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Favret J, Nawaz MH, Patel M, Khaledi H, Gelb M, Shin D. Perinatal loss of galactosylceramidase in both oligodendrocytes and microglia is crucial for the pathogenesis of Krabbe disease in mice. Mol Ther 2024; 32:2207-2222. [PMID: 38734898 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal galactosylceramidase (GALC) is expressed in all brain cells, including oligodendrocytes (OLs), microglia, and astrocytes, although the cell-specific function of GALC is largely unknown. Mutations in GALC cause Krabbe disease (KD), a fatal neurological lysosomal disorder that usually affects infants. To study how Galc ablation in each glial cell type contributes to Krabbe pathogenesis, we used conditional Galc-floxed mice. Here, we found that OL-specific Galc conditional knockout (CKO) in mice results in a phenotype that includes wasting, psychosine accumulation, and neuroinflammation. Microglia- or astrocyte-specific Galc deletion alone in mice did not show specific phenotypes. Interestingly, mice with CKO of Galc from both OLs and microglia have a more severe neuroinflammation with an increase in globoid cell accumulation than OL-specific CKO alone. Moreover, the enhanced phenotype occurred without additional accumulation of psychosine. Further studies revealed that Galc knockout (Galc-KO) microglia cocultured with Galc-KO OLs elicits globoid cell formation and the overexpression of osteopontin and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, both proteins that are known to recruit immune cells and promote engulfment of debris and damaged cells. We conclude that OLs are the primary cells that initiate KD with an elevated psychosine level and microglia are required for the progression of neuroinflammation in a psychosine-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Favret
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Mohammed Haseeb Nawaz
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Mayuri Patel
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Hamid Khaledi
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael Gelb
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Daesung Shin
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
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Olveda GE, Barasa MN, Hill RA. Microglial phagocytosis of single dying oligodendrocytes is mediated by CX3CR1 but not MERTK. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114385. [PMID: 38935500 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte death is common in aging and neurodegenerative disease. In these conditions, dying oligodendrocytes must be efficiently removed to allow remyelination and to prevent a feedforward degenerative cascade. Removal of this cellular debris is thought to primarily be carried out by resident microglia. To investigate the cellular dynamics underlying how microglia do this, we use a single-cell cortical demyelination model combined with longitudinal intravital imaging of dual-labeled transgenic mice. Following phagocytosis, single microglia clear the targeted oligodendrocyte and its myelin sheaths in one day via a precise, rapid, and stereotyped sequence. Deletion of the fractalkine receptor, CX3CR1, delays the microglial phagocytosis of the cell soma but has no effect on clearance of myelin sheaths. Unexpectedly, deletion of the phosphatidylserine receptor, MERTK, has no effect on oligodendrocyte or myelin sheath clearance. Thus, separate molecular signals are used to detect, engage, and clear distinct sub-compartments of dying oligodendrocytes to maintain tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genaro E Olveda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Maryanne N Barasa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Robert A Hill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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Wang K, He L, Liu X, Wu M. Sodium p-perfluorinated noneoxybenzen sulfonate (OBS) induced neurotoxicity in zebrafish through mitochondrial dysfunction. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142651. [PMID: 38901702 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Sodium p-perfluorous nonenoxybenzene sulfonate (OBS)-one of the main alternatives to perfluorooctane sulfonate-has been increasingly detected in both aquatic environments and human bodies. Therefore, the pathogenic risks of OBS exposure warrant attention, especially its central nervous system toxicity mechanism under long-term exposure. In this study, the effects and mechanisms of OBS on the zebrafish brain at 40 days post exposure were examined. The results demonstrated that at 3.2 μg/L, OBS had no significant effect on the zebrafish brain, but 32 μg/L OBS caused depression or poor social behavior in zebrafish and reduced both their memory and survival ability. These changes were accompanied by histological damage and cell apoptosis. Furthermore, OBS caused the accumulation of excessive reactive oxygen species in the fish brain, leading to oxidative stress and subsequently cell apoptosis. Moreover, an imbalance of both inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α, and NF-κB) and neurotransmitters (GABA and Glu) led to neuroinflammation. Additionally, 32 μg/L OBS induced decreases in mitochondrial membrane potential and Na+-K+-ATPase activity, leading to both mitochondrial structural damage and the emergence of mitochondrial autophagosomes, partly explaining the neurotoxicity of OBS. These results help to analyze the target sites and molecular mechanisms of OBS neurotoxicity and provide a basis for the scientific evaluation of its health risks to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Plant Protection College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 100866, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lu He
- Plant Protection College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 100866, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Plant Protection College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 100866, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengfei Wu
- Plant Protection College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 100866, People's Republic of China
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Chikviladze M, Mamulashvili N, Sepashvili M, Narmania N, Ramsden J, Shanshiashvili L, Mikeladze D. Citrullinated isomer of myelin basic protein can induce inflammatory responses in astrocytes. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2024; 16:127-134. [PMID: 38288135 PMCID: PMC10823069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose During the course of demyelinating inflammatory diseases, myelin-derived proteins, including myelin basic protein(MBP), are secreted into extracellular space. MBP shows extensive post-translational modifications, including deimination/citrullination. Deiminated MBP is structurally less ordered, susceptible to proteolytic attack, and more immunogenic than unmodified MBP. This study investigated the effect of the deiminated/citrullinated isomer of MBP(C8) and the unmodified isomer of MBP(C1) on cultured primary astrocytes. Methods MBP charge isomers were isolated/purified from bovine brain. Primary astrocyte cultures were prepared from the 2-day-old Wistar rats. For evaluation of glutamate release/uptake a Fluorimetric glutamate assay was used. Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma(PPAR-γ), excitatory amino acid transporter 2(EAAT2), the inhibitor of the nuclear factor kappa-B(ikB) and high mobility group-B1(HMGB1) protein were assayed by Western blot analysis. IL-17A expression was determined in cell medium by ELISA. Results We found that MBP(C8) and MBP(C1) acted differently on the uptake/release of glutamate in astrocytes: C1 increased glutamate uptake and did not change its release, whereas C8 decreased glutamate release but did not change its uptake. Both isomers increased the expression of PPAR-γ and EAAT2 to the same degree. Western blots of cell lysates revealed decreased expression of ikB and increased expression of HMGB1 proteins after treatment of astrocytes by C8. Moreover, C8-treated cells released more nitric oxide and proinflammatory IL-17A than C1-treated cells. Conclusions These data suggest that the most immunogenic deiminated isomer C8, in parallel to the decreases in glutamate release, elicits an inflammatory response and enhances the secretion of proinflammatory molecules via activation of nuclear factor kappa B(NF-kB). Summary statement The most modified-citrullinated myelin basic protein charge isomer decreases glutamate release, elicits an inflammatory response and enhances the secretion of proinflammatory molecules via activation of nuclear factor kappa B in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nino Mamulashvili
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Maia Sepashvili
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
- Department of Biochemistry, I. Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nana Narmania
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
- Department of Biochemistry, I. Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Jeremy Ramsden
- Department of Biomedical Research, The University of Buckingham, Hunter Street, Buckingham MK18 1EG, UK
| | - Lali Shanshiashvili
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
- Department of Biochemistry, I. Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - David Mikeladze
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
- Department of Biochemistry, I. Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine, Tbilisi, Georgia
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Santiago-Balmaseda A, Aguirre-Orozco A, Valenzuela-Arzeta IE, Villegas-Rojas MM, Pérez-Segura I, Jiménez-Barrios N, Hurtado-Robles E, Rodríguez-Hernández LD, Rivera-German ER, Guerra-Crespo M, Martinez-Fong D, Ledesma-Alonso C, Diaz-Cintra S, Soto-Rojas LO. Neurodegenerative Diseases: Unraveling the Heterogeneity of Astrocytes. Cells 2024; 13:921. [PMID: 38891053 PMCID: PMC11172252 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The astrocyte population, around 50% of human brain cells, plays a crucial role in maintaining the overall health and functionality of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are vital in orchestrating neuronal development by releasing synaptogenic molecules and eliminating excessive synapses. They also modulate neuronal excitability and contribute to CNS homeostasis, promoting neuronal survival by clearance of neurotransmitters, transporting metabolites, and secreting trophic factors. Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous and respond to CNS injuries and diseases through a process known as reactive astrogliosis, which can contribute to both inflammation and its resolution. Recent evidence has revealed remarkable alterations in astrocyte transcriptomes in response to several diseases, identifying at least two distinct phenotypes called A1 or neurotoxic and A2 or neuroprotective astrocytes. However, due to the vast heterogeneity of these cells, it is limited to classify them into only two phenotypes. This review explores the various physiological and pathophysiological roles, potential markers, and pathways that might be activated in different astrocytic phenotypes. Furthermore, we discuss the astrocyte heterogeneity in the main neurodegenerative diseases and identify potential therapeutic strategies. Understanding the underlying mechanisms in the differentiation and imbalance of the astrocytic population will allow the identification of specific biomarkers and timely therapeutic approaches in various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Santiago-Balmaseda
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4 Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 54090, Mexico; (A.S.-B.); (A.A.-O.); (M.M.V.-R.); (I.P.-S.); (E.H.-R.); (L.D.R.-H.); (E.R.R.-G.)
| | - Annai Aguirre-Orozco
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4 Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 54090, Mexico; (A.S.-B.); (A.A.-O.); (M.M.V.-R.); (I.P.-S.); (E.H.-R.); (L.D.R.-H.); (E.R.R.-G.)
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (I.E.V.-A.); (N.J.-B.); (D.M.-F.)
| | - Irais E. Valenzuela-Arzeta
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (I.E.V.-A.); (N.J.-B.); (D.M.-F.)
| | - Marcos M. Villegas-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4 Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 54090, Mexico; (A.S.-B.); (A.A.-O.); (M.M.V.-R.); (I.P.-S.); (E.H.-R.); (L.D.R.-H.); (E.R.R.-G.)
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | - Isaac Pérez-Segura
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4 Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 54090, Mexico; (A.S.-B.); (A.A.-O.); (M.M.V.-R.); (I.P.-S.); (E.H.-R.); (L.D.R.-H.); (E.R.R.-G.)
| | - Natalie Jiménez-Barrios
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (I.E.V.-A.); (N.J.-B.); (D.M.-F.)
| | - Ernesto Hurtado-Robles
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4 Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 54090, Mexico; (A.S.-B.); (A.A.-O.); (M.M.V.-R.); (I.P.-S.); (E.H.-R.); (L.D.R.-H.); (E.R.R.-G.)
| | - Luis Daniel Rodríguez-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4 Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 54090, Mexico; (A.S.-B.); (A.A.-O.); (M.M.V.-R.); (I.P.-S.); (E.H.-R.); (L.D.R.-H.); (E.R.R.-G.)
| | - Erick R. Rivera-German
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4 Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 54090, Mexico; (A.S.-B.); (A.A.-O.); (M.M.V.-R.); (I.P.-S.); (E.H.-R.); (L.D.R.-H.); (E.R.R.-G.)
| | - Magdalena Guerra-Crespo
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Daniel Martinez-Fong
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (I.E.V.-A.); (N.J.-B.); (D.M.-F.)
| | - Carlos Ledesma-Alonso
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Querétaro 76230, Mexico;
| | - Sofía Diaz-Cintra
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Querétaro 76230, Mexico;
| | - Luis O. Soto-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4 Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 54090, Mexico; (A.S.-B.); (A.A.-O.); (M.M.V.-R.); (I.P.-S.); (E.H.-R.); (L.D.R.-H.); (E.R.R.-G.)
