Investigation of the effects of morin on potassium bromate-induced brain damage in rats via different pathways with biochemical and histopathological methods

AIM

Potassium bromate (KBrO3) is a colorless, odorless substance used as a food additive. It causes multiple organ damage and neurotoxicity. Morin is a flavonoid from the Moraceae family known to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiapoptotic, antiautophagic, and neuroprotective properties. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of Morin against KBrO3-induced brain damage.

METHODS

62 mg/kg KBrO3 and 50-100 mg/kg Morin were administered to 35 male rats by oral gavage daily for 14 days. Various analyses were performed using molecular, biochemical, and histological methods.

RESULTS

The analyses results showed that KBrO3 application decreased antioxidant markers and raised lipid peroxidation in the brain tissue. The KBrO3 application triggered apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inflammation. Morin treatment increased enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant levels and decreased lipid peroxidation. In addition, Morin alleviated KBrO3-induced apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inflammation in the brain tissue. The histopathological analysis revealed an increase in degenerative changes, as well as pyknotic changes and vacuolization in cells, in neurons in the KBrO3 group. Increased hyperemia and congestion were detected in the meninges and vessels in the cerebral cortex.

CONCLUSION

KBrO3 application caused toxicity in the brain tissue and impaired tissue integrity, whereas Morin treatment alleviated KBrO3-induced toxicity.

Assessment of the gold nanoparticles biosynthesized using Casuarina equisetifolia bark extract against the ethion induced Hepato- and neurotoxicity in rats

Ethion (Etn) is classified as an organophosphate pesticide (OP) that causes toxicity even at low concentrations and targets the liver, brain, kidney, and blood. Gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) were biosynthesized from the whole methanolic extract of Casuarina equisetifolia bark, and their efficacy against Etn-induced hepato- and neurotoxicity in rats was assessed. In addition to determining conventional biochemical measurements, the target tissues (liver and brain) were examined for oxidative stress, inflammatory, and fibrotic markers. The protein and isoenzyme patterns were also assayed using an electrophoretic technique. Additionally, apoptotic gene expression was measured. The target tissues were also subjected to histopathological analysis. In all groups treated with C. equisetifolia bark gold nano-extract, it was observed that the levels of the hematological measurements that were impacted by the oral injection of Etn had recovered to normal. Regarding the biochemical measurements, the group that received nano-extract pretreatment showed greater improvement than the therapeutic group. The levels of inflammatory indicators significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.05), while the antioxidant system markers increased in both liver and brain tissues in the group that received the nano-extract beforehand. In both target tissues, especially in the pre-treated group, the nano-extract reduced the severity of the Etn-caused lesions. During electrophoretic assays, the nano-extract in the pre-treated group prevented the qualitative alterations indicated by the lowest similarity index (SI%) values of the Etn-injected group compared to the normal group. The molecular assay showed that the nano-extract reduced the expression of apoptotic genes that were markedly elevated in the Etn-injected rats, but it was unable to return their values to normalcy. The study concluded that in the group that received nano-extract pretreatment, the biochemical, histopathological, physiological, and molecular abnormalities caused by Etn were reduced by the C. equisetifolia bark gold nano-extract.

Protective effects of crocin against gentamicin-induced damage in rat testicular tissue: Modulating the levels of NF-κB/TLR-4 and Bax/Bcl-2/caspase-3 signaling pathways

This study investigated the protective effects of crocin (CRO) on gentamicin (GM)-induced testicular toxicity in adult rats, focusing on oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammatory pathways such as Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB)/Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR-4) and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax)/B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)/Caspase-3. Thirty-six male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into six groups: saline only, 25 mg/kg CRO, 50 mg/kg CRO, 80 mg/kg GM, 80 mg/kg GM + 25 mg/kg CRO, 80 mg/kg GM + 50 mg/kg CRO. Treatments were administered intraperitoneally for 8 days. GM increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) levels and reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in testicular tissue, indicating oxidative stress. Histopathology showed testicular degeneration. It also elevated Bax, Caspase-3, NF-κB, and TLR-4 expression while decreasing Bcl-2 levels, promoting apoptosis and inflammation. CRO treatment counteracted these effects by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity, restoring GSH levels, and reducing MDA. Furthermore, CRO exhibited antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties by modulating Bax/Bcl-2 and Caspase-3, and downregulating NF-κB/TLR-4 pathways. This study underscores crocin's protective effects against gentamicin-induced testicular toxicity through the modulation of key signaling pathways, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic strategy for aminoglycoside-induced reproductive damage.

