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Jiang R, Zhou Y, Gao Q, Han L, Hong Z. ZC3H4 governs epithelial cell migration through ROCK/p-PYK2/p-MLC2 pathway in silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 104:104301. [PMID: 37866415 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased epithelial migration capacity is a key step accompanying epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Our lab has described that ZC3H4 mediated EMT in silicosis. Here, we aimed to explore the mechanisms of ZC3H4 by which to stimulate epithelial cell migration. METHODS Silicon dioxide (SiO2)-induced pulmonary fibrosis (PF) animal models were administered by intratracheal instillation in C57BL/6 J mice. Pathological analysis and 2D migration assay were established to uncover the pulmonary fibrotic lesions and epithelial cell migration, respectively. Inhibitors targeting ROCK/p-PYK2/p-MLC2 and CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids targeting ZC3H4 were administrated to explore the signaling pathways. RESULTS 1) SiO2 upregulated epithelial migration in pulmonary fibrotic lesions. 2) ZC3H4 modulated SiO2-induced epithelial migration. 3) ZC3H4 governed epithelial migration through ROCK/p-PYK2/p-MLC2 signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS ZC3H4 regulates epithelial migration through the ROCK/p-PYK2/p-MLC2 signaling pathway, providing the possibility that molecular drugs targeting ZC3H4-overexpression may exert effects on pulmonary fibrosis induced by silica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jiang
- Jiangsu Health Vocational College, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yichao Zhou
- Department of Occupation Disease Prevention and Cure, Changzhou Wujin District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qianqian Gao
- Department of Occupation Disease Prevention and Cure, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lei Han
- Department of Occupation Disease Prevention and Cure, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Zhen Hong
- Jiangsu Health Vocational College, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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2
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Zhang W, Qu H, Ma X, Li L, Wei Y, Wang Y, Zeng R, Nie Y, Zhang C, Yin K, Zhou F, Yang Z. Identification of cuproptosis and immune-related gene prognostic signature in lung adenocarcinoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1179742. [PMID: 37622116 PMCID: PMC10445162 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1179742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cuproptosis is a novel form of programmed cell death that differs from other types such as pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy. It is a promising new target for cancer therapy. Additionally, immune-related genes play a crucial role in cancer progression and patient prognosis. Therefore, our study aimed to create a survival prediction model for lung adenocarcinoma patients based on cuproptosis and immune-related genes. This model can be utilized to enhance personalized treatment for patients. Methods RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients were collected from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. The levels of immune cell infiltration in the GSE68465 cohort were determined using gene set variation analysis (GSVA), and immune-related genes (IRGs) were identified using weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA). Additionally, cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs) were identified using unsupervised clustering. Univariate COX regression analysis and least absolute shrinkage selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis were performed to develop a risk prognostic model for cuproptosis and immune-related genes (CIRGs), which was subsequently validated. Various algorithms were utilized to explore the relationship between risk scores and immune infiltration levels, and model genes were analyzed based on single-cell sequencing. Finally, the expression of signature genes was confirmed through quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and Western blotting (WB). Results We have identified 5 Oncogenic Driver Genes namely CD79B, PEBP1, PTK2B, STXBP1, and ZNF671, and developed proportional hazards regression models. The results of the study indicate significantly reduced survival rates in both the training and validation sets among the high-risk group. Additionally, the high-risk group displayed lower levels of immune cell infiltration and expression of immune checkpoint compared to the low-risk group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Zhang
- Tumor Research and Therapy Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Haizeng Qu
- Radiotherapy Department, Dongming People’s Hospital, Heze, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoqing Ma
- Radiotherapy and Minimally Invasive Group I, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Yanjun Wei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Tumor Research and Therapy Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Renya Zeng
- Tumor Research and Therapy Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanliu Nie
- Tumor Research and Therapy Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chenggui Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ke Yin
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fengge Zhou
- Tumor Research and Therapy Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- Tumor Research and Therapy Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Huang X, Yu J, Lai S, Li Z, Qu F, Fu X, Li Q, Zhong X, Zhang D, Li H. Long Non-Coding RNA LINC00052 Targets miR-548p/Notch2/Pyk2 to Modulate Tumor Budding and Metastasis of Human Breast Cancer. Biochem Genet 2023; 61:336-353. [PMID: 35918619 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-022-10255-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) is involved in many pathological processes of cancers. However, the role of lncRNA LINC00052 in breast cancer progression is still unclear. Here, LINC00052 expression was detected by in situ hybridization and quantitative real-time PCR assays. Cell Counting Kit-8, wound healing, and transwell assays were used to investigate changes in the proliferation, migration, and invasion of breast cancer cells. MiR-548p was found associated with LINC00052 or Notch2 by RNA pull-down, dual-luciferase reporter, and qRT-PCR assays. The effect of LINC00052 on lung metastasis was explored through in vivo experiments. High LINC00052 expression was observed in breast cancer tissues and cells. LINC00052 silencing inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of MCF7 cells, and LINC00052 overexpression produced the opposite results. MiR-548p, a target gene of LINC00052, partially rescued the effects of LINC00052 on proliferation, migration, and invasion of MCF7. Notch2 was the target of miR-548p and LINC00052 could promote Notch2 expression. Moreover, the phosphorylation of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2), a downstream factor of Notch2, was increased by LINC00052, and a Pyk2 mutant could inhibit the cell migration and invasion induced by LINC00052 overexpression in MDA-MB-468 cells, which was similar to the function of the miR-548p mimic. We further demonstrated that LINC00052 exacerbated the metastases of breast cancer cells in vivo. Our research demonstrated that LINC00052 is highly expressed in breast cancer and promotes breast cancer proliferation, migration, and invasion via the miR-548p/Notch2/Pyk2 axis. LINC00052 could serve as a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia Huang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 26 Erheng Road, Yuancun, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510655, Guangdong, China
| | - Junli Yu
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengqing Lai
- Department of Breast Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 26 Erheng Road, Yuancun, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510655, Guangdong, China
| | - Zongyan Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 26 Erheng Road, Yuancun, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510655, Guangdong, China
| | - Fanli Qu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 26 Erheng Road, Yuancun, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510655, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Fu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 26 Erheng Road, Yuancun, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510655, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 26 Erheng Road, Yuancun, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510655, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaofang Zhong
- Department of Breast Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 26 Erheng Road, Yuancun, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510655, Guangdong, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, Guangdong, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 26 Erheng Road, Yuancun, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510655, Guangdong, China.
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Biomarker LEPRE1 induces pelitinib-specific drug responsiveness by regulating ABCG2 expression and tumor transition states in human leukemia and lung cancer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2928. [PMID: 35190588 PMCID: PMC8861100 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06621-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers for treatment sensitivity or drug resistance used in precision medicine include prognostic and predictive molecules, critical factors in selecting appropriate treatment protocols and improving survival rates. However, identification of accurate biomarkers remain challenging due to the high risk of false-positive findings and lack of functional validation results for each biomarker. Here, we discovered a mechanical correlation between leucine proline-enriched proteoglycan 1 (LEPRE1) and pelitinib drug sensitivity using in silico statistical methods and confirmed the correlation in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and A549 lung cancer cells. We determined that high LEPRE1 levels induce protein kinase B activation, overexpression of ATP-binding cassette superfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) and E-cadherin, and cell colonization, resulting in a cancer stem cell-like phenotype. Sensitivity to pelitinib increases in LEPRE1-overexpressing cells due to the reversing effect of ABCG2 upregulation. LEPRE1 silencing induces pelitinib resistance and promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition through actin rearrangement via a series of Src/ERK/cofilin cascades. The in silico results identified a mechanistic relationship between LEPRE1 and pelitinib drug sensitivity, confirmed in two cancer types. This study demonstrates the potential of LEPRE1 as a biomarker in cancer through in-silico prediction and in vitro experiments supporting the clinical development of personalized medicine strategies based on bioinformatics findings.
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Madrigal T, Hernández-Monge J, Herrera LA, González-De la Rosa CH, Domínguez-Gómez G, Candelaria M, Luna-Maldonado F, Calderón González KG, Díaz-Chávez J. Regulation of miRNAs Expression by Mutant p53 Gain of Function in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:695723. [PMID: 34957087 PMCID: PMC8697023 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.695723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 roles have been largely described; among them, cell proliferation and apoptosis control are some of the best studied and understood. Interestingly, the mutations on the six hotspot sites within the region that encodes the DNA-binding domain of p53 give rise to other very different variants. The particular behavior of these variants led to consider p53 mutants as separate oncogene entities; that is, they do not retain wild type functions but acquire new ones, namely Gain-of-function p53 mutants. Furthermore, recent studies have revealed how p53 mutants regulate gene expression and exert oncogenic effects by unbalancing specific microRNAs (miRNAs) levels that provoke epithelial-mesenchymal transition, chemoresistance, and cell survival, among others. In this review, we discuss recent evidence of the crosstalk between miRNAs and mutants of p53, as well as the consequent cellular processes dysregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzitzijanik Madrigal
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico.,Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y de La Salud, UAM Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesús Hernández-Monge
- Cátedra-CONACyT Laboratorio de Biomarcadores Moleculares, Instituto de Física, UASLP, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Luis A Herrera
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico.,Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Myrna Candelaria
- Subdirección de Investigación Clínica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fernando Luna-Maldonado
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karla G Calderón González
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Biomoleculares y Cáncer, Instituto de Física, UASLP, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - José Díaz-Chávez
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
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6
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Saha T, Gil-Henn H. Invadopodia, a Kingdom of Non-Receptor Tyrosine Kinases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082037. [PMID: 34440806 PMCID: PMC8391121 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-receptor tyrosine kinases (NRTKs) are crucial mediators of intracellular signaling and control a wide variety of processes such as cell division, morphogenesis, and motility. Aberrant NRTK-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation has been linked to various human disorders and diseases, among them cancer metastasis, to which no treatment presently exists. Invasive cancer cells leaving the primary tumor use invadopodia, feet-like structures which facilitate extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and intravasation, to escape the primary tumor and disseminate into distant tissues and organs during metastasis. A major challenge in metastasis research is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways underlying invadopodia regulation, as the general belief is that targeting these structures can potentially lead to the eradication of cancer metastasis. Non-receptor tyrosine kinases (NRTKs) play a central role in regulating invadopodia formation and function, but how they coordinate the signaling leading to these processes was not clear until recently. Here, we describe the major NRTKs that rule invadopodia and how they work in concert while keeping an accurate hierarchy to control tumor cell invasiveness and dissemination.
