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Ilomäki MA, Polari L, Stenvall CGA, Tayyab M, Kähärä K, Ridge KM, Toivola DM. Defining a timeline of colon pathologies after keratin 8 loss: rapid crypt elongation and diarrhea are followed by epithelial erosion and cell exfoliation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 326:G67-G77. [PMID: 37962942 PMCID: PMC11208023 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00140.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Keratins are epithelial intermediate filament proteins that play a crucial role in cellular stress protection, with K8 being the most abundant in the colon. The intestinal epithelial-specific K8-deficient mouse model (K8flox/flox;Villin-Cre) exhibits characteristics of inflammatory bowel disease, including diarrhea, crypt erosion, hyperproliferation, and decreased barrier function. Nevertheless, the order in which these events occur and whether they are a direct cause of K8 loss or a consequence of one event inducing another remains unexplored. Increased knowledge about early events in the disruption of colon epithelial integrity would help to understand the early pathology of inflammatory and functional colon disorders and develop preclinical models and diagnostics of colonic diseases. Here, we aimed to characterize the order of physiological events after Krt8 loss by utilizing K8flox/flox;Villin-CreERt2 mice with tamoxifen-inducible Krt8 deletion in intestinal epithelial cells, and assess stool analysis as a noninvasive method to monitor real-time gene expression changes following Krt8 loss. K8 protein was significantly decreased within a day after induction, followed by its binding partners, K18 and K19 from day 4 onward. The sequential colonic K8 downregulation in adult mice leads to immediate diarrhea and crypt elongation with activation of proliferation signaling, followed by crypt loss and increased neutrophil activity within 6-8 days, highlighting impaired water balance and crypt elongation as the earliest colonic changes upon Krt8 loss. Furthermore, epithelial gene expression patterns were comparable between colon tissue and stool samples, demonstrating the feasibility of noninvasive monitoring of gut epithelia in preclinical research utilizing Cre-LoxP-based intestinal disease models.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Understanding the order in which physiological and molecular events occur helps to recognize the onset of diseases and improve their preclinical models. We utilized Cre-Lox-based inducible keratin 8 deletion in mouse intestinal epithelium to characterize the earliest events after keratin 8 loss leading to colitis. These include diarrhea and crypt elongation, followed by erosion and neutrophil activity. Our results also support noninvasive methodology for monitoring colon diseases in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Ilomäki
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Lauri Polari
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Carl-Gustaf A Stenvall
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Mina Tayyab
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Kirah Kähärä
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Karen M Ridge
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Diana M Toivola
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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2
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Li X, Morel JD, Benegiamo G, Poisson J, Bachmann A, Rapin A, Sulc J, Williams E, Perino A, Schoonjans K, Bou Sleiman M, Auwerx J. Genetic and dietary modulators of the inflammatory response in the gastrointestinal tract of the BXD mouse genetic reference population. eLife 2023; 12:RP87569. [PMID: 37855835 PMCID: PMC10586803 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory gut disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), can be impacted by dietary, environmental, and genetic factors. While the incidence of IBD is increasing worldwide, we still lack a complete understanding of the gene-by-environment interactions underlying inflammation and IBD. Here, we profiled the colon transcriptome of 52 BXD mouse strains fed with a chow or high-fat diet (HFD) and identified a subset of BXD strains that exhibit an IBD-like transcriptome signature on HFD, indicating that an interplay of genetics and diet can significantly affect intestinal inflammation. Using gene co-expression analyses, we identified modules that are enriched for IBD-dysregulated genes and found that these IBD-related modules share cis-regulatory elements that are responsive to the STAT2, SMAD3, and REL transcription factors. We used module quantitative trait locus analyses to identify genetic loci associated with the expression of these modules. Through a prioritization scheme involving systems genetics in the mouse and integration with external human datasets, we identified Muc4 and Epha6 as the top candidates mediating differences in HFD-driven intestinal inflammation. This work provides insights into the contribution of genetics and diet to IBD risk and identifies two candidate genes, MUC4 and EPHA6, that may mediate IBD susceptibility in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Li
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Jean-David Morel
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Giorgia Benegiamo
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Johanne Poisson
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Alexis Bachmann
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Alexis Rapin
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Jonathan Sulc
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Evan Williams
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of LuxembourgEsch-sur-AlzetteLuxembourg
| | - Alessia Perino
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Maroun Bou Sleiman
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
