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Jalili C, Ranjbar Shamsi R, Amiri B, Kakebaraie S, Jalili F, Nasta TZ. Genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of aflatoxin on the reproductive system: Focus on cell cycle dynamics and apoptosis in testicular tissue. Toxicology 2024; 504:153773. [PMID: 38484789 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are inevitable environmental contaminants that are detrimental to human and animal health. AFs interfere with metabolic processes, metabolizing into different hydroxylated derivatives in the liver, as well as mechanistically induce ROS accumulation, S-phase arrest, DNA damage, and cell apoptosis. Chronic consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated foods can adversely affect the male reproductive system, cause testicular damage, prevent testosterone synthesis, decline sperm quality, and cause infertility. Oxidative stress is the fundamental pathogenesis of aflatoxin-induced reproductive toxicity. The overproduction of reactive oxygen substances can cause testicular failure and disturb the process of spermatogenesis. Mitochondria are susceptible to being impaired by oxidative stress, and its damage is associated with infertility. AFs also disturb the process of spermatogenesis by disrupting the regulation of genes related to the progression of the cell cycle such as cyclins and inducing genes related to apoptosis, thereby weakening fertility and negatively affecting the testicular endocrine potential by suppressing androgen synthesis. Additionally, AFs downregulate ERα expression, potentially negatively impacting spermatogenesis by enhancing the apoptotic mechanism. In this review, we provide new insights into the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of AFB1 on the male reproductive system with a focus on the cell cycle and apoptosis destruction of testicular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus Jalili
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Rahele Ranjbar Shamsi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Bita Amiri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Seyran Kakebaraie
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Faramarz Jalili
- School of Health Administration, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Touraj Zamir Nasta
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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2
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Suresh D, Srinivas AN, Prashant A, Harikumar KB, Kumar DP. Therapeutic options in hepatocellular carcinoma: a comprehensive review. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:1901-1916. [PMID: 36780119 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a chronic liver disease that is highly fatal if not detected and treated early. The incidence and death rate of HCC have been increasing in recent decades despite the measures taken for preventive screening and effective diagnostic and treatment strategies. The pathophysiology of HCC is multifactorial and highly complex owing to its molecular and immune heterogeneity, and thus the gap in knowledge still precludes making choices between viable therapeutic options and also the development of effective regimens. The treatment of HCC demands multidisciplinary approaches and primarily depends on tumor stage, hepatic functional reserve, and response to treatment by patients. Although curative treatments are limited but critical in the early stages of cancer, there are numerous palliative treatments available for patients with intermediate and advanced-stage HCC. In recent times, the use of combination therapy has succeeded over the use of monotherapy in the treatment of HCC by achieving effective tumor suppression, increasing survival rate, decreasing toxicity, and also aiding in overcoming drug resistance. This work focuses on reviewing the current and emerging treatment strategies for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diwakar Suresh
- Department of Biochemistry, CEMR, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, SS Nagar, Mysuru, 570015, India
| | - Akshatha N Srinivas
- Department of Biochemistry, CEMR, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, SS Nagar, Mysuru, 570015, India
| | - Akila Prashant
- Department of Biochemistry, CEMR, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, SS Nagar, Mysuru, 570015, India
| | - Kuzhuvelil B Harikumar
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, 695014, India
| | - Divya P Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, CEMR, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, SS Nagar, Mysuru, 570015, India.
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3
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Li C, Liu X, Wu J, Ji X, Xu Q. Research progress in toxicological effects and mechanism of aflatoxin B 1 toxin. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13850. [PMID: 35945939 PMCID: PMC9357370 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal contamination of animal feed can severely affect the health of farm animals, and result in considerable economic losses. Certain filamentous fungi or molds produce toxic secondary metabolites known as mycotoxins, of which aflatoxins (AFTs) are considered the most critical dietary risk factor for both humans and animals. AFTs are ubiquitous in the environment, soil, and food crops, and aflatoxin B1(AFB1) has been identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the most potent natural group 1A carcinogen. We reviewed the literature on the toxic effects of AFB1 in humans and animals along with its toxicokinetic properties. The damage induced by AFB1 in cells and tissues is mainly achieved through cell cycle arrest and inhibition of cell proliferation, and the induction of apoptosis, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy. In addition, numerous coding genes and non-coding RNAs have been identified that regulate AFB1 toxicity. This review is a summary of the current research on the complexity of AFB1 toxicity, and provides insights into the molecular mechanisms as well as the phenotypic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiao Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiangbo Ji
- Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Henan Key Laboratory of Unconventional Feed Resources Innovative Utilization, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qiuliang Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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4
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Schamann A, Schmidt-Heydt M, Geisen R, Kulling SE, Soukup ST. Formation of B- and M-group aflatoxins and precursors by Aspergillus flavus on maize and its implication for food safety. Mycotoxin Res 2022; 38:79-92. [PMID: 35288866 PMCID: PMC9038868 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-022-00452-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins count to the most toxic known mycotoxins and are a threat to food safety especially in regions with a warm and humid climate. Contaminated food reaches consumers globally due to international trade, leading to stringent regulatory limits of aflatoxins in food. While the formation of aflatoxin (AF) B1 by the filamentous fungus Aspergillus flavus is well investigated, less is known about the formation kinetics of its precursors and further aflatoxins. In this study, autoclaved maize kernels were inoculated with A. flavus and incubated at 25 °C for up to 10 days. Aflatoxins and precursors were analyzed by a validated UHPLC-MS method. Additional to AFB1 and AFB2, AFM1 and AFM2 were detected, confirming the ability of the formation of M-group aflatoxins on cereals by A. flavus. The measured relative levels of AFB2, AFM1, and AFM2 on maize compared to the level of AFB1 (mean of days 5, 7, and 10 of incubation) were 3.3%, 1.5%, and 0.2%, respectively. The occurrence and kinetics of the measured aflatoxins and their precursors sterigmatocystin, O-methylsterigmatocystin, 11-hydroxy-O-methylsterigmatocystin, aspertoxin, and 11-hydroxyaspertoxin (group 1) as well as of dihydrosterigmatocystin and dihydro-O-methylsterigmatocystin (group 2) supported the so far postulated biosynthetic pathway. Remarkable high levels of O-methylsterigmatocystin and aspertoxin (17.4% and 4.9% compared to AFB1) were found, raising the question about the toxicological relevance of these intermediates. In conclusion, based on the study results, the monitoring of O-methylsterigmatocystin and aspertoxin as well as M-group aflatoxins in food is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schamann
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI) - Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Markus Schmidt-Heydt
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI) - Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Rolf Geisen
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI) - Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sabine E Kulling
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI) - Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sebastian T Soukup
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI) - Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Gomez-Quiroz LE, Roman S. Influence of genetic and environmental risk factors in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in Mexico. Ann Hepatol 2022; 27 Suppl 1:100649. [PMID: 34902602 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2021.100649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The latest studies on the epidemiology of diverse types of cancers have located in the scene the relevance of liver tumors, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC is a life-threatening malignancy triggered by chronic exposure to hepatitis B and C viruses, excessive alcohol intake, hepatic lipid droplet accumulation, and aflatoxins that lead to persistent liver damage. The occurrence of such etiological risk factors deeply marks the variability in the incidence of HCC worldwide reflected by geography, ethnicity, age, and lifestyle factors influenced by cultural aspects. New perspectives on the primary risk factors and their potential gene-environment interactions (GxE) have been well-addressed in some cancers; however, it continues to be a partially characterized issue in liver malignancies. In this review, the epidemiology of the risk factors for HCC are described enhancing the GxE interactions identified in Mexico, which could mark the risk of this liver malignancy among the population and the measures needed to revert them. Updated healthcare policies focusing on preventive care should be tailored based on the genetic and environmental risk factors, which may influence the effect of the etiological agents of HCC. Robust regional investigations related to epidemiological, clinical, and basic studies are warranted to understand this health problem complying with the rules of ethnic, genetic, environmental, and social diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Gomez-Quiroz
- Área de Medicina Experimental y Traslacional, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sonia Roman
- Department of Genomic Medicine in Hepatology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, "Fray Antonio Alcalde," Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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6
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Elmore SE, Treviño-Espinosa RS, Garcia-Mazcorro JF, González-Barranco P, Sánchez-Casas RM, Phillips TD, Marroquín-Cardona AG. Evaluation of aflatoxin and fumonisin co-exposure in urine samples from healthy volunteers in northern Mexico. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1734-1741. [PMID: 34692424 PMCID: PMC8515162 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
High frequency of co-exposure to aflatoxin and fumonisin is present in Mexicans. No co-exposed participants had higher concentrations of either AF or FB than co-exposed. Detection of aflatoxins and fumonisins in maize based foods in Mexico is common.