The Potential Ability of Betulinic Acid to Prevent Experimentally Induced Acute Pancreatitis in Rats

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a serious pancreatic inflammatory disease that results in pancreatic enzyme activation and autodegradation. Betulinic acid (BA), a pentacyclic triterpene of natural origin that was isolated from several plants, has anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects that can help with AP. With this study, we aimed to investigate the potential positive effects of BA on l-arginine-induced AP. A total of 24 male rats were divided into four groups (control, BA, AP and BA + AP). Animals in the BA group were given BA 50 mg/kg/day for 7 days. AP was induced by administering two doses of 250-mg/100-g l-arginine to animals in the AP group. The animals in the BA + AP group were administered 50-mg/kg/day BA (gavage) for 7 days and two doses of 250-mg/100-g l-arginine on the seventh day. BA pretreatment inhibited the increased lipase activity caused by AP and showed protective activity against oxidative damage to pancreatic tissue. It decreased the severity of inflammation by suppressing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines while increasing the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. It showed a protective effect on pancreatic tissue by inhibiting tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) and Bax expression. The findings of the study show that BA exhibits multifaceted protective activity in experimental AP induced with l-arginine.

Empagliflozin Inhibits Cadmium-Induced Hepatic Cell Apoptosis Through Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Autophagy Pathways

Cadmium (Cd), a well-known toxic heavy metal, adversely affects multiple organs. The SGLT-2 inhibitor empagliflozin (EMPA) exhibits significant antioxidant properties and hypoglycemic potential. This study aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of EMPA against Cd-induced liver injury and elucidate its molecular mechanisms. Thirty-two male rats were allocated into four groups of eight rats each: group I (control group), group II (EMPA group), group III (Cd group), and group IV (Cd + EMPA group). Cd intake disrupted liver enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALP) and impaired hepatic histological architecture. Cd induced hepatic oxidative stress, as evidenced by increased MDA levels and reduced antioxidant enzymes, including SOD, GPx, and CAT. It downregulated the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and elevated proinflammatory mediators IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Furthermore, Cd increased ER stress markers GRP78 and CHOP, along with apoptotic markers Bax and caspase-3 while decreasing anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and reducing the autophagic indicator Beclin-1. Interestingly, EMPA administration in the Cd + EMPA group attenuated Cd-induced hepatic deterioration, improving hepatocyte structure. This beneficial effect was driven by the downregulation of hepatic oxidative stress, inflammation, ER stress, and apoptosis, alongside the upregulation of the autophagy process. In conclusion, this study highlights the hepatoprotective effect of EMPA against Cd-induced liver injury, elucidating its underlying molecular mechanisms.

Ceftriaxone has a neuroprotective effect in a whole-brain irradiation-induced neurotoxicity model by increasing GLT-1 and reducing oxidative stress

BACKGROUND

Radiation-induced brain injury is a prominent side effect of whole-brain irradiation (IR) due to triggered oxidative and inflammatory processes, often resulting in severe and debilitating cognitive dysfunction and neuronal damage. The development of persistent oxidative stress results from radiation-induced reactive oxygen species. Another result is the initiation of glutamate excitotoxicity, which is closely associated with changes in glutamate levels. Elevated release or reduced glutamate uptake disrupts neuronal homeostasis, leading to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. The neuroprotective and antioxidant properties of ceftriaxone (CTX) have been linked to its ability to reduce glutamate excitotoxicity, inflammation, and to modulate oxidative stress.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty-one female Wistar rats were included in the study, and 14 of them underwent whole-brain IR with a single dose of 20 Gy on day 7. Saline and CTX applications continued for 21 days. The animals were divided into three groups: group 1: normal control; group 2: IR + saline; and group 3: IR + CTX. To compare the groups, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical test was employed, with a significance threshold set at p < 0.05.

RESULTS

Ceftriaxone treatment had a positive impact on the results of various assessments, e.g., behavioral tests including the three-chamber sociability test, the open-field test, and passive avoidance learning. It also led to increased counts of hippocampal CA1, CA3, and Purkinje neurons as well as elevated brain levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Conversely, CTX reduced the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunostaining index as well as brain levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α).

CONCLUSION

Ceftriaxone demonstrated promising effectiveness in mitigating radiation-induced neurocognitive impairments and the deterioration of social memory capacity. This effect is achieved by reducing neuronal loss, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation in irradiated rat brains. Furthermore, the application of CTX facilitated removal of excess glutamate from synapses, thus preventing glutamate excitotoxicity and protecting neurons from excitotoxic cell death.