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7
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Kitowska K, Gorska-Arcisz M, Antoun D, Zarczynska I, Czaplinska D, Szczepaniak A, Skladanowski AC, Wieczorek M, Stanczak A, Skupinska M, Sadej R. MET-Pyk2 Axis Mediates Acquired Resistance to FGFR Inhibition in Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2021; 11:633410. [PMID: 33898310 PMCID: PMC8059549 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.633410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) signaling, as a result of FGFR amplification, chromosomal translocation, or mutations, is involved in both initiation and progression of a wide range of human cancers. Clinical data demonstrating the dependence of cancer cells on FGFRs signaling clearly indicate these receptors as the molecular targets of anti-cancer therapies. Despite the increasing number of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) being investigated in clinical trials, acquired resistance to these drugs poses a serious therapeutic problem. In this study, we focused on a novel pan-FGFR inhibitor-CPL304110, currently being investigated in phase I clinical trials in adults with advanced solid malignancies. We analyzed the sensitivity of 17 cell lines derived from cancers with aberrant FGFR signaling, i.e. non-small cell lung cancer, gastric and bladder cancer to CPL304110. In order to explore the mechanism of acquired resistance to this FGFR inhibitor, we developed from sensitive cell lines their variants resistant to CPL304110. Herein, for the first time we revealed that the process of acquired resistance to the novel FGFR inhibitor was associated with increased expression of MET in lung, gastric, and bladder cancer cells. Overexpression of MET in NCI-H1703, SNU-16, RT-112 cells as well as treatment with HGF resulted in the impaired response to inhibition of FGFR activity. Moreover, we demonstrated that cells with acquired resistance to FGFR inhibitor as well as cells overexpressing MET displayed enhanced migratory abilities what was accompanied with increased levels of Pyk2 expression. Importantly, inhibition of both MET and Pyk2 activity restored sensitivity to FGFR inhibition in these cells. Our results demonstrate that the HGF/MET-Pyk2 signaling axis confers resistance to the novel FGFR inhibitor, and this mechanism is common for lung, gastric, and bladder cancer cells. Our study suggests that targeting of MET/Pyk2 could be an approach to overcome resistance to FGFR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Kitowska
- Department of Molecular Enzymology and Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Monika Gorska-Arcisz
- Department of Molecular Enzymology and Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dima Antoun
- Department of Molecular Enzymology and Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Izabela Zarczynska
- Department of Molecular Enzymology and Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dominika Czaplinska
- Department of Molecular Enzymology and Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Adrian Szczepaniak
- Department of Molecular Enzymology and Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Andrzej C Skladanowski
- Department of Molecular Enzymology and Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Maciej Wieczorek
- Innovative Drugs R&D Department, Celon Pharma, Lomianki/Kielpin, Poland
| | | | - Monika Skupinska
- Innovative Drugs R&D Department, Celon Pharma, Lomianki/Kielpin, Poland
| | - Rafal Sadej
- Department of Molecular Enzymology and Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Zhang Z, Zhang H, Liu T, Chen T, Wang D, Tang D. Heterogeneous Pancreatic Stellate Cells Are Powerful Contributors to the Malignant Progression of Pancreatic Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:783617. [PMID: 34988078 PMCID: PMC8722736 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.783617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is associated with highly malignant tumors and poor prognosis due to strong therapeutic resistance. Accumulating evidence shows that activated pancreatic stellate cells (PSC) play an important role in the malignant progression of pancreatic cancer. In recent years, the rapid development of single-cell sequencing technology has facilitated the analysis of PSC population heterogeneity, allowing for the elucidation of the relationship between different subsets of cells with tumor development and therapeutic resistance. Researchers have identified two spatially separated, functionally complementary, and reversible subtypes, namely myofibroblastic and inflammatory PSC. Myofibroblastic PSC produce large amounts of pro-fibroproliferative collagen fibers, whereas inflammatory PSC express large amounts of inflammatory cytokines. These distinct cell subtypes cooperate to create a microenvironment suitable for cancer cell survival. Therefore, further understanding of the differentiation of PSC and their distinct functions will provide insight into more effective treatment options for pancreatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Zhang
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tian Chen
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Daorong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Clinical Medical College, Institute of General Surgery, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dong Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Clinical Medical College, Institute of General Surgery, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Dong Tang,
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Tolg C, Liu M, Cousteils K, Telmer P, Alam K, Ma J, Mendina L, McCarthy JB, Morris VL, Turley EA. Cell-specific expression of the transcriptional regulator RHAMM provides a timing mechanism that controls appropriate wound re-epithelialization. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:5427-5448. [PMID: 32165498 PMCID: PMC7170511 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Prevention of aberrant cutaneous wound repair and appropriate regeneration of an intact and functional integument require the coordinated timing of fibroblast and keratinocyte migration. Here, we identified a mechanism whereby opposing cell-specific motogenic functions of a multifunctional intracellular and extracellular protein, the receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility (RHAMM), coordinates fibroblast and keratinocyte migration speed and ensures appropriate timing of excisional wound closure. We found that, unlike in WT mice, in Rhamm-null mice, keratinocyte migration initiates prematurely in the excisional wounds, resulting in wounds that have re-surfaced before the formation of normal granulation tissue, leading to a defective epidermal architecture. We also noted aberrant keratinocyte and fibroblast migration in the Rhamm-null mice, indicating that RHAMM suppresses keratinocyte motility but increases fibroblast motility. This cell context-dependent effect resulted from cell-specific regulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation and expression of a RHAMM target gene encoding matrix metalloprotease 9 (MMP-9). In fibroblasts, RHAMM promoted ERK1/2 activation and MMP-9 expression, whereas in keratinocytes, RHAMM suppressed these activities. In keratinocytes, loss of RHAMM function or expression promoted epidermal growth factor receptor-regulated MMP-9 expression via ERK1/2, which resulted in cleavage of the ectodomain of the RHAMM partner protein CD44 and thereby increased keratinocyte motility. These results identify RHAMM as a key factor that integrates the timing of wound repair by controlling cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Tolg
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, Victoria Hospital, London, Ontario N6A 4L6, Canada
| | - Muhan Liu
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, Victoria Hospital, London, Ontario N6A 4L6, Canada
| | - Katelyn Cousteils
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Patrick Telmer
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, Victoria Hospital, London, Ontario N6A 4L6, Canada
| | - Khandakar Alam
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, Victoria Hospital, London, Ontario N6A 4L6, Canada
| | - Jenny Ma
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, Victoria Hospital, London, Ontario N6A 4L6, Canada
| | - Leslie Mendina
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, Victoria Hospital, London, Ontario N6A 4L6, Canada
| | - James B McCarthy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Vincent L Morris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Eva A Turley
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, Victoria Hospital, London, Ontario N6A 4L6, Canada; Departments of Oncology, Biochemistry, and Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada.
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10
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Mohanty A, Pharaon RR, Nam A, Salgia S, Kulkarni P, Massarelli E. FAK-targeted and combination therapies for the treatment of cancer: an overview of phase I and II clinical trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:399-409. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1740680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atish Mohanty
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca R Pharaon
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Arin Nam
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Sabrina Salgia
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Prakash Kulkarni
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Erminia Massarelli
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
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11
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Malakooti N, Pritchard MA, Chen F, Yu Y, Sgambelloni C, Adlard PA, Finkelstein DI. The Long Isoform of Intersectin-1 Has a Role in Learning and Memory. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:24. [PMID: 32161523 PMCID: PMC7052523 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome is caused by partial or total trisomy of chromosome 21 and is characterized by intellectual disability and other disorders. Although it is difficult to determine which of the genes over-expressed on the supernumerary chromosome contribute to a specific abnormality, one approach is to study each gene in isolation. This can be accomplished either by using an over-expression model to study increased gene dosage or a gene-deficiency model to study the biological function of the gene. Here, we extend our examination of the function of the chromosome 21 gene, ITSN1. We used mice in which the long isoform of intersectin-1 was knocked out (ITSN1-LKO) to understand how a lack of the long isoform of ITSN1 affects brain function. We examined cognitive and locomotor behavior as well as long term potentiation (LTP) and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and 3'-kinase-C2β-AKT (AKT) cell signaling pathways. We also examined the density of dendritic spines on hippocampal pyramidal neurons. We observed that ITSN1-LKO mice had deficits in learning and long term spatial memory. They also exhibited impaired LTP, and no changes in the levels of the phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2. The amount of phosphorylated AKT was reduced in the ITSN1-LKO hippocampus and there was a decrease in the number of apical dendritic spines in hippocampal neurons. Our data suggest that the long isoform of ITSN1 plays a part in normal learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakisa Malakooti
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Melanie A Pritchard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Feng Chen
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Yong Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Charlotte Sgambelloni
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul A Adlard
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David I Finkelstein
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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12
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Oono K, Ohtake K, Watanabe C, Shiba S, Sekiya T, Kasono K. Contribution of Pyk2 pathway and reactive oxygen species (ROS) to the anti-cancer effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in PC3 prostate cancer cells. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:15. [PMID: 32005121 PMCID: PMC6993438 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1122-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are thought to exert protective effects in cardiovascular diseases. In addition, n-3 PUFAs have demonstrated anti-cancer effects in vitro and in vivo. Objective We investigated the anti-cancer effects and mechanism of action of EPA on PC3 prostate cancer cells in vitro. Methods PC3 cells were treated with various concentrations of EPA, and cell survival and the abilities of migration and invasion were evaluated. The time course of the growth inhibitory effect of EPA on PC3 cells was also assessed. The mechanism underlying the anti-cancer effects of EPA was investigated by human phosphokinase and human apoptosis antibody arrays, and confirmed by western blot analysis. We also examined the contribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to the effects of EPA using the ROS inhibitor N-acetyl cysteine. Results EPA decreased the survival of PC3 cells in a dose-dependent manner within 3 h of application, with an effective concentration of 500 μmol/L. EPA inhibited proline-rich tyrosine kinase (Pyk)2 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation as determined by western blotting and the antibody arrays. The growth of PC3 cells was inhibited by EPA, which was dependent on ROS induction, while EPA inhibited Pyk2 phosphorylation independent of ROS production. Conclusions Inhibition of Pyk2 phosphorylation and ROS production contribute to the anticancer effects of EPA on PC3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Oono
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ohtake
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan
| | - Chie Watanabe
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan
| | - Sachiko Shiba
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan
| | - Takashi Sekiya
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan
| | - Keizo Kasono
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan.