Aflatoxins (AF) and fumonisins (FB) are common contaminants of maize and have been associated with cancer, immune suppression, and growth stunting. In this work, AFM1 and FB1 were measured in urine samples of healthy volunteers from the metropolitan area of Monterrey, Mexico, while AF and FB were detected in foods collected near the sampling zone. Urine samples from 106 adults were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and toxins in foods were measured by fluorometry. The mean value of AFM1 and FB1 was 4.3 pg/mg creatinine from 76 samples (72 %), and 50 pg/mg creatinine from 75 samples (71 %), respectively. More than half of the samples (n = 56, 53 %) had detectable levels of both AFM1 and FB1. No differences in toxin levels were found between males and females or between age groups, but AFM1 and FB1 levels were higher (p < 0.01) when detected as a single exposure compared to co-exposed. Some significant results were found when comparing AFM1 and FB1 levels among groups of people assigned to levels of food consumption. Food samples had average concentrations of 5.3 μg/kg for AF and 800 μg/kg for FB. The results showed that co-exposure to AF and FB is common in the metropolitan area of Monterrey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Elmore
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, TAMU 4458, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4458, USA
| | - Ramón S Treviño-Espinosa
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, General Escobedo, NL, 66050, Mexico
| | | | - Patricia González-Barranco
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Universidad Autonoma of Nuevo Leon, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL, 66451, Mexico
| | - Rosa M Sánchez-Casas
- Academic Group of Ecology of Diseases and Wildlife, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, General Escobedo, NL, 66050, Mexico
| | - Timothy D Phillips
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, TAMU 4458, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4458, USA
| | - Alicia G Marroquín-Cardona
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, General Escobedo, NL, 66050, Mexico
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7
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Ghazi T, Arumugam T, Foolchand A, Chuturgoon AA. The Impact of Natural Dietary Compounds and Food-Borne Mycotoxins on DNA Methylation and Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:E2004. [PMID: 32878338 PMCID: PMC7565866 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer initiation and progression is an accumulation of genetic and epigenetic modifications. DNA methylation is a common epigenetic modification that regulates gene expression, and aberrant DNA methylation patterns are considered a hallmark of cancer. The human diet is a source of micronutrients, bioactive molecules, and mycotoxins that have the ability to alter DNA methylation patterns and are thus a contributing factor for both the prevention and onset of cancer. Micronutrients such as betaine, choline, folate, and methionine serve as cofactors or methyl donors for one-carbon metabolism and other DNA methylation reactions. Dietary bioactive compounds such as curcumin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, genistein, quercetin, resveratrol, and sulforaphane reactivate essential tumor suppressor genes by reversing aberrant DNA methylation patterns, and therefore, they have shown potential against various cancers. In contrast, fungi-contaminated agricultural foods are a source of potent mycotoxins that induce carcinogenesis. In this review, we summarize the existing literature on dietary micronutrients, bioactive compounds, and food-borne mycotoxins that affect DNA methylation patterns and identify their potential in the onset and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anil A. Chuturgoon
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa; (T.G.); (T.A.); (A.F.)
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Abstract
Recent developments in biomarkers relating to the interrelationship of diet, disease and health were surveyed. Most emphasis was placed on biomarkers of deleterious effects, since these are of greatest relevance to the subject of this review. The area of greatest activity was found to be that relating to biomarkers of mutagenic, genotoxic and carcinogenic effects. This is also one of the major areas of concern in considerations of the beneficial and deleterious effects of dietary components, and also the area in which regulatory testing requires studies of the longest duration. A degree of progress has also been made in the identification and development of biomarkers relating to certain classes of target organ toxicity. Biomarkers for other types of toxicity, such as immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity, are less developed, and further investigation in these areas is required before a comprehensive biomarker strategy can be established. A criticism that recurs constantly in the biomarker literature is the lack of standardisation in the methods used, and the lack of reference standards for the purposes of validation and quality control. It is encouraging to note the growing acknowledgement of the need for validation of biomarkers and biomarker assays. Some validation studies have already been initiated. This review puts forward proposals for criteria to be used in biomarker validation. More discussion on this subject is required. It is concluded that the use of biomarkers can, in some cases, facilitate the implementation of the Three Rs with respect to the testing of food chemicals and studies on the effects of diet on health. The greatest potential is seen to be in the refinement of animal testing, in which biomarkers could serve as early and sensitive endpoints, in order to reduce the duration of the studies and also reduce the number of animals required. Biomarkers could also contribute to establishing a mechanistic basis for in vitro test systems and to facilitating their validation and acceptance. Finally, the increased information that could result from the incorporation of biomarker determinations into population studies could reduce the need for supplementary animal studies. This review makes a number of recommendations concerning the prioritisation of future activities on dietary biomarkers in relation to the Three Rs. It is emphasised, however, that further discussions will be required among toxicologists, epidemiologists and others researching the relationship between diet and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krys Bottrill
- FRAME, Russell & Burch House, 96–98 North Sherwood Street, Nottingham NG1 4EE, UK
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Alvarez CS, Ortiz J, Bendfeldt‐Avila G, Xie Y, Wang M, Wu D, Higson H, Lee E, Teshome K, Barnoya J, Kleiner DE, Groopman JD, Orozco R, McGlynn KA, Gharzouzi E, Dean M. Analysis of TP53 aflatoxin signature mutation in hepatocellular carcinomas from Guatemala: A cross-sectional study (2016-2017). Health Sci Rep 2020; 3:e155. [PMID: 32382660 PMCID: PMC7202218 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Guatemala has the highest incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the Western hemisphere. The major risk factors in Guatemala are not well characterized, but the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) appears to be low, while the prevalence of aflatoxin (AFB1) exposure appears to be high. To examine whether AFB1 may contribute to the elevated incidence of HCC in Guatemala, this study examined the frequency of the AFB1-signature mutation in the TP53 gene (R249S) as well as other somatic mutations. In addition, we assessed whether the frequency of the TP53 mutation differed by sex. METHODS Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) HCC tissues were obtained from three hospitals in Guatemala City between 2016 and 2017. In addition, tumor tissues preserved in RNAlater were also obtained. Sociodemographic and clinical information including HBV and HCV status were collected. Targeted sequencing of TP53 was performed in the FFPE samples, and a panel of 253 cancer-related genes was sequenced in the RNAlater samples. RESULTS Ninety-one FFPE tissues were examined, from 52 men and 39 women. Median (IQR) age at diagnosis was 62 (51-70). Among those with known HBV and HCV status, two were HBV+ and three were HCV+. Overall, 47% of the HCCs had a TP53 mutation. The AFB1-signature R249S mutation was present in 24%. No overlap between the R249S mutation and HBV+ was observed in this cohort. Among 18 RNAlater samples examined, 44% had any TP53 mutation and 33% had the R249S mutation. Other somatic mutations were identified in known HCC driver genes. CONCLUSIONS The presence of the TP53 R249S mutation in the samples studied suggests that AFB1 may contribute to the high incidence of HCC in Guatemala. The proportion of HBV+ tumors was low, suggesting that AFB1 may be associated with HCC in the absence of concomitant HBV infection. Further investigation of AFB1 and other risk factors for HCC in Guatemala is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian S. Alvarez
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and GeneticsNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMaryland
| | - Jeremy Ortiz
- Instituto de Cancerología/INCANGuatemala CityGuatemala
| | | | - Yi Xie
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and GeneticsNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMaryland
| | - Mingyi Wang
- Cancer Genetics Research Laboratory, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Leidos Biomedical Research IncFrederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchGaithersburgMaryland
| | - Dongjing Wu
- Cancer Genetics Research Laboratory, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Leidos Biomedical Research IncFrederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchGaithersburgMaryland
| | - Herbert Higson
- Cancer Genetics Research Laboratory, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Leidos Biomedical Research IncFrederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchGaithersburgMaryland
| | - Elisa Lee
- Cancer Genetics Research Laboratory, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Leidos Biomedical Research IncFrederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchGaithersburgMaryland
| | - Kedest Teshome
- Cancer Genetics Research Laboratory, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Leidos Biomedical Research IncFrederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchGaithersburgMaryland
| | | | - David E. Kleiner
- Laboratory of PathologyCenter for Cancer Research, NCI, NIHBethesdaMaryland
| | - John D. Groopman
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public HealthJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMaryland
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public HealthJohns Hopkins, UniversityBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Roberto Orozco
- Department of PathologyHospital General San Juan de DiosGuatemala CityGuatemala
| | - Katherine A. McGlynn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and GeneticsNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMaryland
| | | | - Michael Dean
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and GeneticsNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMaryland
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Wang H, Liao P, Zeng SX, Lu H. It takes a team: a gain-of-function story of p53-R249S. J Mol Cell Biol 2019; 11:277-283. [PMID: 30608603 PMCID: PMC6487778 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjy086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function (GOF), the most malicious oncogenic activity of a cancer-promoting protein, is well illustrated to three hotspot p53 mutations at R248, R175, and R273 with distinct molecular mechanisms. Yet, less is known about another hotspot p53 mutant, R249S (p53-R249S). p53-R249S is the sole hotspot mutation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that is highly associated with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Its GOF is suggested by the facts that this mutant is associated with earlier onset of HCC and poorer prognosis of cancer patients and that its overexpression drives HCC proliferation and tumorigenesis. By contrast, simply knocking in this mutant in normal mice did not show apparent GOF activity. Hence, the GOF activity for p53-R249S and its underlying mechanisms have been elusive until recent findings offered some new insights. This review will discuss these findings as well as their clinical significance and implications for the development of a strategy to target multiple molecules as a therapy for p53-R249S-harboring HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Peng Liao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Shelya X Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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11
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Profiling of LINE-1-Related Genes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030645. [PMID: 30717368 PMCID: PMC6387036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prime public health concern that accounts for most of the primary liver malignancies in humans. The most common etiological factor of HCC is hepatitis B virus (HBV). Despite recent advances in treatment strategies, there has been little success in improving the survival of HCC patients. To develop a novel therapeutic approach, evaluation of a working hypothesis based on different viewpoints might be important. Long interspersed element 1 (L1) retrotransposons have been suggested to play a role in HCC. However, the molecular machineries that can modulate L1 biology in HBV-related HCC have not been well-evaluated. Here, we summarize the profiles of expression and/or activation status of L1-related genes in HBV-related HCC, and HBV- and HCC-related genes that may impact L1-mediated tumorigenesis. L1 restriction factors appear to be suppressed by HBV infection. Since some of the L1 restriction factors also limit HBV, these factors may be exhausted in HBV-infected cells, which causes de-suppression of L1. Several HBV- and HCC-related genes that interact with L1 can affect oncogenic processes. Thus, L1 may be a novel prime therapeutic target for HBV-related HCC. Studies in this area will provide insights into HCC and other types of cancers.