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Ansai O, Miyauchi T, Hayashi R, Katsumi T, Nishiguchi T, Hasegawa A, Shinkuma S, Natsuga K, Nomura T, Shimomura Y, Abe R. Interleukin-18 as a severity marker and novel potential therapeutic target for epidermolytic ichthyosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2023; 48:199-210. [PMID: 36656063 DOI: 10.1093/ced/llac069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermolytic ichthyosis (EI) is a major form of nonsyndromic inherited ichthyosis, characterized by erythroderma, marked hyperkeratosis and scale, bulla and erosion at birth, associated with KRT1/KRT10 mutations. The cytokine and chemokine profiles in EI are poorly understood, and specific treatment options have not been established. AIM To explore novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in patients with EI. METHODS We analysed cytokine levels in serum and skin samples from 10 patients with inherited ichthyosis, including seven patients with EI. Wild-type and mutant KRT1 constructs were established and transfected into HaCaT cells, an immortalized keratinocyte cell line, for in vitro immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry analyses. RESULTS Multiplex cytokine/chemokine analysis revealed that 10 cytokines/chemokines [interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-17A, IL-16, IL-18, IL-1 receptor-α, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon-α2, basic fibroblast growth factor and monocyte chemotactic protein-3] were significantly increased in patients with EI. Furthermore, IL-18 levels were significantly higher in patients with EI [n = 7; 2714.1 (1438.0) pg mL-1] than in healthy controls [n = 11; 218.4 (28.4) pg mL-1, P < 0.01]. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that IL-18 expression was elevated in skin samples from patients with EI. Serum IL-18 levels correlated with the severity of ichthyosis, as measured by the Ichthyosis Scoring System. Immunoblotting analysis revealed that mature IL-18 levels were increased in the supernatant of mutant KRT1 expressing HaCaT cells. Additionally, these cells showed NLRP3 aggregation in the cytoplasm and ASC clustered around mutant keratin aggregations. These findings suggest that mutant keratin might promote the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and its downstream caspase-1-mediated IL-18 release in keratinocytes from patients with EI. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that serum IL-18 is a severity marker released from the skin of patients with EI. Blockade of IL-18 may be a useful novel therapeutic option for patients with EI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Ansai
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshinari Miyauchi
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryota Hayashi
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Katsumi
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nishiguchi
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akito Hasegawa
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Satoru Shinkuma
- Department of Dermatology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Ken Natsuga
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Nomura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Shimomura
- Department of Dermatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Riichiro Abe
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Stenvall CGA, Nyström JH, Butler-Hallissey C, Jansson T, Heikkilä TRH, Adam SA, Foisner R, Goldman RD, Ridge KM, Toivola DM. Cytoplasmic keratins couple with and maintain nuclear envelope integrity in colonic epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar121. [PMID: 36001365 PMCID: PMC9634972 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-06-0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratin intermediate filaments convey mechanical stability and protection against stress to epithelial cells. Keratins are essential for colon health, as seen in keratin 8 knockout (K8-/-) mice exhibiting a colitis phenotype. We hypothesized that keratins support the nuclear envelope and lamina in colonocytes. K8-/- colonocytes in vivo exhibit significantly decreased levels of lamins A/C, B1, and B2 in a colon-specific and cell-intrinsic manner. CRISPR/Cas9- or siRNA-mediated K8 knockdown in Caco-2 cells similarly decreased lamin levels, which recovered after reexpression of K8 following siRNA treatment. Nuclear area was not decreased, and roundness was only marginally increased in cells without K8. Down-regulation of K8 in adult K8flox/flox;Villin-CreERt2 mice following tamoxifen administration significantly decreased lamin levels at day 4 when K8 levels had reduced to 40%. K8 loss also led to reduced levels of plectin, LINC complex, and lamin-associated proteins. While keratins were not seen in the nucleoplasm without or with leptomycin B treatment, keratins were found intimately located at the nuclear envelope and complexed with SUN2 and lamin A. Furthermore, K8 loss in Caco-2 cells compromised nuclear membrane integrity basally and after shear stress. In conclusion, colonocyte K8 helps maintain nuclear envelope and lamina composition and contributes to nuclear integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel H. Nyström
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University
| | - Ciarán Butler-Hallissey
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University,Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku, and Åbo Akademi University, and,Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INP UMR7051, NeuroCyto, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Theresia Jansson
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University
| | - Taina R. H. Heikkilä
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University
| | | | - Roland Foisner
- Max Perutz Labs, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter Campus, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Karen M. Ridge
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Diana M. Toivola
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University,InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland,Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland,*Address correspondence to: Diana M. Toivola ()
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5
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Roles of Keratins in Intestine. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23148051. [PMID: 35887395 PMCID: PMC9317181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23148051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratins make up a major portion of epithelial intermediate filament proteins. The widely diverse keratins are found in both the small and large intestines. The human intestine mainly expresses keratins 8, 18, 19, and 20. Many of the common roles of keratins are for the integrity and stability of the epithelial cells. The keratins also protect the cells and tissue from stress and are biomarkers for some diseases in the organs. Although an increasing number of studies have been performed regarding keratins, the roles of keratin in the intestine have not yet been fully understood. This review focuses on discussing the roles of keratins in the intestine. Diverse studies utilizing mouse models and samples from patients with intestinal diseases in the search for the association of keratin in intestinal diseases have been summarized.
