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Mendl J, Banerjee S, Fischer R, Dreisbach G, Köster M. Control in context: The theta rhythm provides evidence for reactive control but no evidence for proactive control. Psychophysiology 2024:e14625. [PMID: 38837767 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
A prime goal of psychological science is to understand how humans can flexibly adapt to rapidly changing contexts. The foundation of this cognitive flexibility rests on contextual adjustments of cognitive control, which can be tested using the list-wide proportion congruency effect (LWPC). Blocks with mostly incongruent (MI) trials show smaller conflict interference effects compared to blocks with mostly congruent (MC) trials. A critical debate is how proactive and reactive control processes drive contextual adjustments. In this preregistered study (N = 30), we address this conundrum, by using the theta rhythm as a key neural marker for cognitive control. In a confound-minimized Stroop paradigm with short alternating MC and MI blocks, we tested reaction times, error rates, and participants' individualized theta activity (2-7 Hz) in the scalp-recorded electroencephalogram. An LWPC effect was found for both, reaction times and error rates. Importantly, the results provided clear evidence for reactive control processes in the theta rhythm: Theta power was higher in rare incongruent compared with congruent trials in MC blocks, but there was no such modulation in MI blocks. However, regarding proactive control, there were no differences in sustained theta power between MC and MI blocks. A complementary analysis of the alpha activity (8-14 Hz) also revealed no evidence for sustained attentional resources in MI blocks. These findings suggest that contextual adjustments rely mainly on reactive control processes in the theta rhythm. Proactive control, in the present study, may be limited to a flexible attentional shift but does not seem to require sustained theta activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Mendl
- Department of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sayani Banerjee
- Department of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rico Fischer
- Department of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gesine Dreisbach
- Department of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Köster
- Department of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Han S, Gao J, Hu J, Ye Y, Huang H, Liu J, Liu M, Ai H, Qiu J, Luo Y, Xu P. Disruptions of salience network during uncertain anticipation of conflict control in anxiety. Asian J Psychiatr 2023; 88:103721. [PMID: 37562270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety has been characterized by disrupted processing of conflict control, while little is known about anticipatory processing of conflicts in anxiety. Anticipation is the key factor in both anxiety and cognitive control, especially under uncertain conditions. The current study therefore examined neurocomputational mechanisms of uncertain anticipation of conflict control in anxiety. METHODS Twenty-six participants with high-trait anxiety and twenty-nine low-trait anxiety participants completed a cue-flanker task with functional magnetic resonance imaging. The hierarchical drift diffusion model (HDDM) was used to measure the cognitive computations during the task. To identify the neurocomputational mechanism of anticipatory control in anxiety, mediation analysis and dynamic causal modelling (DCM) analysis were conducted to examine the relationship between functional connectivity of brain networks and the parameters of HDDM. RESULTS We found influences of regulatory signals from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to dorsal anterior cingulate cortex on decision threshold in low-trait anxiety (LTA), but not in high-trait anxiety (HTA), especially for the condition with uncertain cues. The results indicate deficient top-down anticipatory control of upcoming conflicts in anxious individuals. DCM and HDDM analyses revealed that lower decision threshold was associated with higher intrinsic connectivity of salience network (SN) in anxious individuals, suggesting that dysfunctional SN disrupts anticipation of conflict control under uncertainty in anxiety. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest hyperfunction of the SN underlies the deficient information accumulation during uncertain anticipation of upcoming conflicts in anxiety. Our findings shed new light on the mechanisms of anticipation processing and the psychopathology of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Han
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Sciences, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Gao
- School of Psychology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Hu
- School of Psychology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanghua Ye
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Sciences, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huiya Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Sciences, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Liu
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingfang Liu
- Community Health Service Center of Beijing Normal University, China
| | - Hui Ai
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China; Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianyin Qiu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuejia Luo
- School of Psychology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China; Institute for Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China.
| | - Pengfei Xu
- The State Key Lab of Cognitive and Learning, Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (BNU), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Center for Emotion and Brain, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, China.
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Chidharom M, Bonnefond A. Mind-wandering does not always rhyme with proactive functioning! Changes in the temporal dynamics of the mPFC-mediated theta oscillations during moments of mind-wandering. Biol Psychol 2023; 181:108598. [PMID: 37269897 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The reduced engagement of the cognitive control network has been documented widely during mind-wandering (MW). However, it remains unknown how MW affects the neural dynamics of cognitive control processes. From this perspective, we explored neural dynamics mediated by the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Their engagement can be both transient (or reactive) and anticipated (or proactive). A total of fortyseven healthy subjects (37 females) were engaged in a long-lasting sustained-attention Go/NoGo task. Subjective probes were used to detect MW episodes. Channel-based EEG time-frequency analysis was performed to measure the theta oscillations, an index of the mPFC activity. The theta oscillations were computed immediately after conflictual NoGo trials to explore the reactive engagement of the mPFC. Proactive control was measured on the Go trials preceded the NoGo. Behaviorally, periods of MW were associated with an increase in errors and in RT variability in comparison to on-task periods. The analysis of the frontal midline theta power (MFθ) revealed that MW periods were associated with lower anticipated/proactive engagement and similar transient/reactive engagement of mPFC-mediated processes. Moreover, the communication between the mPFC and the DLPFC, as revealed by the poorer theta synchronization between these two regions, was also impaired during MW periods. Our results provide new insights about performance impairment during MW. They could be an important step in improving the existing understanding of the altered performances that are reported for some disorders that are known to be associated with excessive MW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Chidharom
- Department of Psychology, Lehigh University, Bethlehem 18015, PA, USA; INSERM U1114, Strasbourg 67085, France; University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67081, France.