Investigation of the effect of tannic acid on doxorubicin-ınduced testicular damage and functions in a rat model

Reproductive and testicular toxicity is one of the most important side effects of doxorubicin (DOX), a chemotherapy drug. In our study, we investigated the ameliorative effect of tannic acid (TA), a polyphenol, against DOX-induced testicular and reproductive toxicity in rats. For this purpose, rats divided into four groups (n = 5 each). Rats were treated with DOX cumulatively 30 mg/kg (5 mg/kg by six equal injections) for 2 weeks to induce testicular toxicity. Rats were then treated daily with TA (50 mg/kg) and DOX + TA combination. After treatments, animals were decapitated and testicular tissues were removed. Then, to examine the effect of DOX and TA treatments on oxidative stress, changes in Sod, Cat, Gpx, Gst, and Gr specific activities and mRNA levels were determined. To determine the effects on inflammation, changes in the expression levels of Tnf-α, IL6, Foxo1, Foxo3, Cox2, and Inos genes were examined. In order to examine the therapeutic effect of TA on the spermatogenesis process, mRNA levels of Dazl, Amh, and Ddx4, which regulate reproductive functions, were determined. Additionally, changes in oxidative damage markers GSH, MDA, 8-OHdG, iNOS, and TNF-a and changes in mitochondrial DNA copy number were also investigated. The results showed that DOX treatment caused a decrease in the levels of oxidative stress and reproductive parameters and an increase in inflammation and DNA damage parameters. However, it was determined that oxidative stress, inflammation, and tissue damage decreased in testicular tissue after TA treatment. In addition, it was observed that TA also improved the expression levels of reproductive genes. When all the data were evaluated together, it was determined that TA administration has a therapeutic effect against the damage and toxicity caused by DOX.

Antioxidative Action of Alpha-Linolenic Acid during Its Gastroprotective Effect in an Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Injury Model

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are known to have beneficial effects. In particular, the consumption of omega-3 PUFAs has recently increased because of their effects on human health. Previous studies have investigated the activity of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA; C:18 omega-3) in metabolism and inflammation models. In a murine model of colitis, treatment with ALA effectively reduced inflammation. Previously, our research group identified the protective action of docosahexaenoic acid against gastric damage caused by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The present study aimed to examine the impact of ALA in an indomethacin-induced gastric injury model and to determine its antioxidant activity in gastric tissue. Female Wistar rats were administered ALA over 10 days (20 mg/kg, orally). Two hours after the final ALA administration, the rats were given indomethacin (30 mg/kg, orally) to induce gastric injury. After 3 h, the rats were euthanized, and each stomach lesion was measured to determine the total damage. Stomach tissue samples were collected for the analysis of various antioxidant indicators. The results show ALA's gastroprotective effect following 10-day administration. ALA treatment significantly reduced gastric reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels in the indomethacin-induced injury group. Moreover, ALA treatment decreased the levels of nitric oxide, myeloperoxidase, leukotriene B4, and increased glutathione following indomethacin administration. These results suggest that the gastroprotective effects of ALA are likely attributed to its role in the antioxidant pathway in indomethacin-induced gastric injury.

Darbepoetin alpha has neuroprotective effects in the hippocampus against long-term intermittent ethanol administration

The consumption of ethanol has detrimental effects on several organs, including the brain. One of the most important targets of ethanol toxicity in the brain is the hippocampus. The aim of our study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of darbepoetin alpha against neuronal damage caused by long-term intermittent ethanol exposure in the hippocampus. Forty male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups: control (C), ethanol (E), darbepoetin alpha (DA), and ethanol + darbepoetin alpha (E + DA). In this study, oxidative stress and antioxidant markers, S100-β and neuron specific enolase (NSE) were investigated in both brain tissue and serum. Additionally, brain tissues were examined using histopathological methods. S100-β and NSE levels were significantly elevated in the E group compared to the C group in both the brain tissue and serum. Furthermore, catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) levels, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzyme activities were significantly lower in both brain tissue and serum, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity in brain tissue was significantly reduced, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in brain tissue were markedly elevated in the E group. In the E + DA group, S100-β levels in both brain tissue and serum, NSE levels in serum, and MDA levels in brain tissue were significantly lower. Additionally, GPx activity in brain tissue and CAT levels in serum were significantly higher in the E + DA group compared to the E group. Histopathologically, the E group showed moderate neurodegeneration in the dentate gyrus, while the E + DA group exhibited mild neurodegeneration. In conclusion, DA reversed the degenerative effects of long-term intermittent ethanol exposure on the hippocampus by improving oxidative stress parameters and reducing neuronal injury.

Protection of lutein against the toxic effect of cisplatin on liver in male rat

OBJECTIVE

A major challenge in cancer treatment is the detrimental effects of anticancer drugs on healthy organs and tissues. This study aims to investigate the protective effects of Lutein (LU) against Cisplatin (CT)-induced toxicity in rat liver, utilizing biochemical and histopathological assessments.