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12
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Jiang K, Centeno BA. Primary Liver Cancers, Part 2: Progression Pathways and Carcinogenesis. Cancer Control 2018; 25:1073274817744658. [PMID: 29353494 PMCID: PMC5933573 DOI: 10.1177/1073274817744658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and primary intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) have been increasing in incidence worldwide and are leading causes of cancer death. Studies of the molecular alterations leading to these carcinomas provide insights into the key mechanisms involved. A literature review was conducted to identify articles with information relevant to current understanding of the etiologies and molecular pathogenesis of HCC and ICC. Chronic inflammatory diseases are the key etiological risk factors for both HCC and ICC, although other diseases play a role, and for many ICCs, an underlying risk factor is not identified. Mutations in catenin beta 1 ( CTNBB1) and tumor protein 53 (P53) are the main genetic alterations in HCC. Isocitrate dehydrogenases 1 and 2 (IDH1/2), KRAS protooncogene GTPase (KRAS), a RAS Viral Oncogene Homolog in neoroblastoma (NRAS) and P53 are primary genetic alterations in ICC. In both diseases, the mutational landscape is dependent on the underlying etiology. The most significant etiologies and genetic processes involved in the carcinogenesis of HCC and ICC are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Jiang
- 1 Department of Anatomic Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA.,2 Department of Oncologic Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine at University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Barbara A Centeno
- 1 Department of Anatomic Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA.,2 Department of Oncologic Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine at University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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13
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Jiao J, Niu W, Wang Y, Baggerly K, Ye Y, Wu X, Davenport D, Almeda JL, Betancourt-Garcia MM, Forse RA, Stevenson HL, Watt GP, McCormick JB, Fisher-Hoch SP, Beretta L. Prevalence of Aflatoxin-Associated TP53R249S Mutation in Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Hispanics in South Texas. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-17-0235-at] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Aflatoxin and viral hepatitis exposures in Guatemala: Molecular biomarkers reveal a unique profile of risk factors in a region of high liver cancer incidence. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189255. [PMID: 29236788 PMCID: PMC5728519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is an emerging global health issue, with rising incidence in both the United States and the economically developing world. Although Guatemala experiences the highest rates of this disease in the Western hemisphere and a unique 1:1 distribution in men and women, few studies have focused on this population. Thus, we determined the prevalence and correlates of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) exposure and hepatitis virus infection in Guatemalan adults. Healthy men and women aged ≥40 years (n = 461), residing in five departments of Guatemala, were enrolled in a cross-sectional study from May—October of 2016. Serum AFB1-albumin adducts were quantified using isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Multivariate linear regression was used to assess relationships between AFB1-albumin adduct levels and demographic factors. Biomarkers of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection were assessed by immunoassay and analyzed by Fisher’s exact test. AFB1-albumin adducts were detected in 100% of participants, with a median of 8.4 pg/mg albumin (range, 0.2–814.8). Exposure was significantly higher (p<0.05) in male, rural, low-income, and less-educated participants than in female, urban, and higher socioeconomic status participants. Hepatitis B and C seropositivity was low (0.9% and 0.5%, respectively). Substantial AFB1 exposure exists in Guatemalan adults, concurrent with low prevalence of hepatitis virus seropositivity. Quantitatively, AFB1 exposures are similar to those previously found to increase risk for liver cancer in Asia and Africa. Mitigation of AFB1 exposure may reduce liver cancer incidence and mortality in Guatemala, warranting further investigation.
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15
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Jiao J, Niu W, Wang Y, Baggerly K, Ye Y, Wu X, Davenport D, Almeda JL, Betancourt-Garcia MM, Forse RA, Stevenson HL, Watt GP, McCormick JB, Fisher-Hoch SP, Beretta L. Prevalence of Aflatoxin-Associated TP53R249S Mutation in Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Hispanics in South Texas. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2017; 11:103-112. [PMID: 29089331 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-17-0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to determine whether aflatoxin dietary exposure plays a role in the high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) observed among Hispanics in South Texas. We measured TP53R249S somatic mutation, hallmark of aflatoxin etiology in HCC, using droplet digital PCR and RFLP. TP53R249S mutation was detected in 3 of 41 HCC tumors from Hispanics in South Texas (7.3%). We also measured TP53R249S mutation in plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from 218 HCC patients and 96 Hispanic subjects with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis, from South Texas. The mutation was detected only in Hispanic and Asian HCC patients, and patients harboring TP53R249S mutation were significantly younger and had a shorter overall survival. The mutation was not detected in any Hispanic subject with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis. Genes involved in cell-cycle control of chromosomal replication and in BRCA1-dependent DNA damage response were enriched in HCCs with TP53R249S mutation. The E2F1 family members, E2F1 and E2F4, were identified as upstream regulators. TP53R249S mutation was detected in 5.7% to 7.3% of Hispanics with HCC in South Texas. This mutation was associated with a younger age and worse prognosis. TP53R249S was however not detected in Hispanics in South Texas with cirrhosis or advanced fibrosis. Aflatoxin exposure may contribute to a small number of HCCs in Hispanics in South Texas, but the detection of TP53R249S mutation in plasma cfDNA is not a promising biomarker of risk assessment for HCC in subjects with cirrhosis or advanced fibrosis in this population. Cancer Prev Res; 11(2); 103-12. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Jiao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Weibo Niu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Keith Baggerly
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yuanqing Ye
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Dewitt Davenport
- Doctor's Hospital at Renaissance, Edinburg, Texas.,University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Edinburg, Texas
| | - Jose Luis Almeda
- Doctor's Hospital at Renaissance, Edinburg, Texas.,University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Edinburg, Texas
| | | | - R Armour Forse
- Doctor's Hospital at Renaissance, Edinburg, Texas.,University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Edinburg, Texas
| | - Heather L Stevenson
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Gordon P Watt
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Brownsville Regional Campus, Brownsville, Texas
| | - Joseph B McCormick
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Brownsville Regional Campus, Brownsville, Texas
| | - Susan P Fisher-Hoch
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Brownsville Regional Campus, Brownsville, Texas
| | - Laura Beretta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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16
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Ranđelović M, Kostić J, Stošić N, Đorđević I, Spasić A, Ranđelović G. AFLATOXINS: MEDICAL SIGNIFICANCE, VULNERABLE POPULATION GROUPS AND POSSIBLE PREVENTIVE MEASURES. ACTA MEDICA MEDIANAE 2017. [DOI: 10.5633/amm.2017.0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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17
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Li L, Brown KL, Ma R, Stone MP. DNA Sequence Modulates Geometrical Isomerism of the trans-8,9- Dihydro-8-(2,6-diamino-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimid-5-yl-formamido)- 9-hydroxy Aflatoxin B1 Adduct. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 28:225-37. [PMID: 25587868 PMCID: PMC4332041 DOI: 10.1021/tx5003832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Aflatoxin
B1 (AFB1), a mycotoxin produced
by Aspergillus flavus, is oxidized
by cytochrome P450 enzymes to aflatoxin B1-8,9-epoxide,
which alkylates DNA at N7-dG. Under basic conditions,
this N7-dG adduct rearranges to yield the trans-8,9-dihydro-8-(2,6-diamino-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimid-5-yl-formamido)-9-hydroxy
aflatoxin B1 (AFB1–FAPY) adduct. The
AFB1–FAPY adduct exhibits geometrical isomerism
involving the formamide moiety. NMR analyses of duplex oligodeoxynucleotides
containing the 5′-XA-3′, 5′-XC-3′, 5′-XT-3′,
and 5′-XY-3′ sequences (X = AFB1–FAPY;
Y = 7-deaza-dG) demonstrate that the equilibrium between E and Z isomers is controlled by major groove hydrogen
bonding interactions. Structural analysis of the adduct in the 5′-XA-3′
sequence indicates the preference of the E isomer
of the formamide group, attributed to formation of a hydrogen bond
between the formyl oxygen and the N6 exocyclic amino group
of the 3′-neighbor adenine. While the 5′-XA-3′
sequence exhibits the E isomer, the 5′-XC-3′
sequence exhibits a 7:3 E:Z ratio
at equilibrium at 283 K. The E isomer is favored
by a hydrogen bond between the formyl oxygen and the N4-dC exocyclic amino group of the 3′-neighbor cytosine. The
5′-XT-3′ and 5′-XY-3′ sequences cannot
form such a hydrogen bond between the formyl oxygen and the 3′-neighbor
T or Y, respectively, and in these sequence contexts the Z isomer is favored. Additional equilibria between α and β
anomers and the potential to exhibit atropisomers about the C5–N5 bond do not depend upon sequence. In each
of the four DNA sequences, the AFB1–FAPY adduct
maintains the β deoxyribose configuration. Each of these four
sequences feature the atropisomer of the AFB1 moiety that
is intercalated above the 5′-face of the damaged guanine. This
enforces the Ra axial conformation for
the C5–N5 bond.