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Ayanlaja AA, Hong X, Cheng B, Zhou H, Kanwore K, Alphayo-Kambey P, Zhang L, Tang C, Adeyanju MM, Gao D. Susceptibility of cytoskeletal-associated proteins for tumor progression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:13. [PMID: 34964908 PMCID: PMC11072373 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The traditional functions of cytoskeletal-associated proteins (CAPs) in line with polymerization and stabilization of the cytoskeleton have evolved and are currently underrated in oncology. Although therapeutic drugs have been developed to target the cytoskeletal components directly in cancer treatment, several recently established therapeutic agents designed for new targets block the proliferation of cancer cells and suppress resistance to existing target agents. It would seem like these targets only work toward inhibiting the polymerization of cytoskeletal components or hindering mitotic spindle formation in cancer cells, but a large body of literature points to CAPs and their culpability in cell signaling, molecular conformation, organelle trafficking, cellular metabolism, and genomic modifications. Here, we review those underappreciated functions of CAPs, and we delineate the implications of cellular signaling instigated by evasive properties induced by aberrant expression of CAPs in response to stress or failure to exert normal functions. We present an analogy establishing CAPs as vulnerable targets for cancer systems and credible oncotargets. This review establishes a paradigm in which the cancer machinery may commandeer the conventional functions of CAPs for survival, drug resistance, and energy generation; an interesting feature overdue for attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiola Abdulrahman Ayanlaja
- Public Experimental Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 201 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Xiaoliang Hong
- Public Experimental Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- The Affiliated Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Han Zhou
- Public Experimental Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kouminin Kanwore
- Public Experimental Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Piniel Alphayo-Kambey
- Public Experimental Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Public Experimental Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuanxi Tang
- Public Experimental Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Dianshuai Gao
- Public Experimental Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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Stenvall CGA, Tayyab M, Grönroos TJ, Ilomäki MA, Viiri K, Ridge KM, Polari L, Toivola DM. Targeted deletion of keratin 8 in intestinal epithelial cells disrupts tissue integrity and predisposes to tumorigenesis in the colon. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:10. [PMID: 34951664 PMCID: PMC8709826 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Keratin 8 (K8) is the main intestinal epithelial intermediate filament protein with proposed roles for colonic epithelial cell integrity. Here, we used mice lacking K8 in intestinal epithelial cells (floxed K8 and Villin-Cre1000 and Villin-CreERt2) to investigate the cell-specific roles of intestinal epithelial K8 for colonocyte function and pathologies. Intestinal epithelial K8 deletion decreased K8 partner proteins, K18-K20, 75-95%, and the remaining keratin filaments were located at the colonocyte apical regions with type II K7, which decreased 30%. 2-Deoxy-2-[18F]-fluoroglucose positron emission tomography in vivo imaging identified a metabolic phenotype in the lower gut of the conditional K8 knockouts. These mice developed intestinal barrier leakiness, mild diarrhea, and epithelial damage, especially in the proximal colon. Mice exhibited shifted differentiation from enterocytes to goblet cells, displayed longer crypts and an increased number of Ki67 + transit-amplifying cells in the colon. Significant proproliferative and regenerative signaling occurred in the IL-22, STAT3, and pRb pathways, with minor effects on inflammatory parameters, which, however, increased in aging mice. Importantly, colonocyte K8 deletion induced a dramatically increased sensitivity to azoxymethane-induced tumorigenesis. In conclusion, intestinal epithelial K8 plays a significant role in colonocyte epithelial integrity maintenance, proliferation regulation and tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Gustaf A Stenvall
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, BioCity, Tykistökatu 6A, N20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Mina Tayyab
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, BioCity, Tykistökatu 6A, N20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Tove J Grönroos
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Medicity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria A Ilomäki
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, BioCity, Tykistökatu 6A, N20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Keijo Viiri
- Celiac Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Karen M Ridge
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lauri Polari
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, BioCity, Tykistökatu 6A, N20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Diana M Toivola
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, BioCity, Tykistökatu 6A, N20520, Turku, Finland.
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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8
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Shi S, Fan Z, Liu Y, Huang C, Zhou J. Integration Analysis of m6A Related Genes in Skin Cutaneous Melanoma and the Biological Function Research of the SPRR1B. Front Oncol 2021; 11:729045. [PMID: 34737950 PMCID: PMC8560968 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.729045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma has gradually entered the public view because of its high morbidity and rising prevalence rate, which is a serious threat to human life and health. Recently, N6-methyladenine (m6A) modification has been increasingly confirmed as a potential role in the development of tumogenesis. The purpose of this study is to explore the role and function of m6a-related regulators in the development of melanoma disease at the molecular, cellular and clinical levels through bioinformatics and traditional experiments. We screened and validated differential expression genes (DEGs) in m6A regulators via the GEO, GTEx, TCGA database. The biological processes and signaling pathway involved by DEGs were improved by constructing bioinformational methods such as PPI, GO enrichment, KEGG enrichment, GSEA enrichment, and immune infiltration analysis. And then, we explored the biological function of the key gene, SPRR1B, through cell invasion, migration, infiltration, and tissue chips. The gene IGF2BP3 which was differentially expressed in m6A regulatory factor gene was screened. The results of the enrichment analysis are significantly enriched in the biological processes and pathways of the skin barrier, epidermal differentiation, cytoskeleton, lymphocyte migration and other pathways, pointing to the direction of tumor immunity and tumor metastasis. Tumor immune-related genes YTHDC1, YTHDC2 and ALKBH5 were found. Knock SPRR1B reduction group had a significantly lower invasive ability, the ability to migrate. Nomogram prediction model shows that SPRR1B increased, expressing a worse prognosis. For this purpose, the relationship between m6A regulatory factor and melanoma progression was explored. At the same time, it was found that the abnormal up-regulated expression of SPRR1B before metastasis would lead to poor prognosis of melanoma. SPRR1B promotes the proliferation, invasion and migration of human melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shupeng Shi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhihua Fan
- XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chengyu Huang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianda Zhou
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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9
