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Salas-Lucia F, Escamilla S, Bianco AC, Dumitrescu A, Refetoff S. Impaired T3 uptake and action in MCT8-deficient cerebral organoids underlie Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e174645. [PMID: 38376950 PMCID: PMC11128209 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.174645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with mutations in the thyroid hormone (TH) cell transporter monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) gene develop severe neuropsychomotor retardation known as Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome (AHDS). It is assumed that this is caused by a reduction in TH signaling in the developing brain during both intrauterine and postnatal developmental stages, and treatment remains understandably challenging. Given species differences in brain TH transporters and the limitations of studies in mice, we generated cerebral organoids (COs) using human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from MCT8-deficient patients. MCT8-deficient COs exhibited (i) altered early neurodevelopment, resulting in smaller neural rosettes with thinner cortical units, (ii) impaired triiodothyronine (T3) transport in developing neural cells, as assessed through deiodinase-3-mediated T3 catabolism, (iii) reduced expression of genes involved in cerebral cortex development, and (iv) reduced T3 inducibility of TH-regulated genes. In contrast, the TH analogs 3,5-diiodothyropropionic acid and 3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid triggered normal responses (induction/repression of T3-responsive genes) in MCT8-deficient COs, constituting proof of concept that lack of T3 transport underlies the pathophysiology of AHDS and demonstrating the clinical potential for TH analogs to be used in treating patients with AHDS. MCT8-deficient COs represent a species-specific relevant preclinical model that can be utilized to screen drugs with potential benefits as personalized therapeutics for patients with AHDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Salas-Lucia
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sergio Escamilla
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Miguel Hernández-CSIC University, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Antonio C. Bianco
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alexandra Dumitrescu
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, and Committee on Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Richard S, Ren J, Flamant F. Thyroid hormone action during GABAergic neuron maturation: The quest for mechanisms. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1256877. [PMID: 37854197 PMCID: PMC10579935 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1256877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) signaling plays a major role in mammalian brain development. Data obtained in the past years in animal models have pinpointed GABAergic neurons as a major target of TH signaling during development, which opens up new perspectives to further investigate the mechanisms by which TH affects brain development. The aim of the present review is to gather the available information about the involvement of TH in the maturation of GABAergic neurons. After giving an overview of the kinds of neurological disorders that may arise from disruption of TH signaling during brain development in humans, we will take a historical perspective to show how rodent models of hypothyroidism have gradually pointed to GABAergic neurons as a main target of TH signaling during brain development. The third part of this review underscores the challenges that are encountered when conducting gene expression studies to investigate the molecular mechanisms that are at play downstream of TH receptors during brain development. Unravelling the mechanisms of action of TH in the developing brain should help make progress in the prevention and treatment of several neurological disorders, including autism and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frédéric Flamant
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, UMR5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, USC1370 Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Lyon, France
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3
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Silva N, Campinho MA. In a zebrafish biomedical model of human Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome impaired MTH signaling leads to decreased neural cell diversity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1157685. [PMID: 37214246 PMCID: PMC10194031 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1157685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Maternally derived thyroid hormone (T3) is a fundamental factor for vertebrate neurodevelopment. In humans, mutations on the thyroid hormones (TH) exclusive transporter monocarboxylic acid transporter 8 (MCT8) lead to the Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome (AHDS). Patients with AHDS present severe underdevelopment of the central nervous system, with profound cognitive and locomotor consequences. Functional impairment of zebrafish T3 exclusive membrane transporter Mct8 phenocopies many symptoms observed in patients with AHDS, thus providing an outstanding animal model to study this human condition. In addition, it was previously shown in the zebrafish mct8 KD model that maternal T3 (MTH) acts as an integrator of different key developmental pathways during zebrafish development. Methods Using a zebrafish Mct8 knockdown model, with consequent inhibition of maternal thyroid hormones (MTH) uptake to the target cells, we analyzed genes modulated by MTH by qPCR in a temporal series from the start of segmentation through hatching. Survival (TUNEL) and proliferation (PH3) of neural progenitor cells (dla, her2) were determined, and the cellular distribution of neural MTH-target genes in the spinal cord during development was characterized. In addition, in-vivo live imaging was performed to access NOTCH overexpression action on cell division in this AHDS model. We determined the developmental time window when MTH is required for appropriate CNS development in the zebrafish; MTH is not involved in neuroectoderm specification but is fundamental in the early stages of neurogenesis by promoting the maintenance of specific neural progenitor populations. MTH signaling is required for developing different neural cell types and maintaining spinal cord cytoarchitecture, and modulation of NOTCH signaling in a non-autonomous cell manner is involved in this process. Discussion The findings show that MTH allows the enrichment of neural progenitor pools, regulating the cell diversity output observed by the end of embryogenesis and that Mct8 impairment restricts CNS development. This work contributes to the understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying human AHDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia Silva
- Centre for Marine Sciences of the University of the Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Algarve Biomedical Center-Research Institute, University of the Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Marco António Campinho
- Centre for Marine Sciences of the University of the Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Algarve Biomedical Center-Research Institute, University of the Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of the Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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Zekri Y, Guyot R, Flamant F. An Atlas of Thyroid Hormone Receptors’ Target Genes in Mouse Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911444. [PMID: 36232747 PMCID: PMC9570117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We gathered available RNA-seq and ChIP-seq data in a single database to better characterize the target genes of thyroid hormone receptors in several cell types. This database can serve as a resource to analyze the mode of action of thyroid hormone (T3). Additionally, it is an easy-to-use and convenient tool to obtain information on specific genes regarding T3 regulation or to extract large gene lists of interest according to the users’ criteria. Overall, this atlas is a unique compilation of recent sequencing data focusing on T3, its receptors, modes of action, targets and roles, which may benefit researchers within the field. A preliminary analysis indicates extensive variations in the repertoire of target genes where transcription is upregulated by chromatin-bound nuclear receptors. Although it has a major influence, chromatin accessibility is not the only parameter that determines the cellular selectivity of the hormonal response.