| | - Anne Bonnefond
- INSERM U1114, Strasbourg 67085, France; University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67081, France
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Koshikawa Y, Nishida K, Yamane T, Yoshimura M, Onohara A, Ueda S, Ishii R, Kinoshita T, Morishima Y. Disentangling cognitive inflexibility in major depressive disorder: A transcranial direct current stimulation study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 76:329-337. [PMID: 35426207 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive dysfunction is a persistent residual symptom in major depressive disorders (MDDs) that hinders social and occupational recovery. Cognitive inflexibility is a typical cognitive dysfunction in MDD and refers to difficulty in switching tasks, which requires two subcomponents: forgetting an old task and adapting to a new one. Here, we aimed to disentangle the subcomponents of cognitive inflexibility in MDD and investigate whether they can be improved by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the prefrontal cortex. METHODS The current study included 20 patients with MDD (seven females) and 22 age-matched healthy controls (HCs) (seven females). The participants received anodal tDCS on either the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) or dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in a crossover design. Before and after the application of tDCS, the participants performed a modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, in which the task-switching rules were explicitly described and proactive interference from a previous task rule was occasionally released. RESULTS We found that the behavioral cost of a task switch was increased in patients with MDD, but that of proactive interference was comparable between patients with MDD and HCs. The response time for anodal DMPFC tDCS was decreased compared with that for anodal tDCS on the DLPFC in MDD. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that cognitive inflexibility in MDD is primarily explained by the difficulty to adapt to a new task and environment, and that tDCS on the DMPFC improves behavioral performance during cognitively demanding tasks that require conflict resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Koshikawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Nishida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomonari Yamane
- Graduate School of Psychology, Kansai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masafumi Yoshimura
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ai Onohara
- Social Welfare Corporation Uminoko Gakuen Ikejimaryo, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satsuki Ueda
- Faculty of Clinical Psychology, Kyoto Bunkyo University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryouhei Ishii
- Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Rehabilitation Science, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Yosuke Morishima
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Huang F, Zhao Q, Zhou Z, Luo J. People got lost in solving a set of similar problems. Neuroimage 2019; 186:192-199. [PMID: 30449716 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A mental set generally refers to the human brain's tendency to persist with a familiar solution and stubbornly ignore alternatives. However, if a familiar solution is unable to solve a problem similar to a previous problem, does it continue to hinder alternative solutions, and if so, how and why? To answer these questions, a Chinese character decomposition task was adopted in this study. Participants were asked to perform a practice problem that could be solved by a familiar loose chunk decomposition (LCD) solution followed by a test problem that was similar to the practice problem but could only be solved by an unfamiliar tight chunk decomposition (TCD) solution or were asked to repeatedly perform 3-5 practice problems followed by a test problem; the former is the base-set condition, and the latter is the enhanced-set condition. The results showed that the test problem recruited more activation of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), middle occipital cortex (MOG), superior parietal lobule (SPL) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) than the practice problem in the latter operation and verification stage, but almost equal activation of the dACC occurred in the early exploration stage. This likely implied that people did not think that the familiar but currently invalid LCD solution could not be used to solve the test problem; thus, it continuously competed for attention with the unfamiliar TCD solution, which required more executive control to suppress. Moreover, compared with the base-set condition, the test problem in the enhanced-set condition recruited greater activations of the IFG, SPL and dACC in the latter verification stage but less activations of regions in the left IFG and MOG in the early exploration stage. These results revealed that people less actively explored and had to work harder to operate the unfamiliar TCD solution, particularly to resolve competition from the familiar but currently invalid LCD solution. In conclusion, people lost the ability to identify errors in the familiar but currently invalid solution, which in turn decreased the exploration efforts and increased the processing demands associated with alternative solutions in the form of attentional bias and competition. This finding broadly explains the dilemma of creative problem solving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furong Huang
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Qingbai Zhao
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Zhijin Zhou
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Jing Luo
- School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Ryman SG, El Shaikh AA, Shaff NA, Hanlon FM, Dodd AB, Wertz CJ, Ling JM, Barch DM, Stromberg SF, Lin DS, Abrams S, Mayer AR. Proactive and reactive cognitive control rely on flexible use of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 40:955-966. [PMID: 30407681 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of ventral versus dorsolateral prefrontal regions in instantiating proactive and reactive cognitive control remains actively debated, with few studies parsing cue versus probe-related activity. Rapid sampling (460 ms), long cue-probe delays, and advanced analytic techniques (deconvolution) were therefore used to quantify the magnitude and variability of neural responses during the AX Continuous Performance Test (AX-CPT; N = 46) in humans. Behavioral results indicated slower reaction times during reactive cognitive control (AY trials) in conjunction with decreased accuracy and increased variability for proactive cognitive control (BX trials). The anterior insula/ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (aI/VLPFC) was commonly activated across comparisons of both proactive and reactive cognitive control. In contrast, activity within the dorsomedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was limited to reactive cognitive control. The instantiation of proactive cognitive control during the probe period was also associated with sparse neural activation relative to baseline, potentially as a result of the high degree of neural and behavioral variability observed across individuals. Specifically, the variability of the hemodynamic response function (HRF) within motor circuitry increased after the presentation of B relative to A cues (i.e., late in HRF) and persisted throughout the B probe period. Finally, increased activation of right aI/VLPFC during the cue period was associated with decreased motor circuit activity during BX probes, suggesting a possible role for the aI/VLPFC in proactive suppression of neural responses. Considered collectively, current results highlight the flexible role of the VLPFC in implementing cognitive control during the AX-CPT task but suggest large individual differences in proactive cognitive control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sephira G Ryman
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico.,The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Ansam A El Shaikh
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Nicholas A Shaff
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Faith M Hanlon
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Andrew B Dodd
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Christopher J Wertz
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Josef M Ling
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Shannon F Stromberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Denise S Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Swala Abrams
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Andrew R Mayer