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Yu B, Kong D, Cheng C, Xiang D, Cao L, Liu Y, He Y. Assembly and recognition of keratins: A structural perspective. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 128:80-89. [PMID: 34654627 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Keratins are one of the major components of cytoskeletal network and assemble into fibrous structures named intermediate filaments (IFs), which are important for maintaining the mechanical properties of cells and tissues. Over the past decades, evidence has shown that the functions of keratins go beyond providing mechanical support for cells, they interact with multiple cellular components and are widely involved in the pathways of cell proliferation, differentiation, motility and death. However, the structural details of keratins and IFs are largely missing and many questions remain regarding the mechanisms of keratin assembly and recognition. Here we briefly review the current structural models and assembly of keratins as well as the interactions of keratins with the binding partners, which may provide a structural view for understanding the mechanisms of keratins in the biological activities and the related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Dandan Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxi Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Longxing Cao
- School of Life Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongning He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Wu J, Niu J, Li M, Miao Y. Keratin 1 maintains the intestinal barrier in ulcerative colitis. Genes Genomics 2021; 43:1389-1402. [PMID: 34562265 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-021-01166-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intestinal mechanical barrier plays a key role in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). Our previous study showed keratin 1 (KRT1) was downregulated in UC, but the mechanism by which KRT1 affects the intestinal barrier remains unknown. OBJECTIVES To explore the mechanism of KRT1 in the intestinal barrier in UC. METHODS Colonic tissues were collected from 20 UC patients before and after mucosal healing (MH) and 15 healthy controls. The expression of KRT1 was measured by PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC). A dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model was established in krt1 transgenic (TG) mice, and the mice were treated with methylprednisolone (MP) to explore the role of KRT1 in the intestinal barrier. Inflammation was evaluated through the DAI score, colon, spleen and H&E. The expression of KRT1 and tight junction (TJ) proteins in mouse was analysed by the same methods. RESULTS The transcription and expression of KRT1 in UC was decreased and recovered after MH but did not reach the level of the healthy controls. Similar to the clinical results, the expression of krt1 was decreased in DSS-induced colitis and upregulated after MP. Moreover, the krt1 TG group exhibited less inflammation than wild-type (WT) group. The expression of Occludin and ZO-1 decreased after DSS induction, the decreases in Occludin and ZO-1 in the krt1 TG group were lower than WT group, which was significantly increased after MP, while the expression of Claudin-2 exhibited the opposite effect. CONCLUSIONS Keratin 1 maintains the intestinal barrier by upregulating TJ proteins in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xichang Road, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Junkun Niu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xichang Road, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Maojuan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xichang Road, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Yinglei Miao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xichang Road, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China.
- Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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11
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Transcript levels of keratin 1/5/6/14/15/16/17 as potential prognostic indicators in melanoma patients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1023. [PMID: 33441834 PMCID: PMC7806772 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80336-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratins (KRTs), the intermediate filament-forming proteins of epithelial cells, are extensively used as diagnostic biomarkers in cancers and associated with tumorigenesis and metastasis in multiple cancers. However, the diverse expression patterns and prognostic values of KRTs in melanoma have yet to be elucidated. In the current study, we examined the transcriptional and clinical data of KRTs in patients with melanoma from GEO, TCGA, ONCOMINE, GEPIA, cBioPortal, TIMER and TISIDB databases. We found that the mRNA levels of KRT1/2/5/6/8/10/14/15/16/17 were significantly differential expressed between primary melanoma and metastatic melanoma. The expression levels of KRT1/2/5/6/10/14/15/16/17 were correlated with advanced tumor stage. Survival analysis revealed that the high transcription levels of KRT1/5/6/14/15/16/17 were associated with low overall survival in melanoma patients. GSEA analysis indicated that the most involved hallmarks pathways were P53 pathway, KRAS signaling, estrogen response early and estrogen response late. Furthermore, we found some correlations among the expression of KRTs and the infiltration of immune cells. Our study may provide novel insights for the selection of prognostic biomarkers for melanoma.
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12
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Lin J, Fan X, Chen J, Xie X, Yu H. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of KRT80 suppresses colorectal cancer proliferation. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:176. [PMID: 33101466 PMCID: PMC7579811 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the world and its development is associated with oncogenic dysfunction. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in CRC tissues and to determine the role of keratin 80 (KRT80) in CRC cell proliferation. DEGs were initially screened in 32 paired CRC tissues and matched adjacent normal tissues from RNA-Seq datasets in The Cancer Genome Atlas database using the limma package in R software. In total, 2,114 DEGs were identified, of which KRT80 was discovered to be the most upregulated in CRC tissues. Moreover, increased KRT80 expression levels were confirmed in tissues collected from 50 patients with CRC using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, and its increased expression levels were significantly associated with increased lymph node and distant metastasis and a higher pathological stage. Furthermore, KRT80 knockdown using siRNA decreased the viability and proliferation of CRC cells. Finally, pathway analysis revealed that the proteins co-expressed with KRT80 in CRC were enriched in the cell cycle, DNA replication, immune system, metabolism of protein and RNA, signal transduction and other cellular processes. Among them, the cell cycle and DNA replication pathways contained the highest number of the proteins identified. In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggested that KRT80 may be overexpressed in CRC tissues. Furthermore, KRT80 may be involved in the proliferation of CRC cells, which is likely through its ability to regulate the cell cycle and DNA replication pathways, thus it may serve as a potential therapeutic target for patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiatian Lin
- Department of Minimally Invasive Intervention, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Junhui Chen
- Department of Minimally Invasive Intervention, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
| | - Xina Xie
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Hongjian Yu
- Department of Minimally Invasive Intervention, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Dr Hongjian Yu, Department of Minimally Invasive Intervention, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, 1120 Lianhua Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
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13