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Khan Z, Mehan S, Gupta GD, Narula AS. Immune System Dysregulation in the Progression of Multiple Sclerosis: Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Implications. Neuroscience 2024; 548:9-26. [PMID: 38692349 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a prevalent neurological disorder, predominantly affects young adults and is characterized by chronic autoimmune activity. The study explores the immune system dysregulation in MS, highlighting the crucial roles of immune and non-neuronal cells in the disease's progression. This review examines the dual role of cytokines, with some like IL-6, TNF-α, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) promoting inflammation and CNS tissue injury, and others such as IL-4, IL-10, IL-37, and TGF-β fostering remyelination and protecting against MS. Elevated chemokine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), including CCL2, CCL5, CXCL10, CXCL13, and fractalkine, are analyzed for their role in facilitating immune cell migration across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), worsening inflammation and neurodegeneration. The study also delves into the impact of auto-antibodies targeting myelin components like MOG and AQP4, which activate complement cascades leading to further myelin destruction. The article discusses how compromised BBB integrity allows immune cells and inflammatory mediators to infiltrate the CNS, intensifying MS symptoms. It also examines the involvement of astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes in the disease's progression. Additionally, the effectiveness of immunomodulatory drugs such as IFN-β and CD20-targeting monoclonal antibodies (e.g., rituximab) in modulating immune responses is reviewed, highlighting their potential to reduce relapse rates and delaying MS progression. These insights emphasize the importance of immune system dysfunction in MS development and progression, guiding the development of new therapeutic strategies. The study underscores recent advancements in understanding MS's molecular pathways, opening avenues for more targeted and effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuber Khan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy (Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab 144603, India), Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy (Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab 144603, India), Moga 142001, Punjab, India.
| | - Ghanshyam Das Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy (Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab 144603, India), Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Acharan S Narula
- Narula Research, LLC, 107 Boulder Bluff, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
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McCallum S, Suresh KB, Islam T, Saustad AW, Shelest O, Patil A, Lee D, Kwon B, Yenokian I, Kawaguchi R, Beveridge CH, Manchandra P, Randolph CE, Meares GP, Dutta R, Plummer J, Knott SRV, Chopra G, Burda JE. Lesion-remote astrocytes govern microglia-mediated white matter repair. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.15.585251. [PMID: 38558977 PMCID: PMC10979953 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.15.585251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Spared regions of the damaged central nervous system undergo dynamic remodeling and exhibit a remarkable potential for therapeutic exploitation. Here, lesion-remote astrocytes (LRAs), which interact with viable neurons, glia and neural circuitry, undergo reactive transformations whose molecular and functional properties are poorly understood. Using multiple transcriptional profiling methods, we interrogated LRAs from spared regions of mouse spinal cord following traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). We show that LRAs acquire a spectrum of molecularly distinct, neuroanatomically restricted reactivity states that evolve after SCI. We identify transcriptionally unique reactive LRAs in degenerating white matter that direct the specification and function of local microglia that clear lipid-rich myelin debris to promote tissue repair. Fueling this LRA functional adaptation is Ccn1 , which encodes for a secreted matricellular protein. Loss of astrocyte CCN1 leads to excessive, aberrant activation of local microglia with (i) abnormal molecular specification, (ii) dysfunctional myelin debris processing, and (iii) impaired lipid metabolism, culminating in blunted debris clearance and attenuated neurological recovery from SCI. Ccn1 -expressing white matter astrocytes are specifically induced by local myelin damage and generated in diverse demyelinating disorders in mouse and human, pointing to their fundamental, evolutionarily conserved role in white matter repair. Our findings show that LRAs assume regionally divergent reactivity states with functional adaptations that are induced by local context-specific triggers and influence disorder outcome. Astrocytes tile the central nervous system (CNS) where they serve vital roles that uphold healthy nervous system function, including regulation of synapse development, buffering of neurotransmitters and ions, and provision of metabolic substrates 1 . In response to diverse CNS insults, astrocytes exhibit disorder-context specific transformations that are collectively referred to as reactivity 2-5 . The characteristics of regionally and molecularly distinct reactivity states are incompletely understood. The mechanisms through which distinct reactivity states arise, how they evolve or resolve over time, and their consequences for local cell function and CNS disorder progression remain enigmatic. Immediately adjacent to CNS lesions, border-forming astrocytes (BFAs) undergo transcriptional reprogramming and proliferation to form a neuroprotective barrier that restricts inflammation and supports axon regeneration 6-9 . Beyond the lesion, spared but dynamic regions of the injured CNS exhibit varying degrees of synaptic circuit remodeling and progressive cellular responses to secondary damage that have profound consequences for neural repair and recovery 10,11 . Throughout these cytoarchitecturally intact, but injury-reactive regions, lesion-remote astrocytes (LRAs) intermingle with neurons and glia, undergo little to no proliferation, and exhibit varying degrees of cellular hypertrophy 7,12,13 . The molecular and functional properties of LRAs remain grossly undefined. Therapeutically harnessing spared regions of the injured CNS will require a clearer understanding of the accompanying cellular and molecular landscape. Here, we leveraged integrative transcriptional profiling methodologies to identify multiple spatiotemporally resolved, molecularly distinct states of LRA reactivity within the injured spinal cord. Computational modeling of LRA-mediated heterotypic cell interactions, astrocyte-specific conditional gene deletion, and multiple mouse models of acute and chronic CNS white matter degeneration were used to interrogate a newly identified white matter degeneration-reactive astrocyte subtype. We define how this reactivity state is induced and its role in governing the molecular and functional specification of local microglia that clear myelin debris from the degenerating white matter to promote repair.
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8
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Junior MSO, Reiche L, Daniele E, Kortebi I, Faiz M, Küry P. Star power: harnessing the reactive astrocyte response to promote remyelination in multiple sclerosis. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:578-582. [PMID: 37721287 PMCID: PMC10581572 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.380879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are indispensable for central nervous system development and homeostasis. In response to injury and disease, astrocytes are integral to the immunological- and the, albeit limited, repair response. In this review, we will examine some of the functions reactive astrocytes play in the context of multiple sclerosis and related animal models. We will consider the heterogeneity or plasticity of astrocytes and the mechanisms by which they promote or mitigate demyelination. Finally, we will discuss a set of biomedical strategies that can stimulate astrocytes in their promyelinating response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markley Silva Oliveira Junior
- Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration laboratory, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura Reiche
- Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration laboratory, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Emerson Daniele
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ines Kortebi
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Maryam Faiz
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Patrick Küry
- Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration laboratory, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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9
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Wu C, Pan Y, Wang L, Liu M, Tu P, Chen S, Shi L, Yan D, Ma Y, Guo Y. Inhibition of HDAC6 promotes microvascular endothelial cells to phagocytize myelin debris and reduces inflammatory response to accelerate the repair of spinal cord injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14439. [PMID: 37641882 PMCID: PMC10916453 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To identify an effective strategy for promoting microvascular endothelial cells (MECs) to phagocytize myelin debris and reduce secretion of inflammatory factors following spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS We established a coculture model of myelin debris and vascular-like structures. The efficiency with which MECs phagocytize myelin debris under different conditions was examined via ELISA, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence. Tubastatin-A was used to interfere with the coculture model. The anti-inflammatory effects of Tubastatin-A were observed by HE staining, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and ELISA. RESULTS MECs phagocytized myelin debris via IgM opsonization, and phagocytosis promoted the secretion of inflammatory factors, whereas IgG-opsonized myelin debris had no effect on inflammatory factors. Application of the HDAC6 inhibitor Tubastatin-A increased the IgG levels and decreased the IgM levels by regulating the proliferation and differentiation of B cells. Tubastatin-A exerted a regulatory effect on the HDAC6-mediated autophagy-lysosome pathway, promoting MECs to phagocytize myelin debris, reducing the secretion of inflammatory factors, and accelerating the repair of SCI. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of HDAC6 to regulate the immune-inflammatory response and promote MECs to phagocytize myelin debris may represent a novel strategy in the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjie Wu
- Department of Traumatology and OrthopedicsAffiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
- Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration & Reconstruction, Institute of Traumatology & OrthopedicsNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Yalan Pan
- Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Nursing Intervention for Chronic DiseasesNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Lining Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western MedicineNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Mengmin Liu
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western MedicineNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Pengcheng Tu
- Department of Traumatology and OrthopedicsAffiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
- Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration & Reconstruction, Institute of Traumatology & OrthopedicsNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Sixian Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western MedicineNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Lei Shi
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western MedicineNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Danqing Yan
- Department of Traumatology and OrthopedicsAffiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
- Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration & Reconstruction, Institute of Traumatology & OrthopedicsNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Yong Ma
- Department of Traumatology and OrthopedicsAffiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
- Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration & Reconstruction, Institute of Traumatology & OrthopedicsNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western MedicineNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Yang Guo
- Department of Traumatology and OrthopedicsAffiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
- Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration & Reconstruction, Institute of Traumatology & OrthopedicsNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
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Lu W, Wen J. Neuroinflammation and Post-Stroke Depression: Focus on the Microglia and Astrocytes. Aging Dis 2024:AD.2024.0214-1. [PMID: 38421829 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2024.0214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Post-stroke depression (PSD), a frequent and disabling complication of stroke, has a strong impact on almost thirty percent of stroke survivors. The pathogenesis of PSD is not completely clear so far. Neuroinflammation following stroke is one of underlying mechanisms that involves in the pathophysiology of PSD and plays an important function in the development of depression and is regarded as a sign of depression. During the neuroinflammation after ischemic stroke onset, both astrocytes and microglia undergo a series of morphological and functional changes and play pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effect in the pathological process of stroke. Importantly, astrocytes and microglia exert dual roles in the pathological process of PSD due to the phenotypic transformation. We summarize the latest evidence of neuroinflammation involving in PSD in this review, focus on the phenotypic transformation of microglia and astrocytes following ischemic stroke and reveal the dual roles of both microglia and astrocytes in the PSD via modulating the neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhuo Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Medical Branch, Hefei Technology College, Hefei, China
| | - Jiyue Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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11
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Sun Y, Zhang H, Liu R, Huang R, Zhang X, Zhou S, Wu L, Zhu B, Wu H. Pyrolae herba alleviates cognitive impairment via hippocampal TREM2 signaling modulating neuroinflammation and neurogenesis in lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117214. [PMID: 37739108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANC Pyrolae herba (PH), a kind of Chinese herb, has been identified to have an anti-inflammatory effect, while the potential for treating cognitive impairment (CI), as well as the underlying mechanisms, is unclear. Currently, the interaction between neuroinflammation and neural function play a critical role in pathophysiology of CI. AIM OF THE STUDY To elucidate therapeutic effect of PH for CI as well as its underlying mechanisms with LPS-treated mice model. METHODS AND MATERIALS In this study, male C57BL6/J mice received lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection for 10 days to establish CI model and were administrated with PH for 14 days. We used piracetam as a positive control. Memory and spatial function was tested by Morris water maze (MWM). The level of inflammation-related cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-6) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in serum and western blot in hippocampus. Immunofluorescence (IF) was used to measure the levels of ionized calcium binding linker molecule 1 (IBA-1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), BrdU, Ki67 and doublecortin (DCX) in hippocampus. The mRNA sequencing was used to screen the potential target of PH with therapeutic CI. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to determine the gene alteration of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) in hippocampus. We used western blot to determine protein expressions of TREM2 and its related signaling, as well as synaptic proteins in hippocampus. RESULTS The results revealed that LPS contributed to CI, and PH or piracetam treatment significantly ameliorated CI in MWM test. LPS contributed to increasing expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β in serum and hippocampus, which both reversed by PH or piracetam. PH or piracetam could inhibit the activation of glial cells including microglia and astrocyte in the hippocampus in LPS-induced CI model. The mRNA sequencing and RT-PCR results showed that LPS significantly increased the gene expression of TREM2, which was reversed by PH. The alteration of TREM2 expression was the most significant among the 10 genes (TREM2, Slc24a2, Ptch2, Gck, Il1rapl1, Cadps2, Btbd11, Secisbp2l, Tenm3 and Prepl) in hippocampus. Protein results showed that LPS upregulated the expressions of TREM2 and its related proteins including DAP12, spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) phosphorylation and ADAM 10, which were all reversed by PH or piracetam in hippocampus. Furthermore, LPS was capable of reducing the expression of BrdU and DCX co-labeled positive cells in hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), which was reversed only by PH. Moreover, PH or piracetam treatment significantly increased the expression of Ki67 and DCX co-labeled positive cells in hippocampal DG. The expression of synapsin1 was obviously decreased by LPS and was significantly reversed by PH or piracetam. CONCLUSIONS PH could alleviate CI by suppressing the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mitigating astrocyte activity by restraining microglia's activation in hippocampus, further facilitating neurogenesis and proliferation, thereby enhancing pre-synaptic protein. This study highlighted on the clinical application of PH, which might promote the use of phytomedicine in CI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; National Famous Chinese Medicine Expert Inheritance Studio (Meng Jingchun), Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Hailou Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Personalized Medicine in Brain Disorders, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Ruiyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; National Famous Chinese Medicine Expert Inheritance Studio (Meng Jingchun), Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; Interdisciplinary Institute for Personalized Medicine in Brain Disorders, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Rumin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; National Famous Chinese Medicine Expert Inheritance Studio (Meng Jingchun), Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Xiangrui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; National Famous Chinese Medicine Expert Inheritance Studio (Meng Jingchun), Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Shihan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; National Famous Chinese Medicine Expert Inheritance Studio (Meng Jingchun), Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Lei Wu