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico.,The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico.,Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico.,Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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7
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Abstract
In an ever-changing environment, selecting appropriate responses in conflicting situations is essential for biological survival and social success and requires cognitive control, which is mediated by dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). How these brain regions communicate during conflict processing (detection, resolution, and adaptation), however, is still unknown. The Stroop task provides a well-established paradigm to investigate the cognitive mechanisms mediating such response conflict. Here, we explore the oscillatory patterns within and between the DMPFC and DLPFC in human epilepsy patients with intracranial EEG electrodes during an auditory Stroop experiment. Data from the DLPFC were obtained from 12 patients. Thereof four patients had additional DMPFC electrodes available for interaction analyses. Our results show that an early θ (4-8 Hz) modulated enhancement of DLPFC γ-band (30-100 Hz) activity constituted a prerequisite for later successful conflict processing. Subsequent conflict detection was reflected in a DMPFC θ power increase that causally entrained DLPFC θ activity (DMPFC to DLPFC). Conflict resolution was thereafter completed by coupling of DLPFC γ power to DMPFC θ oscillations. Finally, conflict adaptation was related to increased postresponse DLPFC γ-band activity and to θ coupling in the reverse direction (DLPFC to DMPFC). These results draw a detailed picture on how two regions in the prefrontal cortex communicate to resolve cognitive conflicts. In conclusion, our data show that conflict detection, control, and adaptation are supported by a sequence of processes that use the interplay of θ and γ oscillations within and between DMPFC and DLPFC.
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8
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Zhang L, Sun J, Sun B, Luo Q, Gong H. Studying hemispheric lateralization during a Stroop task through near-infrared spectroscopy-based connectivity. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:57012. [PMID: 24862561 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.5.057012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a developing and promising functional brain imaging technology. Developing data analysis methods to effectively extract meaningful information from collected data is the major bottleneck in popularizing this technology. In this study, we measured hemodynamic activity of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) during a color-word matching Stroop task using NIRS. Hemispheric lateralization was examined by employing traditional activation and novel NIRS-based connectivity analyses simultaneously. Wavelet transform coherence was used to assess intrahemispheric functional connectivity. Spearman correlation analysis was used to examine the relationship between behavioral performance and activation/functional connectivity, respectively. In agreement with activation analysis, functional connectivity analysis revealed leftward lateralization for the Stroop effect and correlation with behavioral performance. However, functional connectivity was more sensitive than activation for identifying hemispheric lateralization. Granger causality was used to evaluate the effective connectivity between hemispheres. The results showed increased information flow from the left to the right hemispheres for the incongruent versus the neutral task, indicating a leading role of the left PFC. This study demonstrates that the NIRS-based connectivity can reveal the functional architecture of the brain more comprehensively than traditional activation, helping to better utilize the advantages of NIRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan 430074, ChinabHuazhong University of Science and Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, MoE Key L
| | - Jinyan Sun
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan 430074, ChinabHuazhong University of Science and Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, MoE Key L
| | - Bailei Sun
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan 430074, ChinabHuazhong University of Science and Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, MoE Key L
| | - Qingming Luo
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan 430074, ChinabHuazhong University of Science and Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, MoE Key L
| | - Hui Gong
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan 430074, ChinabHuazhong University of Science and Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, MoE Key L
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Konova AB, Moeller SJ, Goldstein RZ. Common and distinct neural targets of treatment: changing brain function in substance addiction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:2806-17. [PMID: 24140399 PMCID: PMC3859814 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Neuroimaging offers an opportunity to examine the neurobiological effects of therapeutic interventions for human drug addiction. Using activation likelihood estimation, the aim of the current meta-analysis was to quantitatively summarize functional neuroimaging studies of pharmacological and cognitive-based interventions for drug addiction, with an emphasis on their common and distinct neural targets. More exploratory analyses also contrasted subgroups of studies based on specific study and sample characteristics. The ventral striatum, a region implicated in reward, motivation, and craving, and the inferior frontal gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex, regions involved in inhibitory control and goal-directed behavior, were identified as common targets of pharmacological and cognitive-based interventions; these regions were observed when the analysis was limited to only studies that used established or efficacious interventions, and across imaging paradigms and types of addictions. Consistent with theoretical models, cognitive-based interventions were additionally more likely to activate the anterior cingulate cortex, middle frontal gyrus, and precuneus, implicated in self-referential processing, cognitive control, and attention. These results suggest that therapeutic interventions for addiction may target the brain structures that are altered across addictions and identify potential neurobiological mechanisms by which the tandem use of pharmacological and cognitive-based interventions may yield synergistic or complementary effects. These findings could inform the selection of novel functional targets in future treatment development for this difficult-to-treat disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B. Konova
- Departments of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10029
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Scott J. Moeller
- Departments of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10029
| | - Rita Z. Goldstein
- Departments of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10029
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Cadet JL, Bisagno V. The primacy of cognition in the manifestations of substance use disorders. Front Neurol 2013; 4:189. [PMID: 24302917 PMCID: PMC3831163 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2013.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Lud Cadet
- NIDA Intramural Program, Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch , Baltimore, MD , USA
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11
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Forster S, Nunez Elizalde AO, Castle E, Bishop SJ. Unraveling the anxious mind: anxiety, worry, and frontal engagement in sustained attention versus off-task processing. Cereb Cortex 2013; 25:609-18. [PMID: 24062316 PMCID: PMC4318530 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Much remains unknown regarding the relationship between anxiety, worry, sustained attention, and frontal function. Here, we addressed this using a sustained attention task adapted for functional magnetic resonance imaging. Participants responded to presentation of simple stimuli, withholding responses to an infrequent “No Go” stimulus. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) activity to “Go” trials, and dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC) activity to “No Go” trials were associated with faster error-free performance; consistent with DLPFC and dACC facilitating proactive and reactive control, respectively. Trait anxiety was linked to reduced recruitment of these regions, slower error-free performance, and decreased frontal-thalamo-striatal connectivity. This indicates an association between trait anxiety and impoverished frontal control of attention, even when external distractors are absent. In task blocks where commission errors were made, greater DLPFC-precuneus and DLPFC-posterior cingulate connectivity were associated with both trait anxiety and worry, indicative of increased off-task thought. Notably, unlike trait anxiety, worry was not linked to reduced frontal-striatal-thalamo connectivity, impoverished frontal recruitment, or slowed responding during blocks without commission errors, contrary to accounts proposing a direct causal link between worry and impoverished attentional control. This leads us to propose a new model of the relationship between anxiety, worry and frontal engagement in attentional control versus off-task thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Forster
- Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650, USA
| | - Anwar O Nunez Elizalde
- Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650, USA
| | - Elizabeth Castle
- Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650, USA
| | - Sonia J Bishop
- Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650, USA
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Chouiter L, Dieguez S, Annoni JM, Spierer L. High and Low Stimulus-Driven Conflict Engage Segregated Brain Networks, Not Quantitatively Different Resources. Brain Topogr 2013; 27:279-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s10548-013-0303-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Watanabe T, Yahata N, Kawakubo Y, Inoue H, Takano Y, Iwashiro N, Natsubori T, Takao H, Sasaki H, Gonoi W, Murakami M, Katsura M, Kunimatsu A, Abe O, Kasai K, Yamasue H. Network structure underlying resolution of conflicting non-verbal and verbal social information. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2013; 9:767-75. [PMID: 23552078 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nst046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Social judgments often require resolution of incongruity in communication contents. Although previous studies revealed that such conflict resolution recruits brain regions including the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and posterior inferior frontal gyrus (pIFG), functional relationships and networks among these regions remain unclear. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we investigated the functional dissociation and networks by measuring human brain activity during resolving incongruity between verbal and non-verbal emotional contents. First, we found that the conflict resolutions biased by the non-verbal contents activated the posterior dorsal mPFC (post-dmPFC), bilateral anterior insula (AI) and right dorsal pIFG, whereas the resolutions biased by the verbal contents activated the bilateral ventral pIFG. In contrast, the anterior dmPFC (ant-dmPFC), bilateral superior temporal sulcus and fusiform gyrus were commonly involved in both of the resolutions. Second, we found that the post-dmPFC and right ventral pIFG were hub regions in networks underlying the non-verbal- and verbal-content-biased resolutions, respectively. Finally, we revealed that these resolution-type-specific networks were bridged by the ant-dmPFC, which was recruited for the conflict resolutions earlier than the two hub regions. These findings suggest that, in social conflict resolutions, the ant-dmPFC selectively recruits one of the resolution-type-specific networks through its interaction with resolution-type-specific hub regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamitsu Watanabe
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program 'Comprehensive Center of Education and Research for Chemical Biology of the Diseases', The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuropsychiatry, and Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan and Japan Science, and Technology Agency, CREST, 5 Sambancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Noriaki Yahata
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program 'Comprehensive Center of Education and Research for Chemical Biology of the Diseases', The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuropsychiatry, and Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan and Japan Science, and Technology Agency, CREST, 5 Sambancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Yuki Kawakubo
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program 'Comprehensive Center of Education and Research for Chemical Biology of the Diseases', The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuropsychiatry, and Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan and Japan Science, and Technology Agency, CREST, 5 Sambancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Inoue
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program 'Comprehensive Center of Education and Research for Chemical Biology of the Diseases', The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuropsychiatry, and Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan and Japan Science, and Technology Agency, CREST, 5 Sambancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Yosuke Takano
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program 'Comprehensive Center of Education and Research for Chemical Biology of the Diseases', The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuropsychiatry, and Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan and Japan Science, and Technology Agency, CREST, 5 Sambancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Norichika Iwashiro
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program 'Comprehensive Center of Education and Research for Chemical Biology of the Diseases', The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuropsychiatry, and Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan and Japan Science, and Technology Agency, CREST, 5 Sambancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Tatsunobu Natsubori
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program 'Comprehensive Center of Education and Research for Chemical Biology of the Diseases', The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuropsychiatry, and Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan and Japan Science, and Technology Agency, CREST, 5 Sambancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Takao
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program 'Comprehensive Center of Education and Research for Chemical Biology of the Diseases', The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuropsychiatry, and Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan and Japan Science, and Technology Agency, CREST, 5 Sambancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sasaki
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program 'Comprehensive Center of Education and Research for Chemical Biology of the Diseases', The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuropsychiatry, and Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan and Japan Science, and Technology Agency, CREST, 5 Sambancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Wataru Gonoi
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program 'Comprehensive Center of Education and Research for Chemical Biology of the Diseases', The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuropsychiatry, and Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan and Japan Science, and Technology Agency, CREST, 5 Sambancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Mizuho Murakami
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program 'Comprehensive Center of Education and Research for Chemical Biology of the Diseases', The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuropsychiatry, and Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan and Japan Science, and Technology Agency, CREST, 5 Sambancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Masaki Katsura
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program 'Comprehensive Center of Education and Research for Chemical Biology of the Diseases', The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuropsychiatry, and Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan and Japan Science, and Technology Agency, CREST, 5 Sambancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Akira Kunimatsu
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program 'Comprehensive Center of Education and Research for Chemical Biology of the Diseases', The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuropsychiatry, and Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan and Japan Science, and Technology Agency, CREST, 5 Sambancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Osamu Abe