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Sjöqvist M, Antfolk D, Suarez-Rodriguez F, Sahlgren C. From structural resilience to cell specification - Intermediate filaments as regulators of cell fate. FASEB J 2020; 35:e21182. [PMID: 33205514 PMCID: PMC7839487 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001627r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During the last decades intermediate filaments (IFs) have emerged as important regulators of cellular signaling events, ascribing IFs with functions beyond the structural support they provide. The organ and developmental stage‐specific expression of IFs regulate cell differentiation within developing or remodeling tissues. Lack of IFs causes perturbed stem cell differentiation in vasculature, intestine, nervous system, and mammary gland, in transgenic mouse models. The aberrant cell fate decisions are caused by deregulation of different stem cell signaling pathways, such as Notch, Wnt, YAP/TAZ, and TGFβ. Mutations in genes coding for IFs cause an array of different diseases, many related to stem cell dysfunction, but the molecular mechanisms remain unresolved. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of how IFs interact with and regulate the activity, localization and function of different signaling proteins in stem cells, and how the assembly state and PTM profile of IFs may affect these processes. Identifying when, where and how IFs and cell signaling congregate, will expand our understanding of IF‐linked stem cell dysfunction during development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Sjöqvist
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Daniel Antfolk
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Freddy Suarez-Rodriguez
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Cecilia Sahlgren
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
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14
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Keratin intermediate filaments in the colon: guardians of epithelial homeostasis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 129:105878. [PMID: 33152513 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Keratin intermediate filament proteins are major cytoskeletal components of the mammalian simple layered columnar epithelium in the gastrointestinal tract. Human colon crypt epithelial cells express keratins 18, 19 and 20 as the major type I keratins, and keratin 8 as the type II keratin. Keratin expression patterns vary between species, and mouse colonocytes express keratin 7 as a second type II keratin. Colonic keratin patterns change during cell differentiation, such that K20 increases in the more differentiated crypt cells closer to the central lumen. Keratins provide a structural and mechanical scaffold to support cellular stability, integrity and stress protection in this rapidly regenerating tissue. They participate in central colonocyte processes including barrier function, ion transport, differentiation, proliferation and inflammatory signaling. The cell-specific keratin compositions in different epithelial tissues has allowed for the utilization of keratin-based diagnostic methods. Since the keratin expression pattern in tumors often resembles that in the primary tissue, it can be used to recognize metastases of colonic origin. This review focuses on recent findings on the biological functions of mammalian colon epithelial keratins obtained from pivotal in vivo models. We also discuss the diagnostic value of keratins in chronic colonic disease and known keratin alterations in colon pathologies. This review describes the biochemical properties of keratins and their molecular actions in colonic epithelial cells and highlights diagnostic data in colorectal cancer and inflammatory bowel disease patients, which may facilitate the recognition of disease subtypes and the establishment of personal therapies in the future.
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15
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Intermediate Filaments as Effectors of Cancer Development and Metastasis: A Focus on Keratins, Vimentin, and Nestin. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050497. [PMID: 31126068 PMCID: PMC6562751 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filament (IF) proteins make up the largest family of cytoskeletal proteins in metazoans, and are traditionally known for their roles in fostering structural integrity in cells and tissues. Remarkably, individual IF genes are tightly regulated in a fashion that reflects the type of tissue, its developmental and differentiation stages, and biological context. In cancer, IF proteins serve as diagnostic markers, as tumor cells partially retain their original signature expression of IF proteins. However, there are also characteristic alterations in IF gene expression and protein regulation. The use of high throughput analytics suggests that tumor-associated alterations in IF gene expression have prognostic value. Parallel research is also showing that IF proteins directly and significantly impact several key cellular properties, including proliferation, death, migration, and invasiveness, with a demonstrated impact on the development, progression, and characteristics of various tumors. In this review, we draw from recent studies focused on three IF proteins most associated with cancer (keratins, vimentin, and nestin) to highlight how several “hallmarks of cancer” described by Hanahan and Weinberg are impacted by IF proteins. The evidence already in hand establishes that IF proteins function beyond their classical roles as markers and serve as effectors of tumorigenesis.
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16
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De Arcangelis A, Chamaillard M, Simon-Assmann P, Labouesse M. Integrin a6 loss promotes colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Response to: "Integrin a6 variants and colorectal cancer" by Beaulieu JF. Gut 2018; 67:2227-2228. [PMID: 29298874 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-315727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adèle De Arcangelis
- Department of Development and Stem Cells, IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Inserm, U964, Illkirch, France.,CNRS, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mathias Chamaillard
- U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Patricia Simon-Assmann
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,MNT3 team, INSERM U1109, Strasbourg, France
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17
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Keratin 80 promotes migration and invasion of colorectal carcinoma by interacting with PRKDC via activating the AKT pathway. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1009. [PMID: 30262880 PMCID: PMC6160410 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1030-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the function of Keratin 80 (KRT80), an epithelial keratin, in cancer. This study investigated the role of KRT80 in the prognosis of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and the underlying mechanisms involved in CRC migration and invasion. We analyzed the expression of KRT80 using The Cancer Genome Atlas and Oncomine databases. Higher expression of KRT80 was found to be significantly associated with multiple pathological parameters, lower disease-free survival, and overall survival in CRC patients. Also, KRT80 was an independent prognostic indicator for CRC. Furthermore, altered KRT80 expression impacted migration and invasion of CRC cells, as well as the expression of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related markers and cell morphology via the AKT pathway. Inhibiting the expression of AKT could reverse these phenomena. Liquid Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer/Mass Spectromete, Co-immunoprecipitation, and laser scanning confocal microscopy techniques showed that KRT80 could interact with protein kinase, DNA-activated, catalytic polypeptide (PRKDC). Suppressing PRKDC could inhibit the expression of AKT and EMT, as well as the migration and invasion of CRC cells. Taken together, these results demonstrated that KRT80 was an independent prognostic biomarker for CRC and promoted CRC migration and invasion by interacting with PRKDC via activation of the AKT pathway.