METHODS

In this study, CT was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) at a dose of 10 mg/kg, while LU was administered orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg. The experiment was conducted over a 7-day period with 28 male Sprague-Dawley rats (weighing 210-265 g, aged 11 weeks), divided into four groups (n = 7): Control, LU, CT, and CT + LU.

RESULTS

CT-induced liver injury was identified as a dose-limiting side effect of CT. Compared to the CT group, the CT + LU group exhibited a significant decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and an increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels. In the CT group, a significant increase in the levels of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was observed, compared to the control group (p < 0.05). When comparing the CT + LU group with the CT group, a significant reduction in the levels of GGT, ALT, AST, and LDH was observed (p < 0.05). Histopathological analysis revealed liver damage in the CT group, characterized by leukocyte infiltration, sinusoidal dilatation, Councilman body formation, and hepatocellular degeneration and steatosis. In contrast, the CT + LU group exhibited only mild sinusoidal dilatation, with no other significant lesions. Immunohistochemical analysis showed positive staining for tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and caspase-3 in the liver tissue of CT group rats, which was significantly reduced in the CT + LU group. The staining pattern in the CT + LU group was similar to that of the control and LU groups.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study suggest that LU mitigates oxidative stress, enhances antioxidant defences, and supports liver function. Furthermore, LU demonstrates a protective effect against CT-induced liver damage, indicating its potential as a pharmacological agent for preventing CT-induced hepatic injury.

Aluminum chloride (AlCl3) alters the physiological response of rainbow trout

Fish production in terrestrial recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) has steadily increased over the past decades. Therefore, several studies, both in freshwater and seawater, have shown that increased water reuse in RAS leads to increased levels of heavy metals in the bodies of fish. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact on the physiology, osmoregulatory mechanisms, and antioxidant response in fingerlings of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to varying doses of AlCl3 within a recirculation system. Changes in gills, N+-K+-ATPase activity and H+-ATPase activity, plasma osmolality, lactate, glucose, chloride levels, and gills and liver oxidative stress responses were used to monitor physiology responses. As a result, AlCl3 exposure modified responses in rainbow trout. Plasma parameters increased during the 6-day exposure, while lactate levels decreased in both doses. The enzymatic activities of antioxidant enzymes and the NKA pump increased when fish were exposed to high and low doses of aluminum chloride. Gene expression of glutathione reductase and peroxidase transcripts increased and decreased respectively in the liver, contrary to that observed in gill tissue. AlCl3 was also observed in liver and gill tissues. This study shows that exposure to AlCl3 affects ion regulation and oxidative stress in rainbow trout fry.

Supplemental effect of dietary nucleotides on hematological profile, hepatic biomarkers, antioxidant capacity, and digestive functions in Sterlet sturgeon, Acipenser ruthenus

This study investigated the effects of dietary nucleotides (NTs) on hematological indices, hepatic biomarkers, antioxidant capacity, digestive functions, and intestinal histomorphology of Sterlet sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus). Over 10 weeks, five diets with varying levels of NTs (0 g/kg, 1.5 g/kg, 2.5 g/kg, 3.5 g/kg, and 5.0 g/kg) were fed to triplicate groups of the fish (initial weight: 95.33 ± 1.23 g) in a flow-through system. The results indicated that final weight and relative growth rate reached the highest values in fish fed with the 5.0 g/kg NTs supplemented diet (p < 0.05). The fish fed NTs-supplemented diets also had lower feed conversion ratios than those fed the basal diet (p < 0.05). While total leukocytes were increased by increasing the dietary NTs supplementation to the highest value in the fish fed with 3.5 g/kg NTs, no significant differences were obtained in RBC, Hb, MCHC, HCT, and eosinophil values among the experimental groups (p > 0.05). The highest WBC count was seen in the fish fed with 3.5 g/kg NTs compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The serum hepatic enzyme levels generally decreased with higher NTs supplementation, although alanine transaminase significantly increased at the 5.0 g/kg level (p < 0.05). The antioxidant capacity was improved in the fish fed with NTs at 0.25 and 0.35 g/kg (p < 0.05), while the serum malondialdehyde level was decreased up to 3.5 g/kg NTs but it was increased at 5.0 g/kg (p < 0.05). The protease and amylase activities peaked in the fish receiving 3.5 g/kg NTs (p < 0.05), with the highest lipase activity obtained in 2.5 g/kg NTs (p < 0.05). The intestinal histology revealed that the fish fed with NTs at 3.5 g/kg exhibited the greatest villus height and width, along with more goblet cells (p < 0.05). Based on the second-order polynomial regression analysis, the optimum dietary levels of NTs for positive effects on physiometabolic responses and intestine functions of the Sterlet sturgeon lies in the range of 2.2-3.6 g/kg.