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18
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Liu J, Li W, Deng M, Liu D, Ma Q, Feng X. Immunohistochemical Determination of p53 Protein Overexpression for Predicting p53 Gene Mutations in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159636. [PMID: 27428001 PMCID: PMC4948819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether increased expression of the tumor suppressor protein p53 indicates a p53 gene mutation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. We conducted a meta-analysis to determine whether p53 protein overexpression detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) offers a diagnostic prediction for p53 gene mutations in HCC patients. METHODS Systematic literature searches were conducted with an end date of December 2015. A meta-analysis was performed to estimate the diagnostic accuracy of IHC-determined p53 protein overexpression in the prediction of p53 gene mutations in HCC. Sensitivity, subgroup, and publication bias analyses were also conducted. RESULTS Thirty-six studies were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed that the overall sensitivity and specificity for IHC-determined p53 overexpression in the diagnostic prediction of p53 mutations in HCC were 0.83 (95% CI: 0.80-0.86) and 0.74 (95% CI: 0.71-0.76), respectively. The summary positive likelihood ratio (PLR) and negative likelihood ratio (NLR) were 2.65 (95% CI: 2.21-3.18) and 0.36 (95% CI: 0.26-0.50), respectively. The diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) of IHC-determined p53 overexpression in predicting p53 mutations ranged from 0.56 to 105.00 (pooled, 9.77; 95% CI: 6.35-15.02), with significant heterogeneity between the included studies (I2 = 40.7%, P = 0.0067). Moreover, subgroup and sensitivity analyses did not alter the results of the meta-analysis. However, potential publication bias was present in the current meta-analysis. CONCLUSION The upregulation of the tumor suppressor protein p53 was indeed linked to p53 gene mutations. IHC determination of p53 overexpression can predict p53 gene mutations in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbo Liu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, PR China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, PR China
- * E-mail: (JL); (XF)
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Miao Deng
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, PR China
| | - Dechun Liu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, PR China
| | - Qingyong Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xiaoshan Feng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Institute, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, PR China
- * E-mail: (JL); (XF)
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19
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Stern MC, Fejerman L, Das R, Setiawan VW, Cruz-Correa MR, Perez-Stable EJ, Figueiredo JC. Variability in Cancer Risk and Outcomes Within US Latinos by National Origin and Genetic Ancestry. CURR EPIDEMIOL REP 2016; 3:181-190. [PMID: 27547694 PMCID: PMC4978756 DOI: 10.1007/s40471-016-0083-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Latinos have lower rates for most common cancer sites and higher rates of some less common cancers (gallbladder, liver, gastric, and cervical) than other ethnic/racial groups. Latinos are a highly heterogeneous population with diverse national origins, unique genetic admixture patterns, and wide spectrum of socio-demographic characteristics. Across the major cancers (breast, colorectal, prostate, lung, and liver) US-born Latinos have higher incidence and worse survival than foreign-born, and those with low-socioeconomic status have the lowest incidence. Puerto Rican and Cuban Latinos have higher incidence rates than Mexican Latinos. We have identified the following themes as understudied and critical to reduce the cancer burden among US Latinos: (1) etiological studies considering key sources of heterogeneity, (2) culturally sensitive cancer prevention strategies, (3) description of the molecular tumor landscape to guide treatments and improve outcomes, and (4) development of prediction models of disease risk and outcomes accounting for heterogeneity of Latinos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana C. Stern
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Laura Fejerman
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Rina Das
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - V. Wendy Setiawan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Marcia R. Cruz-Correa
- Department of Medicine and Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus and University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Eliseo J. Perez-Stable
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Jane C. Figueiredo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
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20
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Rieswijk L, Claessen SM, Bekers O, van Herwijnen M, Theunissen DH, Jennen DG, de Kok TM, Kleinjans JC, van Breda SG. Aflatoxin B1 induces persistent epigenomic effects in primary human hepatocytes associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. Toxicology 2016; 350-352:31-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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21
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Tessitore A, Cicciarelli G, Del Vecchio F, Gaggiano A, Verzella D, Fischietti M, Mastroiaco V, Vetuschi A, Sferra R, Barnabei R, Capece D, Zazzeroni F, Alesse E. MicroRNA expression analysis in high fat diet-induced NAFLD-NASH-HCC progression: study on C57BL/6J mice. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:3. [PMID: 26728044 PMCID: PMC4700747 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-2007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common malignant tumor of the liver. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a frequent chronic liver disorder in developed countries. NAFLD can progress through the more severe non alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and, lastly, HCC. Genetic and epigenetic alterations of coding genes as well as deregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) activity play a role in HCC development. In this study, the C57BL/6J mouse model was long term high-fat (HF) or low-fat (LF) diet fed, in order to analyze molecular mechanisms responsible for the hepatic damage progression. Methods Mice were HF or LF diet fed for different time points, then plasma and hepatic tissues were collected. Histological and clinical chemistry assays were performed to assess the progression of liver disease. MicroRNAs’ differential expression was evaluated on pooled RNAs from tissues, and some miRNAs showing dysregulation were further analyzed at the individual level. Results Cholesterol, low and high density lipoproteins, triglycerides and alanine aminotransferase increase was detected in HF mice. Gross anatomical examination revealed hepatomegaly in HF livers, and histological analysis highlighted different degrees and levels of steatosis, inflammatory infiltrate and fibrosis in HF and LF animals, demonstrating the progression from NAFLD through NASH. Macroscopic nodules, showing typical neoplastic features, were observed in 20 % of HF diet fed mice. Fifteen miRNAs differentially expressed in HF with respect to LF hepatic tissues during the progression of liver damage, and in tumors with respect to HF non tumor liver specimens were identified. Among them, miR-340-5p, miR-484, miR-574-3p, miR-720, whose expression was never described in NAFLD, NASH and HCC tissues, and miR-125a-5p and miR-182, which showed early and significant dysregulation in the sequential hepatic damage process. Conclusions In this study, fifteen microRNAs which were modulated in hepatic tissues and in tumors during the transition NAFLD-NASH-HCC are reported. Besides some already described, new and early dysregulated miRNAs were identified. Functional analyses are needed to validate the results here obtained, and to better define the role of these molecules in the progression of the hepatic disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-2007-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Tessitore
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio - Coppito 2, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Germana Cicciarelli
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio - Coppito 2, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Filippo Del Vecchio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio - Coppito 2, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Agata Gaggiano
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio - Coppito 2, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Daniela Verzella
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio - Coppito 2, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Mariafausta Fischietti
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio - Coppito 2, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Valentina Mastroiaco
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio - Coppito 2, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Antonella Vetuschi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio - Coppito 2, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Roberta Sferra
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio - Coppito 2, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Remo Barnabei
- S. Salvatore Hospital, Unit of Laboratory Medicine, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Daria Capece
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio - Coppito 2, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Francesca Zazzeroni
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio - Coppito 2, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Edoardo Alesse
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio - Coppito 2, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
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22
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Amr KS, Ezzat WM, Elhosary YA, Hegazy AE, Fahim HH, Kamel RR. The potential role of miRNAs 21 and 199-a in early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gene 2015; 575:66-70. [PMID: 26302751 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is regarded as one of the most common malignancies and among the leading causes of cancer death among the whole world. The most urgent needs are to find sensitive markers for early diagnosis for HCC. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are reported as a group of small non-coding RNAs that can function as endogenous RNA interference to regulate expression of the targeted genes. This study was conducted to detect the serum and tissue expression of miR 21 and miR 199-a to be applied as early detectors for HCC. METHODS A total of 40 serum and tissue samples (17 samples from chronic hepatitis and 23 samples from HCC patients) were collected. The levels of the two mature miRNAs (miR-21 and miR-199-a) were detected by real time quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR) in sera and tissues of chronic hepatitis and HCC patients. Besides, miR-21 and miR-199-a levels in relation to clinical and pathological factors were explored. RESULTS We found that the expression of serum miR-21 was distinctly increased in HCC compared with chronic hepatitis (P<0.001). miR 199-a was distinctly decreased in HCC compared with chronic hepatitis (P<0.001). In addition, median of miR 21 was increased in malignant when compared to adjacent non-malignant tissues without significant differences (P=0.191) while miR 199-a was significantly decreased in malignant when compared to adjacent nonmalignant tissues (P<0.001). ROC analysis showed that miR-21 and miR-199-a might be potential biomarkers for HCC. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the expression of miR-21 was significantly up-regulated and miR-199-a was significantly down regulated in serum of patients with HCC. Due to their reasonable sensitivity and specificity for disease progression, miR-21 and miR-199-a could be used as potential circulating biomarkers for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalda Said Amr
- Medical Molecular Genetics Dept., National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wafaa M Ezzat
- Internal Medicine Dept. National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.
| | | | | | - Hoda H Fahim
- Anesthesia Dept., Elsahel Teaching Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Refaat R Kamel
- Surgery Dept., Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Zhou J, Lai PBS, Tsui SKW. Identification of a non-coding KLF4 transcript generated from intron retention and downregulated in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2015; 47:1554-62. [PMID: 26238073 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) gene is related to various biological processes including stem cell reprogramming and tumorigenesis. In this study, we identified and characterized a non-coding transcript of KLF4, which was designated KLF4‑003, in human liver tissue samples. KLF4‑003 was identified in a number of cell lines by reverse transcription PCR and DNA sequencing. Its expression levels were determined in 54 pairs of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues and a number of HCC cell lines by real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Methylation status of KLF4‑003 CpG islands was determined by bisulfite sequencing. The regulatory effect of KLF4‑003 CpG islands hypermethylation in Hep3B cells was then validated by the 5-aza-dC demethylation treatment, followed by RT-PCR analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was created to evaluate the diagnostic value for differentiating between HCC cancer and benign diseases. The association study between KLF4‑003 expression level and clinical traits of HCC patients was performed with SPSS. We found that KLF4‑003 was downregulated in 46 out of 54 HCC samples compared with their adjunct normal tissues. The reduced KLF4‑003 expression was significantly associated with HCC recurrence (P=0.045) in the follow-up of 31 HCC patients. Significant differences were detected between the methylation status of HCC specimens and their adjacent normal controls. Demethylation treatment significantly rescued the expression of KLF4‑003 in Hep3B cells. Such observation indicated that the CpG island hypermethylation was at least partially responsible for the downregulation of KLF4‑003 in HCC. The area under ROC curve for the prediction of HCC reached 0.803 (95% CI=0.719-0.886, P<0.001). Our results suggested that the expression of KLF4‑003 was epigenetically regulated by methylation status of a KLF4‑003 CpG island in HCC. The differential expression of KLF4‑003 might play an important role in HCC development and might serve as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Paul Bo-San Lai
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Stephen Kwok-Wing Tsui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