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, PR China
| | - Boran Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; National Famous Chinese Medicine Expert Inheritance Studio (Meng Jingchun), Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
| | - Haoxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; National Famous Chinese Medicine Expert Inheritance Studio (Meng Jingchun), Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
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12
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Fernández-Albarral JA, Ramírez AI, de Hoz R, Matamoros JA, Salobrar-García E, Elvira-Hurtado L, López-Cuenca I, Sánchez-Puebla L, Salazar JJ, Ramírez JM. Glaucoma: from pathogenic mechanisms to retinal glial cell response to damage. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1354569. [PMID: 38333055 PMCID: PMC10850296 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1354569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease of the retina characterized by the irreversible loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) leading to visual loss. Degeneration of RGCs and loss of their axons, as well as damage and remodeling of the lamina cribrosa are the main events in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Different molecular pathways are involved in RGC death, which are triggered and exacerbated as a consequence of a number of risk factors such as elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), age, ocular biomechanics, or low ocular perfusion pressure. Increased IOP is one of the most important risk factors associated with this pathology and the only one for which treatment is currently available, nevertheless, on many cases the progression of the disease continues, despite IOP control. Thus, the IOP elevation is not the only trigger of glaucomatous damage, showing the evidence that other factors can induce RGCs death in this pathology, would be involved in the advance of glaucomatous neurodegeneration. The underlying mechanisms driving the neurodegenerative process in glaucoma include ischemia/hypoxia, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. In glaucoma, like as other neurodegenerative disorders, the immune system is involved and immunoregulation is conducted mainly by glial cells, microglia, astrocytes, and Müller cells. The increase in IOP produces the activation of glial cells in the retinal tissue. Chronic activation of glial cells in glaucoma may provoke a proinflammatory state at the retinal level inducing blood retinal barrier disruption and RGCs death. The modulation of the immune response in glaucoma as well as the activation of glial cells constitute an interesting new approach in the treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A. Fernández-Albarral
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I. Ramírez
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa de Hoz
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Matamoros
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Salobrar-García
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Elvira-Hurtado
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés López-Cuenca
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Sánchez-Puebla
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J. Salazar
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Ramírez
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Stavropoulou De Lorenzo S, Bakirtzis C, Konstantinidou N, Kesidou E, Parissis D, Evangelopoulos ME, Elsayed D, Hamdy E, Said S, Grigoriadis N. How Early Is Early Multiple Sclerosis? J Clin Med 2023; 13:214. [PMID: 38202221 PMCID: PMC10780129 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13010214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The development and further optimization of the diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis (MS) emphasize the establishment of an early and accurate diagnosis. So far, numerous studies have revealed the significance of early treatment administration for MS and its association with slower disease progression and better late outcomes of the disease with regards to disability accumulation. However, according to current research results, both neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes may exist prior to symptom initiation. Despite the fact that a significant proportion of individuals with radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) progress to MS, currently, there is no available treatment approved for RIS. Therefore, our idea of "early treatment administration" might be already late in some cases. In order to detect the individuals who will progress to MS, we need accurate biomarkers. In this review, we present notable research results regarding the underlying pathology of MS, as well as several potentially useful laboratory and neuroimaging biomarkers for the identification of high-risk individuals with RIS for developing MS. This review aims to raise clinicians' awareness regarding "subclinical" MS, enrich their understanding of MS pathology, and familiarize them with several potential biomarkers that are currently under investigation and might be used in clinical practice in the future for the identification of individuals with RIS at high risk for conversion to definite MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotiria Stavropoulou De Lorenzo
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Second Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.S.D.L.); (N.K.); (E.K.); (D.P.); (N.G.)
| | - Christos Bakirtzis
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Second Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.S.D.L.); (N.K.); (E.K.); (D.P.); (N.G.)
| | - Natalia Konstantinidou
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Second Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.S.D.L.); (N.K.); (E.K.); (D.P.); (N.G.)
| | - Evangelia Kesidou
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Second Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.S.D.L.); (N.K.); (E.K.); (D.P.); (N.G.)
| | - Dimitrios Parissis
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Second Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.S.D.L.); (N.K.); (E.K.); (D.P.); (N.G.)
| | | | - Dina Elsayed
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21311, Egypt; (D.E.); (E.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Eman Hamdy
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21311, Egypt; (D.E.); (E.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Sameh Said
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21311, Egypt; (D.E.); (E.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Second Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.S.D.L.); (N.K.); (E.K.); (D.P.); (N.G.)
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14
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Olveda GE, Barasa MN, Hill RA. Microglial phagocytosis of single dying oligodendrocytes is mediated by CX3CR1 but not MERTK. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.11.570620. [PMID: 38168326 PMCID: PMC10760041 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.11.570620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte death is common in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. In these conditions, single dying oligodendrocytes must be efficiently removed to allow remyelination and prevent a feed-forward degenerative cascade. Here we used a single-cell cortical demyelination model combined with longitudinal intravital imaging of dual-labeled transgenic mice to investigate the cellular dynamics underlying how brain resident microglia remove these cellular debris. Following phagocytic engagement, single microglia cleared the targeted oligodendrocyte and its myelin sheaths in one day via a precise, rapid, and stereotyped sequence. Deletion of the fractalkine receptor, CX3CR1, delayed microglia engagement with the cell soma but unexpectedly did not affect the clearance of myelin sheaths. Furthermore, and in contrast to previous reports in other demyelination models, deletion of the phosphatidylserine receptor, MERTK, did not affect oligodendrocyte or myelin sheath clearance. Thus, distinct molecular signals are used to detect, engage, and clear sub-compartments of dying oligodendrocytes to maintain tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genaro E. Olveda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Maryanne N. Barasa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Robert A. Hill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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15
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Li X, Ding Z, Liu K, Wang Q, Song L, Chai Z, Yu J, Ma D, Xiao B, Ma C. Astrocytic phagocytosis of myelin debris and reactive characteristics in vivo and in vitro. Biol Cell 2023; 115:e202300057. [PMID: 37851997 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202300057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Persistent myelin debris can inhibit axonal regeneration, thereby hindering remyelination. Effective removal of myelin debris is essential to eliminate the interference of myelin debris in oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) activation, recruitment to demyelinating sites and/or differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes (OLs). In addition to microglia, it has been reported that astrocytic phagocytosis of myelin debris is a feature of early demyelination. RESULTS In the present study, astrocytes effectively phagocytized myelin debris in vitro and in vivo. On the 5th day after injecting myelin debris into the brain, astrocytes were enriched in the area injected with myelin debris compared with microglia, and their ability to engulf myelin debris was stronger than that of microglia. When exposed to myelin debris, astrocytes phagocytizing myelin debris triggered self-apoptosis, accompanied by the activation of NF-κB, down-regulation of Nrf2, and the increase of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). However, the activation of astrocytic NF-κB did not influence the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10. The proliferation of astrocytes and mobilization of OPCs in the subventricular zone were elevated on the 5th day after intracerebral injection of myelin debris. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that myelin phagocytosis of astrocytes should help improve the microenvironment and promote myelin regeneration by increasing CNTF and bFGF within the central nervous system. SIGNIFICANCE However, the molecular interaction of astrocytes acting as phagocytes remains to be further explored. Therefore, an improvement of astrocytes to phagocytize myelin debris may be a promising treatment measure to prevent demyelination and promote remyelination in MS and other diseases with prominent myelin injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Li
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple, Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Zhibin Ding
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple, Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Qing Wang
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple, Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Lijuan Song
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple, Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- The Key Laboratory of Nervous System Disease Prevention and Treatment under Health Commission of Shanxi Province, Sinopharm Tongmei General Hospital, Datong, China
| | - Zhi Chai
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple, Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Jiezhong Yu
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases, Medical School of Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Dong Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Nervous System Disease Prevention and Treatment under Health Commission of Shanxi Province, Sinopharm Tongmei General Hospital, Datong, China
| | - Baoguo Xiao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cungen Ma
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple, Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases, Medical School of Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
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16
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Adeniyi PA, Gong X, MacGregor E, Degener-O’Brien K, McClendon E, Garcia M, Romero O, Russell J, Srivastava T, Miller J, Keene CD, Back SA. Ferroptosis of Microglia in Aging Human White Matter Injury. Ann Neurol 2023; 94:1048-1066. [PMID: 37605362 PMCID: PMC10840747 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Because the role of white matter (WM) degenerating microglia (DM) in remyelination failure is unclear, we sought to define the core features of this novel population of aging human microglia. METHODS We analyzed postmortem human brain tissue to define a population of DM in aging WM lesions. We used immunofluorescence staining and gene expression analysis to investigate molecular mechanisms related to the degeneration of DM. RESULTS We found that DM, which accumulated myelin debris were selectively enriched in the iron-binding protein light chain ferritin, and accumulated PLIN2-labeled lipid droplets. DM displayed lipid peroxidation injury and enhanced expression for TOM20, a mitochondrial translocase, and a sensor of oxidative stress. DM also displayed enhanced expression of the DNA fragmentation marker phospho-histone H2A.X. We identified a unique set of ferroptosis-related genes involving iron-mediated lipid dysmetabolism and oxidative stress that were preferentially expressed in WM injury relative to gray matter neurodegeneration. INTERPRETATION Ferroptosis appears to be a major mechanism of WM injury in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. WM DM are a novel therapeutic target to potentially reduce the impact of WM injury and myelin loss on the progression of cognitive impairment. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:1048-1066.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A. Adeniyi
- Departments of Pediatrics and, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Xi Gong
- Departments of Pediatrics and, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Ellie MacGregor
- Departments of Pediatrics and, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Kiera Degener-O’Brien
- Departments of Pediatrics and, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Evelyn McClendon
- Departments of Pediatrics and, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Mariel Garcia
- Departments of Pediatrics and, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Oscar Romero
- Departments of Pediatrics and, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Joshua Russell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Taasin Srivastava
- Departments of Pediatrics and, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jeremy Miller
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - C. Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen A. Back
- Departments of Pediatrics and, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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17