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13
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Shen T, Guo Q. EGFR signaling pathway occupies an important position in cancer-related downstream signaling pathways of Pyk2. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:2-13. [PMID: 31368612 PMCID: PMC6973235 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is a member of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) non-receptor tyrosine kinase family and has been found to promote cancer cell survival, proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis. Pyk2 takes part in different carcinogenic signaling pathways to promote cancer progression, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway. EGFR signaling pathway is a traditional carcinogenic signaling pathway, which plays a critical role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. FAK inhibitors have been reported to fail to get the ideal anti-cancer outcomes because of activation of EGFR signaling pathway. Better understanding of Pyk2 downstream targets and interconnectivity between Pyk2 and carcinogenic EGFR signaling pathway will help finding more effective targets for clinical anti-cancer combination therapies. Thus, the interconnectivity between Pyk2 and EGFR signaling pathway, which regulates tumor development and metastasis, needs to be elucidated. In this review, we summarized the downstream targets of Pyk2 in cancers, focused on the connection between Pyk2 and EGFR signaling pathway in different cancer types, and provided a new overview of the roles of Pyk2 in EGFR signaling pathway and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Shen
- Medical SchoolKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500YunnanChina,Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and TechnologyThe First People's Hospital of Yunnan ProvinceKunming650032YunnanChina
| | - Qiang Guo
- Medical SchoolKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500YunnanChina,Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and TechnologyThe First People's Hospital of Yunnan ProvinceKunming650032YunnanChina
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14
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Piaggio F, Tozzo V, Bernardi C, Croce M, Puzone R, Viaggi S, Patrone S, Barla A, Coviello D, Jager MJ, van der Velden PA, Zeschnigk M, Cangelosi D, Eva A, Pfeffer U, Amaro A. Secondary Somatic Mutations in G-Protein-Related Pathways and Mutation Signatures in Uveal Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111688. [PMID: 31671564 PMCID: PMC6896012 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uveal melanoma (UM), a rare cancer of the eye, is characterized by initiating mutations in the genes G-protein subunit alpha Q (GNAQ), G-protein subunit alpha 11 (GNA11), cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 (CYSLTR2), and phospholipase C beta 4 (PLCB4) and by metastasis-promoting mutations in the genes splicing factor 3B1 (SF3B1), serine and arginine rich splicing factor 2 (SRSF2), and BRCA1-associated protein 1 (BAP1). Here, we tested the hypothesis that additional mutations, though occurring in only a few cases ("secondary drivers"), might influence tumor development. METHODS We analyzed all the 4125 mutations detected in exome sequencing datasets, comprising a total of 139 Ums, and tested the enrichment of secondary drivers in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways that also contained the initiating mutations. We searched for additional mutations in the putative secondary driver gene protein tyrosine kinase 2 beta (PTK2B) and we developed new mutational signatures that explain the mutational pattern observed in UM. RESULTS Secondary drivers were significantly enriched in KEGG pathways that also contained GNAQ and GNA11, such as the calcium-signaling pathway. Many of the secondary drivers were known cancer driver genes and were strongly associated with metastasis and survival. We identified additional mutations in PTK2B. Sparse dictionary learning allowed for the identification of mutational signatures specific for UM. CONCLUSIONS A considerable part of rare mutations that occur in addition to known driver mutations are likely to affect tumor development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Piaggio
- Tumor Epigenetics; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | | | - Cinzia Bernardi
- Tumor Epigenetics; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Michela Croce
- Biotherapy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Roberto Puzone
- Clinical Epidemiology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Silvia Viaggi
- DISTAV, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy.
- IRCCS Istituto G. Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy.
| | | | | | | | - Martine J Jager
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Pieter A van der Velden
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Michael Zeschnigk
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Clinics Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - Davide Cangelosi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Eva
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy.
| | - Ulrich Pfeffer
- Tumor Epigenetics; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Adriana Amaro
- Tumor Epigenetics; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy.
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15
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Gu J, Zhang X, Miao R, Ma X, Xiang X, Fu Y, Liu C, Niu W, Qu K. A three-long non-coding RNA-expression-based risk score system can better predict both overall and recurrence-free survival in patients with small hepatocellular carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:1627-1639. [PMID: 30018179 PMCID: PMC6075433 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) may be potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for many disease conditions, including cancer. In this study, we constructed a risk score system of three lncRNAs (LOC101927051, LINC00667 and NSUN5P2) for predicting the prognosis of small hepatocellular carcinoma (sHCC) (maximum tumor diameter ≤5 cm). The prognostic value of this sHCC risk model was confirmed in TCGA HCC samples (TNM stage I and II). Stratified survival analysis revealed that the suitable patient groups of the sHCC lncRNA-signature included HBV-infected and cirrhotic patients with better physical conditions yet lower levels of albumin and higher levels of alpha-fetoprotein preoperatively. Besides, Asian patients with no family history of HCC or history of alcohol consumption can be predicted more precisely. Molecular functional analysis indicated that PYK2 pathway was significantly enriched in the high-risk patients. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated that the two lncRNAs (LINC00667 and NSUN5P2) associated with poor prognosis were closely related to cell cycle. The nomogram based on the lncRNA-signature for RFS prediction in sHCC patients exhibited good performance in recurrence risk stratification. In conclusion, we identified a novel three-lncRNA-expression-based risk model for predicting the prognosis of sHCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxian Gu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'a, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'a, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Runchen Miao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'a, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Xiaohua Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'a, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Xiaohong Xiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'a, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Yunong Fu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'a, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'a, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Wenquan Niu
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kai Qu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'a, Shaanxi 710061, China
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16
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Al-Juboori SI, Vadakekolathu J, Idri S, Wagner S, Zafeiris D, Pearson JR, Almshayakhchi R, Caraglia M, Desiderio V, Miles AK, Boocock DJ, Ball GR, Regad T. PYK2 promotes HER2-positive breast cancer invasion. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:210. [PMID: 31118051 PMCID: PMC6532260 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1221-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metformin, a biguanide, is one of the most commonly prescribed treatments for type 2 diabetes and has recently been recommended as a potential drug candidate for advanced cancer therapy. Although Metformin has antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects on breast cancer, the heterogenous nature of this disease affects the response to metformin leading to the activation of pro-invasive signalling pathways that are mediated by the focal adhesion kinase PYK2 in pure HER2 phenotype breast cancer. METHODS The effect of metformin on different breast cancer cell lines, representing the molecular heterogenicity of the disease was investigated using in vitro proliferation and apoptosis assays. The activation of PYK2 by metformin in pure HER2 phenotype (HER2+/ER-/PR-) cell lines was investigated by microarrays, quantitative real time PCR and immunoblotting. Cell migration and invasion PYK2-mediated and in response to metformin were determined by wound healing and invasion assays using HER2+/ER-/PR- PYK2 knockdown cell lines. Proteomic analyses were used to determine the role of PYK2 in HER2+/ER-/PR- proliferative, migratory and invasive cellular pathways and in response to metformin. The association between PYK2 expression and HER2+/ER-/PR- patients' cancer-specific survival was investigated using bioinformatic analysis of PYK2 expression from patient gene expression profiles generated by the Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC) study. The effect of PYK2 and metformin on tumour initiation and invasion of HER2+/ER-/PR- breast cancer stem-like cells was performed using the in vitro stem cell proliferation and invasion assays. RESULTS Our study showed for the first time that pure HER2 breast cancer cells are more resistant to metformin treatment when compared with the other breast cancer phenotypes. This drug resistance was associated with the activation of PTK2B/PYK2, a well-known mediator of signalling pathways involved in cell proliferation, migration and invasion. The role of PYK2 in promoting invasion of metformin resistant HER2 breast cancer cells was confirmed through investigating the effect of PYK2 knockdown and metformin on cell invasion and by proteomic analysis of associated cellular pathways. We also reveal a correlation between high level of expression of PYK2 and reduced survival in pure HER2 breast cancer patients. Moreover, we also report a role of PYK2 in tumour initiation and invasion-mediated by pure HER2 breast cancer stem-like cells. This was further confirmed by demonstrating a correlation between reduced survival in pure HER2 breast cancer patients and expression of PYK2 and the stem cell marker CD44. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence of a PYK2-driven pro-invasive potential of metformin in pure HER2 cancer therapy and propose that metformin-based therapy should consider the molecular heterogeneity of breast cancer to prevent complications associated with cancer chemoresistance, invasion and recurrence in treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaymaa Ik Al-Juboori
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.,Department of Biology, College of science for women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Jayakumar Vadakekolathu
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Sarra Idri
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Sarah Wagner
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Dimitrios Zafeiris
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Joshua Rd Pearson
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Rukaia Almshayakhchi
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Desiderio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Amanda K Miles
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - David J Boocock
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Graham R Ball
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Tarik Regad
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
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17
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Zhang T, Guan XW, Gribben JG, Liu FT, Jia L. Blockade of HMGB1 signaling pathway by ethyl pyruvate inhibits tumor growth in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:330. [PMID: 30988279 PMCID: PMC6465275 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1563-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein in the tumor microenvironment actively contributes to tumor progression but its role in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism by which HMGB1 promotes tumor growth in DLBCL and whether blockade of HMGB1 signaling pathway could inhibit tumorigenesis. We report that HMGB1 promotes proliferation of DLBCL cells by activation of AKT, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and SRC Proto-Oncogene, Non-Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (Src). Ethyl pyruvate (EP), an anti-inflammatory agent, inhibits HMGB1 active release from DLBCL cells and significantly inhibited proliferation of DLBCL cells in vitro. Treatment with EP significantly prevented and inhibited tumor growth in vivo and prolonged DLBCL-bearing mice survival. EP significantly downregulated HMGB1 expression and phosphorylation of Src and ERK1/2 in mice lymphoma tissue. EP induced accumulation of the cell cycle inhibitor p27 but downregulated expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2). Increased nuclear translocation of p27 interacted with CDK2 and cyclin A, which led to blockade of cell cycle progression at the G1 to S phase transition. In conclusion, we demonstrated for the first time that blockade of HMGB1-mediated signaling pathway by EP effectively inhibited DLBCL tumorigenesis and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xu-Wen Guan
- Department of Radiotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - John G Gribben
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Feng-Ting Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China. .,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China.
| | - Li Jia
- Department of Radiotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China. .,Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK.