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Kucukcakan B, Hayrulai-Musliu Z. Challenging Role of Dietary Aflatoxin B1 Exposure and Hepatitis B Infection on Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2015; 3:363-9. [PMID: 27275251 PMCID: PMC4877883 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2015.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFT) are poisonous substances which are classified in Group 1 carcinogenic agents to humans by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). AFT can occur naturally in food commodities (maize, corn, rice) as a result of fungal contamination in hot and humid environments. In the food, toxin contamination can remain during manufacturing and long after fungi have stopped being biologically active. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most dominant and potent agent from all AFT. In developing countries, high exposure to AFB1 can cause chronic toxicity and usually increases the incidence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). However, in these regions hepatitis B is the most common risk factor for HCC cases. Many researches were aimed to enlighten the mechanism and the role of two etiological agents on risk of HCC, but the obtained data was conflicting with each other. It was uncertain that the indicators/biomarkers might be the contribution of the carcinogenic status of the patient; and, the biomarker samples from the subject may only reflect the recent effects of the toxin exposure after consumption of AFB1 contaminated commodities. The studies were facing with the errors of methods which were un-fit to enlighten the possible interaction between Hepatitis B and AFB1 on contribution to HCC. It was pivotal to understand the effect of each risk factor in order to prevent and improve public health in poor and undeveloped regions. Although some of the studies evaluate AFB1 alone as a considerable factor on HCC risk, according to this review it was concluded vice versa. This study was aimed to clarify the main etiological agent of HCC where AFB1 and HBV are endangering public health. In additionally, the purpose was to enlighten the possible synergistic effect between these two factors among HCC pathogenesis. Hence forth, appropriate and right applications could be conducted in undeveloped countries in order to protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basak Kucukcakan
- Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Safety, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Zehra Hayrulai-Musliu
- Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Safety, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
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Torres O, Matute J, Gelineau-van Waes J, Maddox J, Gregory S, Ashley-Koch A, Showker J, Voss K, Riley R. Human health implications from co-exposure to aflatoxins and fumonisins in maize-based foods in Latin America: Guatemala as a case study. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Co-occurrence of fumonisin B1 (FB1) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in maize has been demonstrated in many surveys. Combined-exposure to FB1 and AFB1 was of concern to the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives because of the known genotoxicity of AFB1 and the ability of FB1 to induce regenerative proliferation in target tissues. Humans living where maize is a dietary staple are at high risk for exposure to both mycotoxins. Our work has focused on Guatemala, a country in Central America where maize is consumed in large amounts every day and where intake of FB1 has been shown to be potentially quite high using biomarker-based studies. In 2012 a survey was conducted which analysed maize samples for FB1 and AFB1 from all 22 departments of Guatemala. The results show that the levels of AFB1 exposure are also potentially quite high in Guatemala, and likely throughout Central America and Mexico. The implications of co-exposure for human health are numerous, but one area of particular concern is the potential of FB1 to modulate AFB1 hepatoxicity and/or hepatocarcinogenicity. Both the mechanism of action of FB1 and its ability to promote liver carcinogenicity in rats and rainbow trout is consistent with this concern. In farm and laboratory animals FB1 inhibits ceramide synthases, key enzymes in de novo ceramide biosynthesis. The inhibition of sphingolipid signalling pathways mediating programmed cell death and activation of pathways stimulating cell proliferation in livers of individuals exposed to AFB1 could contribute to the tumorigenicity of AFB1. Studies investigating the health effects of either toxin should consider the potential for co-exposure to both toxins. Also, in countries where maize-based food are prepared by alkaline treatment of the maize kernels, the effect of traditional processing on AFB1 levels and toxicity needs to be determined, especially for maize highly contaminated with AFB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Torres
- Edificio Multimédica Oficina 1009, Laboratorio Diagnóstico Molecular S.A., 2a. calle 25-19 zona 15, 01015 Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - J. Matute
- Centro de Investigaciones en Nutrición y Salud, 2 Calle 20-92 zona 11, 01011 Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - J. Gelineau-van Waes
- School of Medicine, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - J.R. Maddox
- School of Medicine, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - S.G. Gregory
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 2301 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - A.E. Ashley-Koch
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 2301 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - J.L. Showker
- USDA-ARS, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, R.B. Russell Research Center, 950 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - K.A. Voss
- USDA-ARS, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, R.B. Russell Research Center, 950 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - R.T. Riley
- USDA-ARS, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, R.B. Russell Research Center, 950 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA
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Chittmittrapap S, Chieochansin T, Chaiteerakij R, Treeprasertsuk S, Klaikaew N, Tangkijvanich P, Komolmit P, Poovorawan Y. Prevalence of aflatoxin induced p53 mutation at codon 249 (R249s) in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with and without hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:7675-9. [PMID: 24460352 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.12.7675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A missense mutation in exon 7 (R249S) of the p53 tumor suppressor gene is characteristic of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) exposure. AFB1 is believed to have a synergistic effect on hepatitis virus B (HBV) carcinogenesis. However, results of studies comparing R249S prevalence among patients are conflicting. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the R249S mutation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with or without positive HBsAg. MATERIALS AND METHODS Paraffin embedded liver tissues were obtained from 124 HCC patients who underwent liver resection and liver biopsy in King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was utilized to detect the R249S mutation. Positive results were confirmed by direct sequencing. RESULTS Sixty four (52%) patients were positive for HBsAg and 18 (15%) were anti-HCV positive. 12 specimens tested positive by RFLP. Ten HCC patients (8.1%) were confirmed to be R249S positive by Sanger sequencing (AGG to AGT). Out of these 10, six were HBsAg positive, and out of the remaining 4, two were anti-HCV positive. The R249S prevalence among HCC patients with positive HBsAg was 9.4% compared to 6.7% for HBsAg negative samples. Patients with the R249S mutation were younger (55±10 vs 60±13 year-old) and tended to have a more advanced Edmonson-Steiner grade of HCC, although differences did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows moderate prevalence of aflatoxin B1-related p53 mutation (R249S) in HCC with or without HBsAg. HBsAg positive status was not associated with R249S prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salyavit Chittmittrapap
- Liver Disease and Liver Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand E-mail :
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Anestopoulos I, Voulgaridou GP, Georgakilas AG, Franco R, Pappa A, Panayiotidis MI. Epigenetic therapy as a novel approach in hepatocellular carcinoma. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 145:103-19. [PMID: 25205159 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver malignancy and one with high fatality. Its 5-year survival rate remains low and thus, there is a need for improvement of current treatment strategies as well as development of novel targeted methodologies in order to optimize existing therapeutic protocols. To this end, only recently, it was discovered that its pathophysiology also involves epigenetic alterations in DNA methylation, histone modifications and/or non-coding microRNA patterns. Unlike genetic events, epigenetic alterations are reversible and thus potentially considered to be an alternative option in cancer treatment protocols. In this review, we describe the general characteristics and resulted major alterations of the epigenetic machinery as well as current state of progress of epigenetic therapy (via different single or combinatorial experimental approaches) in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Anestopoulos
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | | | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- School of Applied Mathematical & Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Rodrigo Franco
- Redox Biology Center, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA
| | - Aglaia Pappa
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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Di Marzo D, Forte IM, Indovina P, Di Gennaro E, Rizzo V, Giorgi F, Mattioli E, Iannuzzi CA, Budillon A, Giordano A, Pentimalli F. Pharmacological targeting of p53 through RITA is an effective antitumoral strategy for malignant pleural mesothelioma. Cell Cycle 2013; 13:652-65. [PMID: 24345738 DOI: 10.4161/cc.27546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma, a very aggressive tumor associated to asbestos exposure, is expected to increase in incidence, and unfortunately, no curative modality exists. Reactivation of p53 is a new attractive antitumoral strategy. p53 is rarely mutated in mesothelioma, but it is inactivated in most tumors by the lack of p14(ARF). Here, we evaluated the feasibility of this approach in pleural mesothelioma by testing RITA and nutlin-3, two molecules able to restore p53 function through a different mechanism, on a panel of mesothelioma cell lines representing the epithelioid (NCI-H28, NCI-H2452, IST-MES 2), biphasic (MSTO-211H), and sarcomatoid (NCI-H2052) histotypes compared with the normal mesothelial HMC-hTERT. RITA triggered robust caspase-dependent apoptosis specifically in epithelioid and biphasic mesothelioma cell lines, both through wild-type and mutant p53, concomitant to p21 downregulation. Conversely, nutlin-3 induced a p21-dependent growth arrest, rather than apoptosis, and was slightly toxic on HMC-hTERT. Interestingly, we identified a previously undetected point mutation of p53 (p.Arg249Ser) in IST-MES 2, and showed that RITA is also able to reactivate this p53 mutant protein and its apoptotic function. RITA reduced tumor growth in a MSTO-211H-derived xenograft model of mesothelioma and synergized with cisplatin, which is the mainstay of treatment for this tumor. Our data indicate that reactivation of p53 and concomitant p21 downregulation effectively induce cell death in mesothelioma, a tumor characterized by a high intrinsic resistance to apoptosis. Altogether, our findings provide the preclinical framework supporting the use of p53-reactivating agents alone, or in combination regimens, to improve the outcome of patients with mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Di Marzo
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM); Istituto Nazionale Per Lo Studio E La Cura Dei Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale"; IRCCS; Italy
| | - Iris Maria Forte
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM); Istituto Nazionale Per Lo Studio E La Cura Dei Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale"; IRCCS; Italy
| | - Paola Indovina
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience; University of Siena; Siena, Italy; Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine; Center for Biotechnology; College of Science and Technology; Temple University; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Elena Di Gennaro
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit; Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale" - IRCCS; Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Rizzo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience; University of Siena; Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Giorgi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience; University of Siena; Siena, Italy
| | - Eliseo Mattioli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience; University of Siena; Siena, Italy; National Cancer Research Centre; Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II"; Bari, Italy
| | - Carmelina Antonella Iannuzzi
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM); Istituto Nazionale Per Lo Studio E La Cura Dei Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale"; IRCCS; Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience; University of Siena; Siena, Italy
| | - Alfredo Budillon
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM); Istituto Nazionale Per Lo Studio E La Cura Dei Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale"; IRCCS; Italy; Experimental Pharmacology Unit; Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale" - IRCCS; Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM); Istituto Nazionale Per Lo Studio E La Cura Dei Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale"; IRCCS; Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience; University of Siena; Siena, Italy; Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine; Center for Biotechnology; College of Science and Technology; Temple University; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Francesca Pentimalli
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM); Istituto Nazionale Per Lo Studio E La Cura Dei Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale"; IRCCS; Italy
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Identification of biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma using network-based bioinformatics methods. Eur J Med Res 2013; 18:35. [PMID: 24083576 PMCID: PMC4016278 DOI: 10.1186/2047-783x-18-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide. Despite several efforts to elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in this cancer, they are still not fully understood. Methods To acquire further insights into the molecular mechanisms of HCC, and to identify biomarkers for early diagnosis of HCC, we downloaded the gene expression profile on HCC with non-cancerous liver controls from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and analyzed these data using a combined bioinformatics approach. Results The dysregulated pathways and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, including hub nodes that distinguished HCCs from non-cancerous liver controls, were identified. In total, 29 phenotype-related differentially expressed genes were included in the PPI network. Hierarchical clustering showed that the gene expression profile of these 29 genes was able to differentiate HCC samples from non-cancerous liver samples. Among these genes, CDC2 (Cell division control protein 2 homolog), MMP2 (matrix metalloproteinase-2) and DCN (Decorin were the hub nodes in the PPI network. Conclusions This study provides a portfolio of targets useful for future investigation. However, experimental studies should be conducted to verify our findings.