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program 'Comprehensive Center of Education and Research for Chemical Biology of the Diseases', The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuropsychiatry, and Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan and Japan Science, and Technology Agency, CREST, 5 Sambancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, JapanDepartment of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program 'Comprehensive Center of Education and Research for Chemical Biology of the Diseases', The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuropsychiatry, and Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan and Japan Science, and Technology Agency, CREST, 5 Sambancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Kasai
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program 'Comprehensive Center of Education and Research for Chemical Biology of the Diseases', The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuropsychiatry, and Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan and Japan Science, and Technology Agency, CREST, 5 Sambancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Hidenori Yamasue
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program 'Comprehensive Center of Education and Research for Chemical Biology of the Diseases', The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuropsychiatry, and Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan and Japan Science, and Technology Agency, CREST, 5 Sambancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, JapanDepartment of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program 'Comprehensive Center of Education and Research for Chemical Biology of the Diseases', The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuropsychiatry, and Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan and Japan Science, and Technology Agency, CREST, 5 Sambancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
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14
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Spiegel D. Tranceformations: hypnosis in brain and body. Depress Anxiety 2013; 30:342-52. [PMID: 23423952 DOI: 10.1002/da.22046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, the role of hypnosis and related psychotherapeutic techniques are discussed in relation to the anxiety disorders. In particular, anxiety is addressed as a special form of mind/body problem involving reverberating interaction between mental and physical distress. The history of hypnosis as a therapeutic discipline is reviewed, after which neurobiological evidence of the effect of hypnosis on modulation of perception in the brain. Specific brain regions involved in hypnosis are reviewed, notably the dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The importance of hypnotizability as a trait, stable variability in hypnotic responsiveness, is discussed. Analogies between the hypnotic state and dissociative reactions to trauma are presented, and the uses of hypnosis in treating posttraumatic stress disorder, stressful situations, and phobias as well as outcome data are reviewed. Effects of hypnosis on control of somatic processes are discussed, and then effects of psychosocial support involving Supportive-Expressive Group Therapy and hypnosis on survival time for cancer patients are evaluated. The evidence indicates an important role for hypnosis in managing anxiety disorders and anxiety related to medical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Spiegel
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5718, USA.
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15
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Jaeger A, Selmeczy D, O'Connor AR, Diaz M, Dobbins IG. Prefrontal cortex contributions to controlled memory judgment: fMRI evidence from adolescents and young adults. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:3745-56. [PMID: 23127796 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cortical regions supporting cognitive control and memory judgment are structurally immature in adolescents. Here we studied adolescents (13-15 y.o.) and young adults (20-22 y.o.) using a recognition memory paradigm that modulates cognitive control demands through cues that probabilistically forecast memory probe status. Behaviorally, adolescence was associated with quicker responding in the presence of invalid cues compared to young adulthood. fMRI data demonstrated that while both groups increasingly activated posterior dorsolateral prefrontal (dlPFC), midline, and lateral parietal regions for invalidly compared to validly cued trials, this differential invalid cueing response ended sooner in adolescents, consistent with their quicker responding on invalidly cued trials. Critically, dlPFC also demonstrated reversed brain-behavior associations across the groups. Increased mean dlPFC activation during invalid cueing was linked to improved performance in young adults, whereas increases within adolescents were linked to impaired performance. Resting state connectivity analysis revealed greater connectivity between dlPFC and episodic retrieval linked regions in young adults relative to adolescents. These data demonstrate that the functional interpretation of dlPFC activation hinges on its physical maturation and suggest that the pattern of behavioral and neural response in adolescents reflects different functional integration of cognitive control and memory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Jaeger
- Department of Psychology, Washington University in St Louis, Brookings Drive, Campus box 1125, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA
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16
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Ivanov I, Liu X, Clerkin S, Schulz K, Friston K, Newcorn JH, Fan J. Effects of motivation on reward and attentional networks: an fMRI study. Brain Behav 2012; 2:741-53. [PMID: 23170237 PMCID: PMC3500461 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing evidence suggests that reward and attentional networks function in concert and that activation in one system influences the other in a reciprocal fashion; however, the nature of these influences remains poorly understood. We therefore developed a three-component task to assess the interaction effects of reward anticipation and conflict resolution on the behavioral performance and the activation of brain reward and attentional systems. Sixteen healthy adult volunteers aged 21-45 years were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing the task. A two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with cue (reward vs. non-reward) and target (congruent vs. incongruent) as within-subjects factors was used to test for main and interaction effects. Neural responses to anticipation, conflict, and reward outcomes were tested. Behaviorally there were main effects of both reward cue and target congruency on reaction time. Neuroimaging results showed that reward anticipation and expected reward outcomes activated components of the attentional networks, including the inferior parietal and occipital cortices, whereas surprising non-rewards activated the frontoinsular cortex bilaterally and deactivated the ventral striatum. In turn, conflict activated a broad network associated with cognitive control and motor functions. Interaction effects showed decreased activity in the thalamus, anterior cingulated gyrus, and middle frontal gyrus bilaterally when difficult conflict trials (e.g., incongruent targets) were preceded by reward cues; in contrast, the ventral striatum and orbitofrontal cortex showed greater activation during congruent targets preceded by reward cues. These results suggest that reward anticipation is associated with lower activation in attentional networks, possibly due to increased processing efficiency, whereas more difficult, conflict trials are associated with lower activity in regions of the reward system, possibly because such trials are experienced as less rewarding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliyan Ivanov
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York, 10029
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17