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18
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Abstract
Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) plays essential roles in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Pyk2 serves as a non-receptor tyrosine kinase regulating tumor cell survival, proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis, and chemo-resistance, and is associated with poor prognosis and shortened survival in various cancer types. Thus, Pyk2 has been traditionally regarded as an oncogene and potential therapeutic target for cancers. However, a few studies have also demonstrated that Pyk2 exerts tumor-suppressive effects in some cancers, and anti-cancer treatment of Pyk2 inhibitors may only achieve marginal benefits in these cancers. Therefore, more detailed knowledge of the contradictory functions of Pyk2 is needed. In this review, we summarized the tissue distribution, expression, interactive molecules of Pyk2 in the signaling pathway, and roles of Pyk2 in cancers, and focused on regulation of the interconnectivity between Pyk2 and its downstream targets. The potential use of inhibitors of Pyk2 and its related pathways in cancer therapy is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Shen
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland).,Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Qiang Guo
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland).,Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
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19
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Kim YR, Byun MR, Choi JW. Integrin α6 as an invasiveness marker for hepatitis B viral X-driven hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Biomark 2018; 23:135-144. [PMID: 30010110 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-181498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) accounts for more than 60% of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases. However, there is limited information about the features of HBV-driven HCC that differentiate it from other types of HCC. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to find a gene specific to HBV-driven HCC and understand its role during tumorigenesis. METHODS The differences in gene expression patterns were analyzed among patients with hepatitis virus-unrelated liver cirrhosis, and hepatitis C virus- and HBV-driven HCC. Genes expressed only in HBV patients were compared to genes of transgenic mice expressing hepatitis B viral X gene. RESULTS Integrin α6 was commonly overexpressed in both HBV-driven HCC patients and transgenic mice expressing viral X. This gene's activation induced overexpression of integrin α6, as well as formation of integrins α6β1 and α6β4, without changing the expression of non-integrin laminin receptors. Suppression of integrin α6 caused significant inhibition of tumor migration in vitro. CONCLUSIONS This study found a significant association between HBV and integrin α6, which may be responsible for early migration and invasion of HCC. Thus, integrin α6 is a predictive marker for tumor recurrence and invasiveness of HBV-driven HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Rang Kim
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, Yuseong Sun Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Mi Ran Byun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Woo Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Zhao T, Bao Y, Lu X, He Y, Gan X, Wang J, Liu B, Wang L. Pyk2 promotes tumor progression in renal cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:5953-5959. [PMID: 30344745 PMCID: PMC6176372 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2), a member of the focal adhesion kinase family, has recently been associated with tumor development. However, the role of Pyk2 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains unexplored. The present study investigated the expression pattern, clinical significance, and function of Pyk2 in RCC. By using a reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry, it was demonstrated that RCC tissues display a higher Pyk2 expression compared with paired adjacent nontumor tissues. Furthermore, it was revealed that Pyk2 upregulation was associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with RCC. By using loss-of-function approaches, it was demonstrated that Pyk2 knockdown reduced cell viability, invasive ability and migratory ability, and increased apoptosis in RCC cell lines. In contrast, Pyk2 overexpression promoted tumor cell proliferation, invasion and migration and reduced apoptosis. Collectively, the results of the present study present the tumor-promoting function of Pyk2 in RCC and thus provide molecular evidence for novel tyrosine kinase inhibitors as novel therapeutic options for RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangliang Zhao
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200001, P.R. China
| | - Yi Bao
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200001, P.R. China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Yi He
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Xinxin Gan
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200001, P.R. China
| | - Jianchao Wang
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200001, P.R. China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200001, P.R. China
| | - Linhui Wang
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200001, P.R. China
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Liu X, Wang F, Hou J, Zhang L, Chen Z, Yin X. [Adenoid cystic carcinoma cells produce exosomes that promote tumor cell proliferation]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2018; 38:1008-1013. [PMID: 30187874 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.08.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of exosomes released by adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) cell line SACC-83 on the proliferation of ACC cells. METHODS Exosomes were isolated from SACC-83 cell culture supernatants using total exosome isolation reagents. The whole-mount exosomes were characterized using transmission electron microscope and Western blotting. The exosomes were labeled with green fluorescent dye PKH67 and co-cultured with SACC-83 cells for 48 h, followed by staining with Alexa Fluor 594 phalloidin and DAPI to observe exosome uptake by the cells using laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). The cell proliferation was assessed using MTT assay and wound healing assay, and the expressions of ERK and P-ERK in the co-cultured SACC-83 cells were detected using Western blotting. RESULTS The exosomes isolated from SACC-83 cells showed a size range of 30-100 nm and expressed the exosomal markers CD9, CD63 and TSG101. LSCM showed exosome uptake by SACC-83 cells, which exhibited accelerated proliferation and significantly enhanced P-ERK expression (P < 0.05) without significant changes in ERK expression. CONCLUSIONS SACC-83 cells produce exosomes that promote the tumor cell proliferation and enhances the cellular expression of P-ERK, suggesting a potential role of MAPK/ERK pathway activation in exosome-mediated acceleration of ACC cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohao Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Fangyuan Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jin Hou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Leitao Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhifeng Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xuemin Yin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Arai E, Miura F, Totoki Y, Yamashita S, Tian Y, Gotoh M, Ojima H, Nakagawa H, Takahashi Y, Nakamura H, Hama N, Kato M, Kimura H, Suzuki Y, Ito T, Shibata T, Kanai Y. Epigenome mapping of human normal purified hepatocytes: personal epigenome variation and genome-epigenome correlation. Epigenomics 2018; 10:955-979. [PMID: 29972026 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2017-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to reveal the epigenome landscape of human normal hepatocytes. MATERIALS & METHODS Cells purified from partial hepatectomy specimens of Japanese patients were subjected to whole-genome bisulfite sequencing using postbisulfite adaptor tagging, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing, RNA sequencing and whole-genome sequencing. RESULTS CHG and CHH methylations were inversely associated with gene expression. Histone modification profiles of personal differentially methylated regions (pDMRs) differed considerably among samples. pDMRs were observed around the transcription start sites of genes whose expression is reportedly regulated by CpG methylation. pDMRs were frequently observed in the vicinity of single-nucleotide variations and insertions/deletions. CONCLUSION Genetic variations may induce epigenetic variations, generating individual differences in the phenotypes of normal hepatocytes through variations in expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Arai
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.,Division of Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research & Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Fumihito Miura
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research & Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yasushi Totoki
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research & Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.,Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamashita
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Ying Tian
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research & Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Masahiro Gotoh
- Division of Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research & Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ojima
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research & Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakagawa
- Biomedical Department, Cloud Service Division, IT Infrastructure Services Unit, Mitsui Knowledge Industry Co., Ltd, Tokyo 105-6215, Japan
| | - Yoriko Takahashi
- Biomedical Department, Cloud Service Division, IT Infrastructure Services Unit, Mitsui Knowledge Industry Co., Ltd, Tokyo 105-6215, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nakamura
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Natsuko Hama
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Mamoru Kato
- Department of Bioinformatics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research & Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.,Graduate School of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research & Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.,Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Takashi Ito
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research & Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Shibata
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research & Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.,Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yae Kanai
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.,Division of Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research & Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
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23
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Up-regulation of CTD-2547G23.4 in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and its prospective molecular regulatory mechanism: a novel qRT-PCR and bioinformatics analysis study. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:74. [PMID: 29780284 PMCID: PMC5948809 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0566-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dysregulated expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) has been reported in the pathogenesis and progression of multiple cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). LncRNA CTD-2547G23.4 is a novel lncRNA, and its role in HCC is still unknown. Here, we aimed to clarify the expression pattern and clinical value of CTD-2547G23.4 and to investigate the prospective regulatory mechanism via bioinformatics analysis in HCC. Methods To identify differentially expressed lncRNAs in HCC, we downloaded RNA-Seq data for HCC and adjacent non-tumour tissues via The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). CTD-2547G23.4 was selected by using the R language and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Furthermore, we validated the differential expression of CTD-2547G23.4 via Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), ArrayExpress, Oncomine databases and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The relationship between the CTD-2547G23.4 level and clinic pathological parameters was also assessed. To further probe the role of CTD-2547G23.4 in HCC cell cycle, lentivirus-mediated small interfering RNA was applied to silence CTD-2547G23.4 expression in Huh-7 cell line. In addition, the related genes of CTD-2547G23.4 gathered from The Atlas of Noncoding RNAs in Cancer (TANRIC) database and Multi Experiment Matrix (MEM) were assessed with Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, Protein Analysis Through Evolutionary Relationships and protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks. Results CTD-2547G23.4 expression was remarkably higher in 370 HCC tissue samples than that in adjacent non-tumour liver tissues (48.762 ± 27.270 vs. 14.511 ± 8.341, P < 0.001) from TCGA dataset. The relative expression level of CTD-2547G23.4 in HCC was consistently higher than that in adjacent non-cancerous tissues (2.464 ± 0.833 vs. 1.813 ± 0.784, P = 0.001) as assessed by real time RT-qPCR. The area under the curve of the summary receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.8720 based on TCGA, qRT-PCR and GEO data. Further analysis indicated that the increased expression levels of CTD-2547G23.4 were associated with the neoplasm histologic grade and vascular tumour cell type. The expression of CTD-2547G23.4 was significantly downregulated in CTD-2547G23.4 knockdown cells. Moreover, cell cycle analysis revealed that CTD-2547G23.4 depletion in Huh-7 cell line led to S phase arrest. Furthermore, 314 related genes identified by TANRIC and MEM databases were processed with a pathway analysis. The bioinformatics analysis indicated that CTD-2547G23.4 might play a key role in the progress of HCC through four hub genes, SRC, CREBBP, ADCY8 and PPARA. Conclusions Collectively, we put forward the hypothesis that the novel lncRNA CTD-2547G23.4 may act as an exceptional clinical index and promote the HCC tumourigenesis and progression via various related genes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12935-018-0566-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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24
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Proline-Rich Protein Tyrosine Kinase 2 in Inflammation and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10050139. [PMID: 29738483 PMCID: PMC5977112 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10050139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and its homologous FAK-related proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) contain the same domain, exhibit high sequence homology and are defined as a distinct family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases. This group of kinases plays critical roles in cytoskeletal dynamics and cell adhesion by regulating survival and growth signaling. This review summarizes the physiological and pathological functions of Pyk2 in inflammation and cancers. In particular, overexpression of Pyk2 in cancerous tissues is correlated with poor outcomes. Pyk2 stimulates multiple oncogenic signaling pathways, such as Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/Akt, MAPK/ERK, and TGF-β/EGFR/VEGF, and facilitates carcinogenesis, migration, invasion, epithelial⁻mesenchymal transition and metastasis. Therefore, Pyk2 is a high-value therapeutic target and has clinical significance.