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Ciardulli MC, Scala P, Giudice V, Santoro A, Selleri C, Oliva F, Maffulli N, Porta GD. Stem Cells from Healthy and Tendinopathic Human Tendons: Morphology, Collagen and Cytokines Expression and Their Response to T3 Thyroid Hormone. Cells 2022; 11:2545. [PMID: 36010622 PMCID: PMC9406581 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of triiodothyronine (T3) on tendon specific markers and cytokines expression of stem cells extracted from human tendons. Indeed, thyroid hormones have been reported to be protective factors, maintaining tendons' homeostasis, whereas tendinopathy is believed to be related to a failed healing response. Healthy and tendinopathic human tendons were harvested to isolate tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs). TSPCs obtained from pathological samples showed gene expression and morphological modifications at baseline in comparison with cells harvested from healthy tissues. When cells were maintained in a medium supplemented with T3 (10-6 M), only pathological populations showed a significant upregulation of tenogenic markers (DCN, TNC, COL1A1, COL3A1). Immunostaining revealed that healthy cells constantly released type I collagen, typical of tendon matrix, whereas pathological ones overexpressed and secreted type III collagen, typical of scarred and impaired tissue. Pathological cells also overexpressed pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting an impaired balance in the presence of T3, without STAT3 activation. Moreover, DKK-1 was significantly high in the culture medium of pathological cell cultures and was reversed by T3. This study opens perspectives on the complex biochemical alteration of cells from pathological tendons, which may lead to the chronic disease context with an impaired extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Camilla Ciardulli
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Pasqualina Scala
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Valentina Giudice
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
- Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona”, 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | - Antonietta Santoro
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Carmine Selleri
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
- Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona”, 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | - Francesco Oliva
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Mile End Hospital, Queen Mary University of London, 275 Bancroft Road, London E1 4DG, UK
| | - Giovanna Della Porta
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
- Interdepartment Centre BIONAM, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo I, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
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Orije JEMJ, Raymaekers SR, Majumdar G, De Groof G, Jonckers E, Ball GF, Verhoye M, Darras VM, Van der Linden A. Unraveling the Role of Thyroid Hormones in Seasonal Neuroplasticity in European Starlings ( Sturnus vulgaris). Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:897039. [PMID: 35836548 PMCID: PMC9275473 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.897039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones clearly play a role in the seasonal regulation of reproduction, but any role they might play in song behavior and the associated seasonal neuroplasticity in songbirds remains to be elucidated. To pursue this question, we first established seasonal patterns in the expression of thyroid hormone regulating genes in male European starlings employing in situ hybridization methods. Thyroid hormone transporter LAT1 expression in the song nucleus HVC was elevated during the photosensitive phase, pointing toward an active role of thyroid hormones during this window of possible neuroplasticity. In contrast, DIO3 expression was high in HVC during the photostimulated phase, limiting the possible effect of thyroid hormones to maintain song stability during the breeding season. Next, we studied the effect of hypothyroidism on song behavior and neuroplasticity using in vivo MRI. Both under natural conditions as with methimazole treatment, circulating thyroid hormone levels decreased during the photosensitive period, which coincided with the onset of neuroplasticity. This inverse relationship between thyroid hormones and neuroplasticity was further demonstrated by the negative correlation between plasma T3 and the microstructural changes in several song control nuclei and cerebellum. Furthermore, maintaining hypothyroidism during the photostimulated period inhibited the increase in testosterone, confirming the role of thyroid hormones in activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. The lack of high testosterone levels influenced the song behavior of hypothyroid starlings, while the lack of high plasma T4 during photostimulation affected the myelination of several tracts. Potentially, a global reduction of circulating thyroid hormones during the photosensitive period is necessary to lift the brake on neuroplasticity imposed by the photorefractory period, whereas local fine-tuning of thyroid hormone concentrations through LAT1 could activate underlying neuroplasticity mechanisms. Whereas, an increase in circulating T4 during the photostimulated period potentially influences the myelination of several white matter tracts, which stabilizes the neuroplastic changes. Given the complexity of thyroid hormone effects, this study is a steppingstone to disentangle the influence of thyroid hormones on seasonal neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmien E. M. J. Orije
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- μNEURO Research Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sander R. Raymaekers
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gaurav Majumdar
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Geert De Groof
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Jonckers
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- μNEURO Research Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gregory F. Ball
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Marleen Verhoye
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- μNEURO Research Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Veerle M. Darras
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annemie Van der Linden
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- μNEURO Research Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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7
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Fang Y, Dang P, Liang Y, Zhao D, Wang R, Xi Y, Zhang D, Wang W, Shan Z, Teng W, Teng X. Histological, functional and transcriptomic alterations in the juvenile hippocampus in a mouse model of thyroid hormone resistance. Eur Thyroid J 2022; 11:e210097. [PMID: 35262510 PMCID: PMC9066571 DOI: 10.1530/etj-21-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proper thyroid hormone signaling via the TRα1 nuclear receptor is required for normal neurodevelopmental processes. The specific downstream mechanisms mediated by TRα1 that impact brain development remain to be investigated. METHODS In this study, the structure, function and transcriptome of hippocampal tissue in a mouse model expressing the first RTHα mutation discovered in a patient, THRA E403X, were analyzed. RNAscope was used to visualize the spatial and temporal expression of Thra1 mRNA in the hippocampus of WT mice, which is corresponding to THRA1 mRNA in humans. The morphological structure was analyzed by Nissl staining, and the synaptic transmission was analyzed on the basis of long-term potentiation. The Morris water maze test and the zero maze test were used to evaluate the behavior. RNA-seq and quantitative real-time PCR were used to analyze the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of the hippocampal tissues in the mouse model expressing the Thra E403X mutation. RESULTS The juvenile mutant Thra E403X mice presented with delayed neuronal migration, disordered neuronal distribution, and decreased synaptic plasticity. A total of 754 DEGs, including 361 upregulated genes and 393 downregulated genes, were identified by RNA-seq. DEG-enriched Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathways were associated with PI3K-Akt signaling, ECM-receptor interaction, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, and a range of immune-related pathways. 25 DEGs were validated by qPCR. CONCLUSIONS The ThraE403X mutation results in histological and functional abnormalities, as well as transcriptomic alterations in the juvenile mouse hippocampus. This study of the ThraE403X mutant offers new insights into the biological cause of RTHα-associated neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Fang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pingping Dang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Liang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Defa Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ranran Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Xi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongyan Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiping Teng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence should be addressed to X Teng:
| | - Xiaochun Teng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence should be addressed to X Teng:
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Mild Endurance Exercise during Fasting Increases Gastrocnemius Muscle and Prefrontal Cortex Thyroid Hormone Levels through Differential BHB and BCAA-Mediated BDNF-mTOR Signaling in Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061166. [PMID: 35334826 PMCID: PMC8952016 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild endurance exercise has been shown to compensate for declined muscle quality and may positively affect the brain under conditions of energy restriction. Whether this involves brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation in relation to central and peripheral tissue levels of associated factors such as beta hydroxy butyrate (BHB), branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and thyroid hormone (T3) has not been studied. Thus, a subset of male Wistar rats housed at thermoneutrality that were fed or fasted was submitted to 30-min-mild treadmill exercise bouts (five in total, twice daily, 15 m/min, 0° inclination) over a period of 66 h. Prefrontal cortex and gastrocnemius muscle BHB, BCAA, and thyroid hormone were measured by LC-MS/MS analysis and were related to BDNF and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. In gastrocnemius muscle, mild endurance exercise during fasting maintained the fasting-induced elevated BHB levels and BDNF-CREB activity and unlocked the downstream Akt-mTORC1 pathway associated with increased tissue BCAA. Consequently, deiodinase 3 mRNA levels decreased whereas increased phosphorylation of the mTORC2 target FOXO1 was associated with increased deiodinase 2 mRNA levels, accounting for the increased T3 tissue levels. These events were related to increased expression of CREB and T3 target genes beneficial for muscle quality previously observed in this condition. In rat L6 myoblasts, BHB directly induced BDNF transcription and maturation. Mild endurance exercise during fasting did not increase prefrontal cortex BHB levels nor was BDNF activated, whereas increased leucine levels were associated with Akt-independent increased phosphorylation of the mTORC1 target P70S6K. The associated increased T3 levels modulated the expression of known T3-target genes involved in brain tissue maintenance. Our observation that mild endurance exercise modulates BDNF, mTOR and T3 during fasting provides molecular clues to explain the observed beneficial effects of mild endurance exercise in settings of energy restriction.
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9
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Zekri Y, Agnol LD, Flamant F. In vitro assessment of pesticides capacity to act as agonists/antagonists of the thyroid hormone nuclear receptors. iScience 2021; 24:102957. [PMID: 34485856 PMCID: PMC8403745 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemicals acting as thyroid hormone disruptors (THDs) are of a particular concern for public health, considering the importance of this hormone in neurodevelopment and metabolic processes. They might either alter the circulating level of thyroid hormone (TH) or interfere with the cellular response to the hormonal stimulation. In order to assess this later possibility we selected 39 pesticides and combined several in vitro tests. Reporter assays respectively addressed the transactivation capacity of the full-length TH nuclear receptor TRα1, the transactivation capacity of its C-terminal ligand binding domain, or the ability of the hormone to destabilize the interaction between TRα1 and the transcriptional corepressor NcoR. Although some pesticides elicit a cellular response, which sometimes interferes with TH signaling, RNA-seq analysis provided no evidence that they can act as TRα1 agonists or antagonists. Their neurodevelopmental toxicity in mammals cannot be explained by an alteration of the response to TH. Pesticides were tested for their capacity to interfere with thyroid hormone receptors Three reporter assays were combined to identify possible agonists/antagonists The tested pesticides are not major disruptors of thyroid hormone signaling
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanis Zekri
- Romain Guyot Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, INRAE USC 1370 École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 46 allee d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Laure Dall Agnol
- Romain Guyot Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, INRAE USC 1370 École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 46 allee d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Flamant
- Romain Guyot Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, INRAE USC 1370 École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 46 allee d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
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10
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Hadwen J, Schock S, Farooq F, MacKenzie A, Plaza-Diaz J. Separating the Wheat from the Chaff: The Use of Upstream Regulator Analysis to Identify True Differential Expression of Single Genes within Transcriptomic Datasets. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6295. [PMID: 34208365 PMCID: PMC8231191 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of DNA microarray and RNA-sequencing technology has led to an explosion in the generation of transcriptomic differential expression data under a wide range of biologic systems including those recapitulating the monogenic muscular dystrophies. Data generation has increased exponentially due in large part to new platforms, improved cost-effectiveness, and processing speed. However, reproducibility and thus reliability of data remain a central issue, particularly when resource constraints limit experiments to single replicates. This was observed firsthand in a recent rare disease drug repurposing project involving RNA-seq-based transcriptomic profiling of primary cerebrocortical cultures incubated with clinic-ready blood-brain penetrant drugs. Given the low validation rates obtained for single differential expression genes, alternative approaches to identify with greater confidence genes that were truly differentially expressed in our dataset were explored. Here we outline a method for differential expression data analysis in the context of drug repurposing for rare diseases that incorporates the statistical rigour of the multigene analysis to bring greater predictive power in assessing individual gene modulation. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis upstream regulator analysis was applied to the differentially expressed genes from the Care4Rare Neuron Drug Screen transcriptomic database to identify three distinct signaling networks each perturbed by a different drug and involving a central upstream modulating protein: levothyroxine (DIO3), hydroxyurea (FOXM1), dexamethasone (PPARD). Differential expression of upstream regulator network related genes was next assessed in in vitro and in vivo systems by qPCR, revealing 5× and 10× increases in validation rates, respectively, when compared with our previous experience with individual genes in the dataset not associated with a network. The Ingenuity Pathway Analysis based gene prioritization may increase the predictive value of drug-gene interactions, especially in the context of assessing single-gene modulation in single-replicate experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah Hadwen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H8M5, Canada; (S.S.); (F.F.)