Costunolide, an effective agent against oxidative damage, apoptosis and autophagy in the ovarian torsion/detorsion model

AIM

This study assessed the efficacy of costunolide (COST) against oxidative tissue damage in the ovarian torsion/detorsion (TD) model.

METHODOLOGY

Animals were randomly assigned to sham, ovarian TD, COST 5 mg/kg + ovarian TD, and COST 10 mg/kg + ovarian TD groups. COST's effectiveness was determined by assessing oxidative stress markers, interleukin levels, and histopathological examinations.

RESULTS

Oxidative stress markers were elevated in the ovarian TD group compared to the sham group. COST treatment represented a decline compared to the TD group. Besides, the antioxidant activity was significantly higher in the ovarian TD group than in the sham group. COST treatment improved the antioxidant parameters compared to the TD group. Inflammatory parameters, such as tumour necrosis factor- alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β) were higher in the ovarian TD group than the sham group.

CONCLUSION

COST treatment suppressed the proinflammatory cytokine expression compared to the TD group. Histopathological data supported these findings.

Fibrin scaffold encapsulated with epigallocatechin gallate microspheres promote neural regeneration and motor function recovery after traumatic spinal cord injury in rats

Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) is a serious medical issue where there is a loss of sensorimotor function. Current interventions continue to lack the ability to successfully enhance these conditions, therefore, it is crucial to consider alternative effective strategies. Currently, we investigated the effects of fibrin scaffold encapsulated with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) microspheres in the recovery of SCI in rats. A total of sixty mature male Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into four groups of the same size: TSCI, fibrin, EGCG, and Fibrin+EGCG. Samples of tissue were gathered at the location of the injury for additional examination. The treatment groups showed significantly higher levels of neurons, antioxidative biomarkers (T-AOC: total antioxidant capacity, GSH: glutathione, and SOD: superoxide dismutase), neurofilament light polypeptide (NEFL) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) genes, and neurological function scores compared to the TSCI group, with the Fibrin+EGCG group displaying the most noticeable improvements. Throughout the treatment process, there was a notable reduction in the amounts of apoptotic and glial cells, as well as levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and proinflammatory genes (TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-1β: interleukin-1 beta), especially in the Fibrin+EGCG group compared to the TSCI group. Our findings suggest that EGCG enclosed in microspheres could enhance the prevention of injury spreading and the enhancement of pathological and behavioral symptoms when delivered to the location of spinal cord injury using a fibrin scaffold.

The protective effects of melatonin against electromagnetic waves of cell phones in animal models: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Due to the widespread use of cell phone devices today, numerous research studies have focused on the adverse effects of electromagnetic radiation on human neuropsychological and reproductive systems. In most studies, oxidative stress has been identified as the primary pathophysiological mechanism underlying the harmful effects of electromagnetic waves. This paper aims to provide a holistic review of the protective effects of melatonin against cell phone-induced electromagnetic waves on various organs.

METHODS

This study is a systematic review of articles chosen by searching Google Scholar, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct using the keywords 'melatonin', 'cell phone radiation', and 'animal model'. The search focused on articles written in English, which were reviewed and evaluated. The PRISMA process was used to review the articles chosen for the study, and the JBI checklist was used to check the quality of the reviewed articles.

RESULTS

In the final review of 11 valid quality-checked articles, the effects of melatonin in the intervention group, the effects of electromagnetic waves in the case group, and the amount of melatonin in the chosen organ, i.e. brain, skin, eyes, testis and the kidney were thoroughly examined. The review showed that electromagnetic waves increase cellular anti-oxidative activity in different tissues such as the brain, the skin, the eyes, the testis, and the kidneys. Melatonin can considerably augment the anti-oxidative system of cells and protect tissues; these measurements were significantly increased in control groups. Electromagnetic waves can induce tissue atrophy and cell death in various organs including the brain and the skin and this effect was highly decreased by melatonin.

CONCLUSION

Our review confirms that melatonin effectively protects the organs of animal models against electromagnetic waves. In light of this conclusion and the current world-wide use of melatonin, future studies should advance to the stages of human clinical trials. We also recommend that more research in the field of melatonin physiology is conducted in order to protect exposed cells from dying and that melatonin should be considered as a pharmaceutical option for treating the complications resulting from electromagnetic waves in humans.