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25
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Uzoma I, Hu J, Cox E, Xia S, Zhou J, Rho HS, Guzzo C, Paul C, Ajala O, Goodwin CR, Jeong J, Moore C, Zhang H, Meluh P, Blackshaw S, Matunis M, Qian J, Zhu H. Global Identification of Small Ubiquitin-related Modifier (SUMO) Substrates Reveals Crosstalk between SUMOylation and Phosphorylation Promotes Cell Migration. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:871-888. [PMID: 29438996 PMCID: PMC5930406 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteomics studies have revealed that SUMOylation is a widely used post-translational modification (PTM) in eukaryotes. However, how SUMO E1/2/3 complexes use different SUMO isoforms and recognize substrates remains largely unknown. Using a human proteome microarray-based activity screen, we identified over 2500 proteins that undergo SUMO E3-dependent SUMOylation. We next constructed a SUMO isoform- and E3 ligase-dependent enzyme-substrate relationship network. Protein kinases were significantly enriched among SUMOylation substrates, suggesting crosstalk between phosphorylation and SUMOylation. Cell-based analyses of tyrosine kinase, PYK2, revealed that SUMOylation at four lysine residues promoted PYK2 autophosphorylation at tyrosine 402, which in turn enhanced its interaction with SRC and full activation of the SRC-PYK2 complex. SUMOylation on WT but not the 4KR mutant of PYK2 further elevated phosphorylation of the downstream components in the focal adhesion pathway, such as paxillin and Erk1/2, leading to significantly enhanced cell migration during wound healing. These studies illustrate how our SUMO E3 ligase-substrate network can be used to explore crosstalk between SUMOylation and other PTMs in many biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ijeoma Uzoma
- From the ‡Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- §The Center for High-Throughput Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Jianfei Hu
- ¶Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Eric Cox
- §The Center for High-Throughput Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- ‖Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Shuli Xia
- **Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- ‡‡Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Jianying Zhou
- §§Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Hee-Sool Rho
- From the ‡Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- §The Center for High-Throughput Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Catherine Guzzo
- ¶¶Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Corry Paul
- From the ‡Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- §The Center for High-Throughput Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Olutobi Ajala
- From the ‡Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- §The Center for High-Throughput Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - C Rory Goodwin
- **Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- ‡‡Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Junseop Jeong
- From the ‡Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- §The Center for High-Throughput Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Cedric Moore
- From the ‡Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- §The Center for High-Throughput Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Hui Zhang
- §§Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Pamela Meluh
- §The Center for High-Throughput Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- §The Center for High-Throughput Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- **Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Michael Matunis
- ¶¶Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Jiang Qian
- ¶Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Heng Zhu
- From the ‡Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205;
- §The Center for High-Throughput Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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26
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Expression of the serotonin receptor 2B in uveal melanoma and effects of an antagonist on cell lines. Clin Exp Metastasis 2018; 35:123-134. [PMID: 29696577 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-018-9894-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary tumor in the adult, and disseminates to the liver in half of patients. A 15-gene expression profile prognostic assay allows to determine the likelihood of metastasis in patients using their ocular tumor DNA, but a cure still remains to be discovered. The serotonin receptor 2B represents the discriminant gene of this molecular signature with the greatest impact on the prognosis of UM. However, its contribution to the metastatic potential of UM remains unexplored. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a selective serotonin receptor 2B antagonist on cellular and molecular behaviours of UM cells. UM cell lines expressing high level of serotonin receptor 2B proteins were selected by Western blotting. The selective serotonin receptor 2B antagonist PRX-08066 was evaluated for its impact on UM cells using viability assays, phosphorylated histone H3 immunostainings, clonogenic assays, migration assays, invasion assays and membrane-based protein kinase phosphorylation antibody arrays. The pharmacological inhibition of the serotonin receptor 2B reduced the viability of UM cells and the population in mitosis, and impaired their clonogenicity and potential of migration. It also decreased the phosphorylation of kinases from signaling pathways classically activated by the serotonin receptor 2B, as well as kinases β-catenin, Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2, and Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5. Our findings support a role for the serotonin receptor 2B in the proliferation and migration of UM cells, through activation of many signaling pathways such as WNT, Focal adhesion kinase and Janus kinase/STAT.
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27
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Tomasi ML, Ramani K. SUMOylation and phosphorylation cross-talk in hepatocellular carcinoma. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 3:20. [PMID: 29780898 DOI: 10.21037/tgh.2018.04.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary malignancy of the liver and occurs predominantly in patients with underlying chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. The large spectrum of protein post-translational modification (PTM) includes numerous critical signaling events that occur during neoplastic transformation. PTMs occur to nearly all proteins and increase the functional diversity of proteins. We have reviewed the role of two major PTMs, SUMOylation and phosphorylation, in the altered signaling of key players in HCC. SUMOylation is a PTM that involves addition of a small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMO) group to proteins. It is known to regulate protein stability, protein-protein interactions, trafficking and transcriptional activity. The major pathways that are regulated by SUMOylation and may influence HCC are regulation of transcription, cell growth pathways associated with B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and methionine adenosyltransferases (MAT), oxidative stress pathways [nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)], tumor suppressor pathways (p53), hypoxia-inducible signaling [hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1)], glucose and lipid metabolism, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and β-Catenin signaling. Phosphorylation is an extensively studied PTM in HCC. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidyl inositol/AK-strain transforming (PI3K/AKT), and C-SRC pathways have been extensively studied for deregulation of kinases and alteration in signaling of targets through phosphorylation of their substrates. Cross-talk between phosphorylation and SUMOylation is known to influence transcriptional activity of proteins and protein-protein interactions. In HCC, several SUMOylation-dependent phosphorylation events have been studied such as MAPK activation and c-SRC activity that have been reviewed in this work. The drastic effects of site-specific phosphorylation or SUMOylation on enzyme activity of signaling players and its effect on growth and tumorigenesis suggests that these PTMs are novel targets for therapeutic intervention in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lauda Tomasi
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Komal Ramani
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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28
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Wang X, Zhao X, Yi Z, Ma B, Wang H, Pu Y, Wang J, Wang S. WNT5A promotes migration and invasion of human osteosarcoma cells via SRC/ERK/MMP-14 pathway. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:598-607. [PMID: 29345412 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
WNT5A, a representative ligand of activating several non-canonical WNT signal pathways, plays significant roles in oncogenesis and tumor inhibition. It has been shown that the non-receptor tyrosine kinase SRC is required for WNT5A-induced invasion of osteosarcoma cells. However, the precise molecular mechanism underlying WNT5A/SRC-mediated osteosarcoma cells invasion remains poorly defined. The study was designed to explore the role of ERK1/2 in WNT5A/SRC-induced osteosarcoma cells invasion and the downstream target of the SRC/ERK1/2 signalings. We found that WNT5A (100 ng/mL) remarkably stimulated migration and invasion of human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells, whereas inhibiting either SRC kinase activity by siRNA-mediated SRC silence or ERK1/2 phosphorylation by PD98059 treatment suppressed these effects, which suggested that the activation of SRC and ERK1/2 is essential for WNT5A-induced MG-63 cells migration and invasion. Furthermore, ERK1/2 phosphorylation induced by WNT5A was dramatically blocked by SRC siRNA. Additionally, our study further demonstrated that MMP-14 was upregulated after exposure to WNT5A in MG-63 cells, and the increased expression was blocked by SRC siRNA or PD98059. Collectively, these results indicate that WNT5A activates SRC/ERK1/2 signal pathway, leading to the upregulation of MMP-14 expression and MG-63 cells migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwen Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhigang Yi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Bing Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yanchuan Pu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shuanke Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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microRNA-23b suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma via targeting Pyk2. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:642-650. [PMID: 28262617 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to play important roles in various cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the functions and mechanisms of the miRNAs involved in HCC progress and metastasis still remain unknown. We downloaded the normalized data of microRNA expression profiling of HCC comparing primary tumor with lung metastasis from GEO database (GSE26323), and gain a group of metastasis-related candidate miRNAs. Among the candidate miRNAs, we focused on miR-23b for further study. The association of metastasis-related miR-23b with survival was also explored. Furthermore, the effects of miR-23b on biological role in HCC were demonstrated by MTT proliferation assay, wound healing and migration assay and the EMT related markers was analyzed by Western blot. Potential target genes of miR-23b were predicted using TargetScan and PicTar and confirmed by luciferase activity assay. A rescue experiment was performed to verify whether the function of miR-23b was exerted via regulation of its target. Our results showed that miR-23b expression was significantly decreased in HCC tissues, which was more importantly, positively correlated to the intrahepatic metastasis of HCC. Meanwhile, patients with low miR-23b expression had significantly poorer prognosis. Overexpression of miR-23b could inhibit MHCC97L cell proliferation, migration, invasion and regulate the expression of MMPs and EMT-associated genes. Moreover, Pyk2, one of the crucial regulators of EMT, was identified as a direct target of miR-23b. In addition, the inhibitory effects of miR-23b overexpression on the metastasis could be restored by Pyk2 overexpression. This study revealed that miR-23b was a tumor suppressor which may regulate HCC migration and invasion by targeting Pyk2 via regulation of EMT, implicating a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for HCC treatment.
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30
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EF24 Suppresses Invasion and Migration of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells In Vitro via Inhibiting the Phosphorylation of Src. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8569684. [PMID: 27999817 PMCID: PMC5141541 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8569684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diphenyl difluoroketone (EF24), a curcumin analog, is a promising anticancer compound that exerts its effects by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis. However, the efficacy of EF24 against cancer metastasis, particularly in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), remains elusive. In this study, the effect of EF24 on HCCLM-3 and HepG2 cell migration and invasion was detected by wound healing and transwell assay, respectively. The results revealed that EF24 suppressed the migration and invasion of both HCCLM-3 and HepG2 cells. Furthermore, EF24 treatment decreased the formation of filopodia on the cell surface and inhibited the phosphorylation of Src in both cell lines, which may help contribute towards understanding the mechanism underlying the suppressive effect of EF24 on HCC migration and invasion. Additionally, the expression of total- and phosphorylated-Src in primary HCC tissues and their paired lymph node metastatic tissues was detected, and phosphorylated-Src was found to be associated with HCC lymph node metastasis. The results of this study suggest that Src is a novel and promising therapeutic target in HCC and provide evidence to support the hypothesis that EF24 may be a useful therapeutic agent for the treatment of HCC.