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18
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Wang L, Yu K, Zhang X, Yu S. Dual functional roles of the MyD88 signaling in colorectal cancer development. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:177-184. [PMID: 30086464 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), an adaptor protein in regulation of the innate immunity, functions to regulate immune responses against viral and bacterial infections in the human body. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and interleukin 1 receptors (IL-1R) can recognize microbes or endogenous ligands and then recruit MyD88 to activate the MyD88-dependent pathway, while MyD88 mutation associated with lymphoma development and altered MyD88 signaling also involved in cancer-associated cell intrinsic and extrinsic inflammation progression and carcinogenesis. Detection of MyD88 expression was to predict prognosis of various human cancers, e.g., lymphoid, liver, and colorectal cancers. In human cancers, MyD88 protein acts as a bridge between the inflammatory signaling from the TLR/IL-1R and Ras oncogenic signaling pathway. However, the MyD88 signaling played dual functional roles in colorectal cancer, i.e., the tumor-promoting role that enhances cancer inflammation and intestinal flora imbalance to induce tumor invasion and tumor cell self-renewal, and the anti-tumor role that helps to maintain the host-microbiota homeostasis to induce tumor cell cycle arrest and immune responses against cancer cells. This review precisely discusses the up to date literature for these contrasting effects of MyD88 signaling on colorectal cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Kewei Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuwen Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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19
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The role of keratins in the digestive system: lessons from transgenic mouse models. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 150:351-359. [PMID: 30039330 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1695-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Keratins are the largest subfamily of intermediate filament proteins. They are either type I acidic or type II basic keratins. Keratins form obligate heteropolymer in epithelial cells and their expression patterns are tissue-specific. Studies have shown that keratin mutations are the cause of many diseases in humans or predispose humans to acquiring them. Using mouse models to study keratin-associated human diseases is critical, because they allow researchers to get a better understanding of these diseases and their progressions, and so many such studies have been conducted. Acknowledging the importance, researches with genetically modified mice expressing human disease-associated keratin mutants have been widely done. Numerous studies using keratin knockout mice, keratin-overexpressed mice, or transgenic mice expressing keratin mutants have been conducted. This review summarizes the mouse models that have been used to study type I and type II keratin expression in the digestive organs, namely, the liver, pancreas, and colon.
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20
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Sahlgren C, Meinander A, Zhang H, Cheng F, Preis M, Xu C, Salminen TA, Toivola D, Abankwa D, Rosling A, Karaman DŞ, Salo-Ahen OMH, Österbacka R, Eriksson JE, Willför S, Petre I, Peltonen J, Leino R, Johnson M, Rosenholm J, Sandler N. Tailored Approaches in Drug Development and Diagnostics: From Molecular Design to Biological Model Systems. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28892296 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Approaches to increase the efficiency in developing drugs and diagnostics tools, including new drug delivery and diagnostic technologies, are needed for improved diagnosis and treatment of major diseases and health problems such as cancer, inflammatory diseases, chronic wounds, and antibiotic resistance. Development within several areas of research ranging from computational sciences, material sciences, bioengineering to biomedical sciences and bioimaging is needed to realize innovative drug development and diagnostic (DDD) approaches. Here, an overview of recent progresses within key areas that can provide customizable solutions to improve processes and the approaches taken within DDD is provided. Due to the broadness of the area, unfortunately all relevant aspects such as pharmacokinetics of bioactive molecules and delivery systems cannot be covered. Tailored approaches within (i) bioinformatics and computer-aided drug design, (ii) nanotechnology, (iii) novel materials and technologies for drug delivery and diagnostic systems, and (iv) disease models to predict safety and efficacy of medicines under development are focused on. Current developments and challenges ahead are discussed. The broad scope reflects the multidisciplinary nature of the field of DDD and aims to highlight the convergence of biological, pharmaceutical, and medical disciplines needed to meet the societal challenges of the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Sahlgren
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Cell Biology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology; Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku; FI-20520 Turku Finland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Technical University of Eindhoven; 5613 DR Eindhoven Netherlands
| | - Annika Meinander
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Cell Biology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Fang Cheng
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Cell Biology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Maren Preis
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Chunlin Xu
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Natural Materials Technology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Tiina A. Salminen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Diana Toivola
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Cell Biology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling; University of Turku; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Daniel Abankwa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Technical University of Eindhoven; 5613 DR Eindhoven Netherlands
| | - Ari Rosling
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Polymer Technologies; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Didem Şen Karaman
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Outi M. H. Salo-Ahen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Ronald Österbacka
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Physics; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - John E. Eriksson
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Cell Biology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology; Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Stefan Willför
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Natural Materials Technology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Ion Petre
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Computer Science; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Jouko Peltonen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Physical Chemistry; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Reko Leino
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Organic Chemistry; Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Mark Johnson
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Jessica Rosenholm
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Niklas Sandler
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
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21