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de Carvalho FM, de Almeida Pereira T, Gonçalves PL, Jarske RD, Pereira FEL, Louro ID. Hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis TP53 mutation analysis reflects a moderate dietary exposure to aflatoxins in Espírito Santo State, Brazil. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:4883-7. [PMID: 23649769 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2587-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The close relationship between aflatoxins and 249ser TP53 gene mutation (AGG to AGT, Arg to Ser) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) makes this mutation an indirect indicator of dietary contamination with this toxin. We have examined the prevalence of codon 249 TP53 mutation in 41 HCC and 74 liver cirrhosis (without HCC) cases diagnosed at the HUCAM University Hospital in Vitoria, Espírito Santo State, Brazil. DNA was extracted from paraffin sections and from plasma. The mutation was detected by DNA amplification, followed by restriction endonuclease digestion and confirmed by direct sequencing. DNA restriction showed 249ser mutation in 16 HCC and 13 liver cirrhosis, but sequencing confirmed mutations in only 6 HCC and 1 liver cirrhosis. In addition, sequencing revealed 4 patients with mutations at codon 250 (250ser and 250leu) in HCC cases. The prevalence of TP53 mutation was 10/41 (24.3%) in HCC and 1/74 (1.4%) in liver cirrhosis. No relationship between the presence of mutations and the etiology of HCC was observed. TP53 exon 7 mutations, which are related to aflatoxins exposure, were found at 14.6% (249ser), 7.3% (250leu) and 2.4% (250ser) in 41 cases of HCC and 1.4% in 74 liver cirrhosis (without HCC) cases, suggesting a moderate dietary exposure to aflatoxins in the Espírito Santo State, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Magri de Carvalho
- Núcleo de Genética Humana e Molecular, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos 1468, Campus de Maruípe, Vitória, Espírito Santo, CEP 29040-090, Brazil
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Cheng P, Cheng Y, Su MX, Li D, Zhao GZ, Gao H, Li Y, Zhu JY, Li H, Zhang T. Bicluster and pathway enrichment analysis of HCV-induced cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:3741-5. [PMID: 23098464 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.8.3741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and the most common form of liver cancer. However, while it is associated frequently with hepatitis C virus (HCV) there is only an elementary understanding of its molecular pathogenesis. METHODS To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms of HCV-induced hepatocarcinogenesis, we performed microarray analysis on 75 surgical liver samples from 48 HCV-infected patients. RESULTS There were 395 differentially expressed genes between cirrhotic samples and HCC samples. Of these, 125 genes were up-regulated and 270 genes were down-regulated. We performed pathway enrichment analysis and screened as described previously. CONCLUSIONS The differentially expressed genes might be involved in hepatocarcinogenesis through upregulating the pathways of ECM-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, cell adhesion molecules and other cancer-related pathways, and downregulating the pathways of "complement and coagulation cascades". We hope our results could aid in seeking of therapeutic targets for HCV-induced hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cheng
- Department of Oncology, PLA general hospital of Chengdu Commond, Clinical Medical College of The Third Medical Military University, Chengdu, China
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Magnussen A, Parsi MA. Aflatoxins, hepatocellular carcinoma and public health. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:1508-1512. [PMID: 23539499 PMCID: PMC3602466 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i10.1508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide, primarily affecting populations in the developing countries. Aflatoxin, a food contaminant produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, is a known human carcinogen that has been shown to be a causative agent in the pathogenesis of HCC. Aflatoxin can affect a wide range of food commodities including corns, oilseeds, spices, and tree nuts as well as milk, meat, and dried fruit. Many factors affect the growth of Aspergillus fungi and the level of aflatoxin contamination in food. Drought stress is one of the factors that increase susceptibility of plants to Aspergillus and thus aflatoxin contamination. A recent drought is thought to be responsible for finding of trace amounts of aflatoxin in some of the corn harvested in the United States. Although it’s too soon to know whether aflatoxin will be a significant problem, since United States is the world’s largest corn producer and exporter, this has raised alarm bells. Strict regulations and testing of finished foods and feeds in the United States should prevent a major health scare, and prevent human exposure to deleterious levels of aflatoxin. Unfortunately, such regulations and testing are not in place in many countries. The purpose of this editorial is to summarize the current knowledge on association of aflatoxin and HCC, encourage future research and draw attention to this global public health issue.
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Roman S, Fierro NA, Moreno-Luna LE, Panduro A. Hepatitis B Virus Genotype H and Environmental Factors Associated to the Low Prevalence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Mexico. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/jct.2013.42a044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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KATAYAMA YUKI, MAEDA MOEGI, MIYAGUCHI KEN, NEMOTO SHOTA, YASEN MAHMUT, TANAKA SHINJI, MIZUSHIMA HIROSHI, FUKUOKA YUTAKA, ARII SHIGEKI, TANAKA HIROSHI. Identification of pathogenesis-related microRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma by expression profiling. Oncol Lett 2012; 4:817-823. [PMID: 23205106 PMCID: PMC3506695 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2012.810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors of the liver. Since postoperative recurrence and intrahepatic metastases occur frequently, the postoperative 5-year survival rate is low. To investigate the molecular mechanisms of HCC progression, mRNA as well as microRNA (miRNA) expression levels have been profiled in various studies. However, no previous study has comprehensively compared the expression of miRNAs in HCC patients with various clinical features using the tumor and surrounding non-tumor tissues and normal liver samples. In this study, we profiled the expression of miRNAs in tumor and non-tumor tissues from 40 HCC patients with heterogeneous pathogenesis and 6 surrounding non-tumor tissues from patients with metastatic liver cancer. To identify miRNAs specific to each disease state, we comprehensively compared the expression of miRNAs in various combinations. The results indicate that the expression of many known as well as novel miRNAs was altered in patients with the hepatitis C virus infection compared with those with the hepatitis B virus and without any virus infection. The following miRNAs were downregulated in the tumor and non-tumor tissues, and thus could serve as novel biomarkers for chronic liver diseases: miR-18b*, miR-296-5p, miR-557, miR-581, miR-625*, miR-1228, miR-1249 and miR-2116*. Similarly, miR-129*, miR-146b-3p and miR-448 are novel candidates for HCC biomarkers regardless of virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - MAHMUT YASEN
- Departments of Bioinformatics and
- Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - SHINJI TANAKA
- Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - HIROSHI MIZUSHIMA
- Center for Public Health Informatics, National Institute of Public Health
| | - YUTAKA FUKUOKA
- Department of Biosystem Modeling, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - SHIGEKI ARII
- Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
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Liu G, Jiang S, Wang C, Jiang W, Liu Z, Liu C, Saiyin H, Yang X, Shen S, Jiang D, Zhou P, Han D, Hu X, Yi Q, Yu L. Zinc finger transcription factor 191, directly binding to β-catenin promoter, promotes cell proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2012; 55:1830-9. [PMID: 22213192 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Activation of β-catenin, the central effector of the canonical wingless-type (Wnt) pathway, has been implicated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the transcription regulation mechanism of the β-catenin gene in HCC remains unknown. Here we report that human zinc finger protein 191 (ZNF191) is a potential regulator of β-catenin transcription. ZNF191, a Krüppel-like protein, specifically interacts with the TCAT motif, which constitutes the HUMTH01 microsatellite in the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene ex vivo. We demonstrate that ZNF191 is significantly overexpressed in human HCC specimens and is associated with growth of human HCC cells. Global profiling of gene expression in ZNF191 knockdown human hepatic L02 cells revealed that the important Wnt signal pathway genes β-catenin and cyclin D1 messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are significantly down-regulated. In agreement with transcription level, β-catenin and cyclin D1 proteins are also down-regulated in transient and stable ZNF191 knockdown L02 and hepatoma Hep3B cell lines. Moreover, significant correlation between ZNF191 and β-catenin mRNA expression was detected in human HCCs. Promoter luciferase assay indicated that ZNF191 can increase transcription activity of the full-length β-catenin (CTNNB1) promoter, and nucleotide (nt)-1407/-907 of the CTNNB1 promoter exhibited the maximum transcriptional activity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that purified ZNF191 protein can directly bind to the CTNNB1 promoter, and the binding region is located at nt-1254/-1224. Finally, we demonstrate that the key binding sequence of ZNF191 in vivo is ATTAATT. CONCLUSION ZNF191 can directly bind to the CTNNB1 promoter and activate the expression of β-catenin and its downstream target genes such as cyclin D1 in hepatoma cell lines. This study uncovers a new molecular mechanism of transcription regulation of the β-catenin gene in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
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Navas MC, Suarez I, Carreño A, Uribe D, Rios WA, Cortes-Mancera F, Martel G, Vieco B, Lozano D, Jimenez C, Gouas D, Osorio G, Hoyos S, Restrepo JC, Correa G, Jaramillo S, Lopez R, Bravo LE, Arbelaez MP, Scoazec JY, Abedi-Ardekani B, Santella RM, Chemin I, Hainaut P. Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Infection Biomarkers and TP53 Mutations in Hepatocellular Carcinomas from Colombia. HEPATITIS RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2011; 2011:582945. [PMID: 22114738 PMCID: PMC3207138 DOI: 10.1155/2011/582945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Globally, the most important HCC risk factors are Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and/or Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), chronic alcoholism, and dietary exposure to aflatoxins. We have described the epidemiological pattern of 202 HCC samples obtained from Colombian patients. Additionally we investigated HBV/HCV infections and TP53 mutations in 49 of these HCC cases. HBV biomarkers were detected in 58.1% of the cases; HBV genotypes F and D were characterized in three of the samples. The HCV biomarker was detected in 37% of the samples while HBV/HCV coinfection was found in 19.2%. Among TP53 mutations, 10.5% occur at the common aflatoxin mutation hotspot, codon 249. No data regarding chronic alcoholism was available from the cases. In conclusion, in this first study of HCC and biomarkers in a Colombian population, the main HCC risk factor was HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Cristina Navas