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Hoeft F, Gabrieli JD, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Haas BW, Bammer R, Menon V, Spiegel D. Functional brain basis of hypnotizability. ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY 2012; 69:1064-72. [PMID: 23026956 PMCID: PMC4365296 DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Focused hypnotic concentration is a model for brain control over sensation and behavior. Pain and anxiety can be effectively alleviated by hypnotic suggestion, which modulates activity in brain regions associated with focused attention, but the specific neural network underlying this phenomenon is not known. OBJECTIVE To investigate the brain basis of hypnotizability. DESIGN Cross-sectional, in vivo neuroimaging study performed from November 2005 through July 2006. SETTING Academic medical center at Stanford University School of Medicine. PATIENTS Twelve adults with high and 12 adults with low hypnotizability. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure functional connectivity networks at rest, including default-mode, salience, and executive-control networks; structural T1 magnetic resonance imaging to measure regional gray and white matter volumes; and diffusion tensor imaging to measure white matter microstructural integrity. RESULTS High compared with low hypnotizable individuals had greater functional connectivity between the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, an executive-control region of the brain, and the salience network composed of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula, amygdala, and ventral striatum, involved in detecting, integrating, and filtering relevant somatic, autonomic, and emotional information using independent component analysis. Seed-based analysis confirmed elevated functional coupling between the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in high compared with low hypnotizable individuals. These functional differences were not due to any variation in brain structure in these regions, including regional gray and white matter volumes and white matter microstructure. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide novel evidence that altered functional connectivity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex may underlie hypnotizability. Future studies focusing on how these functional networks change and interact during hypnosis are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiko Hoeft
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5795
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research (CIBSR), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305-5795
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - John D.E. Gabrieli
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Susan Whitfield-Gabrieli
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Brian W. Haas
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5795
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research (CIBSR), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305-5795
| | - Roland Bammer
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5795
| | - David Spiegel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5795
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18
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Zhu XR, Luo YJ. Fearful faces evoke a larger C1 than happy faces in executive attention task: an event-related potential study. Neurosci Lett 2012; 526:118-21. [PMID: 22910608 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neural responses to negatively valenced stimuli such as fear are enhanced relative to positive or neutral stimuli, reflecting an emotional negativity bias. In the present study, high time resolution event related potential (ERP) techniques were used, to investigate whether C1, the earliest visually evoked potential, is modulated by emotional valence in the executive attention network. Subjects were instructed to respond to the expression of the face, while ignoring the content of word, in an emotional face-word Stroop task. We demonstrated modulation of C1 in response to fearful faces versus happy faces. The differentiation between detection of fearful and happy faces emerged at 60-90ms after the stimulus onset at the posterior electrode sites, and this early differentiation occurred regardless of whether the subject had viewed a congruent or incongruent trials (i.e., happy face with fear label or vice versa). The present results indicate that faces with a fearful expression capture processing resources at an early sensory processing stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Ru Zhu
- Department of Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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19
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Watanabe T, Yahata N, Abe O, Kuwabara H, Inoue H, Takano Y, Iwashiro N, Natsubori T, Aoki Y, Takao H, Sasaki H, Gonoi W, Murakami M, Katsura M, Kunimatsu A, Kawakubo Y, Matsuzaki H, Tsuchiya KJ, Kato N, Kano Y, Miyashita Y, Kasai K, Yamasue H. Diminished medial prefrontal activity behind autistic social judgments of incongruent information. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39561. [PMID: 22745788 PMCID: PMC3382122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) tend to make inadequate social judgments, particularly when the nonverbal and verbal emotional expressions of other people are incongruent. Although previous behavioral studies have suggested that ASD individuals have difficulty in using nonverbal cues when presented with incongruent verbal-nonverbal information, the neural mechanisms underlying this symptom of ASD remain unclear. In the present functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we compared brain activity in 15 non-medicated adult males with high-functioning ASD to that of 17 age-, parental-background-, socioeconomic-, and intelligence-quotient-matched typically-developed (TD) male participants. Brain activity was measured while each participant made friend or foe judgments of realistic movies in which professional actors spoke with conflicting nonverbal facial expressions and voice prosody. We found that the ASD group made significantly less judgments primarily based on the nonverbal information than the TD group, and they exhibited significantly less brain activity in the right inferior frontal gyrus, bilateral anterior insula, anterior cingulate cortex/ventral medial prefrontal cortex (ACC/vmPFC), and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) than the TD group. Among these five regions, the ACC/vmPFC and dmPFC were most involved in nonverbal-information-biased judgments in the TD group. Furthermore, the degree of decrease of the brain activity in these two brain regions predicted the severity of autistic communication deficits. The findings indicate that diminished activity in the ACC/vmPFC and dmPFC underlies the impaired abilities of individuals with ASD to use nonverbal content when making judgments regarding other people based on incongruent social information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamitsu Watanabe
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriaki Yahata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Abe
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kuwabara
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Inoue
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Takano
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norichika Iwashiro
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsunobu Natsubori
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Aoki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Takao
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sasaki
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Gonoi
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mizuho Murakami
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Katsura
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Kunimatsu
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Kawakubo
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Matsuzaki
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji J. Tsuchiya
- Osaka-Hamamatsu Joint Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Nobumasa Kato
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kano
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Miyashita
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Kasai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Yamasue
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Soutschek A, Strobach T, Schubert T. Working memory demands modulate cognitive control in the Stroop paradigm. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2012; 77:333-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00426-012-0429-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dissociating effects of subclinical anxiety and depression on cognitive control. Adv Cogn Psychol 2012; 8:38-49. [PMID: 22419965 PMCID: PMC3303107 DOI: 10.2478/v10053-008-0100-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Even at subclinical levels, anxiety and depression are associated with impaired
cognitive control. It is unclear, though, to what extent these deficits reflect
a common underlying dysfunction. Using a non-affective hybrid masked prime-Simon
task, we obtained several measures of within- and between- trial inhibitory
behavioral control in 80 young, healthy volunteers, together with measures of
their anxiety and depression levels. Neither depression nor anxiety affected
low-level within-trial control, or any of the between-trial control measures.