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H8L1, Canada;
| | - Sarah Schock
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H8M5, Canada; (S.S.); (F.F.)
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H8L1, Canada;
| | - Faraz Farooq
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H8M5, Canada; (S.S.); (F.F.)
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H8L1, Canada;
| | - Alex MacKenzie
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H8M5, Canada; (S.S.); (F.F.)
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H8L1, Canada;
| | - Julio Plaza-Diaz
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H8L1, Canada;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
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11
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Yajima H, Amano I, Ishii S, Sadakata T, Miyazaki W, Takatsuru Y, Koibuchi N. Absence of Thyroid Hormone Induced Delayed Dendritic Arborization in Mouse Primary Hippocampal Neurons Through Insufficient Expression of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:629100. [PMID: 33708176 PMCID: PMC7940752 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.629100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) plays important roles in the developing brain. TH deficiency in early life leads to severe developmental impairment in the hippocampus. However, the mechanisms of TH action in the developing hippocampus are still largely unknown. In this study, we generated 3,5,3'-tri-iodo-l-thyronine (T3)-free neuronal supplement, based on the composition of neuronal supplement 21 (NS21), to examine the effect of TH in the developing hippocampus using primary cultured neurons. Effects of TH on neurons were compared between cultures in this T3-free culture medium (-T3 group) and a medium in which T3 was added (+T3 group). Morphometric analysis and RT-qPCR were performed on 7, 10, and 14 days in vitro (DIV). On 10 DIV, a decreased dendrite arborization in -T3 group was observed. Such difference was not observed on 7 and 14 DIV. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) mRNA levels also decreased significantly in -T3 group on 10 DIV. We then confirmed protein levels of phosphorylated neurotrophic tyrosine kinase type 2 (NTRK2, TRKB), which is a receptor for BDNF, on 10 DIV by immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis. Phosphorylated NTRK2 levels significantly decreased in -T3 group compared to +T3 group on 10 DIV. Considering the role of BDNF on neurodevelopment, we examined its involvement by adding BDNF on 8 and 9 DIV. Addition of 10 ng/ml BDNF recovered the suppressed dendrite arborization induced by T3 deficiency on 10 DIV. We show that the lack of TH induces a developmental delay in primary hippocampal neurons, likely caused through a decreased Bdnf expression. Thus, BDNF may play a role in TH-regulated dendritogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yajima
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Izuki Amano
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Sumiyasu Ishii
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Sadakata
- Education and Research Support Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Wataru Miyazaki
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takatsuru
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Johmoh Hospital, Maebashi, Japan
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Toyo University, Itakura, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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12
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O'Shaughnessy KL, Gilbert ME. Thyroid disrupting chemicals and developmental neurotoxicity - New tools and approaches to evaluate hormone action. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:110663. [PMID: 31760043 PMCID: PMC8270644 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
It is well documented that thyroid hormone (TH) action is critical for normal brain development and is mediated by both nuclear and extranuclear pathways. Given this dependence, the impact of environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals that interfere with thyroid signaling is a major concern with direct implications for children's health. However, identifying thyroid disrupting chemicals in vivo is primarily reliant on serum thyroxine (T4) measurements within greater developmental and reproductive toxicity assessments. These studies do not examine known TH-dependent phenotypes in parallel, which complicates chemical evaluation. Additionally, there exist no recommendations regarding what degree of serum T4 dysfunction is adverse, and little consideration is given to quantifying TH action within the developing brain. This review summarizes current testing strategies in rodent models and discusses new approaches for evaluating the developmental neurotoxicity of thyroid disrupting chemicals. This includes assays to identify adverse cellular effects of the brain by both immunohistochemistry and gene expression, which would compliment serum T4 measures. While additional experiments are needed to test the full utility of these approaches, incorporation of these cellular and molecular assays could enhance chemical evaluation in the regulatory arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L O'Shaughnessy
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Toxicity Assessment Division, Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Mary E Gilbert
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Toxicity Assessment Division, Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
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13
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Vancamp P, Butruille L, Demeneix BA, Remaud S. Thyroid Hormone and Neural Stem Cells: Repair Potential Following Brain and Spinal Cord Injury. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:875. [PMID: 32982671 PMCID: PMC7479247 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by chronic neuronal and/or glial cell loss, while traumatic injury is often accompanied by the acute loss of both. Multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult mammalian brain spontaneously proliferate, forming neuronal and glial progenitors that migrate toward lesion sites upon injury. However, they fail to replace neurons and glial cells due to molecular inhibition and the lack of pro-regenerative cues. A major challenge in regenerative biology therefore is to unveil signaling pathways that could override molecular brakes and boost endogenous repair. In physiological conditions, thyroid hormone (TH) acts on NSC commitment in the subventricular zone, and the subgranular zone, the two largest NSC niches in mammals, including humans. Here, we discuss whether TH could have beneficial actions in various pathological contexts too, by evaluating recent data obtained in mammalian models of multiple sclerosis (MS; loss of oligodendroglial cells), Alzheimer’s disease (loss of neuronal cells), stroke and spinal cord injury (neuroglial cell loss). So far, TH has shown promising effects as a stimulator of remyelination in MS models, while its role in NSC-mediated repair in other diseases remains elusive. Disentangling the spatiotemporal aspects of the injury-driven repair response as well as the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which TH acts, could unveil new ways to further exploit its pro-regenerative potential, while TH (ant)agonists with cell type-specific action could provide safer and more target-directed approaches that translate easier to clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Vancamp
- Laboratory Molecular Physiology and Adaptation, CNRS UMR 7221, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Department Adaptations of Life, Paris, France
| | - Lucile Butruille
- Laboratory Molecular Physiology and Adaptation, CNRS UMR 7221, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Department Adaptations of Life, Paris, France
| | - Barbara A Demeneix
- Laboratory Molecular Physiology and Adaptation, CNRS UMR 7221, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Department Adaptations of Life, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Remaud
- Laboratory Molecular Physiology and Adaptation, CNRS UMR 7221, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Department Adaptations of Life, Paris, France
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Salas-Lucia F, Pacheco-Torres J, González-Granero S, García-Verdugo JM, Berbel P. Transient Hypothyroidism During Lactation Alters the Development of the Corpus Callosum in Rats. An in vivo Magnetic Resonance Image and Electron Microscopy Study. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:33. [PMID: 32676012 PMCID: PMC7333461 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data of children with late diagnosed congenital hypothyroidism and cognitive alterations such as abnormal verbal memory processing suggest altered telencephalic commissural connections. The corpus callosum (CC) is the major inter-hemispheric commissure that contra-laterally connects neocortical areas. However, in late diagnosed neonates with congenital hypothyroidism, the possible effect of early transient and chronic postnatal hypothyroidism still remains unknown. We have studied the development of the anterior, middle and posterior CC, using in vivo MRI and electron microscopy in hypothyroid and control male rats. Four groups of methimazole (MMI) treated rats were studied. One group, as a model for early transient hypothyroidism, was MMI-treated from postnatal day (P) 0 to P21; some of these rats were also treated with L-thyroxine (T4) from P15 to 21. Another group modeling chronic hypothyroid, were treated with MMI from P0 to 150 and from embryonic day 10 to P170. The results obtained from these groups were compared with same age control rats. The normalized T2 signal obtained using MRI was higher in MMI-treated rats and correlated with a low number and percentage of myelinated axons. The number and density of myelinated axons decreased in transient and chronic hypothyroid rats at P150. The g-ratio (inner to outer diameter ratio) and the estimated conduction velocity of myelinated axons were similar between MMI-treated and controls, but the conduction delay decreased in the posterior CC of MMI-treated rats compared to controls. These data show that early postnatal transient and chronic hypothyroidism alters CC maturation in a way that may affect the callosal transfer of information. These alterations cannot be reversed after delayed T4-treatment. Our data support the findings of neurocognitive delay in late T4-treated children with congenital hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Salas-Lucia