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Lee HG, Lee JH, Flausino LE, Quintana FJ. Neuroinflammation: An astrocyte perspective. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadi7828. [PMID: 37939162 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adi7828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are abundant glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that play active roles in health and disease. Recent technologies have uncovered the functional heterogeneity of astrocytes and their extensive interactions with other cell types in the CNS. In this Review, we highlight the intricate interactions between astrocytes, other CNS-resident cells, and CNS-infiltrating cells as well as their potential therapeutic value in the context of inflammation and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Gyun Lee
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joon-Hyuk Lee
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lucas E Flausino
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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18
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Ahn JJ, Islam Y, Clarkson-Paredes C, Karl MT, Miller RH. B cell depletion modulates glial responses and enhances blood vessel integrity in a model of multiple sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 187:106290. [PMID: 37709209 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by a compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB) resulting in central nervous system (CNS) entry of peripheral lymphocytes, including T cells and B cells. While T cells have largely been considered the main contributors to neuroinflammation in MS, the success of B cell depletion therapies suggests an important role for B cells in MS pathology. Glial cells in the CNS are essential components in both disease progression and recovery, raising the possibility that they represent targets for B cell functions. Here, we examine astrocyte and microglia responses to B cell depleting treatments in an animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). B cell depleted EAE animals had markedly reduced disease severity and myelin damage accompanied by reduced microglia and astrocyte reactivity 20 days after symptom onset. To identify potential initial mechanisms mediating functional changes following B cell depletion, astrocyte and microglia transcriptomes were analyzed 3 days following B cell depletion. In control EAE animals, transcriptomic analysis revealed astrocytic inflammatory pathways were activated and microglial influence on neuronal function were inhibited. Following B cell depletion, initial functional recovery was associated with an activation of astrocytic pathways linked with restoration of neurovascular integrity and of microglial pathways associated with neuronal function. These studies reveal an important role for B cell depletion in influencing glial function and CNS vasculature in an animal model of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie J Ahn
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ross Hall, 2300 I St NW, Washington, DC 20037, United States of America
| | - Yusra Islam
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ross Hall, 2300 I St NW, Washington, DC 20037, United States of America
| | - Cheryl Clarkson-Paredes
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nanofabrication and Imaging Center, Science and Engineering Hall, 800 22(nd) St NW, Washington, DC 20037, United States of America
| | - Molly T Karl
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ross Hall, 2300 I St NW, Washington, DC 20037, United States of America
| | - Robert H Miller
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ross Hall, 2300 I St NW, Washington, DC 20037, United States of America.
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19
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Toplu N, Oğuzoğlu TÇ. Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus-induced apoptosis associated with brain lesions in naturally infected kids. J Comp Pathol 2023; 206:36-43. [PMID: 37797470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute demyelinating leucoencephalomyelitis was the most conspicuous microscopic change in the brain and spinal cord of kids infected with caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV). TUNEL positivity and labelling of anti-bax and anti-caspases-3, -8 and -9 were found in a distinct population of glial cells, mainly at the edges of the demyelinated plaques and perivascular areas and, to a lesser extent, in neurons. Double labelling revealed that most of these apoptotic cells in the demyelinated plaques were astrocytes and a few were oligodendroglia. In contrast, expression of bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic protein, was found mainly in neurons of the brainstem and cerebellum and motor neurons of the spinal cord, but was restricted in glial cells. These results suggest that apoptosis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of CAE demyelinating encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihat Toplu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Aydın Adnan Menderes, 09016-Isikli, Aydin, Turkiye.
| | - Tuba Ç Oğuzoğlu
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ankara, Diskapi, 06110 Ankara, Turkiye
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20
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Deng Q, Wu C, Parker E, Liu TCY, Duan R, Yang L. Microglia and Astrocytes in Alzheimer's Disease: Significance and Summary of Recent Advances. Aging Dis 2023:AD.2023.0907. [PMID: 37815901 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, one of the most common forms of dementia, is characterized by a slow progression of cognitive impairment and neuronal loss. Currently, approved treatments for AD are hindered by various side effects and limited efficacy. Despite considerable research, practical treatments for AD have not been developed. Increasing evidence shows that glial cells, especially microglia and astrocytes, are essential in the initiation and progression of AD. During AD progression, activated resident microglia increases the ability of resting astrocytes to transform into reactive astrocytes, promoting neurodegeneration. Extensive clinical and molecular studies show the involvement of microglia and astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation in AD pathology, indicating that microglia and astrocytes may be potential therapeutic targets for AD. This review will summarize the significant and recent advances of microglia and astrocytes in the pathogenesis of AD in three parts. First, we will review the typical pathological changes of AD and discuss microglia and astrocytes in terms of function and phenotypic changes. Second, we will describe microglia and astrocytes' physiological and pathological role in AD. These roles include the inflammatory response, "eat me" and "don't eat me" signals, Aβ seeding, propagation, clearance, synapse loss, synaptic pruning, remyelination, and demyelination. Last, we will review the pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies targeting microglia and astrocytes in AD. We conclude that microglia and astrocytes are essential in the initiation and development of AD. Therefore, understanding the new role of microglia and astrocytes in AD progression is critical for future AD studies and clinical trials. Moreover, pharmacological, and non-pharmacological therapies targeting microglia and astrocytes, with specific studies investigating microglia and astrocyte-mediated neuronal damage and repair, may be a promising research direction for future studies regarding AD treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianting Deng
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chongyun Wu
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Sports Science, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Emily Parker
- Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Timon Cheng-Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Rui Duan
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Sports Science, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Luodan Yang
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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21
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Panchenko PE, Hippauf L, Konsman JP, Badaut J. Do astrocytes act as immune cells after pediatric TBI? Neurobiol Dis 2023; 185:106231. [PMID: 37468048 PMCID: PMC10530000 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are in contact with the vasculature, neurons, oligodendrocytes and microglia, forming a local network with various functions critical for brain homeostasis. One of the primary responders to brain injury are astrocytes as they detect neuronal and vascular damage, change their phenotype with morphological, proteomic and transcriptomic transformations for an adaptive response. The role of astrocytic responses in brain dysfunction is not fully elucidated in adult, and even less described in the developing brain. Children are vulnerable to traumatic brain injury (TBI), which represents a leading cause of death and disability in the pediatric population. Pediatric brain trauma, even with mild severity, can lead to long-term health complications, such as cognitive impairments, emotional disorders and social dysfunction later in life. To date, the underlying pathophysiology is still not fully understood. In this review, we focus on the astrocytic response in pediatric TBI and propose a potential immune role of the astrocyte in response to trauma. We discuss the contribution of astrocytes in the local inflammatory cascades and secretion of various immunomodulatory factors involved in the recruitment of local microglial cells and peripheral immune cells through cerebral blood vessels. Taken together, we propose that early changes in the astrocytic phenotype can alter normal development of the brain, with long-term consequences on neurological outcomes, as described in preclinical models and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lea Hippauf
- CNRS UMR 5536 RMSB-University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Jerome Badaut
- CNRS UMR 5536 RMSB-University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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22
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Kaplanis SI, Kaffe D, Ktena N, Lygeraki A, Kolliniati O, Savvaki M, Karagogeos D. Nicotinamide enhances myelin production after demyelination through reduction of astrogliosis and microgliosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1201317. [PMID: 37663127 PMCID: PMC10469866 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1201317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction is the chronic reduction of total caloric intake without malnutrition and has attracted a lot of attention as, among multiple other effects, it attenuates demyelination and stimulates remyelination. In this study we have evaluated the effect of nicotinamide (NAM), a well-known caloric restriction mimetic, on myelin production upon demyelinating conditions. NAM is the derivative of nicotinic acid (vitamin B3) and a precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a ubiquitous metabolic cofactor. Here, we use cortical slices ex vivo subjected to demyelination or cultured upon normal conditions, a lysolecithin (LPC)-induced focal demyelination mouse model as well as primary glial cultures. Our data show that NAM enhances both myelination and remyelination ex vivo, while it also induces myelin production after LPC-induced focal demyelination ex vivo and in vivo. The increased myelin production is accompanied by reduction in both astrogliosis and microgliosis in vivo. There is no direct effect of NAM on the oligodendrocyte lineage, as no differences are observed in oligodendrocyte precursor cell proliferation or differentiation or in the number of mature oligodendrocytes. On the other hand, NAM affects both microglia and astrocytes as it decreases the population of M1-activated microglia, while reducing the pro-inflammatory phenotype of astrocytes as assayed by the reduction of TNF-α. Overall, we show that the increased myelin production that follows NAM treatment in vivo is accompanied by a decrease in both astrocyte and microglia accumulation at the lesion site. Our data indicate that NAM influences astrocytes and microglia directly, in favor of the remyelination process by promoting a less inflammatory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Ioannis Kaplanis
- Department of Basic Science, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Despoina Kaffe
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Niki Ktena
- Department of Basic Science, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Ourania Kolliniati
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Savvaki
- Department of Basic Science, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Domna Karagogeos
- Department of Basic Science, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
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23
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Yang SS, Simtchouk S, Gibon J, Klegeris A. Regulation of the phagocytic activity of astrocytes by neuroimmune mediators endogenous to the central nervous system. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289169. [PMID: 37498903 PMCID: PMC10374099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The phagocytic activity of glial cells is essential for maintaining normal brain activity, and its dysfunction may contribute to the central nervous system (CNS) pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases. Phagocytic activity is one of the well-established neuroimmune functions of microglia. Although emerging evidence indicates that astrocytes can also function as CNS phagocytes in humans and rodents, limited information is available about the molecular mechanism regulating this function. To address this knowledge gap, we studied modulation of the phagocytic activity of human U118 MG astrocytic cells and murine primary astrocytes by four CNS inflammatory mediators and bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS and cytochrome c (CytC) upregulated, while interferon (IFN)-γ downregulated, phagocytosis of latex beads by human astrocytic cells and phagocytosis of synaptosomes by murine primary astrocytes. Interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α had no effect on the phagocytic activity of human astrocytic cells but upregulated this function in murine astrocytes. Varying effects of combinations of the above inflammatory mediators were observed in these two cell types. LPS- and CytC-induced phagocytic activity of human astrocytic cells was partially mediated by activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). By monitoring other functions of astrocytes, we concluded there were no correlations between the effects of the mediators studied on astrocyte phagocytic activity and their secretion of cytokines, cytotoxins, or glutamate. Our study identified four candidate CNS regulators of astrocyte phagocytic activity. Future investigation of molecular mechanisms behind this regulation could identify novel therapeutic targets allowing modulation of this astrocyte-mediated clearance mechanism in CNS pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Shirley Yang
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Svetlana Simtchouk
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julien Gibon
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andis Klegeris
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
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24
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Pansieri J, Hadley G, Lockhart A, Pisa M, DeLuca GC. Regional contribution of vascular dysfunction in white matter dementia: clinical and neuropathological insights. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1199491. [PMID: 37396778 PMCID: PMC10313211 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1199491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of adequate blood supply and vascular integrity is fundamental to ensure cerebral function. A wide range of studies report vascular dysfunction in white matter dementias, a group of cerebral disorders characterized by substantial white matter damage in the brain leading to cognitive impairment. Despite recent advances in imaging, the contribution of vascular-specific regional alterations in white matter dementia has been not extensively reviewed. First, we present an overview of the main components of the vascular system involved in the maintenance of brain function, modulation of cerebral blood flow and integrity of the blood-brain barrier in the healthy brain and during aging. Second, we review the regional contribution of cerebral blood flow and blood-brain barrier disturbances in the pathogenesis of three distinct conditions: the archetypal white matter predominant neurocognitive dementia that is vascular dementia, a neuroinflammatory predominant disease (multiple sclerosis) and a neurodegenerative predominant disease (Alzheimer's). Finally, we then examine the shared landscape of vascular dysfunction in white matter dementia. By emphasizing the involvement of vascular dysfunction in the white matter, we put forward a hypothetical map of vascular dysfunction during disease-specific progression to guide future research aimed to improve diagnostics and facilitate the development of tailored therapies.