- Grupo de Gastrohepatologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Iris Suarez
- Grupo de Gastrohepatologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Andrea Carreño
- Grupo de Gastrohepatologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Diego Uribe
- Grupo de Gastrohepatologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Wilson Alfredo Rios
- Grupo de Gastrohepatologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Fabian Cortes-Mancera
- Grupo de Gastrohepatologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ghyslaine Martel
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Beatriz Vieco
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Diana Lozano
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Carlos Jimenez
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Doriane Gouas
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - German Osorio
- Grupo de Gastrohepatologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sergio Hoyos
- Grupo de Gastrohepatologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan Carlos Restrepo
- Grupo de Gastrohepatologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gonzalo Correa
- Grupo de Gastrohepatologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Rocio Lopez
- Departamento de Patologia, Fundacion Santa Fe de Bogota, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Luis Eduardo Bravo
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Maria Patricia Arbelaez
- Grupo de Epidemiologia, Facultad Nacional de Salud Publica, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jean-Yves Scoazec
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, 69437 Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - Pierre Hainaut
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France
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Liu GY, Jiang DK, Shen SQ, Yu L. MDM2 SNP309T>G polymorphism with hepatocellular carcinoma risk: a meta-analysis. Arch Med Res 2011; 42:149-55. [PMID: 21565629 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The murine double minute 2 (MDM2) gene encodes a negative regulator of the tumor protein p53. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in MDM2 promoter, SNP309 T>G, has been reported to alter MDM2 protein expression and accelerate tumor formation in humans. Studies investigating the association between the polymorphism and human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk reported conflicting results. We performed a meta-analysis to explore the association of this polymorphism and HCC risk. METHODS All eligible studies published were searched for in PubMed. Crude odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were assessed for the association using fixed- and random-effects models. RESULTS We identified five case-control studies including 738 cases and 1014 controls for the present meta-analysis. In studies with limited data, we detected significant associations for all genetic models in the overall analysis (OR = 2.51, 95% CI = 1.88-3.36 for GG vs. TT, p <0.001, P(het) = 0.666; OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.35-2.18 for TG vs. TT, p <0.001, P(het) = 0.925; OR = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.54-2.43 for dominant model TG + GG vs. TT, p <0.001, P(het) = 0.772; OR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.39-2.20 for recessive model GG vs. TT + TG, p <0.001, P(het) = 0.656). Moreover, in the subgroup analysis based on Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in controls, sample size, and ethnicity, significant associations were observed in most genetic models. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggests that the MDM2 309 G allele probably acts as an important HCC risk factor. To further confirm our findings, well-designed studies with large sample sizes and representing different ethnicities are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Yuan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Banerjee S, Brown KL, Egli M, Stone MP. Bypass of aflatoxin B1 adducts by the Sulfolobus solfataricus DNA polymerase IV. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:12556-68. [PMID: 21790157 PMCID: PMC3154525 DOI: 10.1021/ja2015668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) is oxidized to an epoxide in vivo, which forms an N7-dG DNA adduct (AFB(1)-N7-dG). The AFB(1)-N7-dG can rearrange to a formamidopyrimidine (AFB(1)-FAPY) derivative. Both AFB(1)-N7-dG and the β-anomer of the AFB(1)-FAPY adduct yield G→T transversions in Escherichia coli, but the latter is more mutagenic. We show that the Sulfolobus solfataricus P2 DNA polymerase IV (Dpo4) bypasses AFB(1)-N7-dG in an error-free manner but conducts error-prone replication past the AFB(1)-FAPY adduct, including misinsertion of dATP, consistent with the G→T mutations observed in E. coli. Three ternary (Dpo4-DNA-dNTP) structures with AFB(1)-N7-dG adducted template:primers have been solved. These demonstrate insertion of dCTP opposite the AFB(1)-N7-dG adduct, and correct vs incorrect insertion of dATP vs dTTP opposite the 5'-template neighbor dT from a primed AFB(1)-N7-dG:dC pair. The insertion of dTTP reveals hydrogen bonding between the template N3 imino proton and the O(2) oxygen of dTTP, and between the template T O(4) oxygen and the N3 imino proton of dTTP, perhaps explaining why this polymerase does not efficiently catalyze phosphodiester bond formation from this mispair. The AFB(1)-N7-dG maintains the 5'-intercalation of the AFB(1) moiety observed in DNA. The bond between N7-dG and C8 of the AFB(1) moiety remains in plane with the alkylated guanine, creating a 16° inclination of the AFB(1) moiety with respect to the guanine. A binary (Dpo4-DNA) structure with an AFB(1)-FAPY adducted template:primer also maintains 5'-intercalation of the AFB(1) moiety. The β-deoxyribose anomer is observed. Rotation about the FAPY C5-N(5) bond orients the bond between N(5) and C8 of the AFB(1) moiety out of plane in the 5'-direction, with respect to the FAPY base. The formamide group extends in the 3'-direction. This improves stacking of the AFB(1) moiety above the 5'-face of the FAPY base, as compared to the AFB(1)-N7-dG adduct. Ternary structures with AFB(1)-β-FAPY adducted template:primers show correct vs incorrect insertion of dATP vs dTTP opposite the 5'-template neighbor dT from a primed AFB(1)-β-FAPY:dC pair. For dATP, the oxygen atom of the FAPY formamide group participates in a water-mediated hydrogen bond with Arg332. The insertion of dTTP yields a structure similar to that observed for the AFB(1)-N7-dG adduct. The differential accommodation of these AFB(1) adducts within the active site may, in part, modulate lesion bypass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surajit Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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Zhang G, Wang Q, Xu R. Therapeutics Based on microRNA: A New Approach for Liver Cancer. Curr Genomics 2011; 11:311-25. [PMID: 21286309 PMCID: PMC2944997 DOI: 10.2174/138920210791616671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 04/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a serious public health hazard. Polygenes involvement, accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes and immune response of viral vector during gene therapy have resulted in the high mortality rate without marked change. To provide a safeguard for gene therapy and the feasibility for a clinical application, efforts have been focused predominantly upon constructing liver-targeted vector recently. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of short endogenous RNAs, regulate the gene expression at the post-transcriptional level through imperfect base pairing with the 3′-untranslated region of target mRNAs. miRNAs, especially the liver-specific miRNA: miR-122, have multiple functions in liver development and abnormal expression of miRNAs could lead to liver diseases. Altered miRNA expressions have been observed in HCCs, viral hepatitis and hepatic fibrosis. The different expression profiles of miRNAs in HCC suggest that miRNAs may serve as either novel potential targets acting directly as oncogenes or therapeutic molecules working as tumor suppressor genes. Moreover, the abundance in general and liver specificity in particular, all together make them attractive to be considered as elements for hepatic specific targeting viral vector. This review describes recent progress in miRNA investigation on liver associated for better understanding the relationship between miRNA and liver cancer in order to raise prospects for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Huaqiao University & Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Quanzhou, Fujian, 362021, China
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Hamilton JP. Epigenetic mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of hepatobiliary malignancies. Epigenomics 2010; 2:233-243. [PMID: 20556199 PMCID: PMC2884160 DOI: 10.2217/epi.10.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary tumors of the liver and biliary tree are increasing in frequency and portend a miserable prognosis. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression has emerged as a fundamental aspect of cancer development and progression. The molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma involve a complex interplay of both genetic and epigenetic factors. Recent studies investigating the possible epigenetic mechanisms induced in the disease have shed new light on the molecular underpinnings of hepatobiliary cancers. In addition, epigenetic modifications of DNA in cancer and precancerous lesions offer hope and the promise of novel biomarkers for early cancer detection, prediction, prognosis and response to treatment. Furthermore, the reversal of epigenetic changes represents a potential target for novel therapeutic strategies and medication design.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Hamilton
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA, Tel.: +1 410 614 3530, Fax: +1 410 955 9677
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Cheng IKC, Ching AKK, Chan TC, Chan AWH, Wong CK, Choy KW, Kwan M, Lai PBS, Wong N. Reduced CRYL1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma confers cell growth advantages and correlates with adverse patient prognosis. J Pathol 2010; 220:348-60. [PMID: 19927314 DOI: 10.1002/path.2644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Homozygous deletion screening has been widely utilized to define tumour suppressor genes (TSGs) in cancers. Although these biallelic deletions are infrequent, their identification has facilitated the discovery of many important TSGs. We have systematically examined the genome of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a highly malignant tumour that is rapidly fatal, for the presence of homozygous deletions. Array-CGH analysis on early passage of HCC cultures and cell lines led us to identify six homozygous deleted (HD) regions. A high concordance between array-CGH and expression of HD genes was demonstrated, where crystallin Lambda1 (CRYL1; located on chromosome 13q12.11) displayed the most frequent down-regulation. We found that reduced mRNA expression of CRYL1 was common in HCC tumours when compared with their adjacent non-tumoural liver (p = 0.0097). Significant associations could also be drawn between repressed CRYL1 and advanced tumour staging, increased tumour size, and shorter disease-free survival of patients (p < 0.037). Moreover, homozygous deletions on CRYL1 could be detected in 36% of HCC cases, where recurrent HDs were identified on exons 1, 5, and 8. Examination of other causal events suggested histone deacetylation and promoter hypermethylation to be likely inactivating mechanisms as well. Re-expression of CRYL1 in the SK-Hep1 cell line, where biallelic loss of CRYL1 was found, induced profound inhibition of cellular proliferation and cell growth (p < 0.0015). By Annexin V staining, CRYL1 restoration readily increased pro-apoptotic cells with an induction of PARP cleavage. Flow cytometry further revealed that CRYL1 could prolong the G(2)-M phase, possibly through interruption of the Cdc2/cyclin B pathway. Given that regional chromosome 13q12-q14 loss is a causal genomic event in HCC tumourigenesis, our finding may have implications for identifying a novel TSG CRYL1 within this important locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibis K-C Cheng