However, increased levels of depression, but not of anxiety, were associated
with impaired high-level within-trial control (increased Simon effect). Results
indicate that depression, but not anxiety, impairs voluntary online
response-control mechanisms independent of affective content.
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Schulte T, Müller-Oehring E, Sullivan E, Pfefferbaum A. Synchrony of corticostriatal-midbrain activation enables normal inhibitory control and conflict processing in recovering alcoholic men. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 71:269-78. [PMID: 22137506 PMCID: PMC3253929 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol dependence is associated with inhibitory control deficits, possibly related to abnormalities in frontoparietal cortical and midbrain function and connectivity. METHODS We examined functional connectivity and microstructural fiber integrity between frontoparietal and midbrain structures using a Stroop Match-to-Sample task with functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging in 18 alcoholic and 17 control subjects. Manipulation of color cues and response repetition sequences modulated cognitive demands during Stroop conflict. RESULTS Despite similar lateral frontoparietal activity and functional connectivity in alcoholic and control subjects when processing conflict, control subjects deactivated the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), whereas alcoholic subjects did not. Posterior cingulum fiber integrity predicted the degree of PCC deactivation in control but not alcoholic subjects. Also, PCC activity was modulated by executive control demands: activated during response switching and deactivated during response repetition. Alcoholics showed the opposite pattern: activation during repetition and deactivation during switching. Here, in alcoholic subjects, greater deviations from the normal PCC activity correlated with higher amounts of lifetime alcohol consumption. A functional dissociation of brain network connectivity between the groups further showed that control subjects exhibited greater corticocortical connectivity among middle cingulate, posterior cingulate, and medial prefrontal cortices than alcoholic subjects. In contrast, alcoholic subjects exhibited greater midbrain-orbitofrontal cortical network connectivity than control subjects. Degree of microstructural fiber integrity predicted robustness of functional connectivity. CONCLUSIONS Thus, even subtle compromise of microstructural connectivity in alcoholism can influence modulation of functional connectivity and underlie alcohol-related cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Schulte
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - E.M. Müller-Oehring
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E.V. Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Pfefferbaum
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Staffen W, Ladurner G, Höller Y, Bergmann J, Aichhorn M, Golaszewski S, Kronbichler M. Brain activation disturbance for target detection in patients with mild cognitive impairment: an fMRI study. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 33:1002.e1-16. [PMID: 21993055 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Functional brain imaging in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) reveals differences in activation of task-relevant brain areas between patients and age-matched healthy controls. However, some studies reported hyperactivation and others hypoactivation in MCI compared with controls. The inconsistencies may be explained by compensatory mechanisms due to high complexity of the applied tasks. The oddball task is a simple paradigm that is known to activate a widespread network in the brain, involving attentional and monitoring mechanisms. In the present study, we examined amnestic or amnestic multidomain MCI patients (n = 12) and healthy controls (n = 13) in an auditory oddball task. Participants had to respond to infrequent targets and inhibit response to infrequent novel-nontarget stimuli. Lower stimulus related activation was found in MCI patients compared with healthy controls in parts of the middle temporal gyrus, the temporal pole, regions along the superior temporal sulcus, in the left cuneus, the left supramarginal gyrus, the anterior cingulated cortex and in the left inferior and middle frontal gyrus. Activation for oddball stimuli is assumed to reflect an automatic reflexive engagement of many brain regions in response to potentially important changes in the environment as well as cognitive control to monitor responses. The mechanisms of attention and cognitive control may be severely impaired in MCI and thus, underlie the cognitive deficits of this clinical group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Staffen
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Doppler-Clinic, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
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Colorado RA, Shukla K, Zhou Y, Wolinsky JS, Narayana PA. Multi-task functional MRI in multiple sclerosis patients without clinical disability. Neuroimage 2011; 59:573-81. [PMID: 21840409 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 07/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
While the majority of individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) develop significant clinical disability, a subset experiences a disease course with minimal impairment even in the presence of significant apparent tissue damage on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in MS patients with low disability suggests that increased use of the cognitive control system may limit the clinical manifestation of the disease. The current fMRI studies tested the hypothesis that nondisabled MS patients show increased recruitment of cognitive control regions while performing sensory, motor and cognitive tasks. Twenty two patients with relapsing-remitting MS and an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of ≤1.5 and 23 matched healthy controls were recruited. Subjects underwent fMRI while observing flashing checkerboards, performing right or left hand movements, or executing the 2-back working memory task. Compared to control subjects, patients demonstrated increased activation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex during the performance of the working memory task. This pattern of functional recruitment also was observed during the performance of non-dominant hand movements. These results support the mounting evidence of increased functional recruitment of cognitive control regions in the working memory system of MS patients with low disability and provide new evidence for the role of increased cognitive control recruitment in the motor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- René A Colorado