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25
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Wu C, Shi L, Ma Y, Pan Y, Wang L, Chen S, Zhang Y, Wang J, Liu M, Guo Y. Construction and optimization of a coculture system of mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells and myelin debris. Neurosci Lett 2023:137345. [PMID: 37308055 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microvascular endothelial cells are a newly discovered cell type involved in the phagocytosis of myelin debris, which play a key role in the repair of spinal cord injuries. Several methods for the preparation of myelin debris and parameters for constructing a coculture system of microvascular endothelial cells and myelin debris are available, but no systematic studies have yet been conducted, which hinders further exploration of the mechanisms of demyelinating disease repair. Herein, we aimed to develop a standardized method for this process. Myelin debris of different sizes was obtained from the brains of C57BL/6 mice by stripping the brains under aseptic conditions, multiple grinding, gradient centrifugation, etc. Transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle size analysis were used to characterize myelin debris. Microvascular endothelial cells were cultured on a matrix gel, and myelin debris of different sizes (fluorescently labeled using CFSE) was placed in coculture after forming a vascular-like structure. Subsequently, myelin debris of different concentrations was cocultured in the vascular-like structure, and phagocytosis of myelin debris by microvascular endothelial cells was detected using immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry. We found that myelin debris could be successfuly obtained from the mouse brain with secondary grinding and other steps and cocultured with microvascular endothelial cells at a concentration of 2 mg/mL, which promoted the phagocytosis of microvascular endothelial cells. In conclusion, we provide a reference for the protocol of a coculture system of microvascular endothelial cells and myelin debris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjie Wu
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration & Reconstruction, Institute of Traumatology & Orthopedics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Shi
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Ma
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration & Reconstruction, Institute of Traumatology & Orthopedics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone & Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Yalan Pan
- Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Nursing Intervention for Chronic Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lining Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Sixian Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yafeng Zhang
- Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone & Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone & Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Mengmin Liu
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yang Guo
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration & Reconstruction, Institute of Traumatology & Orthopedics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone & Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China.
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26
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Coutinho Costa VG, Araújo SES, Alves-Leon SV, Gomes FCA. Central nervous system demyelinating diseases: glial cells at the hub of pathology. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1135540. [PMID: 37261349 PMCID: PMC10227605 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1135540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory demyelinating diseases (IDDs) are among the main causes of inflammatory and neurodegenerative injury of the central nervous system (CNS) in young adult patients. Of these, multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most frequent and studied, as it affects about a million people in the USA alone. The understanding of the mechanisms underlying their pathology has been advancing, although there are still no highly effective disease-modifying treatments for the progressive symptoms and disability in the late stages of disease. Among these mechanisms, the action of glial cells upon lesion and regeneration has become a prominent research topic, helped not only by the discovery of glia as targets of autoantibodies, but also by their role on CNS homeostasis and neuroinflammation. In the present article, we discuss the participation of glial cells in IDDs, as well as their association with demyelination and synaptic dysfunction throughout the course of the disease and in experimental models, with a focus on MS phenotypes. Further, we discuss the involvement of microglia and astrocytes in lesion formation and organization, remyelination, synaptic induction and pruning through different signaling pathways. We argue that evidence of the several glia-mediated mechanisms in the course of CNS demyelinating diseases supports glial cells as viable targets for therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheila Espírito-Santo Araújo
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Soniza Vieira Alves-Leon
- Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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27
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Nociti V, Romozzi M. The Role of BDNF in Multiple Sclerosis Neuroinflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098447. [PMID: 37176155 PMCID: PMC10178984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, and degenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Inflammation is observed in all stages of MS, both within and around the lesions, and can have beneficial and detrimental effects on MS pathogenesis. A possible mechanism for the neuroprotective effect in MS involves the release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) by immune cells in peripheral blood and inflammatory lesions, as well as by microglia and astrocytes within the CNS. BDNF is a neurotrophic factor that plays a key role in neuroplasticity and neuronal survival. This review aims to analyze the current understanding of the role that inflammation plays in MS, including the factors that contribute to both beneficial and detrimental effects. Additionally, it explores the potential role of BDNF in MS, as it may modulate neuroinflammation and provide neuroprotection. By obtaining a deeper understanding of the intricate relationship between inflammation and BDNF, new therapeutic strategies for MS may be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Nociti
- Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Romozzi
- Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
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28
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Alatrash R, Golubenko M, Martynova E, Garanina E, Mukhamedshina Y, Khaiboullina S, Rizvanov A, Salafutdinov I, Arkhipova S. Genetically Engineered Artificial Microvesicles Carrying Nerve Growth Factor Restrains the Progression of Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in an Experimental Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098332. [PMID: 37176039 PMCID: PMC10179478 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an incurable, progressive chronic autoimmune demyelinating disease. Therapy for MS is based on slowing down the processes of neurodegeneration and suppressing the immune system of patients. MS is accompanied by inflammation, axon-degeneration and neurogliosis in the central nervous system. One of the directions for a new effective treatment for MS is cellular, subcellular, as well as gene therapy. We investigated the therapeutic potential of adipose mesenchymal stem cell (ADMSC) derived, cytochalasin B induced artificial microvesicles (MVs) expressing nerve growth factor (NGF) on a mouse model of multiple sclerosis experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). These ADMSC-MVs-NGF were tested using histological, immunocytochemical and molecular genetic methods after being injected into the tail vein of animals on the 14th and 21st days post EAE induction. ADMSC-MVs-NGF contained the target protein inside the cytoplasm. Their injection into the caudal vein led to a significant decrease in neurogliosis at the 14th and 21st days post EAE induction. Artificial ADMSC-MVs-NGF stimulate axon regeneration and can modulate gliosis in the EAE model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Alatrash
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Maria Golubenko
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Martynova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Garanina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Yana Mukhamedshina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
| | - Svetlana Khaiboullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Albert Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Ilnur Salafutdinov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
| | - Svetlana Arkhipova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
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29
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Maheshwari S, Dwyer LJ, Sîrbulescu RF. Inflammation and immunomodulation in central nervous system injury - B cells as a novel therapeutic opportunity. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 180:106077. [PMID: 36914074 PMCID: PMC10758988 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute injury to the central nervous system (CNS) remains a complex and challenging clinical need. CNS injury initiates a dynamic neuroinflammatory response, mediated by both resident and infiltrating immune cells. Following the primary injury, dysregulated inflammatory cascades have been implicated in sustaining a pro-inflammatory microenvironment, driving secondary neurodegeneration and the development of lasting neurological dysfunction. Due to the multifaceted nature of CNS injury, clinically effective therapies for conditions such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), spinal cord injury (SCI), and stroke have proven challenging to develop. No therapeutics that adequately address the chronic inflammatory component of secondary CNS injury are currently available. Recently, B lymphocytes have gained increasing appreciation for their role in maintaining immune homeostasis and regulating inflammatory responses in the context of tissue injury. Here we review the neuroinflammatory response to CNS injury with particular focus on the underexplored role of B cells and summarize recent results on the use of purified B lymphocytes as a novel immunomodulatory therapeutic for tissue injury, particularly in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Maheshwari
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liam J Dwyer
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ruxandra F Sîrbulescu
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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30
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Thompson C, Evans B, Zhao D, Purcell E. Spatiotemporal Expression of RNA-Seq Identified Proteins at the Electrode Interface. Acta Biomater 2023; 164:209-222. [PMID: 37116634 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Implantation of electrodes in the brain can be used to record from or stimulate neural tissues to treat neurological disease and injury. However, the tissue response to implanted devices can limit their functional longevity. Recent RNA-seq datasets identify hundreds of genes associated with gliosis, neuronal function, myelination, and cellular metabolism that are spatiotemporally expressed in neural tissues following the insertion of microelectrodes. To validate mRNA as a predictor of protein expression, this study evaluates a sub-set of RNA-seq identified proteins (RSIP) at 24-hours, 1-week, and 6-weeks post-implantation using quantitative immunofluorescence methods. This study found that expression of RSIPs associated with glial activation (Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Polypyrmidine tract binding protein-1 (Ptbp1)), neuronal structure (Neurofilament heavy chain (Nefh), Proteolipid protein-1 (Plp1), Myelin Basic Protein (MBP)), and iron metabolism (Transferrin (TF), Ferritin heavy chain-1 (Fth1)) reinforce transcriptional data. This study also provides additional context to the cellular distribution of RSIPs using a MATLAB-based approach to quantify immunofluorescence intensity within specific cell types. Ptbp1, TF, and Fth1 were found to be spatiotemporally distributed within neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes at the device interface relative to distal and contralateral tissues. The altered distribution of RSIPs relative to distal tissue is largely localized within 100µm of the device injury, which approaches the functional recording range of implanted electrodes. This study provides evidence that RNA-sequencing can be used to predict protein-level changes in cortical tissues and that RSIPs can be further investigated to identify new biomarkers of the tissue response that influence signal quality. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: : Microelectrode arrays implanted into the brain are useful tools that can be used to study neuroscience and to treat pathological conditions in a clinical setting. The tissue response to these devices, however, can severely limit their functional longevity. Transcriptomics has deepened the understandings of the tissue response by revealing numerous genes which are differentially expressed following device insertion. This manuscript provides validation for the use of transcriptomics to characterize the tissue response by evaluating a subset of known differentially expressed genes at the protein level around implanted electrodes over time. In additional to validating mRNA-to-protein relationships at the device interface, this study has identified emerging trends in the spatiotemporal distribution of proteins involved with glial activation, neuronal remodeling, and essential iron binding proteins around implanted silicon devices. This study additionally provides a new MATLAB based methodology to quantify protein distribution within discrete cell types at the device interface which may be used as biomarkers for further study or therapeutic intervention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cort Thompson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America; Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America
| | - Blake Evans
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America; Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America
| | - Dorothy Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America; Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America
| | - Erin Purcell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America; Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America.