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Selitrennik M, Lev S. PYK2 integrates growth factor and cytokine receptors signaling and potentiates breast cancer invasion via a positive feedback loop. Oncotarget 2016; 6:22214-26. [PMID: 26084289 PMCID: PMC4673158 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of ErbB family members in breast cancer progression and metastasis has been demonstrated by many studies. However, the downstream effectors that mediate their migratory and invasive responses have not been fully explored. In this study, we show that the non-receptor tyrosine kinase PYK2 is a key effector of EGFR and HER2 signaling in human breast carcinoma. We found that PYK2 is activated by both EGF and heregulin (HRG) in breast cancer cells, and positively regulates EGF/HRG-induced cell spreading, migration and invasion. PYK2 depletion markedly affects ERK1/2 and STAT3 phosphorylation in response to EGF/HRG as well as to IL8 treatment. Importantly, PYK2 depletion also reduced EGF/HRG-induced MMP9 and IL8 transcription, while IL8 inhibition abrogated EGF-induced MMP9 transcription and attenuated cell invasion. IL8, which is transcriptionally regulated by STAT3 and induces PYK2 activation, prolonged EGF-induced PYK2, STAT3 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation suggesting that IL8 acts through an autocrine loop to reinforce EGF-induced signals. Collectively our studies suggest that PYK2 is a common downstream effector of ErbB and IL8 receptors, and that PYK2 integrates their signaling pathways through a positive feedback loop to potentiate breast cancer invasion. Hence, PYK2 could be a potential therapeutic target for a subset of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Selitrennik
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sima Lev
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Lane D, Matte I, Laplante C, Garde-Granger P, Carignan A, Bessette P, Rancourt C, Piché A. CCL18 from ascites promotes ovarian cancer cell migration through proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 signaling. Mol Cancer 2016; 15:58. [PMID: 27613122 PMCID: PMC5017134 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-016-0542-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ovarian cancer (OC) ascites consist in a proinflammatory tumor environment that is characterized by the presence of various cytokines, chemokines and growth factors. The presence of these inflammatory-related factors in ascites is associated with a more aggressive tumor phenotype. CCL18 is a member of CCL chemokines and its expression has been associated with poor prognosis in some cancers. However, its role in OC progression has not been established. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to elucidate the role of ascites CCL18 in OC progression. Methods ELISA and tissue microarrays were used to assess CCL18 in ascites and phospho-Pyk2 expression in cancer tissues respectively. Cell migration was assessed using Boyden chambers. CCL18 and ascites signaling was examined in ovarian cancer cells utilizing siRNA and exogenous gene expression. Results Here, we show that CCL18 levels are markedly increased in advanced serous OC ascites relative to peritoneal effusions from women with benign conditions. Ascites and CCL18 dose-dependently enhanced the migration of OC cell lines CaOV3 and OVCAR3. CCL18 levels in ascites positively correlated with the ability of ascites to promote cell migration. CCL18 blocking antibodies significantly attenuated ascites-induced cell migration. Ascites and CCL18 stimulated the phosphorylation of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) in CaOV3 and OVCAR3 cells. Most importantly, the expression of phosphorylated Pyk2 in serous OC tumors was associated with shorter progression-free survival. Furthermore, enforced expression of Pyk2 promoted tumor cell migration while siRNA-mediated downregulation of Pyk2 attenuated cell migration. Downregulation of Pyk2 markedly inhibited ascites and CCL18-induced cell migration. Conclusions Taken together, our findings establish an important role for CCL18, as a component of ascites, in the migration of tumor cells and identify Pyk2 as prognostic factor and a critical downstream signaling pathway for ascites-induced OC cell migration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-016-0542-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Lane
- Département de Microbiologie et Infectiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12ième Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Isabelle Matte
- Département de Microbiologie et Infectiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12ième Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Claude Laplante
- Département de Pathologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12ième Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Perrine Garde-Granger
- Département de Pathologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12ième Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Alex Carignan
- Département de Microbiologie et Infectiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12ième Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Paul Bessette
- Service d'obstétrique et gynécologie, Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12ième Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Claudine Rancourt
- Département de Microbiologie et Infectiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12ième Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Alain Piché
- Département de Microbiologie et Infectiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12ième Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 5N4, Canada.
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Dou C, Liu Z, Xu M, Jia Y, Wang Y, Li Q, Yang W, Zheng X, Tu K, Liu Q. miR-187-3p inhibits the metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting S100A4. Cancer Lett 2016; 381:380-90. [PMID: 27544906 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
miR-187-3p, a novel cancer-related microRNA, was previously reported to play promoting or suppressive roles in different malignancies. However, the expression level, biological function, and underlying mechanisms of miR-187-3p in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unknown. This study demonstrated that miR-187-3p was significantly down-regulated in HCC tissues and cell lines, and was associated with advanced TNM stage and metastasis in HCC. Functional studies confirmed that miR-187-3p could inhibit the metastasis of HCC both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we proved that miR-187-3p could prevent the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of HCC cells. Mechanically, S100A4 was a direct downstream target of miR-187-3p, and mediated the functional influence of miR-187-3p in HCC. Furthermore, miR-187-3p and S100A4 expression was evidently correlated with adverse clinical features and poor prognosis of HCC. Lastly, we showed that hypoxia was responsible for the significantly decreased level of miR-187-3p in HCC, and miR-187-3p was involved in the promoting effects of hypoxia on the metastasis and EMT of HCC cells. Taken together, miR-187-3p inhibits the metastasis and EMT in HCC by targeting S100A4. miR-187-3p can serve as a prognostic indicator and a promising therapeutic target for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Dou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Zhikui Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Yuli Jia
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Kangsheng Tu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
| | - Qingguang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
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Hsiao YH, Huang YT, Hung CY, Kuo TC, Luo FJ, Yuan TC. PYK2 via S6K1 regulates the function of androgen receptors and the growth of prostate cancer cells. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:651-63. [PMID: 27492635 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is a steroid hormone receptor that functions as a transcription factor for regulating cell growth and survival. Aberrant AR function becomes a risk factor for promoting the progression of prostate cancer (PCa). In this study, we examined the roles of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2) and ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) in regulating AR expression and activity and growth properties in PCa cells. Compared with normal prostate tissues, PCa tumors exhibited high levels of PYK2 and S6K1 expression. Furthermore, the expression levels of PYK2 and S6K1 were significantly correlated with nuclear AR expression in PCa tissues. We further found the association between PYK2, S6K1, and AR in their protein expression and phosphorylation levels among normal prostate PZ-HPV-7 cells and prostate cancer LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells. Overexpression of the wild-type PYK2 in PZ-HPV-7 and LNCaP cells promoted AR and S6K1 expression and phosphorylation as well as enhanced cell growth. In contrast, expression of the mutated PYK2 or knockdown of PYK2 expression in LNCaP or 22Rv1 cells caused reduced expression or phosphorylation of AR and S6K1 as well as retarded cell growth. Under an androgen-deprived condition, PYK2-promoted AR expression and phosphorylation and PSA production in LNCaP cells can be abolished by knocking down S6K1 expression. In summary, our data suggested that PYK2 via S6K1 activation modulated AR function and growth properties in PCa cells. Thus, PYK2 and S6K1 may potentially serve as therapeutic targets for PCa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Hsiao
- Department of Life ScienceNational Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ting Huang
- Department of Life ScienceNational Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Yu Hung
- Department of Life ScienceNational Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tzu-Chien Kuo
- Department of Life ScienceNational Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Fuh-Jinn Luo
- Department of PathologyMennonite Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ta-Chun Yuan
- Department of Life ScienceNational Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Chu W, Guan L, Huang D, Ren Y, Zhou Y. Lovastatin exerts protective effects on endothelial cells via upregulation of PTK2B. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:1741-1749. [PMID: 27602089 PMCID: PMC4998215 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins are HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors that are used to decrease the blood levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). In addition, they have been shown to exert pleiotropic protective effects in the absence of LDL-lowering activity. The present study investigated the effects of lovastatin on global gene expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), in order to further explore its ability to protect against oxidized (ox)-LDL-induced cytotoxicity. HUVECs were treated with lovastatin for 2–24 h, and gene expression patterns were analyzed using cDNA microarrays. The results suggested that numerous genes were regulated by lovastatin, including certain genes associated with cell survival, such as PTK2B, BCL2 and MAP3K3. In particular, PTK2B, which has been shown to exert anti-apoptotic effects against ox-LDL-induced cell injury, was upregulated by lovastatin. Knockdown of PTK2B was able to attenuate ox-LDL-induced cell injury, and this was associated with decreased levels of phosphorylated-AKT and eNOS, and inhibition of mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that lovastatin protects against ox-LDL-induced cell injury, potentially via the upregulation of PTK2B, which regulates the anti-apoptosis signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Chu
- Department of Cadre Health Care, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, P.R. China
| | - Lili Guan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, P.R. China
| | - Dihua Huang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, P.R. China
| | - Yuezhong Ren
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, P.R. China
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PRL-3 engages the focal adhesion pathway in triple-negative breast cancer cells to alter actin structure and substrate adhesion properties critical for cell migration and invasion. Cancer Lett 2016; 380:505-512. [PMID: 27452906 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are among the most aggressive cancers characterized by a high propensity to invade, metastasize and relapse. We previously reported that the TNBC-specific inhibitor, AMPI-109, significantly impairs the ability of TNBC cells to migrate and invade by reducing levels of the metastasis-promoting phosphatase, PRL-3. Here, we examined the mechanisms by which AMPI-109 and loss of PRL-3 impede cell migration and invasion. AMPI-109 treatment or knock down of PRL-3 expression were associated with deactivation of Src and ERK signaling and concomitant downregulation of RhoA and Rac1/2/3 GTPase protein levels. These cellular changes led to rearranged filamentous actin networks necessary for cell migration and invasion. Conversely, overexpression of PRL-3 promoted TNBC cell invasion by upregulating matrix metalloproteinase 10, which resulted in increased TNBC cell adherence to, and degradation of, the major basement membrane component laminin. Our data demonstrate that PRL-3 engages the focal adhesion pathway in TNBC cells as a key mechanism for promoting TNBC cell migration and invasion. Collectively, these data suggest that blocking PRL-3 activity may be an effective method for reducing the metastatic potential of TNBC cells.