- Departamento de Histología y Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
| | - Jesús Pacheco-Torres
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, UMH – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
| | - Susana González-Granero
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Universitat de València - Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Valencia, Spain
| | - José Manuel García-Verdugo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Universitat de València - Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Valencia, Spain
| | - Pere Berbel
- Departamento de Histología y Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
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15
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Anselmo J, Chaves CM. Physiologic Significance of Epigenetic Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Target Gene Expression. Eur Thyroid J 2020; 9:114-123. [PMID: 32523888 PMCID: PMC7265707 DOI: 10.1159/000506423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In previous publications, we have reported our findings demonstrating that exposure to high maternal levels of thyroid hormones (TH) has life-long effects on the wild-type (WT, without THRB mutation) progeny of mothers with resistance to thyroid hormone beta (RTHβ). The mechanism of this epigenetic effect remains unclear. OBJECTIVES We reviewed the mechanisms involved in the epigenetic regulation of TH target genes and understand how they may explain the reduced sensitivity to TH in the WT progeny of RTHβ mothers. METHODS The availability of a large, formerly genotyped Azorean population with many individuals harboring the THRB mutation, R243Q, provided us a model to study the influence of fetal exposure to high maternal TH levels. RESULTS The thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) response in WT adults was less suppressible following the administration of L-triiodothyronine (L-T3). This finding suggests reduced sensitivity to TH that is induced by an epigenetic mechanism resulting from exposure to high maternal levels of TH during pregnancy. The persistence of this effect across 3 generations of WT subjects favors transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. Based on preliminary studies in mice, we identified the naturally imprinted gene encoding deiodinase type 3, i.e., DIO3, as a possible mediator of this epigenetic effect through increased inactivation of TH. CONCLUSION Increased D3 expression and consequently increased T3 degradation appear to be responsible for the reduced sensitivity of the anterior pituitary to administered L-T3. The imprinted DIO3 gene may be a candidate gene that mediates the epigenetic effect induced by exposure to high maternal levels of TH. However, we cannot exclude the role of other TH-responsive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Anselmo
- *João Anselmo, MD, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Divino Espirito Santo, Ave D. Manuel I, PT–9500-317 Ponta Delgada, Azores (Portugal),
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16
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Ochsner SA, McKenna NJ. No Dataset Left Behind: Mechanistic Insights into Thyroid Receptor Signaling Through Transcriptomic Consensome Meta-Analysis. Thyroid 2020; 30:621-639. [PMID: 31910096 PMCID: PMC7187985 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: Discovery-scale omics datasets relevant to thyroid receptors (TRs) and their physiological and synthetic bioactive small-molecule ligands allow for genome-wide interrogation of TR-regulated genes. These datasets have considerable collective value as a reference resource to allow researchers to routinely generate hypotheses addressing the mechanisms underlying the cell biology and physiology of TR signaling in normal and disease states. Methods: Here, we searched the Gene Expression Omnibus database to identify a population of publicly archived transcriptomic datasets involving genetic or pharmacological manipulation of either TR isoform in a mouse tissue or cell line. After initial quality control, samples were organized into contrasts (experiments), and transcript differential expression values and associated measures of significance were generated and committed to a consensome (for consensus omics) meta-analysis pipeline. To gain insight into tissue-selective functions of TRs, we generated liver- and central nervous system (CNS)-specific consensomes and identified evidence for genes that were selectively responsive to TR signaling in each organ. Results: The TR transcriptomic consensome ranks genes based on the frequency of their significant differential expression over the entire group of experiments. The TR consensome assigns elevated rankings both to known TR-regulated genes and to genes previously uncharacterized as TR-regulated, which shed mechanistic light on known cellular and physiological roles of TR signaling in different organs. We identify evidence for unreported genomic targets of TR signaling for which it exhibits strikingly distinct regulatory preferences in the liver and CNS. Moreover, the intersection of the TR consensome with consensomes for other cellular receptors sheds light on transcripts potentially mediating crosstalk between TRs and these other signaling paradigms. Conclusions: The mouse TR datasets and consensomes are freely available in the Signaling Pathways Project website for hypothesis generation, data validation, and modeling of novel mechanisms of TR regulation of gene expression. Our results demonstrate the insights into the mechanistic basis of thyroid hormone action that can arise from an ongoing commitment on the part of the research community to the deposition of discovery-scale datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Ochsner
- The Signaling Pathways Project, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Neil J. McKenna
- The Signaling Pathways Project, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Address correspondence to: Neil J. McKenna, PhD, The Signaling Pathways Project, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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17
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Ramhøj L, Hass U, Gilbert ME, Wood C, Svingen T, Usai D, Vinggaard AM, Mandrup K, Axelstad M. Evaluating thyroid hormone disruption: investigations of long-term neurodevelopmental effects in rats after perinatal exposure to perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS). Sci Rep 2020; 10:2672. [PMID: 32060323 PMCID: PMC7021709 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59354-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are critical for mammalian brain development. Thus, chemicals that can affect thyroid hormone signaling during pregnancy are of great concern. Perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) is a widespread environmental contaminant found in human serum, breastmilk, and other tissues, capable of lowering serum thyroxine (T4) in rats. Here, we investigated its effects on the thyroid system and neurodevelopment following maternal exposure from early gestation through lactation (0.05, 5 or 25 mg/kg/day PFHxS), alone or in combination with a mixture of 12 environmentally relevant endocrine disrupting compounds (EDmix). PFHxS lowered thyroid hormone levels in both dams and offspring in a dose-dependent manner, but did not change TSH levels, weight, histology, or expression of marker genes of the thyroid gland. No evidence of thyroid hormone-mediated neurobehavioral disruption in offspring was observed. Since human brain development appear very sensitive to low T4 levels, we maintain that PFHxS is of potential concern to human health. It is our view that current rodent models are not sufficiently sensitive to detect adverse neurodevelopmental effects of maternal and perinatal hypothyroxinemia and that we need to develop more sensitive brain-based markers or measurable metrics of thyroid hormone-dependent perturbations in brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Ramhøj
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800,, Denmark
| | - Ulla Hass
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800,, Denmark
| | - Mary E Gilbert
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carmen Wood
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Terje Svingen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800,, Denmark
| | - Diana Usai
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800,, Denmark
| | - Anne Marie Vinggaard
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800,, Denmark
| | - Karen Mandrup
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800,, Denmark
| | - Marta Axelstad
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800,, Denmark.