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31
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Basurco L, Abellanas MA, Ayerra L, Conde E, Vinueza-Gavilanes R, Luquin E, Vales A, Vilas A, Martin-Uriz PS, Tamayo I, Alonso MM, Hernaez M, Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza G, Clavero P, Mengual E, Arrasate M, Hervás-Stubbs S, Aymerich MS. Microglia and astrocyte activation is region-dependent in the α-synuclein mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Glia 2023; 71:571-587. [PMID: 36353934 PMCID: PMC10100513 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a common feature in neurodegenerative diseases that contributes to neuronal loss. Previously, we demonstrated that the basal inflammatory tone differed between brain regions and, consequently, the reaction generated to a pro-inflammatory stimulus was different. In this study, we assessed the innate immune reaction in the midbrain and in the striatum using an experimental model of Parkinson's disease. An adeno-associated virus serotype 9 expressing the α-synuclein and mCherry genes or the mCherry gene was administered into the substantia nigra. Myeloid cells (CD11b+ ) and astrocytes (ACSA2+ ) were purified from the midbrain and striatum for bulk RNA sequencing. In the parkinsonian midbrain, CD11b+ cells presented a unique anti-inflammatory transcriptomic profile that differed from degenerative microglia signatures described in experimental models for other neurodegenerative conditions. By contrast, striatal CD11b+ cells showed a pro-inflammatory state and were similar to disease-associated microglia. In the midbrain, a prominent increase of infiltrated monocytes/macrophages was observed and, together with microglia, participated actively in the phagocytosis of dopaminergic neuronal bodies. Although striatal microglia presented a phagocytic transcriptomic profile, morphology and cell density was preserved and no active phagocytosis was detected. Interestingly, astrocytes presented a pro-inflammatory fingerprint in the midbrain and a low number of differentially displayed transcripts in the striatum. During α-synuclein-dependent degeneration, microglia and astrocytes experience context-dependent activation states with a different contribution to the inflammatory reaction. Our results point towards the relevance of selecting appropriate cell targets to design neuroprotective strategies aimed to modulate the innate immune system during the active phase of dopaminergic degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyre Basurco
- Departamentode Bioquímica y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Programa de Neurociencias, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Abellanas
- Departamentode Bioquímica y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Programa de Neurociencias, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leyre Ayerra
- Departamentode Bioquímica y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Programa de Neurociencias, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Enrique Conde
- Programa de Inmunología, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Esther Luquin
- Departamento de Patología, Anatomía y Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Africa Vales
- Programa de Terapia Génica, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaya Vilas
- Programa de Oncohematología, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Ibon Tamayo
- Programa de Biología Computacional, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta M Alonso
- Programa de Tumores Sólidos, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Neurociencias y Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Spain
| | - Mikel Hernaez
- Programa de Biología Computacional, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gloria Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza
- Programa de Terapia Génica, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Neurociencias y Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Spain
| | - Pedro Clavero
- Servicio de Neurología, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elisa Mengual
- Departamento de Patología, Anatomía y Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Arrasate
- Programa de Neurociencias, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Neurociencias y Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Spain
| | - Sandra Hervás-Stubbs
- Programa de Inmunología, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Neurociencias y Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Spain
| | - Maria S Aymerich
- Departamentode Bioquímica y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Programa de Neurociencias, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Programa de Tumores Sólidos, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Neurociencias y Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Spain
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32
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Sun Y, Yu H, Guan Y. Glia Connect Inflammation and Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:466-478. [PMID: 36853544 PMCID: PMC10043151 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is regarded as a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to demyelination and eventually to neurodegeneration. Activation of innate immune cells and other inflammatory cells in the brain and spinal cord of people with MS has been well described. However, with the innovation of technology in glial cell research, we have a deep understanding of the mechanisms of glial cells connecting inflammation and neurodegeneration in MS. In this review, we focus on the role of glial cells, including microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, in the pathogenesis of MS. We mainly focus on the connection between glial cells and immune cells in the process of axonal damage and demyelinating neuron loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Sun
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Haojun Yu
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yangtai Guan
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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33
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Xu T, Liu C, Deng S, Gan L, Zhang Z, Yang GY, Tian H, Tang Y. The roles of microglia and astrocytes in myelin phagocytosis in the central nervous system. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:325-340. [PMID: 36324281 PMCID: PMC9941857 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221137762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Myelination is an important process in the central nervous system (CNS). Oligodendrocytes (OLs) extend multiple layers to densely sheath on axons, composing the myelin to achieve efficient electrical signal conduction. The myelination during developmental stage maintains a balanced state. However, numerous CNS diseases including neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases cause demyelination and disrupt the homeostasis, resulting in inflammation and white matter deficits. Effective clearance of myelin debris is needed in the region of demyelination, which is a key step for remyelination and tissue regeneration. Microglia and astrocytes are the major resident phagocytic cells in the brain, which may play different or collaborative roles in myelination. Microglia and astrocytes participate in developmental myelination through engulfing excessive unneeded myelin. They are also involved in the clearance of degenerated myelin debris for accelerating remyelination, or engulfing healthy myelin sheath for inhibiting remyelination. This review focuses on the roles of microglia and astrocytes in phagocytosing myelin in the developmental brain and diseased brain. In addition, the interaction between microglia and astrocytes to mediate myelin engulfment is also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Xu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s
Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,
Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s
Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,
Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyu Deng
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s
Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,
Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Gan
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s
Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,
Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s
Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,
Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s
Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,
Shanghai, China
| | - Hengli Tian
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s
Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,
Shanghai, China
| | - Yaohui Tang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s
Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,
Shanghai, China
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34
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Wang J, Cheng C, Liu Z, Lin Y, Yang L, Zhang Z, Sun X, Zhou M, Jing P, Zhong Z. Inhibition of A1 Astrocytes and Activation of A2 Astrocytes for the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:767-780. [PMID: 36418652 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03820-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious injury to the central nervous system that causes significant physical and psychological trauma to the patient. SCI includes primary spinal cord injuries and secondary spinal cord injuries. The secondary injury refers to the pathological process or reaction after the primary injury. Although SCI has always been thought to be an incurable injury, the human nerve has the ability to repair itself after an injury. However, the reparability is limited because glial scar formation impedes functional recovery. There is a type of astrocyte that can differentiate into two forms of reactive astrocytes known as 'A1' and 'A2' astrocytes. A1 astrocytes release cytotoxic chemicals that cause neurons and oligodendrocytes to die and perform a harmful role. A2 astrocytes can produce neurotrophic factors and act as neuroprotectors. This article discusses ways to block A1 astrocytes while stimulating A2 astrocytes to formulate a new treatment for spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Cai Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhongbing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Lingling Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Zijun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoduan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Meiling Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Pei Jing
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zhirong Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
- Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
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35
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Gao YH, Li X. Cholesterol metabolism: Towards a therapeutic approach for multiple sclerosis. Neurochem Int 2023; 164:105501. [PMID: 36803679 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence points to the importance of cholesterol in preserving brain homeostasis. Cholesterol makes up the main component of myelin in the brain, and myelin integrity is vital in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Because of the connection between myelin and cholesterol, the interest in cholesterol in the central nervous system increased during the last decade. In this review, we provide a detailed overview on brain cholesterol metabolism in multiple sclerosis and its role in promoting oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation and remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, China
| | - Xing Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, China.
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36
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Cashion JM, Young KM, Sutherland BA. How does neurovascular unit dysfunction contribute to multiple sclerosis? Neurobiol Dis 2023; 178:106028. [PMID: 36736923 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) and the most common non-traumatic cause of neurological disability in young adults. Multiple sclerosis clinical care has improved considerably due to the development of disease-modifying therapies that effectively modulate the peripheral immune response and reduce relapse frequency. However, current treatments do not prevent neurodegeneration and disease progression, and efforts to prevent multiple sclerosis will be hampered so long as the cause of this disease remains unknown. Risk factors for multiple sclerosis development or severity include vitamin D deficiency, cigarette smoking and youth obesity, which also impact vascular health. People with multiple sclerosis frequently experience blood-brain barrier breakdown, microbleeds, reduced cerebral blood flow and diminished neurovascular reactivity, and it is possible that these vascular pathologies are tied to multiple sclerosis development. The neurovascular unit is a cellular network that controls neuroinflammation, maintains blood-brain barrier integrity, and tightly regulates cerebral blood flow, matching energy supply to neuronal demand. The neurovascular unit is composed of vessel-associated cells such as endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytes, however neuronal and other glial cell types also comprise the neurovascular niche. Recent single-cell transcriptomics data, indicate that neurovascular cells, particular cells of the microvasculature, are compromised within multiple sclerosis lesions. Large-scale genetic and small-scale cell biology studies also suggest that neurovascular dysfunction could be a primary pathology contributing to multiple sclerosis development. Herein we revisit multiple sclerosis risk factors and multiple sclerosis pathophysiology and highlight the known and potential roles of neurovascular unit dysfunction in multiple sclerosis development and disease progression. We also evaluate the suitability of the neurovascular unit as a potential target for future disease modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake M Cashion
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Kaylene M Young
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Brad A Sutherland
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
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37
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is regarded as a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to demyelination and eventually to neurodegeneration. Activation of innate immune cells and other inflammatory cells in the brain and spinal cord of people with MS has been well described. However, with the innovation of technology in glial cell research, we have a deep understanding of the mechanisms of glial cells connecting inflammation and neurodegeneration in MS. In this review, we focus on the role of glial cells, including microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, in the pathogenesis of MS. We mainly focus on the connection between glial cells and immune cells in the process of axonal damage and demyelinating neuron loss.