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Sahlgren C, Meinander A, Zhang H, Cheng F, Preis M, Xu C, Salminen TA, Toivola D, Abankwa D, Rosling A, Karaman DŞ, Salo-Ahen OMH, Österbacka R, Eriksson JE, Willför S, Petre I, Peltonen J, Leino R, Johnson M, Rosenholm J, Sandler N. Tailored Approaches in Drug Development and Diagnostics: From Molecular Design to Biological Model Systems. Adv Healthc Mater 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700258 10.1002/adhm.201700258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Sahlgren
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Cell Biology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology; Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku; FI-20520 Turku Finland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Technical University of Eindhoven; 5613 DR Eindhoven Netherlands
| | - Annika Meinander
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Cell Biology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Fang Cheng
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Cell Biology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Maren Preis
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Chunlin Xu
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Natural Materials Technology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Tiina A. Salminen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Diana Toivola
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Cell Biology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling; University of Turku; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Daniel Abankwa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Technical University of Eindhoven; 5613 DR Eindhoven Netherlands
| | - Ari Rosling
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Polymer Technologies; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Didem Şen Karaman
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Outi M. H. Salo-Ahen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Ronald Österbacka
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Physics; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - John E. Eriksson
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Cell Biology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology; Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Stefan Willför
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Natural Materials Technology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Ion Petre
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Computer Science; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Jouko Peltonen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Physical Chemistry; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Reko Leino
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Organic Chemistry; Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Mark Johnson
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Jessica Rosenholm
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Niklas Sandler
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
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22
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Cheng F, Eriksson JE. Intermediate Filaments and the Regulation of Cell Motility during Regeneration and Wound Healing. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:9/9/a022046. [PMID: 28864602 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYIntermediate filaments (IFs) comprise a diverse group of flexible cytoskeletal structures, the assembly, dynamics, and functions of which are regulated by posttranslational modifications. Characteristically, the expression of IF proteins is specific for tissues, differentiation stages, cell types, and functional contexts. Recent research has rapidly expanded the knowledge of IF protein functions. From being regarded as primarily structural proteins, it is now well established that IFs act as powerful modulators of cell motility and migration, playing crucial roles in wound healing and tissue regeneration, as well as inflammatory and immune responses. Although many of these IF-associated functions are essential for tissue repair, the involvement of IF proteins has been established in many additional facets of tissue healing and regeneration. Here, we review the recent progress in understanding the multiple functions of cytoplasmic IFs that relate to cell motility in the context of wound healing, taking examples from studies on keratin, vimentin, and nestin. Wound healing and regeneration include orchestration of a broad range of cellular processes, including regulation of cell attachment and migration, proliferation, differentiation, immune responses, angiogenesis, and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. In this respect, IF proteins now emerge as multifactorial and tissue-specific integrators of tissue regeneration, thereby acting as essential guardian biopolymers at the interface between health and disease, the failing of which contributes to a diverse range of pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cheng
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.,Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - John E Eriksson
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.,Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
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23
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Zhou ZR, Huang P, Song GH, Zhang Z, An K, Lu HW, Ju XL, Ding W. Comparative proteomic analysis of rats subjected to water immersion and restraint stress as an insight into gastric ulcers. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:5425-5433. [PMID: 28849061 PMCID: PMC5647087 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, comparative proteomic analysis was performed in rats subjected to water immersion-restraint stress (WRS). A total of 26 proteins were differentially expressed and identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. Among the 26 differentially expressed protein spots identified, 13 proteins were significantly upregulated under WRS, including pyruvate kinase and calreticulin, which may be closely associated with energy metabolism. In addition, 12 proteins were downregulated under WRS, including hemoglobin subunit β-2 and keratin type II cytoskeletal 8, which may be important in protein metabolism and cell death. Gene Ontology analysis revealed the cellular distribution, molecular function and biological processes of the identified proteins. The mRNA levels of certain differentially expressed proteins were analyzed using fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. The results of the present study aimed to offer insights into proteins, which are differentially expressed in gastric ulcers in stress, and provide theoretical evidence of a radical cure for gastric ulcers in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Rong Zhou
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Pan Huang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Hao Song
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Zhuang Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Ke An
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Han-Wen Lu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Li Ju
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Wei Ding
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Polytechnic College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, Jiangsu 212499, P.R. China
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24