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18
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Bárez-López S, Grijota-Martínez C, Liao XH, Refetoff S, Guadaño-Ferraz A. Intracerebroventricular administration of the thyroid hormone analog TRIAC increases its brain content in the absence of MCT8. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226017. [PMID: 31809508 PMCID: PMC6897405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients lacking the thyroid hormone (TH) transporter MCT8 present abnormal serum levels of TH: low thyroxine and high triiodothyronine. They also have severe neurodevelopmental defects resulting from cerebral hypothyroidism, most likely due to impaired TH transport across the brain barriers. The use of TH analogs, such as triiodothyroacetic acid (TRIAC), that can potentially access the brain in the absence of MCT8 and restore at least a subset of cerebral TH actions could improve the neurological defects in these patients. We hypothesized that direct administration of TRIAC into the brain by intracerebroventricular delivery to mice lacking MCT8 could bypass the restriction at the brain barriers and mediate TH action without causing hypermetabolism. We found that intracerebroventricular administration of therapeutic doses of TRIAC does not increase further plasma triiodothyronine or further decrease plasma thyroxine levels and does not alter TH content in the cerebral cortex. Although TRIAC content increased in the brain, it did not induce TH-mediated actions on selected target genes. Our data suggest that intracerebroventricular delivery of TRIAC has the ability to target the brain in the absence of MCT8 and should be further investigated to address its potential therapeutic use in MCT8 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Bárez-López
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (Ciberer), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Grijota-Martínez
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (Ciberer), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xiao-Hui Liao
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Committee on Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ana Guadaño-Ferraz
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (Ciberer), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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19
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Wray JR, Davies A, Sefton C, Allen TJ, Adamson A, Chapman P, Lam BYH, Yeo GSH, Coll AP, Harno E, White A. Global transcriptomic analysis of the arcuate nucleus following chronic glucocorticoid treatment. Mol Metab 2019; 26:5-17. [PMID: 31176677 PMCID: PMC6667392 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely prescribed medications that are well recognized to cause adverse metabolic effects including hyperphagia, obesity, and hyperglycemia. These effects have been recapitulated in a murine model of GC excess, and we hypothesize that they are mediated, in part, through central mechanisms. This study aimed to identify genes in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) that are altered with GC treatment and evaluate their contribution to GC-induced metabolic abnormalities. METHODS Corticosterone (Cort; 75 μg/ml) was administered in the drinking water to male C57Bl/6J mice for 2 days or 4 weeks. Phenotypic analysis of each group was undertaken and central and peripheral tissues were collected for biochemical and mRNA analyses. Arcuate nuclei were isolated by laser capture microdissection and tissue analyzed by RNA-seq. RESULTS RNA-seq analysis of ARC tissue from 4 week Cort treated mice revealed 21 upregulated and 22 downregulated genes at a time when mice had increased food intake, expansion of adipose tissue mass, and insulin resistance. In comparison, after 2 days Cort treatment, when the main phenotypic change was increased food intake, RNA-seq identified 30 upregulated and 16 downregulated genes. Within the genes altered at 2 days were a range of novel genes but also those known to be regulated by GCs, including Fkbp5, Mt2, Fam107a, as well as some involved in the control of energy balance, such as Agrp, Sepp1, Dio2, and Nmb. Of the candidate genes identified by RNA-seq, type-II iodothyronine deiodinase (Dio2) was chosen for further investigation as it was increased (2-fold) with Cort, and has been implicated in the control of energy balance via the modulation of hypothalamic thyroid hormone availability. Targeted knockdown of Dio2 in the MBH using AAV-mediated CRISPR-Cas9 produced a mild attenuation in GC-induced brown adipose tissue weight gain, as well as a 56% reduction in the GC-induced increase in Agrp. However, this conferred no protection from GC-induced hyperphagia, obesity, or hyperglycemia. CONCLUSIONS This study identified a comprehensive set of genes altered by GCs in the ARC and enabled the selection of key candidate genes. Targeted knockdown of hypothalamic Dio2 revealed that it did not mediate the chronic GC effects on hyperphagia and hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Wray
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Alison Davies
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Charlotte Sefton
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Tiffany-Jayne Allen
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Antony Adamson
- Manchester Transgenic Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | | | - Brian Y H Lam
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Giles S H Yeo
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Anthony P Coll
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Erika Harno
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Anne White
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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20
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López-Espíndola D, García-Aldea Á, Gómez de la Riva I, Rodríguez-García AM, Salvatore D, Visser TJ, Bernal J, Guadaño-Ferraz A. Thyroid hormone availability in the human fetal brain: novel entry pathways and role of radial glia. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:2103-2119. [PMID: 31165302 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01896-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) are crucial for brain development; their deficiency during neurodevelopment impairs neural cell differentiation and causes irreversible neurological alterations. Understanding TH action, and in particular the mechanisms regulating TH availability in the prenatal human brain is essential to design therapeutic strategies for neurological diseases due to impaired TH signaling during neurodevelopment. We aimed at the identification of cells involved in the regulation of TH availability in the human brain at fetal stages. To this end, we studied the distribution of the TH transporters monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) and organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1C1 (OATP1C1), as well as the TH-metabolizing enzymes types 2 and 3 deiodinases (DIO2 and DIO3). Paraffin-embedded human brain sections obtained from necropsies of thirteen fetuses from 14 to 38 gestational weeks were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. We found these proteins localized along radial glial cells, in brain barriers, in Cajal-Retzius cells, in migrating fibers of the brainstem and in some neurons and glial cells with particular and complex spatiotemporal patterns. Our findings point to an important role of radial glia in controlling TH delivery and metabolism and suggest two additional novel pathways for TH availability in the prenatal human brain: the outer, and the inner cerebrospinal fluid-brain barriers. Based on our data we propose a model of TH availability for neural cells in the human prenatal brain in which several cell types have the ability to autonomously control the required TH content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela López-Espíndola
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CIB), Universidad de Valparaíso, Angamos 655, Reñaca, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Ángel García-Aldea
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Domenico Salvatore
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", 80133, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.a.r.l, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Theo J Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juan Bernal
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
- Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U708, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Guadaño-Ferraz
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
- Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U708, Madrid, Spain.
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21
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A transient window of hypothyroidism alters neural progenitor cells and results in abnormal brain development. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4662. [PMID: 30874585 PMCID: PMC6420655 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40249-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical heterotopias are clusters of ectopic neurons in the brain and are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders like epilepsy and learning disabilities. We have previously characterized the robust penetrance of a heterotopia in a rat model, induced by thyroid hormone (TH) disruption during gestation. However, the specific mechanism by which maternal TH insufficiency results in this birth defect remains unknown. Here we first determined the developmental window susceptible to endocrine disruption and describe a cellular mechanism responsible for heterotopia formation. We show that five days of maternal goitrogen treatment (10 ppm propylthiouracil) during the perinatal period (GD19-PN2) induces a periventricular heterotopia in 100% of the offspring. Beginning in the early postnatal brain, neurons begin to aggregate near the ventricles of treated animals. In parallel, transcriptional and architectural changes of this region were observed including decreased Sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression, abnormal cell adhesion, and altered radial glia morphology. As the ventricular epithelium is juxtaposed to two sources of brain THs, the cerebrospinal fluid and vasculature, this progenitor niche may be especially susceptible to TH disruption. This work highlights the spatiotemporal vulnerabilities of the developing brain and demonstrates that a transient period of TH perturbation is sufficient to induce a congenital abnormality.
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Stepien BK, Huttner WB. Transport, Metabolism, and Function of Thyroid Hormones in the Developing Mammalian Brain. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:209. [PMID: 31001205 PMCID: PMC6456649 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ever since the discovery of thyroid hormone deficiency as the primary cause of cretinism in the second half of the 19th century, the crucial role of thyroid hormone (TH) signaling in embryonic brain development has been established. However, the biological understanding of TH function in brain formation is far from complete, despite advances in treating thyroid function deficiency disorders. The pleiotropic nature of TH action makes it difficult to identify and study discrete roles of TH in various aspect of embryogenesis, including neurogenesis and brain maturation. These challenges notwithstanding, enormous progress has been achieved in understanding TH production and its regulation, their conversions and routes of entry into the developing mammalian brain. The endocrine environment has to adjust when an embryo ceases to rely solely on maternal source of hormones as its own thyroid gland develops and starts to produce endogenous TH. A number of mechanisms are in place to secure the proper delivery and action of TH with placenta, blood-brain interface, and choroid plexus as barriers of entry that need to selectively transport and modify these hormones thus controlling their active levels. Additionally, target cells also possess mechanisms to import, modify and bind TH to further fine-tune their action. A complex picture of a tightly regulated network of transport proteins, modifying enzymes, and receptors has emerged from the past studies. TH have been implicated in multiple processes related to brain formation in mammals-neuronal progenitor proliferation, neuronal migration, functional maturation, and survival-with their exact roles changing over developmental time. Given the plethora of effects thyroid hormones exert on various cell types at different developmental periods, the precise spatiotemporal regulation of their action is of crucial importance. In this review we summarize the current knowledge about TH delivery, conversions, and function in the developing mammalian brain. We also discuss their potential role in vertebrate brain evolution and offer future directions for research aimed at elucidating TH signaling in nervous system development.