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38
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Beckmann N, Neuhaus A, Zurbruegg S, Volkmer P, Patino C, Joller S, Feuerbach D, Doelemeyer A, Schweizer T, Rudin S, Neumann U, Berth R, Frieauff W, Gasparini F, Shimshek DR. Genetic models of cleavage-reduced and soluble TREM2 reveal distinct effects on myelination and microglia function in the cuprizone model. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:29. [PMID: 36755323 PMCID: PMC9909920 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02671-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a cell-surface immunoreceptor expressed on microglia, osteoclasts, dendritic cells and macrophages. Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in TREM2, including mutations enhancing shedding form the cell surface, have been associated with myelin/neuronal loss and neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer`s disease and Frontotemporal Dementia. Using the cuprizone model, we investigated the involvement of soluble and cleavage-reduced TREM2 on central myelination processes in cleavage-reduced (TREM2-IPD), soluble-only (TREM2-sol), knockout (TREM2-KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. The TREM2-sol mouse is a new model with selective elimination of plasma membrane TREM2 and a reduced expression of soluble TREM2. In the acute cuprizone model demyelination and remyelination events were reflected by a T2-weighted signal intensity change in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), most prominently in the external capsule (EC). In contrast to WT and TREM2-IPD, TREM2-sol and TREM2-KO showed an additional increase in MRI signal during the recovery phase. Histological analyses of TREM2-IPD animals revealed no recovery of neuroinflammation as well as of the lysosomal marker LAMP-1 and displayed enhanced cytokine/chemokine levels in the brain. TREM2-sol and, to a much lesser extent, TREM2-KO, however, despite presenting reduced levels of some cytokines/chemokines, showed persistent microgliosis and astrocytosis during recovery, with both homeostatic (TMEM119) as well as activated (LAMP-1) microglia markers increased. This was accompanied, specifically in the EC, by no myelin recovery, with appearance of myelin debris and axonal pathology, while oligodendrocytes recovered. In the chronic model consisting of 12-week cuprizone administration followed by 3-week recovery TREM2-IPD displayed sustained microgliosis and enhanced remyelination in the recovery phase. Taken together, our data suggest that sustained microglia activation led to increased remyelination, whereas microglia without plasma membrane TREM2 and only soluble TREM2 had reduced phagocytic activity despite efficient lysosomal function, as observed in bone marrow-derived macrophages, leading to a dysfunctional phenotype with improper myelin debris removal, lack of remyelination and axonal pathology following cuprizone intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolau Beckmann
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Musculoskeletal Diseases Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Neuhaus
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Zurbruegg
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pia Volkmer
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Patino
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Joller
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Feuerbach
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arno Doelemeyer
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Musculoskeletal Diseases Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tatjana Schweizer
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Rudin
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulf Neumann
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ramon Berth
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wilfried Frieauff
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Gasparini
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Derya R. Shimshek
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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39
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Gotoh M, Miyamoto Y, Ikeshima-Kataoka H. Astrocytic Neuroimmunological Roles Interacting with Microglial Cells in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021599. [PMID: 36675113 PMCID: PMC9865248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Both astrocytic and microglial functions have been extensively investigated in healthy subjects and neurodegenerative diseases. For astrocytes, not only various sub-types were identified but phagocytic activity was also clarified recently and is making dramatic progress. In this review paper, we mostly focus on the functional role of astrocytes in the extracellular matrix and on interactions between reactive astrocytes and reactive microglia in normal states and in neurodegenerative diseases, because the authors feel it is necessary to elucidate the mechanisms among activated glial cells in the pathology of neurological diseases in order to pave the way for drug discovery. Finally, we will review cyclic phosphatidic acid (cPA), a naturally occurring phospholipid mediator that induces a variety of biological activities in the brain both in vivo and in vitro. We propose that cPA may serve as a novel therapeutic molecule for the treatment of brain injury and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Gotoh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
- Institute for Human Life Science, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Ohtsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Yasunori Miyamoto
- Institute for Human Life Science, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Ohtsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Hiroko Ikeshima-Kataoka
- Department of Biology, Keio University, 4-1-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8521, Japan
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Correspondence:
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Pasquini L, Wies Mancini VB, Di Pietro A. Microglia depletion as a therapeutic strategy: friend or foe in multiple sclerosis models? Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:267-272. [PMID: 35900401 PMCID: PMC9396475 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.346538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic central nervous system demyelinating disease whose onset and progression are driven by a combination of immune dysregulation, genetic predisposition, and environmental factors. The activation of microglia and astrocytes is a key player in multiple sclerosis immunopathology, playing specific roles associated with anatomical location and phase of the disease and controlling demyelination and neurodegeneration. Even though reactive microglia can damage tissue and heighten deleterious effects and neurodegeneration, activated microglia also perform neuroprotective functions such as debris phagocytosis and growth factor secretion. Astrocytes can be activated into pro-inflammatory phenotype A1 through a mechanism mediated by activated neuroinflammatory microglia, which could also mediate neurodegeneration. This A1 phenotype inhibits oligodendrocyte proliferation and differentiation and is toxic to both oligodendrocytes and neurons. However, astroglial activation into phenotype A2 may also take place in response to neurodegeneration and as a protective mechanism. A variety of animal models mimicking specific multiple sclerosis features and the associated pathophysiological processes have helped establish the cascades of events that lead to the initiation, progression, and resolution of the disease. The colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor is expressed by myeloid lineage cells such as peripheral monocytes and macrophages and central nervous system microglia. Importantly, as microglia development and survival critically rely on colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor signaling, colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor inhibition can almost completely eliminate microglia from the brain. In this context, the present review discusses the impact of microglial depletion through colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor inhibition on demyelination, neurodegeneration, astroglial activation, and behavior in different multiple sclerosis models, highlighting the diversity of microglial effects on the progression of demyelinating diseases and the strengths and weaknesses of microglial modulation in therapy design.
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Ktena N, Kaplanis SI, Kolotuev I, Georgilis A, Kallergi E, Stavroulaki V, Nikoletopoulou V, Savvaki M, Karagogeos D. Autophagic degradation of CNS myelin maintains axon integrity. Cell Stress 2022; 6:93-107. [PMID: 36478958 PMCID: PMC9707329 DOI: 10.15698/cst2022.12.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
(Macro)autophagy is a major lysosome-dependent degradation mechanism which engulfs, removes and recycles unwanted cytoplasmic material, including damaged organelles and toxic protein aggregates. Although a few studies implicate autophagy in CNS demyelinating pathologies, its role, particularly in mature oligodendrocytes and CNS myelin, remains poorly studied. Here, using both pharmacological and genetic inhibition of the autophagic machinery, we provide evidence that autophagy is an essential mechanism for oligodendrocyte maturation in vitro. Our study reveals that two core myelin proteins, namely proteolipid protein (PLP) and myelin basic protein (MBP) are incorporated into autophagosomes in oligodendrocytes, resulting in their degradation. Furthermore, we ablated atg5, a core gene of the autophagic machinery, specifically in myelinating glial cells in vivo by tamoxifen administration (plp-Cre ERT2 ; atg5 f/f ) and showed that myelin maintenance is perturbed, leading to PLP accumulation. Significant morphological defects in myelin membrane such as decompaction accompanied with increased axonal degeneration are observed. As a result, the mice exhibit behavioral deficits. In summary, our data highlight that the maintenance of adult myelin homeostasis in the CNS requires the involvement of a fully functional autophagic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Ktena
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Stefanos Ioannis Kaplanis
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Irina Kolotuev
- Electron Microscopy Facility (PME), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Emmanouela Kallergi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences (DNF), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vasiliki Stavroulaki
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Maria Savvaki
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Domna Karagogeos
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion, Greece
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Xu L, Li L, Pan C, Song J, Zhang C, Wu X, Hu F, Liu X, Zhang Z, Zhang Z. Erythropoietin signaling in peripheral macrophages is required for systemic β-amyloid clearance. EMBO J 2022; 41:e111038. [PMID: 36215698 PMCID: PMC9670197 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired clearance of beta-amyloid (Aβ) is a primary cause of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ clearance in the periphery contributes to reducing brain Aβ levels and preventing Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. We show here that erythropoietin (EPO) increases phagocytic activity, levels of Aβ-degrading enzymes, and Aβ clearance in peripheral macrophages via PPARγ. Erythropoietin is also shown to suppress Aβ-induced inflammatory responses. Deletion of EPO receptor in peripheral macrophages leads to increased peripheral and brain Aβ levels and exacerbates Alzheimer's-associated brain pathologies and behavioral deficits in AD-model mice. Moreover, erythropoietin signaling is impaired in peripheral macrophages of old AD-model mice. Exogenous erythropoietin normalizes impaired EPO signaling and dysregulated functions of peripheral macrophages in old AD-model mice, promotes systemic Aβ clearance, and alleviates disease progression. Erythropoietin treatment may represent a potential therapeutic approach for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xu
- School of Basic Medical SciencesNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of HealthNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
- Department of Neurology, Sir Run Run HospitalNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lei Li
- School of Basic Medical SciencesNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Cai‐Long Pan
- School of Basic Medical SciencesNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of HealthNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jing‐Jing Song
- School of Basic Medical SciencesNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Chen‐Yang Zhang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiang‐Hui Wu
- School of Basic Medical SciencesNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Fan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xue Liu
- School of Basic Medical SciencesNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhiren Zhang
- Institute of ImmunologyArmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Zhi‐Yuan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of HealthNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
- Department of Neurology, Sir Run Run HospitalNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu ProvinceNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
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Hwang M, Savarin C, Kim J, Powers J, Towne N, Oh H, Bergmann CC. Trem2 deficiency impairs recovery and phagocytosis and dysregulates myeloid gene expression during virus-induced demyelination. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:267. [PMID: 36333761 PMCID: PMC9635103 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02629-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (Trem2) plays a protective role in neurodegenerative diseases. By contrast, Trem2 functions can exacerbate tissue damage during respiratory viral or liver infections. We, therefore, investigated the role of Trem2 in a viral encephalomyelitis model associated with prominent Th1 mediated antiviral immunity leading to demyelination. Methods Wild-type (WT) and Trem2 deficient (Trem2−/−) mice were infected with a sublethal glia tropic murine coronavirus (MHV–JHM) intracranially. Disease progression and survival were monitored daily. Leukocyte accumulation and pathological features including demyelination and axonal damage in spinal cords (SC) were determined by flow cytometry and tissue section immunofluorescence analysis. Expression of select inflammatory cytokines and chemokines was measured by RT-PCR and global myeloid cell gene expression in SC-derived microglia and infiltrated bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) were determined using the Nanostring nCounter platform. Results BMDM recruited to SCs in response to infection highly upregulated Trem2 mRNA compared to microglia coincident with viral control. Trem2 deficiency did not alter disease onset or severity, but impaired clinical recovery after onset of demyelination. Disease progression in Trem2−/− mice could not be attributed to altered virus control or an elevated proinflammatory response. A prominent difference was increased degenerated myelin not associated with the myeloid cell markers IBA1 and/or CD68. Gene expression profiles of SC-derived microglia and BMDM further revealed that Trem2 deficiency resulted in impaired upregulation of phagocytosis associated genes Lpl and Cd36 in microglia, but a more complex pattern in BMDM. Conclusions Trem2 deficiency during viral-induced demyelination dysregulates expression of other select genes regulating phagocytic pathways and lipid metabolism, with distinct effects on microglia and BMDM. The ultimate failure to remove damaged myelin is reminiscent of toxin or autoimmune cell-induced demyelination models and supports that Trem2 function is regulated by sensing tissue damage including a dysregulated lipid environment in very distinct inflammatory environments. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02629-1.