Hot and toxic: Accumulation dynamics and ecotoxicological responses of mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed to marine biotoxins during a marine heatwave

Climate change is increasing marine heatwaves (MHWs) frequency and severity worldwide. These extreme events often cause bivalves' mass mortality and facilitate the growth, proliferation and dispersion of toxin-producing microalgae blooms associated with threats to seafood safety. Yet, the interactive effects between MHW and uptake of marine biotoxins by biota are a novel topic still lacking thorough research, from both the ecotoxicological and seafood safety standpoints. This study assessed the effects of a MHW event on the accumulation/elimination dynamics of diarrhetic shellfish toxins in Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed to Prorocentrum lima and the ecotoxicological responses of mussels co-exposed to these two stressors. Results showed that acute exposure to +4 °C reduced toxins accumulation (-49 %) and elimination (-77 %) compared to control temperature. Moreover, exposure to MHW and toxins affected mussels' antioxidant activity, lipid and protein damage, and metabolism in a tissue-specific manner. These findings highlight that M. galloprovincialis can face higher vulnerability to toxins when MHW events strike.

Punica granatum L. peel extract protects diabetic nephropathy by activating the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway

Diabetes raises cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide and causes retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy. Punica granatum L. (Pomegranate) is a fruit that has been used for its medicinal properties in various cultures. This article aims to investigate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic activity of Punica granatum L. peel ethanol extract (PGE) and its efficacy on NF-κB and Nrf-2/HO-1 signaling pathways in kidney tissue of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Single dose STZ 60 mg/kg/i.p. rats were given to induce diabetes and blood glucose measurements were taken 7 days later. PGE 10 mg/kg/p.o. administered to the treatment groups for 20 days. Blood, kidney, and pancreas samples taken from anesthetized rats were analyzed biochemically and histopathologically. It was observed that STZ increased the levels of urea, uric acid and creatine in the blood, while PGE significantly decreased these parameters. The diabetic group had higher MDA and lower renal tissue GSH level, CAT, GPx, and SOD activity than the control group. STZ also enhanced inflammation, apoptosis, Bax, Caspase-3, and NF-κB expression, and decreased Bcl-2, HO-1, and Nrf-2 expression. Experimental results showed that PGE has the potential to alleviate the harmful effects on the kidney and pancreas by altering the mentioned parameters in diabetic rats.

Propolis Extract Reduces Doxorubucin-Induced Brain Damage by Regulating Inflammation, ER Stress, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis

Doxorubicin (DOX) is the most widely used chemotherapeutic agent to treat various tumors. DOX treatment can damage many organs, including the brain, by causing oxidative stress. Several antioxidant substances can lessen the effects of DOX or make antioxidant defense systems work faster. Propolis (PROP) is a powerful agent with various healing effects, including antioxidant, antiproliferative, and anti-inflammatory. The point of this study is to look at the histopathological changes, apoptosis, and antioxidant effects of DOX on brain damage in rats. To find out what kinds of phytochemicals were in PROP from the Karlıova region of Bingöl province, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC-Orbitrap-HRMS) was used. Then, we made an ethanol extract of it. A total of 28 healthy male Wistar albino rats, each 12 weeks old and weighing between 220 and 250 g, were included in the study. Rats were divided into four groups: control, PROP, DOX, and PROP+DOX. We applied the relevant treatments to the determined groups. Following the application, we decapitated the rats under the appropriate conditions and collected blood and brain tissue samples. We examined oxidative stress parameters in blood samples and used brain tissue samples for histopathological, biochemical, and molecular analyses. We determined DOX levels in the brain tissue samples using UHPLC-Orbitrap-HRMS. The findings obtained showed that the PROP extract improved DOX-induced brain tissue damage. In addition, PROP extract attenuated DOX-induced brain tissue inflammation, ER stress, apoptosis, and oxidative stress.

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Attenuated Neurochemical and Histopathological Alterations Associated with Aluminium Chloride Intoxication in Rats

The present investigation explored the potential neuroprotective role of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) on aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-mediated Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like symptoms. Rats were distributed into four treatment groups equally: control, ZnONPs (4 mg/kg b.wt.), AlCl3 (100 mg/kg b.wt.), and ZnONPs + AlCl3 groups. Rats were treated for 42 consecutive days. ZnONPs injection into AlCl3-treated rats suppressed the development of oxidative challenge in the cortical and hippocampal tissues, as demonstrated by the decreased neuronal pro-oxidants (malondialdehyde and nitric oxide), and the increased glutathione and catalase levels. Additionally, ZnONPs injection showed anti-inflammatory potency in response to AlCl3 by decreasing levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β. Moreover, pretreatment with ZnONPs prevented neuronal cell loss by decreasing the level of pro-apoptotic caspase-3 and enhancing the anti-apoptotic B cell lymphoma 2. Furthermore, ZnONPs ameliorated the disturbed acetylcholinesterase activity, monoamines (norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin), excitatory (glutamic and aspartic acids), and inhibitory amino acids (GABA and glycine) in response to AlCl3 exposure. These findings indicate that ZnONPs may have the potential as an alternative therapy to minimize or prevent the neurological deficits in AD model by exhibiting antioxidative, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, and neuromodulatory effects.