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology at the Li Ka-Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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Brown KL, Voehler MW, Magee SM, Harris CM, Harris TM, Stone MP. Structural perturbations induced by the alpha-anomer of the aflatoxin B(1) formamidopyrimidine adduct in duplex and single-strand DNA. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 131:16096-107. [PMID: 19831353 PMCID: PMC2773149 DOI: 10.1021/ja902052v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
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The guanine N7 adduct of aflatoxin B1exo-8,9-epoxide hydrolyzes to form the formamidopyrimidine (AFB-FAPY) adduct, which interconverts between α and β anomers. The β anomer is highly mutagenic in Escherichia coli, producing G → T transversions; it thermally stabilizes the DNA duplex. The AFB-α-FAPY adduct blocks replication; it destabilizes the DNA duplex. Herein, the structure of the AFB-α-FAPY adduct has been elucidated in 5′-d(C1T2A3T4X5A6T7T8C9A10)-3′·5′-d(T11G12A13A14T15C16A17T18A19G20)-3′ (X = AFB-α-FAPY) using molecular dynamics calculations restrained by NMR-derived distances and torsion angles. The AFB moiety intercalates on the 5′ face of the pyrimidine moiety at the damaged nucleotide between base pairs T4·A17 and X5·C16, placing the FAPY C5−N5 bond in the Ra axial conformation. Large perturbations of the ε and ζ backbone torsion angles are observed, and the base stacking register of the duplex is perturbed. The deoxyribose orientation shifts to become parallel to the FAPY base and displaced toward the minor groove. Intrastrand stacking between the AFB moiety and the 5′ neighbor thymine remains, but strong interstrand stacking is not observed. A hydrogen bond between the formyl group and the exocyclic amine of the 3′-neighbor adenine stabilizes the E conformation of the formamide moiety. NMR studies reveal a similar 5′-intercalation of the AFB moiety for the AFB-α-FAPY adduct in the tetramer 5′-d(C1T2X3A4)-3′, involving the Ra axial conformation of the FAPY C5−N5 bond and the E conformation of the formamide moiety. Since in duplex DNA the AFB moiety of the AFB-β-FAPY adduct also intercalates on the 5′ side of the pyrimidine moiety at the damaged nucleotide, we conclude that favorable 5′-stacking leads to the Ra conformational preference about the C5−N5 bond; the same conformational preference about this bond is also observed at the nucleoside and base levels. The structural distortions and the less favorable stacking interactions induced by the AFB-α-FAPY adduct explain its lower stability as compared to the AFB-β-FAPY adduct in duplex DNA. In this DNA sequence, hydrogen bonding between the formyl oxygen and the exocyclic amine of the 3′-neighboring adenine stabilizing the E configuration of the formamide moiety is also observed for the AFB-β-FAPY adduct, and suggests that the identity of the 3′-neighbor nucleotide modulates the stability and biological processing of AFB adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, and the Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
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Qu J, Lin J, Zhang S, Zhu Z, Ni C, Zhang S, Gao H, Zhu M. HBV DNA can bind to P53 protein and influence p53 transactivation in hepatoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 386:504-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Nogueira JA, Ono-Nita SK, Nita ME, de Souza MMT, do Carmo EP, Mello ES, Scapulatempo C, Paranaguá-Vezozzo DC, Carrilho FJ, Alves VAF. 249 TP53 mutation has high prevalence and is correlated with larger and poorly differentiated HCC in Brazilian patients. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:204. [PMID: 19558663 PMCID: PMC2708192 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ser-249 TP53 mutation (249Ser) is a molecular evidence for aflatoxin-related carcinogenesis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) and it is frequent in some African and Asian regions, but it is unusual in Western countries. HBV has been claimed to add a synergic effect on genesis of this particular mutation with aflatoxin. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of 249Ser mutation in HCC from patients in Brazil. Methods We studied 74 HCC formalin fixed paraffin blocks samples of patients whom underwent surgical resection in Brazil. 249Ser mutation was analyzed by RFLP and DNA sequencing. HBV DNA presence was determined by Real-Time PCR. Results 249Ser mutation was found in 21/74 (28%) samples while HBV DNA was detected in 13/74 (16%). 249Ser mutation was detected in 21/74 samples by RFLP assay, of which 14 were confirmed by 249Ser mutant-specific PCR, and 12 by nucleic acid sequencing. All HCC cases with p53-249ser mutation displayed also wild-type p53 sequences. Poorly differentiated HCC was more likely to have 249Ser mutation (OR = 2.415, 95% CI = 1.001 – 5.824, p = 0.05). The mean size of 249Ser HCC tumor was 9.4 cm versus 5.5 cm on wild type HCC (p = 0.012). HBV DNA detection was not related to 249Ser mutation. Conclusion Our results indicate that 249Ser mutation is a HCC important factor of carcinogenesis in Brazil and it is associated to large and poorly differentiated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeronimo A Nogueira
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Park MI, Choi SY, Na SY, Kang DY. p53 gene mutation and COX-2 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-9294.2009.01043.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Slade N, Moll UM, Brdar B, Zorić A, Jelaković B. p53 mutations as fingerprints for aristolochic acid: an environmental carcinogen in endemic (Balkan) nephropathy. Mutat Res 2009; 663:1-6. [PMID: 19428366 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The activation of protooncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes are considered to be the main molecular events in the multistep process of carcinogenesis. Mutations of the TP53 tumor suppressor gene have been found in nearly all tumor types and are estimated to contribute to more than 50% of all cancers. Most mutations lead to the synthesis of highly stable, inactive proteins that accumulate in the nucleus of cancer cells. Among the 393 codons of the human p53 gene, 222 are targets of 698 different types of mutations. Alterations of codons 175, 248, 273 and 282 correspond to 19% of all mutations and are considered general hot spot mutations. Dietary exposure to aristolochic acid (AA), an established nephrotoxin and human carcinogen found in all Aristolochia species was shown to be the causative agent of aristolochic acid nephropathy (previously called Chinese herbs nephropathy). This syndrome is characterized by proximal tubular damage, renal interstitial fibrosis, slow progression to the end stage renal disease and a high prevalence of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (otherwise a highly unusual location). AA preferentially binds to purines in DNA and is associated with a high frequency of A-->T transversions in the p53 gene. Rats treated with AA develop A:T-->T:A mutations in codon 61. The pathological and clinical features of endemic (Balkan) nephropathy closely resemble those associated with aristolochic acid nephropathy except for the slower progression to end stage renal disease and longer cumulative period before the appearance of urothelial cancer. Recently, we reported the presence of AA-DNA adducts in renal cortex and A-->T p53 mutations in tumor tissue of patients from Croatia and Bosnia with endemic nephropathy. These data support the hypothesis that dietary exposure to AA is a major risk factor for endemic (Balkan) nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Slade
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Bosković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.
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SUZUKI T, SIRISATTHA S, MORI K, IWAHASHI Y. Mycotoxin Toxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Differs Depending on Gene Mutations. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2009. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.15.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) typically has poor prognosis, because it is often diagnosed at an advanced stage. Heterogeneous phenotypic and genetic traits of affected individuals and a wide range of risk factors have classified it a complex disease. HCC is not amenable to standard chemotherapy and is resistant to radiotherapy. In most cases, surgical resection and liver transplantation remain the only curative treatment options. Therefore, development of novel, effective therapies is of prime importance. Extensive research over the past decade has identified a number of molecular biomarkers as well as cellular networks and signaling pathways affected in liver cancer. Recent studies using a combination of "omics" technologies, microRNA studies, combinatorial chemistry, and bioinformatics are providing new insights into the gene expression and protein profiles during various stages of the disease. In this review, we discuss the contribution of these newer approaches toward an understanding of molecular mechanisms of HCC and for the development of novel cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajagopal N Aravalli
- Department of Radiology, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Atta MM, El-Masry SA, Abdel-Hameed M, Baiomy HA, Ramadan NE. Value of serum anti-p53 antibodies as a prognostic factor in Egyptian patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Biochem 2008; 41:1131-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Tang L, Tang M, Xu L, Luo H, Huang T, Yu J, Zhang L, Gao W, Cox SB, Wang JS. Modulation of aflatoxin biomarkers in human blood and urine by green tea polyphenols intervention. Carcinogenesis 2008; 29:411-7. [PMID: 18192689 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgn008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the efficacy of green tea polyphenols (GTPs) in modulating aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) biomarkers, a total of 352 serum samples and 352 urine samples collected from a 3 month chemoprevention trial with 500 mg GTPs, 1000 mg GTPs and a placebo were measured for AFB(1)-albumin adducts (AFB-AA), aflatoxin M(1) (AFM(1)) and aflatoxin B(1)-mercapturic acid (AFB-NAC). Levels of AFB-AA at baseline were comparable for all three dose groups (P = 0.506). No significant differences were observed in AFB-AA levels in the placebo group over the 3 month period (P = 0.252). However, a significant reduction in AFB-AA levels was observed in the 500 mg group (P = 0.002). A marginally significant reduction in AFB-AA levels was also found in the 1000 mg group over the 3 month intervention period (P = 0.051). An analysis using a mixed-effects model indicated that the reduction in AFB-AA levels over time was dose and time dependent (dose-time interaction P = 0.049). There were no significant differences in median AFM(1) levels among the three study groups at the baseline (P = 0.832), 1 month (P = 0.188) and 3 months (P = 0.132) of the GTP intervention; however, reduction of 42 and 43% in median AFM(1) levels, as compared with the placebo, were found in 500 mg (P = 0.096) and 1000 mg (P = 0.072) groups at 3 months of the intervention. Significant elevations in median AFB-NAC levels and the ratio of AFB-NAC:AFM(1) were found in both 500 and 1000 mg groups compared with the placebo group at both 1 month (P < 0.001) and 3 months (P < 0.001) of GTPs intervention. These results demonstrate that GTPs effectively modulate AFB(1) metabolism and metabolic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Tang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, PO Box 41163, Lubbock, TX 79409-1163, USA
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