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O’Shaughnessy KL, Wood CR, Ford RL, Kosian PA, Hotchkiss MG, Degitz SJ, Gilbert ME. Thyroid Hormone Disruption in the Fetal and Neonatal Rat: Predictive Hormone Measures and Bioindicators of Hormone Action in the Developing Cortex. Toxicol Sci 2018; 166:163-179. [PMID: 30085217 PMCID: PMC6727986 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse neurodevelopmental consequences remain a primary concern when evaluating the effects of thyroid hormone (TH) disrupting chemicals. Though the developing brain is a known target of TH insufficiency, the relationship between THs in the serum and the central nervous system is not well characterized. To address this issue, dose response experiments were performed in pregnant rats using the goitrogen propylthiouracil (PTU) (dose range 0.1-10 ppm). THs were quantified in the serum and brain of offspring at gestational day 20 (GD20) and postnatal day 14 (PN14), two developmental stages included in OECD and EPA regulatory guideline/guidance studies. From the dose response data, the quantitative relationships between THs in the serum and brain were determined. Next, targeted gene expression analyses were performed in the fetal and neonatal cortex to test the hypothesis that TH action in the developing brain is linked to changes in TH concentrations within the tissue. Results show a significant reduction of T4/T3 in the serum and brain of the GD20 fetus in response to low doses of PTU; interestingly, very few genes were significantly different at any dose tested. In the PN14 pup significant reductions of T4/T3 in the serum and brain were also detected; however, twelve transcriptional targets were identified in the neonatal cortex that correlated well with reduced brain THs. These results show that serum T4 is a good predictor of brain THs, and offer several target genes that could serve as pragmatic readouts of T4/T3 dysfunction within the PN14 cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L. O’Shaughnessy
- Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science Education, Oak Ridge, Tennesse 37830
| | - Carmen R. Wood
- Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Richard L. Ford
- Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science Education, Oak Ridge, Tennesse 37830
| | - Patricia A. Kosian
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota 55804
| | - Michelle G. Hotchkiss
- Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Sigmund J. Degitz
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota 55804
| | - Mary E. Gilbert
- Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
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Bárez-López S, Hartley MD, Grijota-Martínez C, Scanlan TS, Guadaño-Ferraz A. Sobetirome and its Amide Prodrug Sob-AM2 Exert Thyromimetic Actions in Mct8-Deficient Brain. Thyroid 2018; 28:1211-1220. [PMID: 29845892 PMCID: PMC6154442 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of function mutations in the thyroid hormone (TH)-specific cell membrane transporter, the monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8), lead to profound psychomotor retardation and abnormal TH serum levels, with low thyroxine (T4) and high triiodothyronine (T3). Several studies point to impaired TH transport across brain barriers as a crucial pathophysiological mechanism resulting in cerebral hypothyroidism. Treatment options for MCT8-deficient patients are limited and are focused on overcoming the brain barriers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of the TH analog sobetirome and its prodrug Sob-AM2 to access the brain and exert thyromimetic actions in the absence of Mct8. METHODS Juvenile wild-type (Wt) mice and mice lacking Mct8 and deiodinase type 2 (Mct8/Dio2KO) were treated systemically with daily injections of vehicle, 1 mg of sobetirome/kg body weight/day, or 0.3 mg of Sob-AM2/kg body weight/day for seven days. Sobetirome content was measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and T4 and T3 levels by specific radioimmunoassays. The effect of sobetirome treatment in the expression of T3-dependent genes was measured in the heart, liver, and cerebral cortex by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Sob-AM2 treatment in Mct8/Dio2KO animals led to 1.8-fold more sobetirome content in the brain and 2.5-fold less in plasma in comparison to the treatment with the parent drug sobetirome. Both sobetirome and Sob-AM2 treatments in Mct8/Dio2KO mice greatly decreased plasma T4 and T3 levels. Dio1 and Ucp2 gene expression was altered in the liver of Mct8/Dio2KO mice and was not affected by the treatments. In the heart, Hcn2 but not Atp2a2 expression was increased after treatment with the analogs. Interestingly, both sobetirome and Sob-AM2 treatments increased the expression of several T3-dependent genes in the brain such as Hr, Abcd2, Mme, and Flywch2 in Mct8/Dio2KO mice. CONCLUSIONS Sobetirome and its amide prodrug Sob-AM2 can access the brain in the absence of Mct8 and exert thyromimetic actions modulating the expression of T3-dependent genes. At the peripheral level, the administration of these TH analogs results in the depletion of circulating T4 and T3. Therefore, sobetirome and Sob-AM2 have the potential to address the cerebral hypothyroidism and the peripheral hyperthyroidism characteristic of MCT8 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Bárez-López
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (Ciberer), Unit 708, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Meredith D. Hartley
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Carmen Grijota-Martínez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas S. Scanlan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Address correspondence to:Thomas S. Scanlan, PhDDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology and Program in Chemical BiologyOregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, OR 97239
| | - Ana Guadaño-Ferraz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (Ciberer), Unit 708, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Ana Guadaño-Ferraz, PhDDepartment of Endocrine and Nervous System PathophysiologyInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto SolsConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de MadridArturo Duperier 4E-28029 MadridSpain
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25
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Hernandez A, Stohn JP. The Type 3 Deiodinase: Epigenetic Control of Brain Thyroid Hormone Action and Neurological Function. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061804. [PMID: 29921775 PMCID: PMC6032375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) influence multiple processes in the developing and adult central nervous system, and their local availability needs to be maintained at levels that are tailored to the requirements of their biological targets. The local complement of TH transporters, deiodinase enzymes, and receptors is critical to ensure specific levels of TH action in neural cells. The type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO3) inactivates THs and is highly present in the developing and adult brain, where it limits their availability and action. DIO3 deficiency in mice results in a host of neurodevelopmental and behavioral abnormalities, demonstrating the deleterious effects of TH excess, and revealing the critical role of DIO3 in the regulation of TH action in the brain. The fact the Dio3 is an imprinted gene and that its allelic expression pattern varies across brain regions and during development introduces an additional level of control to deliver specific levels of hormone action in the central nervous system (CNS). The sensitive epigenetic nature of the mechanisms controlling the genomic imprinting of Dio3 renders brain TH action particularly susceptible to disruption due to exogenous treatments and environmental exposures, with potential implications for the etiology of human neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Hernandez
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA.
- Graduate School for Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - J Patrizia Stohn
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA.
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26
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Lucia FS, Pacheco-Torres J, González-Granero S, Canals S, Obregón MJ, García-Verdugo JM, Berbel P. Transient Hypothyroidism During Lactation Arrests Myelination in the Anterior Commissure of Rats. A Magnetic Resonance Image and Electron Microscope Study. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:31. [PMID: 29755326 PMCID: PMC5935182 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone deficiency at early postnatal ages affects the cytoarchitecture and function of neocortical and telencephalic limbic areas, leading to impaired associative memory and in a wide spectrum of neurological and mental diseases. Neocortical areas project interhemispheric axons mostly through the corpus callosum and to a lesser extent through the anterior commissure (AC), while limbic areas mostly project through the AC and hippocampal commissures. Functional magnetic resonance data from children with late diagnosed congenital hypothyroidism and abnormal verbal memory processing, suggest altered ipsilateral and contralateral telencephalic connections. Gestational hypothyroidism affects AC development but the possible effect of transient and chronic postnatal hypothyroidism, as occurs in late diagnosed neonates with congenital hypothyroidism and in children growing up in iodine deficient areas, still remains unknown. We studied AC development using in vivo magnetic resonance imaging and electron microscopy in hypothyroid and control male rats. Four groups of methimazole (MMI) treated rats were studied. One group was MMI-treated from postnatal day (P) 0 to P21; some of these rats were also treated with L-thyroxine (T4) from P15 to P21, as a model for early transient hypothyroidism. Other rats were MMI-treated from P0 to P150 and from embryonic day (E) 10 to P170, as a chronic hypothyroidism group. The results were compared with age paired control rats. The normalized T2 signal using magnetic resonance image was higher in MMI-treated rats and correlated with the number and percentage of myelinated axons. Using electron microscopy, we observed decreased myelinated axon number and density in transient and chronic hypothyroid rats at P150, unmyelinated axon number increased slightly in chronic hypothyroid rats. In MMI-treated rats, the myelinated axon g-ratio and conduction velocity was similar to control rats, but with a decrease in conduction delays. These data show that early postnatal transient and chronic hypothyroidism alters AC maturation that may affect the transfer of information through the AC. The alterations cannot be recovered after delayed T4-treatment. Our data support the neurocognitive delay found in late T4-treated children with congenital hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico S. Lucia
- Departamento de Histología y Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Jesús Pacheco-Torres
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - Susana González-Granero
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago Canals
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - María-Jesús Obregón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. García-Verdugo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pere Berbel
- Departamento de Histología y Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Alicante, Spain
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27
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Gan EH, Razvi S. The role of local thyroid hormone perturbation in hippocampal sclerosis dementia-commentary on a multi-modality study. Gland Surg 2018; 6:604-607. [PMID: 29302474 DOI: 10.21037/gs.2017.05.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Earn H Gan
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead NE9 6SX, UK
| | - Salman Razvi
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead NE9 6SX, UK
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28
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Abstract
The actions of thyroid hormones on brain development and function are due primarily to regulation of gene expression. Identification of direct transcriptional responses requires cell culture approaches given the difficulty of in vivo studies. Here, we describe the use of primary cells in culture obtained from embryonic mouse cerebral cortex, to identify the set of genes regulated directly and indirectly by T3 using RNA-Seq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bernal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.
- Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Morte
- Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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29
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Vitalis T, Mariani J. Retinoid receptor-related orphan receptor alpha: a key gene setting brain circuits. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:791-794. [PMID: 29862999 PMCID: PMC5998629 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.232462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinoid receptor-related orphan receptor alpha (RORα) is thought to act as a constitutive activator of transcription by binding to the ROR response element (RORE) of target genes. Several mouse models in which RORα is defective have revealed the decisive roles of RORα on the development, maturation and neuroprotection of various cerebral regions including the cerebellar and somatosensory systems. We have recently shown that RORα is needed for accurate thalamic sensory system organization and somatosensory cortex development. The phenotype of various RORα deficient mice models (staggerer mutant or mouse lacking RORα in specific somatosensory regions) is, in part, reminiscent of what has been described in mice lacking thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3). As in in vitro studies or in other models, our studies strongly suggest that the T3/RORα-pathway, among others, is in part responsible for the staggerer phenotype. We have indeed identified some genes that were both regulated by T3 and RORα and that are known to be implicated in the cerebellar or somatosensory system development. Moreover, several groups have shown that RORα is at the crossroad of many biological processes and pathologies, including psychiatric and degenerative disorders. In particular, defective RORα-signalling has been demonstrated in humans to be associated with the emergence of autistic-like disorders. We believe that determining the appropriate amount of RORα activity could be crucial in detecting and preventing the emergence of specific brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Vitalis
- PROTECT, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris Diderot; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jean Mariani
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Université; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8256, Institut de Biologie de Paris Seine (IBPS), Biological adaptation and ageing (B2A), Team Brain Development, Repair and Ageing; Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Départements Hospitalo-Universitaires FAST, Institut de la Longévité, Ivry-Sur-Seine, France
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30
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Richard S, Flamant F. Regulation of T3 Availability in the Developing Brain: The Mouse Genetics Contribution. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:265. [PMID: 29892264 PMCID: PMC5985302 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in maternal thyroid physiology may have deleterious consequences on the development of the fetal brain, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive, hampering the development of appropriate therapeutic strategies. The present review sums up the contribution of genetically modified mouse models to this field. In particular, knocking out genes involved in thyroid hormone (TH) deiodination, transport, and storage has significantly improved the picture that we have of the economy of TH in the fetal brain and the underlying genetic program. These data pave the way for future studies to bridge the gap in knowledge between thyroid physiology and brain development.
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31
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Silva N, Louro B, Trindade M, Power DM, Campinho MA. Transcriptomics reveal an integrative role for maternal thyroid hormones during zebrafish embryogenesis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16657. [PMID: 29192226 PMCID: PMC5709499 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16951-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are essential for embryonic brain development but the genetic mechanisms involved in the action of maternal THs (MTHs) are still largely unknown. As the basis for understanding the underlying genetic mechanisms of MTHs regulation we used an established zebrafish monocarboxylic acid transporter 8 (MCT8) knock-down model and characterised the transcriptome in 25hpf zebrafish embryos. Subsequent mapping of differentially expressed genes using Reactome pathway analysis together with in situ expression analysis and immunohistochemistry revealed the genetic networks and cells under MTHs regulation during zebrafish embryogenesis. We found 4,343 differentially expressed genes and the Reactome pathway analysis revealed that TH is involved in 1681 of these pathways. MTHs regulated the expression of core developmental pathways, such as NOTCH and WNT in a cell specific context. The cellular distribution of neural MTH-target genes demonstrated their cell specific action on neural stem cells and differentiated neuron classes. Taken together our data show that MTHs have a role in zebrafish neurogenesis and suggest they may be involved in cross talk between key pathways in neural development. Given that the observed MCT8 zebrafish knockdown phenotype resembles the symptoms in human patients with Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome our data open a window into understanding the genetics of this human congenital condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Silva
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology Group, Centre for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Louro
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology Group, Centre for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Marlene Trindade
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology Group, Centre for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Deborah M Power
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology Group, Centre for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Marco A Campinho
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology Group, Centre for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal.
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32
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Deficiency of the Thyroid Hormone Transporter Monocarboxylate Transporter 8 in Neural Progenitors Impairs Cellular Processes Crucial for Early Corticogenesis. J Neurosci 2017; 37:11616-11631. [PMID: 29109240 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1917-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are essential for establishing layered brain structures, a process called corticogenesis, by acting on transcriptional activity of numerous genes. In humans, deficiency of the monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8), involved in cellular uptake of THs before their action, results in severe neurological abnormalities, known as the Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome. While the brain lesions predominantly originate prenatally, it remains unclear how and when exactly MCT8 dysfunction affects cellular processes crucial for corticogenesis. We investigated this by inducing in vivo RNAi vector-based knockdown of MCT8 in neural progenitors of the chicken optic tectum, a layered structure that shares many developmental features with the mammalian cerebral cortex. MCT8 knockdown resulted in cellular hypoplasia and a thinner optic tectum. This could be traced back to disrupted cell-cycle kinetics and a premature shift to asymmetric cell divisions impairing progenitor cell pool expansion. Birth-dating experiments confirmed diminished neurogenesis in the MCT8-deficient cell population as well as aberrant migration of both early-born and late-born neuroblasts, which could be linked to reduced reelin signaling and disorganized radial glial cell fibers. Impaired neurogenesis resulted in a reduced number of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons, but the latter additionally showed decreased differentiation. Moreover, an accompanying reduction in untransfected GABAergic neurons suggests hampered intercellular communication. These results indicate that MCT8-dependent TH uptake in the neural progenitors is essential for early events in corticogenesis, and help to understand the origin of the problems in cortical development and function in Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome patients.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Thyroid hormones (THs) are essential to establish the stereotypical layered structure of the human forebrain during embryonic development. Before their action on gene expression, THs require cellular uptake, a process facilitated by the TH transporter monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8). We investigated how and when dysfunctional MCT8 can induce brain lesions associated with the Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome, characterized by psychomotor retardation. We used the layered chicken optic tectum to model cortical development, and induced MCT8 deficiency in neural progenitors. Impaired cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation resulted in an underdeveloped optic tectum and a severe reduction in nerve cells. Our data underline the need for MCT8-dependent TH uptake in neural progenitors and stress the importance of local TH action in early development.