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Li Y, Huang Y, Cai J, Jiang D, Jian JC, Lu YS, Wang B. Establishment of an astrocyte-like cell line from the brain of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) for virus pathogenesis and a vitro model of the blood-brain barrier. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:1451-1462. [PMID: 35758189 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A new cell line was established from the brain of a cultured fish, tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), designated as TA-02 (Tilapia Astrocyte clone 02 cell line). The TA-02 cells are grown for 300 days in an L-15 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). This cell line showed excellent proliferative capacity and expressed various neuroglial cell markers, including SOX2, SOX10, Hes1, Notch1, Occludin, E-cadherin, and GFAP. In addition, TA-02 cells were susceptible to Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) as demonstrated by the presence of a severe cytopathic effect (CPE), virus particle in a transmission electron microscope (TEM), and PCR positive signal. Bacterial cytotoxicity studies showed that Streptococcus agalactiae was toxic to TA-02 cells. When co-culture with trans-well, TA-02 exhibited prominent barrier properties, manifested by tight intercellular junctions and increased trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER). In addition, the barrier is effective against Escherichia coli (non-meningitis pathogenic bacteria). In contrast, S. agalactiae (meningitis pathogenic bacteria) can pass through the membrane comprising the cells in the trans-well insert. The newly established TA-02 cell line provided a valuable tool for virus pathogenesis and a vitro model of the fish blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy culture, Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy culture, Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, P. R. China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, P. R. China
| | - Jia Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy culture, Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, P. R. China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, P. R. China
| | - Dongneng Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy culture, Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Chang Jian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy culture, Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, P. R. China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Shan Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy culture, Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, P. R. China
| | - Bei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy culture, Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, P. R. China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, P. R. China
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Hammel G, Zivkovic S, Ayazi M, Ren Y. Consequences and mechanisms of myelin debris uptake and processing by cells in the central nervous system. Cell Immunol 2022; 380:104591. [PMID: 36030093 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders and trauma involving changes to the neuronal myelin sheath have long been a topic of great interest. One common pathological change in these diseases is the generation of myelin debris resulting from the breakdown of the myelin sheath. Myelin debris contains many inflammatory and neurotoxic factors that inhibit remyelination and make its clearance a prerequisite for healing in CNS disorders. Many professional and semiprofessional phagocytes participate in the clearance of myelin debris in the CNS. These cells use various mechanisms for the uptake of myelin debris, and each cell type produces its own unique set of pathologic consequences resulting from the debris uptake. Examining these cells' phagocytosis of myelin debris will contribute to a more complete understanding of CNS disease pathogenesis and help us conceptualize how the necessary clearance of myelin debris must be balanced with the detrimental consequences brought about by its clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Hammel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States.
| | - Sandra Zivkovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States.
| | - Maryam Ayazi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States.
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States.
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Fernández-Calle R, Konings SC, Frontiñán-Rubio J, García-Revilla J, Camprubí-Ferrer L, Svensson M, Martinson I, Boza-Serrano A, Venero JL, Nielsen HM, Gouras GK, Deierborg T. APOE in the bullseye of neurodegenerative diseases: impact of the APOE genotype in Alzheimer’s disease pathology and brain diseases. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:62. [PMID: 36153580 PMCID: PMC9509584 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ApoE is the major lipid and cholesterol carrier in the CNS. There are three major human polymorphisms, apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4, and the genetic expression of APOE4 is one of the most influential risk factors for the development of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neuroinflammation has become the third hallmark of AD, together with Amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated aggregated tau protein. This review aims to broadly and extensively describe the differential aspects concerning apoE. Starting from the evolution of apoE to how APOE's single-nucleotide polymorphisms affect its structure, function, and involvement during health and disease. This review reflects on how APOE's polymorphisms impact critical aspects of AD pathology, such as the neuroinflammatory response, particularly the effect of APOE on astrocytic and microglial function and microglial dynamics, synaptic function, amyloid-β load, tau pathology, autophagy, and cell–cell communication. We discuss influential factors affecting AD pathology combined with the APOE genotype, such as sex, age, diet, physical exercise, current therapies and clinical trials in the AD field. The impact of the APOE genotype in other neurodegenerative diseases characterized by overt inflammation, e.g., alpha- synucleinopathies and Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis, is also addressed. Therefore, this review gathers the most relevant findings related to the APOE genotype up to date and its implications on AD and CNS pathologies to provide a deeper understanding of the knowledge in the APOE field.
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Chen W, Wang J, Yang H, Sun Y, Chen B, Liu Y, Han Y, Shan M, Zhan J. Interleukin 22 and its association with neurodegenerative disease activity. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:958022. [PMID: 36176437 PMCID: PMC9514046 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.958022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It is worth noting that neuroinflammation is well recognized as a symptom of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). The regulation of neuroinflammation becomes an attractive focus for innovative ND treatment technologies. There is evidence that IL-22 is associated with the development and progression of a wide assortment of NDs. For example, IL-22 can activate glial cells, causing them to generate pro-inflammatory cytokines and encourage lymphocyte infiltration in the brain. IL-22 mRNA is highly expressed in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients, and a high expression of IL-22 has also been detected in the brains of patients with other NDs. We examine the role of IL-22 in the development and treatment of NDs in this review, and we believe that IL-22 has therapeutic potential in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Anhui Provincial Children’s Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Jianpeng Wang
- School of First Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Huaizhi Yang
- School of First Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuankai Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bangjie Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yanxun Han
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ming Shan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Ming Shan, ; Junfeng Zhan,
| | - Junfeng Zhan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Ming Shan, ; Junfeng Zhan,
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Savchuk S, Monje M. Mini-Review: Aplastic Myelin Following Chemotherapy. Neurosci Lett 2022; 790:136861. [PMID: 36055447 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of chemotherapy to improved outcomes for cancer patients is unquestionable. Yet as its applications broaden, so do the concerns for the long-term implications of chemotherapy on the health of cancer survivors, with chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment as a cause for particular urgency. In this mini review, we explore myelin aplasticity following chemotherapy, discussing the role of myelin plasticity in healthy cognition and failure of myelin plasticity chiefly due microenvironmental aberrations in chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment. Possible therapeutic strategies to mitigate chemotherapy-induced myelin dysfunction are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomiia Savchuk
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Michelle Monje
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Zhou M, Zhang T, Zhang X, Zhang M, Gao S, Zhang T, Li S, Cai X, Li J, Lin Y. Effect of Tetrahedral Framework Nucleic Acids on Neurological Recovery via Ameliorating Apoptosis and Regulating the Activation and Polarization of Astrocytes in Ischemic Stroke. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:37478-37492. [PMID: 35951372 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes, as the most plentiful subtypes of glial cells, play an essential biphasic function in ischemic stroke (IS). However, although having beneficial effects on stroke via promoting nerve restoration and limiting lesion extension, astrocytes can unavoidably cause exacerbated brain damage due to their participation in the inflammatory response. Therefore, seeking an effective and safe drug/strategy for protecting and regulating astrocytes in stroke is urgent. Here, we employ tetrahedral framework nucleic acid (tFNA) nanomaterials for astrocytes in stroke, considering their excellent biological properties and outstanding biosafety. In vitro, tFNA can inhibit calcium overload and ROS regeneration triggered by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R), which provides a protective effect against astrocytic apoptosis. Furthermore, morphological changes such as hyperplasia and hypertrophy of reactive astrocytes are restrained, and the astrocytic polarization from the proinflammatory A1 phenotype to the neuroprotective A2 phenotype is facilitated by tFNA, which further alleviates cerebral infarct volume and facilitates the recovery of neurological function in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo) rat models. Moreover, the TLRs/NF-κB signaling pathway is downregulated by tFNA, which may be the potential mechanism of tFNA for protecting astrocytes in stroke. Collectively, we demonstrate that tFNA can effectively mediate astrocytic apoptosis, activation, and polarization to alleviate brain injury, which represents a potential intervention strategy for IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Tianxu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Shaojingya Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Songhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Jun Li
- Orthopedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopedics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
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50
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Yao XQ, Chen JY, Yu ZH, Huang ZC, Hamel R, Zeng YQ, Huang ZP, Tu KW, Liu JH, Lu YM, Zhou ZT, Pluchino S, Zhu QA, Chen JT. Bioinformatics analysis identified apolipoprotein E as a hub gene regulating neuroinflammation in macrophages and microglia following spinal cord injury. Front Immunol 2022; 13:964138. [PMID: 36091018 PMCID: PMC9448857 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.964138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages and microglia play important roles in chronic neuroinflammation following spinal cord injury (SCI). Although macrophages and microglia have similar functions, their phagocytic and homeostatic abilities differ. It is difficult to distinguish between these two populations in vivo, but single-cell analysis can improve our understanding of their identity and heterogeneity. We conducted bioinformatics analysis of the single-cell RNA sequencing dataset GSE159638, identifying apolipoprotein E (APOE) as a hub gene in both macrophages and microglia in the subacute and chronic phases of SCI. We then validated these transcriptomic changes in a mouse model of cervical spinal cord hemi-contusion and observed myelin uptake, lipid droplets, and lysosome accumulation in macrophages and microglia following SCI. Finally, we observed that knocking out APOE aggravated neurological dysfunction, increased neuroinflammation, and exacerbated the loss of white matter. Targeting APOE and the related cholesterol efflux represents a promising strategy for reducing neuroinflammation and promoting recovery following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Qiang Yao
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Ying Chen
- Department of Comprehensive Medical Treatment Ward, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Han Yu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zu-Cheng Huang
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Regan Hamel
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yong-Qiang Zeng
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Huang
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke-Wu Tu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Hao Liu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Meng Lu
- Center of Electron Microscopy, Central Laboratory, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Tao Zhou
- Center of Electron Microscopy, Central Laboratory, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Qing-An Zhu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ting Chen
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jian-Ting Chen,
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