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Okuda J, Gilbert SJ, Burgess PW, Frith CD, Simons JS. Looking to the future: Automatic regulation of attention between current performance and future plans. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49:2258-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Frontal hyperconnectivity related to discounting and reversal learning in cocaine subjects. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69:1117-23. [PMID: 21371689 PMCID: PMC3090521 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional neuroimaging studies suggest that chronic cocaine use is associated with frontal lobe abnormalities. Functional connectivity (FC) alterations of cocaine-dependent individuals (CD), however, are not yet clear. This is the first study to our knowledge that examines resting FC of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in CD. Because ACC is known to integrate inputs from different brain regions to regulate behavior, we hypothesized that CD will have connectivity abnormalities in ACC networks. In addition, we hypothesized that abnormalities would be associated with poor performance in delayed discounting and reversal learning tasks. METHODS Resting functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected to look for FC differences between 27 CD (5 women, age: M = 39.73, SD = 6.14 years) and 24 control subjects (5 women, age: M = 39.76, SD = 7.09 years). Participants were assessed with delayed discounting and reversal learning tasks. With seed-based FC measures, we examined FC in CD and control subjects within five ACC connectivity networks with seeds in subgenual, caudal, dorsal, rostral, and perigenual ACC. RESULTS The CD showed increased FC within the perigenual ACC network in left middle frontal gyrus, ACC, and middle temporal gyrus when compared with control subjects. The FC abnormalities were significantly positively correlated with task performance in delayed discounting and reversal learning tasks in CD. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows that participants with chronic cocaine-dependency have hyperconnectivity within an ACC network known to be involved in social processing and "mentalizing." In addition, FC abnormalities found in CD were associated with difficulties with delay rewards and slower adaptive learning.
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Schulte T, Müller-Oehring EM, Sullivan EV, Pfefferbaum A. Disruption of emotion and conflict processing in HIV infection with and without alcoholism comorbidity. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2011; 17:537-50. [PMID: 21418720 PMCID: PMC3537849 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617711000348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholism and HIV-1 infection each affect components of selective attention and cognitive control that may contribute to deficits in emotion processing based on closely interacting fronto-parietal attention and frontal-subcortical emotion systems. Here, we investigated whether patients with alcoholism, HIV-1 infection, or both diseases have greater difficulty than healthy controls in resolving conflict from emotional words with different valences. Accordingly, patients with alcoholism (ALC, n = 20), HIV-1 infection (HIV, n = 20), ALC + HIV comorbidity (n = 22), and controls (CTL, n = 16) performed an emotional Stroop Match-to-Sample task, which assessed the contribution of emotion (happy, angry) to cognitive control (Stroop conflict processing). ALC + HIV showed greater Stroop effects than HIV, ALC, or CTL for negative (ANGRY) but not for positive (HAPPY) words, and also when the cue color did not match the Stroop stimulus color; the comorbid group performed similarly to the others when cue and word colors matched. Furthermore, emotionally salient face cues prolonged color-matching responses in all groups. HIV alone, compared with the other three groups, showed disproportionately slowed color-matching time when trials featured angry faces. The enhanced Stroop effects prominent in ALC + HIV suggest difficulty in exercising attentional top-down control on processes that consume attentional capacity, especially when cognitive effort is required to ignore negative emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Schulte
- SRI International, Neuroscience Program, Menlo Park, California
| | - Eva M. Müller-Oehring
- SRI International, Neuroscience Program, Menlo Park, California
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - Adolf Pfefferbaum
- SRI International, Neuroscience Program, Menlo Park, California
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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Nocera JR, Price C, Fernandez HH, Amano S, Vallabhajosula S, Okun MS, Hwynn N, Hass CJ. Tests of dorsolateral frontal function correlate with objective tests of postural stability in early to moderate stage Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2010; 16:590-4. [PMID: 20829093 PMCID: PMC2997686 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A substantial number of individuals with Parkinson's disease who display impaired postural stability experience accelerated cognitive decline and an increased prevalence of dementia. To date, studies suggest that this relationship, believed to be due to involvement of nondopaminergic circuitry, occurs later in the disease process. Research has yet to adequately investigate this cognitive-posturomotor relationship especially when examining earlier disease states. To gain greater understanding of the relationship between postural stability and cognitive function/dysfunction we evaluated a more stringent, objective measure of postural stability (center of pressure displacement), and also more specific measures of cognition in twenty-two patients with early to moderate stage Parkinson's disease. The magnitude of the center of pressure displacement in this cohort was negatively correlated with performance on tests known to activate dorsolateral frontal regions. Additionally, the postural stability item of the UPDRS exhibited poor correlation with the more objective measure of center of pressure displacement and all specific measures of cognition. These results may serve as rationale for a more thorough evaluation of postural stability and cognition especially in individuals with mild Parkinson's disease. Greater understanding of the relationship between motor and cognitive processes in Parkinson's disease will be critical for understanding the disease process and its potential therapeutic possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe R Nocera
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VAMC, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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