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Flamant F, Cheng SY, Hollenberg AN, Moeller LC, Samarut J, Wondisford FE, Yen PM, Refetoff S. Thyroid Hormone Signaling Pathways: Time for a More Precise Nomenclature. Endocrinology 2017; 158:2052-2057. [PMID: 28472304 PMCID: PMC6283428 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Current literature makes a distinction between two pathways for thyroid hormone signaling: genomic and nongenomic. However, this classification is a source of confusion. We propose a clarification in the nomenclature that may help to avoid unproductive controversies and favor progress in this field of research. Four types of thyroid hormone signaling are defined, and the experimental criteria for classification are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Flamant
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, INRA USC 1370, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Sheue-Yann Cheng
- Gene Regulation Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-6264
| | - Anthony N Hollenberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Lars C Moeller
- Division of Laboratory Research, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45127 Essen, Germany
| | - Jacques Samarut
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, INRA USC 1370, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
| | - Paul M Yen
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Department of Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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Hameed S, Patterson M, Dhillo WS, Rahman SA, Ma Y, Holton C, Gogakos A, Yeo GS, Lam BY, Polex-Wolf J, Fenske W, Bell J, Anastasovska J, Samarut J, Bloom SR, Bassett JD, Williams GR, Gardiner JV. Thyroid Hormone Receptor Beta in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus Is Essential for the Physiological Regulation of Food Intake and Body Weight. Cell Rep 2017; 19:2202-2209. [PMID: 28614708 PMCID: PMC5478879 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The obesity epidemic is a significant global health issue. Improved understanding of the mechanisms that regulate appetite and body weight will provide the rationale for the design of anti-obesity therapies. Thyroid hormones play a key role in metabolic homeostasis through their interaction with thyroid hormone receptors (TRs), which function as ligand-inducible transcription factors. The TR-beta isoform (TRβ) is expressed in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), a brain area important for control of energy homeostasis. Here, we report that selective knockdown of TRβ in the VMH of adult mice results in severe obesity due to hyperphagia and reduced energy expenditure. The observed increase in body weight is of a similar magnitude to murine models of the most extreme forms of monogenic obesity. These data identify TRβ in the VMH as a major physiological regulator of food intake and energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saira Hameed
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Michael Patterson
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK,Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4JD, UK
| | - Waljit S. Dhillo
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Sofia A. Rahman
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Yue Ma
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Christopher Holton
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Apostolos Gogakos
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Giles S.H. Yeo
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Brian Y.H. Lam
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Joseph Polex-Wolf
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Wiebke Fenske
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jimmy Bell
- Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jelena Anastasovska
- Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jacques Samarut
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Stephen R. Bloom
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - J.H. Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Graham R. Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK,Corresponding author
| | - James V. Gardiner
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK,Corresponding author
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Bernal J. Thyroid hormone regulated genes in cerebral cortex development. J Endocrinol 2017; 232:R83-R97. [PMID: 27852726 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The physiological and developmental effects of thyroid hormones are mainly due to the control of gene expression after interaction of T3 with the nuclear receptors. To understand the role of thyroid hormones on cerebral cortex development, knowledge of the genes regulated by T3 during specific stages of development is required. In our laboratory, we previously identified genes regulated by T3 in primary cerebrocortical cells in culture. By comparing these data with transcriptomics of purified cell types from the developing cortex, the cellular targets of T3 can be identified. In addition, many of the genes regulated transcriptionally by T3 have defined roles in cortex development, from which the role of T3 can be derived. This review analyzes the specific roles of T3-regulated genes in the different stages of cortex development within the physiological frame of the developmental changes of thyroid hormones and receptor concentrations in the human cerebral cortex during fetal development. These data indicate an increase in the sensitivity to T3 during the second trimester of fetal development. The main cellular targets of T3 appear to be the Cajal-Retzius and the subplate neurons. On the other hand, T3 regulates transcriptionally genes encoding extracellular matrix proteins, involved in cell migration and the control of diverse signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bernal
- Instituto de Investigaciones BiomédicasConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, and Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Nelson PT, Katsumata Y, Nho K, Artiushin SC, Jicha GA, Wang WX, Abner EL, Saykin AJ, Kukull WA, Fardo DW. Genomics and CSF analyses implicate thyroid hormone in hippocampal sclerosis of aging. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 132:841-858. [PMID: 27815632 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1641-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report evidence of a novel pathogenetic mechanism in which thyroid hormone dysregulation contributes to dementia in elderly persons. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on chromosome 12p12 were the initial foci of our study: rs704180 and rs73069071. These SNPs were identified by separate research groups as risk alleles for non-Alzheimer's neurodegeneration. We found that the rs73069071 risk genotype was associated with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) pathology among people with the rs704180 risk genotype (National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center/Alzheimer's Disease Genetic Consortium data; n = 2113, including 241 autopsy-confirmed HS cases). Furthermore, both rs704180 and rs73069071 risk genotypes were associated with widespread brain atrophy visualized by MRI (Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative data; n = 1239). In human brain samples from the Braineac database, both rs704180 and rs73069071 risk genotypes were associated with variation in expression of ABCC9, a gene which encodes a metabolic sensor protein in astrocytes. The rs73069071 risk genotype was also associated with altered expression of a nearby astrocyte-expressed gene, SLCO1C1. Analyses of human brain gene expression databases indicated that the chromosome 12p12 locus may regulate particular astrocyte-expressed genes induced by the active form of thyroid hormone, triiodothyronine (T3). This is informative biologically, because the SLCO1C1 protein transports thyroid hormone into astrocytes from blood. Guided by the genomic data, we tested the hypothesis that altered thyroid hormone levels could be detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from persons with HS pathology. Total T3 levels in CSF were elevated in HS cases (p < 0.04 in two separately analyzed groups), but not in Alzheimer's disease cases, relative to controls. No change was detected in the serum levels of thyroid hormone (T3 or T4) in a subsample of HS cases prior to death. We conclude that brain thyroid hormone perturbation is a potential pathogenetic factor in HS that may also provide the basis for a novel CSF-based clinical biomarker.
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Lema SC, Chow MI, Resner EJ, Westman AA, May D, Dittman AH, Hardy KM. Endocrine and metabolic impacts of warming aquatic habitats: differential responses between recently isolated populations of a eurythermal desert pupfish. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 4:cow047. [PMID: 27833749 PMCID: PMC5100229 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Temperatures of inland aquatic habitats are increasing with climate change, and understanding how fishes respond physiologically to thermal stress will be crucial for identifying species most susceptible to these changes. Desert fishes may be particularly vulnerable to rising temperatures because many species occupy only a fraction of their historical range and occur in habitats with already high temperatures. Here, we examined endocrine and metabolic responses to elevated temperature in Amargosa pupfish, Cyprinodon nevadensis amargosae. We studied C. n. amargosae from two habitats with distinct thermal conditions: the Amargosa River, which experiences diurnally and seasonally variable temperatures (0.2-40°C); and Tecopa Bore, a spring and marsh fed by hot groundwater (47.5°C) from an artesian borehole. These allopatric populations differ in morphology, and prior evidence suggests that temperature might contribute to these differences via altered thyroid hormone (TH) regulation of morphological development. Here, we document variation in hepatic iodothyronine deiodinase type 2 (dio2) and type 3 (dio3) and TH receptor β (trβ) gene transcript abundance between the Amargosa River and Tecopa Bore wild populations. Fish from these populations acclimated to 24 or 34°C retained differences in hepatic dio2, dio3 and trβ mRNAs and also varied in transcripts encoding the TH membrane transporters monocarboxylate transporter 8 (mct8) and organic anion-transporting protein 1c1 (oatp1c1). Tecopa Bore pupfish also exhibited higher dio2 and trβ mRNA levels in skeletal muscle relative to Amargosa River fish. Muscle citrate synthase activity was lower at 34°C for both populations, whereas lactate dehydrogenase activity and lactate dehydrogenase A-chain (ldhA) transcripts were both higher and 3,5,3'-triiodothryonine responsive in Tecopa Bore pupfish only. These findings reveal that local population variation and thermal experience interact to shape how pupfish respond to elevated temperatures, and point to the need to consider such interactions in management actions for desert fishes under a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Lema
- Biological Sciences Department, Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - Michelle I Chow
- Biological Sciences Department, Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - Emily J Resner
- Biological Sciences Department, Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - Alex A Westman
- Biological Sciences Department, Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - Darran May
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Andrew H Dittman
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Kristin M Hardy
- Biological Sciences Department, Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
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Flamant F. Futures Challenges in Thyroid Hormone Signaling Research. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:58. [PMID: 27445973 PMCID: PMC4916735 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The canonical pathway of thyroid hormone signaling involves its binding to nuclear receptors (TRs) acting directly on the transcription of a number of genes. Recent genome-wide studies revealed that chromatin occupancy by TR is not sufficient for transactivation of gene expression. Reciprocally, in some cases, DNA binding by TR may not be required for cellular response. This leaves many new questions to be addressed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Flamant
- École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, INRA, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- *Correspondence: Frédéric Flamant,
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