Resveratrol attenuates cyclophosphamide-induced hepatic apoptosis in association with the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation in a rat model of acute liver injury

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an alkylating chemotherapy agent that induces liver toxicity by cross-linking DNA, causing cell apoptosis. While CP is effective in cancer treatment, its side effects on the liver are significant. Recent studies have indicated that antioxidants, such as resveratrol, may reduce these toxic effects. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of resveratrol in mitigating CP-induced hepatic apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation in rats. Twenty male mature Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups of equal size: control group, Resveratrol group which received resveratrol (20 mg/kg) for 15 consecutive days, CP group which received CP as a single dose (150 mg/kg) on day 16, and CP+Resveratrol group which was similar of the resveratrol and CP groups. Tissue samples were obtained for the histological, immunohistochemical, biochemical, and molecular evaluations. Findings showed that treatment with CP significantly decreased the total liver volume, numerical density of hepatocytes, length density of sinusoidals, and concentrations of antioxidative biomarkers (GSH and SOD). However, the CP+Resveratrol group exhibited notably greater values in these parameters compared to the CP group. Additionally, CP treatment resulted in a significant increase in serum levels of AST and ALT, higher numerical density of Kupffer cells, increased densities of apoptotic cells (increased Bax and caspase-3, and decreased Bcl-2 expression levels), elevated levels of MDA, and upregulated inflammatory genes (IL-1β and TNF-α). In contrast, co-treatment with resveratrol significantly reduced these parameters, suggesting its protective effects against CP-induced liver toxicity. We conclude that giving resveratrol can attenuate apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and histological alterations in the liver induced by CP toxicity.

The Role of Hematologic Markers, Procalcitonin and Neopterin in Inflammatory Response in Cattle With Theileria annulata

The disease named tropical theileriosis is caused by the protozoan pathogen Theileria annulata (T. annulata) transmitted through Hyalomma species ticks. The current study has been designed to determine the haematological, inflammatory and oxidative stress status in cattle naturally infected with T. annulata. The study consisted of two groups: a control group (10 cattle) and a theileriosis group (10 cattle). Compared to the control group, the animals in the theileriosis group exhibited a significant decrease in erythrocyte count, haemoglobin count, haematocrit levels and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, while a notable increase in mean corpuscular volume was observed (p < 0.001; p < 0.01; p < 0.01; p < 0.05; p < 0.05, respectively). However, no significant differences were found between the groups for the other haematological indices (p > 0.05). In terms of oxidative stress markers, the theileriosis group exhibited higher malondialdehyde (MDA) (p < 0.001) and significantly lower superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p < 0.001) levels compared to the control group. No significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of catalase (CAT) levels. Compared to the control group, haptoglobin (Hp) (p < 0.001) and procalcitonin (PCT) (p < 0.001) levels were significantly higher in the theileriosis group, while no significant difference was observed in neopterin levels between the two groups (p > 0.05). In conclusion, significant differences were identified in haematological indices, acute phase response, inflammatory marker levels, and oxidative stress marker levels in theileriosis. Additionally, Hp and PCT levels may be crucial in determining the inflammatory status.

Individual and combined antagonism of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and estrogen receptors (ERs) offers distinct level of protection against Bisphenol A (BPA)-induced pancreatic islet cell toxicity in mice

Bisphenol A (BPA), a pervasive endocrine-disrupting chemical, is known to convey harmful impact on pancreatic islets through estrogen receptors (ERs). Conversely, BPA can activate aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in certain contexts and has raised concerns about potential toxicological effects. However, BPA-AhR interaction in the context of pancreatic islet toxicity is yet to be reported. We demonstrated the specific role of AhR and its interaction with ERs to mediate BPA toxicity in pancreatic islets. In vitro, isolated islet cells treated with BPA (1 nM), with or without CH22319 (10 mM) and ICI182780 (1 mM) and insulin release, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), cell viability, and pERK1/2 and pAkt expression were measured. In vivo, mice were treated with BPA (10 and 100 µg/kg body weight/day for 21 days) with or without intraperitonial co-treatment of CH22319 (AhR antagonist, 10mg/kg), and ICI182780 (ER antagonist, 500 µg/kg). Glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers were measured. In vitro data revealed the involvement of AhR in the BPA-mediated alteration in insulin secretion, GSIS, and pERK1/2 and pAkt expression which were counteracted by CH223191 (AhR antagonist) alone or with ICI182780 (ER antagonist). Further, CH223191 alone or with ICI182780 modulated BPA-induced oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines and alleviated islet cell dysfunction and impaired insulin secretion. In conclusion, therapeutic targeting of AhR and ER combined might be a promising target against diabetogenic action of BPA.