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OncoScape: Exploring the cancer aberration landscape by genomic data fusion. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28103. [PMID: 27321817 PMCID: PMC4913322 DOI: 10.1038/srep28103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although large-scale efforts for molecular profiling of cancer samples provide multiple data types for many samples, most approaches for finding candidate cancer genes rely on somatic mutations and DNA copy number only. We present a new method, OncoScape, which exploits five complementary data types across 11 cancer types to identify new candidate cancer genes. We find many rarely mutated genes that are strongly affected by other aberrations. We retrieve the majority of known cancer genes but also new candidates such as STK31 and MSRA with very high confidence. Several genes show a dual oncogene- and tumor suppressor-like behavior depending on the tumor type. Most notably, the well-known tumor suppressor RB1 shows strong oncogene-like signal in colon cancer. We applied OncoScape to cell lines representing ten cancer types, providing the most comprehensive comparison of aberrations in cell lines and tumor samples to date. This revealed that glioblastoma, breast and colon cancer show strong similarity between cell lines and tumors, while head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and bladder cancer, exhibit very little similarity between cell lines and tumors. To facilitate exploration of the cancer aberration landscape, we created a web portal enabling interactive analysis of OncoScape results (http://ccb.nki.nl/software/oncoscape).
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Husi H, Human C. Molecular determinants of acute kidney injury. J Inj Violence Res 2016; 7:75-86. [PMID: 26104320 PMCID: PMC4522318 DOI: 10.5249/jivr.v7i2.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a condition that leads to a rapid deterioration of renal function associated with impairment to maintain electrolyte and acid balance, and, if left untreated, ultimately irreversible kidney damage and renal necrosis. There are a number of causes that can trigger AKI, ranging from underlying conditions as well as trauma and surgery. Specifically, the global rise in surgical procedures led to a substantial increase of AKI incidence rates, which in turn impacts on mortality rates, quality of life and economic costs to the healthcare system. However, no effective therapy for AKI exists. Current approaches, such as pharmacological intervention, help in alleviating symptoms in slowing down the progression, but do not prevent or reverse AKI-induced organ damage. Methods: An in-depth understanding of the molecular machinery involved in and modulated by AKI induction and progression is necessary to specifically pharmacologically target key molecules. A major hurdle to devise a successful strategy is the multifactorial and complex nature of the disorder itself, whereby the activation of a number of seemingly independent molecular pathways in the kidney leads to apoptotic and necrotic events. Results: The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS) axis appears to be a common element, leading to downstream events such as triggers of immune responses via the NFB pathway. Other pathways intricately linked with AKI-induction and progression are the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF α) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF β) signaling cascades, as well as a number of other modulators. Surprisingly, it has been shown that the involvement of the glutamatergic axis, believed to be mainly a component of the neurological system, is also a major contributor. Conclusions: Here we address the current understanding of the molecular pathways evoked in AKI, their interplay, and the potential to pharmacologically intervene in the effective prevention and/or progression of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Husi
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Paone C, Rodrigues N, Ittner E, Santos C, Buntru A, Hauck CR. The Tyrosine Kinase Pyk2 Contributes to Complement-Mediated Phagocytosis in Murine Macrophages. J Innate Immun 2016; 8:437-51. [PMID: 26848986 PMCID: PMC6738876 DOI: 10.1159/000442944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is a member of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) family and is mainly expressed in neuronal and hematopoietic cells. As FAK family members are involved in signaling connections downstream of integrins, we studied the role of Pyk2 in complement-receptor 3 (CR3, also known as Mac-1, integrin αMβ2, CD11b/CD18)-mediated phagocytosis, a key process in innate immunity. Using 3 independent approaches, we observed that Pyk2 contributes to CR3-dependent phagocytosis by RAW 264.7 macrophages, but is dispensable for Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-mediated uptake. Reduction of Pyk2 expression levels via siRNA, the pharmacological inhibition of Pyk2 kinase activity as well as macrophage treatment with a cell permeable TAT fusion protein containing the C-terminus of Pyk2 (TAT-PRNK) significantly impaired CR3-mediated phagocytosis without affecting FcγR-mediated uptake. In addition, Pyk2 was strongly recruited to complement opsonized Escherichia coli and the pharmacological inhibition of Pyk2 significantly decreased uptake of the bacteria. Finally, CRISPR/Cas-mediated disruption of the pyk2 gene in RAW 264.7 macrophages confirmed the role of this protein tyrosine kinase in CR3-mediated phagocytosis. Together, our data demonstrate that Pyk2 selectively contributes to the coordination of phagocytosis-promoting signals downstream of CR3, but is dispensable for FcγR-mediated phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Paone
- Lehrstuhl für Zellbiologie, Konstanz, Germany
- Konstanz Research School, Chemical Biology, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Ella Ittner
- Lehrstuhl für Zellbiologie, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Buntru
- Lehrstuhl für Zellbiologie, Konstanz, Germany
- Konstanz Research School, Chemical Biology, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Christof R. Hauck
- Lehrstuhl für Zellbiologie, Konstanz, Germany
- Konstanz Research School, Chemical Biology, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Li J, Deng H, Hu M, Fang Y, Vaughn A, Cai X, Xu L, Wan W, Li Z, Chen S, Yang X, Wu S, Xiao J. Inhibition of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) growth by a novel small molecular inhibitor of EGFR. Oncotarget 2016; 6:6749-61. [PMID: 25730907 PMCID: PMC4466647 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a therapeutic target (oncotarget) in NSCLC. Using in vitro EGFR kinase activity system, we identified a novel small molecule, WB-308, as an inhibitor of EGFR. WB-308 decreased NSCLC cell proliferation and colony formation, by causing G2/M arrest and apoptosis. Furthermore, WB-308 inhibited the engraft tumor growths in two animal models in vivo (lung orthotopic transplantation model and patient-derived engraft mouse model). WB-308 impaired the phosphorylation of EGFR, AKT, and ERK1/2 protein. WB-308 was less cytotoxic than Gefitinib. Our study suggests that WB-308 is a novel EGFR-TKI and may be considered to substitute for Gefitinib in clinical therapy for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Li
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.,The Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Huayun Deng
- The Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Meichun Hu
- The Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yuanzhang Fang
- The Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Amanda Vaughn
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Xiaopan Cai
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Leqin Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Wei Wan
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Zhenxi Li
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Shijie Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Xinghai Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Song Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Jianru Xiao
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
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VEGFR2 inhibition by RNA interference affects cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and response to radiation in Calu-1 cells. Clin Transl Oncol 2015; 18:212-9. [PMID: 26459253 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-015-1358-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) in the proliferation, migration, invasion, and radiation-induced apoptosis of the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line Calu-1. METHODS VEGFR2 gene was silenced by RNA interference in Calu-1 cells, and the expression of VEGFR2 was measured by qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis. The cells were divided into control, VEGF-treated, VEGFR2 knockdown, and VEGFR2 knockdown and VEGF-treated groups. A CCK8 assay and Transwell assay were performed to assess cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, respectively, after VEGFR2 knockdown. Western blot assays were used to detect signaling proteins downstream of VEGFR2. Cells in the groups listed above were also subjected to radiation treatment, followed by apoptosis analysis. RESULTS (1) RNA interference of VEGFR2 in Calu-1 cells reduced VEGFR2 mRNA (P < 0.01) and protein levels (P < 0.01). (2) VEGFR2 knockdown inhibited proliferation (P < 0.05), migration (P < 0.05), and invasion (P < 0.05) in Calu-1 cells. (3) VEGFR2 knockdown blocked the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt, also known as PKB), extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) to various extent (P < 0.05), but did not change their total protein expression. (4) Knockdown of VEGFR2 suppressed HIF-1α protein synthesis (P < 0.05), and exacerbated apoptosis induced by radiation (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION VEGFR2 gene knockdown significantly suppressed a number of cellular activities in Calu-1 cells and increased radiation-induced cell death.
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Zhao R, Wu Y, Wang T, Zhang Y, Kong D, Zhang L, Li X, Wang G, Jin Y, Jin X, Zhang F. Elevated Src expression associated with hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis in northern Chinese patients. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:3026-3034. [PMID: 26722284 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Src, a non-receptor type of tyrosine, was recently reported to modulate multiple signaling pathways in human tumors. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the expression and distribution of Src on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The expressions of total Src (t-Src) and an active form of Src [phosphorylated (p-) Y416Src] were analyzed in 52 northern Chinese patients with HCC using immunohistochemistry. The positive expression rates of t-Src and p-Y416Src in HCC tissue were 65.38 and 42.30%, respectively, which is significantly higher than that in adjacent non-tumor tissue (30.76 and 13.46%; P<0.001 and P=0.010, respectively). The staining intensity of t-Src and p-Y416Src were also significantly higher in HCC tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues (P<0.001 and P=0.023, respectively). t-Src expression was positively and significantly correlated with tumor stage (P=0.002), cellular differentiation (P=0.007), metastasis (P=0.030) and the expression level of CA19-9 (P=0.016), while p-Y416Src expression was only significantly correlated with tumor stage (P=0.010). The expression of t-Src and p-Y416Src were also investigated using immunocytochemistry in two HCC cell lines with different metastatic potentials (MHCC97-L and HCCLM3) that are derived from a single HCC patient. Consistently, the expression of t-Src and p-Y416Src were stronger in the cells with higher metastatic potential compared with those exhibiting lower metastatic potential. Taken together, the current data indicate that Src expression is elevated and active in Chinese patients with HCC and that t-Src may have a key role in promoting HCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China ; Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Yiqi Wu
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China ; Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Tianzhen Wang
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Yuhua Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Dan Kong
- Department of Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Guangyu Wang
- Department of Oncology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Yinji Jin
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China ; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Fengmin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China ; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
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Yue Y, Li ZN, Fang QG, Zhang X, Yang LL, Sun CF, Liu FY. The role of Pyk2 in the CCR7-mediated regulation of metastasis and viability in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck cells in vivo and in vitro. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:3280-7. [PMID: 26352169 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we aimed to demonstrate whether praline-rich tyrosine kinase-2 (Pyk2) participates in the chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) downstream signaling network, and to determine the role of this molecule and the related mechanism in the CCR7-mediated regulation of viability and metastasis in vivo and in vitro of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). We constructed the stable Pyk2 related non-kinase (PRNK)-expressing SCCHN cell line, and examined the viability, apoptosis, migration, invasion and adhesion ability in the transfected and untransfected SCCHN cells. An SCCHN tumor model in nude mice was designed and the tumor growth rate was assayed. E-cadherin and vimentin expression was assessed when Pyk2 was inactivated. We found that the stable PRNK-expressing SCCHN cells exhibited low viability, a high rate of apoptosis, low migratory ability, low invasive ability and low adhesion capacity. In the nude mouse body, the tumors formed by these cells grew slowly when compared to the tumor growth in the control group. When Pyk2 was inactivated, CCR7-induced E-cadherin and vimentin expression levels were altered. Thus, Pyk2 is a key downstream signaling molecules of CCR7 in SCCHN, which promotes SCCHN tumorigenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yue
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110002, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Ning Li
- Department of Oromaxillofacial‑Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110002, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Gen Fang
- Department of Head and Neck, Henan Tumor Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, P.R. China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Head and Neck, Henan Tumor Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, P.R. China
| | - Liang-Liang Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110002, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Fu Sun
- Department of Oromaxillofacial‑Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110002, P.R. China
| | - Fa-Yu Liu
- Department of Oromaxillofacial‑Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110002, P.R. China
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44
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Identification of Recurrence-Related microRNAs from Bone Marrow in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients. J Clin Med 2015; 4:1600-11. [PMID: 26287250 PMCID: PMC4555079 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4081600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a poor-prognosis cancer due to its high rate of recurrence. microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNA molecules that affect crucial processes in cancer development. The objective of this study is to identify the role of miRNAs in patient bone marrow (BM) and explore the function of these molecules during HCC progression. We purified miRNAs from bone marrow cells of seven HCC patients, and divided them into three fractions by cell surface markers as follows: CD14(+) (macrophage), CD14(-)/CD45(+) (lymphocyte), and CD14(-)/CD45(-)/EpCAM(+) (epithelial cell). We employed microarray-based profiling to analyze miRNA expression in the bone marrow of patients with HCC. Differentially expressed miRNAs were significantly different between fractions from whole bone marrow, macrophages, and lymphocytes, and depended on stages in tumor progression. Differences in expression of miRNAs associated with cell proliferation also varied significantly between HCC patients with recurrence, multiple tumors, and advanced clinical stages. These results suggest that miRNA profiles in separated fractions of BM cells are associated with HCC progression.
