, UK ; Imaging and Biophysics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 2AP, UK ; Young Epilepsy, Lingfield, Surrey, UK ; Edinburgh Neurosciences, The University of Edinburgh, Muir Maxwell Epilepsy Centre, Edinburgh, UK
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Martinos MM, Yoong M, Patil S, Chong WK, Mardari R, Chin RFM, Neville BGR, de Haan M, Scott RC. Early developmental outcomes in children following convulsive status epilepticus: a longitudinal study. Epilepsia 2013; 54:1012-9. [PMID: 23566067 DOI: 10.1111/epi.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Convulsive status epilepticus (CSE) is the most common pediatric neurologic emergency and is often associated with unfavorable neurodevelopmental outcomes. The early developmental trajectory of children following CSE has not been previously investigated, leaving a gap in our understanding of how these adverse long-term outcomes emerge. METHODS We prospectively recruited children aged between 1 and 42 months from a predefined geographic region of North London who had at least one episode of CSE and classified them as prolonged febrile seizures (PFS) or nonfebrile CSE. Neuropsychological and imaging investigations were conducted within 6 weeks of CSE (baseline) and were repeated a year later (follow-up). Neurodevelopment was assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development III and compared to normally developing children. Predictors of neurodevelopmental scores at baseline and follow-up were investigated using regression analyses. KEY FINDINGS Of the 54 children that underwent investigations a mean of 38 days following CSE, 27 had PFS (mean age 18.4 months) and 27 had nonfebrile CSE (mean age 15.5 months). In addition, 17 healthy controls were assessed (mean age 20.49 months). Children with nonfebrile CSE had a worse developmental outcome than children with PFS (p < 0.002), despite there being no differences in seizure characteristics. In contrast to expectations, the PFS group had a worse developmental outcome than controls (p = 0.002). There were no significant differences in performance from baseline to 1-year follow-up for the 70.4% of children who provided data. Seizure characteristics were not shown to be significant predictors of performance. SIGNIFICANCE CSE is associated with developmental impairments within 6 weeks of the acute event that continue to be present a year onward. This is also true of PFS cases that under-perform relative to controls despite mean scores within the clinically normal range. The absence of a change in performance from baseline to follow-up as well as the lack of a relationship between seizure characteristics and developmental outcomes supports the notion that premorbid abilities may be overshadowing any direct effects of CSE itself on outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina M Martinos
- Developmental Cognitive Neurosciences Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
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Millichap JG. Recognition Memory After Febrile Seizures. Pediatr Neurol Briefs 2012. [DOI: 10.15844/pedneurbriefs-26-12-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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