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Omary MB. Intermediate filament proteins of digestive organs: physiology and pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 312:G628-G634. [PMID: 28360031 PMCID: PMC5495917 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00455.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intermediate filament proteins (IFs), such as cytoplasmic keratins in epithelial cells and vimentin in mesenchymal cells and the nuclear lamins, make up one of the three major cytoskeletal protein families. Whether in digestive organs or other tissues, IFs share several unique features including stress-inducible overexpression, abundance, cell-selective and differentiation state expression, and association with >80 human diseases when mutated. Whereas most IF mutations cause disease, mutations in simple epithelial keratins 8, 18, or 19 or in lamin A/C predispose to liver disease with or without other tissue manifestations. Keratins serve major functions including protection from apoptosis, providing cellular and subcellular mechanical integrity, protein targeting to subcellular compartments, and scaffolding and regulation of cell-signaling processes. Keratins are essential for Mallory-Denk body aggregate formation that occurs in association with several liver diseases, whereas an alternate type of keratin and lamin aggregation occurs upon liver involvement in porphyria. IF-associated diseases have no known directed therapy, but high-throughput drug screening to identify potential therapies is an appealing ongoing approach. Despite the extensive current knowledge base, much remains to be discovered regarding IF physiology and pathophysiology in digestive and nondigestive organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Bishr Omary
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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25
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Keratins regulate colonic epithelial cell differentiation through the Notch1 signalling pathway. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:984-996. [PMID: 28475172 PMCID: PMC5442467 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratins (K) are intermediate filament proteins important in stress protection and mechanical support of epithelial tissues. K8, K18 and K19 are the main colonic keratins, and K8-knockout (K8−/−) mice display a keratin dose-dependent hyperproliferation of colonic crypts and a colitis-phenotype. However, the impact of the loss of K8 on intestinal cell differentiation has so far been unknown. Here we show that K8 regulates Notch1 signalling activity and differentiation in the epithelium of the large intestine. Proximity ligation and immunoprecipitation assays demonstrate that K8 and Notch1 co-localize and interact in cell cultures, and in vivo in the colonic epithelial cells. K8 with its heteropolymeric partner K18 enhance Notch1 protein levels and activity in a dose dependent manner. The levels of the full-length Notch1 receptor (FLN), the Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD) and expression of Notch1 downstream target genes are reduced in the absence of K8, and the K8-dependent loss of Notch1 activity can be rescued with re-expression of K8/K18 in K8-knockout CRISPR/Cas9 Caco-2 cells protein levels. In vivo, K8 deletion with subsequent Notch1 downregulation leads to a shift in differentiation towards a goblet cell and enteroendocrine phenotype from an enterocyte cell fate. Furthermore, the K8−/− colonic hyperproliferation results from an increased number of transit amplifying progenitor cells in these mice. K8/K18 thus interact with Notch1 and regulate Notch1 signalling activity during differentiation of the colonic epithelium.
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26
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Lin C, Zhang J. Inflammasomes in Inflammation-Induced Cancer. Front Immunol 2017; 8:271. [PMID: 28360909 PMCID: PMC5350111 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammasome is an important multiprotein complex that functions during inflammatory immune responses. The activation of inflammasome will lead to the autoactivation of caspase-1 and subsequent cleavage of proIL-1β and proIL-18, which are key sources of inflammatory manifestations. Recently, the roles of inflammasomes in cancers have been extensively explored, especially in inflammation-induced cancers. In different and specific contexts, inflammasomes exhibit distinct and even contrasting effects in cancer development. In some cases, inflammasomes initiate carcinogenesis through the extrinsic pathway and maintain the malignant cancer microenvironment through the intrinsic pathway. On the contrary, inflammasomes also exert anticancer effects by specialized programmed cell death called pyroptosis and immune regulatory functions. The phases and compartments in which inflammasomes are activated strongly influence the final immune effects. We systemically summarize the functions of inflammasomes in inflammation-induced cancers, especially in gastrointestinal and skin cancers. Besides, information about the current therapeutic use of inflammasome-related products and potential future developing directions are also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Lin
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Peking University Health Science Center , Beijing , China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Peking University Health Science Center , Beijing , China
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27
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Keratins Are Altered in Intestinal Disease-Related Stress Responses. Cells 2016; 5:cells5030035. [PMID: 27626448 PMCID: PMC5040977 DOI: 10.3390/cells5030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin (K) intermediate filaments can be divided into type I/type II proteins, which form obligate heteropolymers. Epithelial cells express type I-type II keratin pairs, and K7, K8 (type II) and K18, K19 and K20 (type I) are the primary keratins found in the single-layered intestinal epithelium. Keratins are upregulated during stress in liver, pancreas, lung, kidney and skin, however, little is known about their dynamics in the intestinal stress response. Here, keratin mRNA, protein and phosphorylation levels were studied in response to murine colonic stresses modeling human conditions, and in colorectal cancer HT29 cells. Dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-colitis was used as a model for intestinal inflammatory stress, which elicited a strong upregulation and widened crypt distribution of K7 and K20. K8 levels were slightly downregulated in acute DSS, while stress-responsive K8 serine-74 phosphorylation (K8 pS74) was increased. By eliminating colonic microflora using antibiotics, K8 pS74 in proliferating cells was significantly increased, together with an upregulation of K8 and K19. In the aging mouse colon, most colonic keratins were upregulated. In vitro, K8, K19 and K8 pS74 levels were increased in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in HT29 cells. In conclusion, intestinal keratins are differentially and dynamically upregulated and post-translationally modified during stress and recovery.
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28
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Geisler F, Leube RE. Epithelial Intermediate Filaments: Guardians against Microbial Infection? Cells 2016; 5:cells5030029. [PMID: 27355965 PMCID: PMC5040971 DOI: 10.3390/cells5030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filaments are abundant cytoskeletal components of epithelial tissues. They have been implicated in overall stress protection. A hitherto poorly investigated area of research is the function of intermediate filaments as a barrier to microbial infection. This review summarizes the accumulating knowledge about this interaction. It first emphasizes the unique spatial organization of the keratin intermediate filament cytoskeleton in different epithelial tissues to protect the organism against microbial insults. We then present examples of direct interaction between viral, bacterial, and parasitic proteins and the intermediate filament system and describe how this affects the microbe-host interaction by modulating the epithelial cytoskeleton, the progression of infection, and host response. These observations not only provide novel insights into the dynamics and function of intermediate filaments but also indicate future avenues to combat microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Geisler
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Rudolf E Leube
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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