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Liu ZM, Tseng HY, Tsai HW, Su FC, Huang HS. Transforming growth factor β-interacting factor-induced malignant progression of hepatocellular carcinoma cells depends on superoxide production from Nox4. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 84:54-64. [PMID: 25841779 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most deadly malignancies worldwide because of its high recurrence rate, high metastatic potential, and resistance to drugs. Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying malignancy in HCC is needed to improve diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis. Previously, we showed that transforming growth factor β-interacting factor (TGIF) antagonizes arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis of HepG2 cells and is associated with poor prognosis and progression of urothelial carcinoma in patients after radical nephroureterectomy. To determine whether TGIF plays a role in HCC tumorigenesis, we compared the expression of TGIF, its downstream targets, and reactive oxygen species levels between HCC HepG2 cells and the more invasive SK-Hep1 cells. Superoxide production, phosphorylation of c-Src(Y416) and AKT(S473), and expression of TGIF and NADPH oxidase (Nox) were higher in invasive SK-Hep1 cells than in HepG2 cells. TGIF-overexpressing HepG2 xenograft tumors markedly promoted tumor growth and metastasis to the lungs. Overexpression of TGIF in HepG2 cells increased superoxide production from Nox4, matrix metalloproteinase expression, invadopodia formation, and cellular migration/invasion ability. Conversely, knockdown of TGIF in SK-Hep1 cells attenuated these processes. Using gene knockdown and pharmacological inhibitors, we demonstrate that c-Src/AKT is the upstream signaling that regulates TGIF-induced Nox4 activation and subsequent superoxide production. Taken together, our results implicate TGIF as a potential biomarker for prognosis and target for clinical therapy in patients with advanced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Miao Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Yu Tseng
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wen Tsai
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Cheng Su
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Sheng Huang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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Walkiewicz KW, Girault JA, Arold ST. How to awaken your nanomachines: Site-specific activation of focal adhesion kinases through ligand interactions. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 119:60-71. [PMID: 26093249 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and the related protein-tyrosine kinase 2-beta (Pyk2) are highly versatile multidomain scaffolds central to cell adhesion, migration, and survival. Due to their key role in cancer metastasis, understanding and inhibiting their functions are important for the development of targeted therapy. Because FAK and Pyk2 are involved in many different cellular functions, designing drugs with partial and function-specific inhibitory effects would be desirable. Here, we summarise recent progress in understanding the structural mechanism of how the tug-of-war between intramolecular and intermolecular interactions allows these protein 'nanomachines' to become activated in a site-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna W Walkiewicz
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean-Antoine Girault
- Inserm, UMR-S 839, F-75005 Paris, France; Université Pierre & Marie Curie (UPMC), Sorbonne Universités, F-75005 Paris, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Stefan T Arold
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
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47
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Gong J, Jaiswal R, Dalla P, Luk F, Bebawy M. Microparticles in cancer: A review of recent developments and the potential for clinical application. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 40:35-40. [PMID: 25843775 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Once thought of as inert remnants of cellular processes, the significance of membrane vesicles is now expanding as their capacity to package and transfer bioactive molecules during intercellular communication is established. This ability to serve as vectors in the trafficking of cellular cargo is of mounting interest in the context of cancer, particularly in the dissemination of deleterious cancer traits from donor cells to recipient cells. Although microparticles (MPs) contribute to the pathogenesis of cancer, their unique characteristics can also be exploited in the context of cancer management. The detection of MPs in body fluids has the potential to provide an effective means for the diagnosis, prognosis and surveillance of cancer patients. The use of these readily accessible systemic biomarkers has the potential to circumvent the need for invasive biopsy procedures. In addition, the autologous nature of MPs may allow them to be used as novel drug delivery carriers. Consequently, the modulation of MP vesiculation to treat disease, the detection of MPs in disease monitoring, and the application of MPs as therapeutic delivery vehicles present prospective clinical interventions in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Gong
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, Level 4, Building 7, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Ritu Jaiswal
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, Level 4, Building 7, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Penelope Dalla
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, Level 4, Building 7, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Frederick Luk
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, Level 4, Building 7, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Mary Bebawy
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, Level 4, Building 7, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
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Verma N, Keinan O, Selitrennik M, Karn T, Filipits M, Lev S. PYK2 sustains endosomal-derived receptor signalling and enhances epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6064. [PMID: 25648557 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a central developmental process implicated in cancer metastasis. Here we show that the tyrosine kinase PYK2 enhances cell migration and invasion and potentiates EMT in human breast carcinoma. EMT inducer, such as EGF, induces rapid phosphorylation of PYK2 and its translocation to early endosomes where it co-localizes with EGFR and sustains its downstream signals. Furthermore, PYK2 enhances EGF-induced STAT3-phosphorylation, while phospho-STAT3 directly binds to PYK2 promoter and regulates PYK2 transcription. STAT3 and PYK2 also enhance c-Met expression, while c-Met augments their phosphorylation, suggesting a positive feedback loop between PYK2-STAT3-c-Met. We propose that PYK2 sustains endosomal-derived receptor signalling and participates in a positive feedback that links cell surface receptor(s) to transcription factor(s) activation, thereby prolonging signalling duration and potentiating EMT. Given the role of EMT in breast cancer metastasis, we also found a significant correlation between PYK2 expression, tumour grade and lymph node metastasis, thus, demonstrating the clinicopathological implication of our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Verma
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Omer Keinan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Michael Selitrennik
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Thomas Karn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Martin Filipits
- Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sima Lev
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Cai J, Gong R, Yan F, Yu C, Liu L, Wang W, Lin Y, Guo M, Li W, Huang Z. ZNF300 knockdown inhibits forced megakaryocytic differentiation by phorbol and erythrocytic differentiation by arabinofuranosyl cytidine in K562 cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114768. [PMID: 25485965 PMCID: PMC4259388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that ZNF300 might play a role in leukemogenesis. In this study, we further investigated the function of ZNF300 in K562 cells undergoing differentiation. We found that ZNF300 upregulation in K562 cells coincided with megakaryocytic differentiation induced by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) or erythrocytic differentiation induced by cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C), respectively. To further test whether ZNF300 upregulation promoted differentiation, we knocked down ZNF300 and found that ZNF300 knockdown effectively abolished PMA-induced megakaryocytic differentiation, evidenced by decreased CD61 expression. Furthermore, Ara-C-induced erythrocytic differentiation was also suppressed in ZNF300 knockdown cells with decreased γ-globin expression and CD235a expression. These observations suggest that ZNF300 may be a critical factor controlling distinct aspects of K562 cells. Indeed, ZNF300 knockdown led to increased cell proliferation. Consistently, ZNF300 knockdown cells exhibited an increased percentage of cells at S phase accompanied by decreased percentage of cells at G0/G1 and G2/M phase. Increased cell proliferation was further supported by the increased expression of cell proliferation marker PCNA and the decreased expression of cell cycle regulator p15 and p27. In addition, MAPK/ERK signaling was significantly suppressed by ZNF300 knockdown. These findings suggest a potential mechanism by which ZNF300 knockdown may impair megakaryocytic and erythrocytic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rui Gong
- Hubei International Travel Healthcare Center, Hubei Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of P. R. China, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fengjuan Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chunjie Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lu Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yi Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mingxiong Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail: (WL); (ZH)
| | - Zan Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail: (WL); (ZH)
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Li HY, Cui XY, Wu W, Yu FY, Yao HR, Liu Q, Song EW, Chen JQ. Pyk2 and Src mediate signaling to CCL18-induced breast cancer metastasis. J Cell Biochem 2014; 115:596-603. [PMID: 24142406 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pyk2 and Src phosphorylation is initiated by CCL18, which promotes breast cancer metastasis via its functional G protein-coupled receptor PITPNM3. However, the function of Pyk2 and Src in CCL18-induced breast cancer metastasis is poorly understood. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reactions (qRT-PCRs), Western blot, boyden chamber assay, and adherence assay were performed to delineate the consequences of Pyk2/Src in CCL18-induced breast cancer cells. Co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence were performed to analyze the interaction of proteins. Upon the binding of CCL18 to PITPNM3, Pyk2 translocates from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane to form a stable complex with PITPNM3, subsequently activating Src kinase. Moreover, upon stimulation with CCL18, Pyk2 and Src become essential for integrin alpha5/beta1 clustering-dependent adherence, migration, and invasion. Pyk2 and Src are important in CCL18-induced breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Li
- Breast Cancer Center, Sun-Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun-Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China; Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The 6th Affriciated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun-Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
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