Jasminum humile extract mitigates carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats by modulating inflammatory and antioxidant signalling pathways

BACKGROUND

Jasminum humile is widely used in traditional medicines to treat hard lumps, mouth inflammation, ringworms, and other infections. Leaf decoction of the plant is known to be effective in treating various skin conditions. In addition, root juice is traditionally utilized as a remedy for ringworm infections. Studies have reported that J. humile contains various antioxidant metabolites with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, J. humile chloroform extract (JHC) was investigated for anti-inflammatory effects against carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rat models.

METHODS

High-performance liquid chromatography was used to examine phenolic compounds present in JHC. The in-vivo anti-inflammatory activities were investigated using carrageenan-induced paw oedema rat models, while indomethacin was referred to as positive control. Therapeutic properties of JHC were examined by assessing paw volumes, motility score, and inflammatory proteins in serum. The anti-inflammatory nature of JHC was further investigated by biochemical and hematological profiles along with genetic expression of inflammatory and antioxidant genes through qRT-PCR analysis.

RESULTS

Indomethacin at 10 mg/kg and JHC at 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg doses decreased the concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP) while upregulating the concentration of albumin and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Moreover, JHC administration reduced the expression levels of inflammatory markers, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) compared to the Carr-treated control. However, a significant rise was induced in nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) levels after JHC treatment as compared to Carr-treated rats.

CONCLUSION

These results showed significant anti-inflammatory potential of J. humile by increasing the activity levels of enzymatic antioxidants and lowering inflammatory markers. These results confirm the beneficial use of natural plants in the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs.

Can quercetin reduce arsenic induced toxicity in mouse BALB/c 3T3 fibroblast cells? A study involving in vitro, molecular docking, and ADME predictions

This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of quercetin against arsenic-induced oxidative damage, inflammation, and apoptosis in mouse BALB/c 3T3 fibroblast cells (NIH-3T3). Arsenic at different concentrations of 0.05 µM (low), 0.5 µM (medium), 10 µM (high) doses were used to induce toxicity, while 120 μm quercetin was used for treatment. MTT and LDH analyses were performed to determine the effect of arsenic and quercetin on cell viability, while oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzyme activities were measured by spectrophotometric method. TNF-α and IL-1β levels were measured by the ELISA method, Autodock programs were used for molecular docking studies. In addition, computer-based analyses of quercetin and succimer molecules were performed using SwissADME web tools. TNF-α (PDB ID: 2AZ5), IL-1β (PDB ID: 1ITB), Caspase3 (PDB ID: 2XYG), Bax (PDB ID: 4S0O), SOD (PDB ID:1CBJ), GSH-Px (PDB ID: 1GP1) and Bcl-2 (PDB ID: 1G5M) crystal structures were obtained from the Protein Data Bank. Bax and Bcl-2 levels of apoptotic genes and mRNA expression levels of Caspase-3 activity were measured using the QRT-PCR technique. TUNEL staining was performed to determine DNA fragmentations, while DAPI staining was done to visualise nuclear modifications. Quercetin has been found to significantly reduce oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in cells and exert anti-apoptotic effects. Molecular docking studies revealed quercetin shows good binding affinity with molecules with SOD, GSH-Px, Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, TNF-α and IL-1β structures, and has been observed to bind with Bax and Bcl-2 with molecular docking scores of -7.5 and - 7.7 kcal/mol, respectively. These findings are supported by results showing that quercetin is effective in anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory processes in arsenic-induced cells under in vitro conditions. In addition, when ADME values are examined, it can be considered that quercetin is a useful and effective candidate compound in reducing arsenic toxicity, considering its higher synthetic accessibility score, better pharmacokinetic properties, and good biological transition and interaction capacities compared to succimer.

Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage, Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase Induction and Neurotoxicity Caused by Environmental Pollutants in Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) from Atatürk Dam Lake (Türkiye)

Increasing population, industrial developments and agricultural activities around Atatürk Dam Lake, the largest dam of Türkiye, are also increasing level of pollutants in this reservoir. Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in tissues of Cyprinus carpio caught from Samsat (relatively clean), Sitilce (affected by domestic/industrial wastes) and Bozova (affected by agricultural activities) regions of dam lake were analyzed in this work. Significant declines in SOD, AChE and GSH (P < 0.05) and significant elevations in CAT, EROD, 8-OHdG and MDA (P < 0.05) were observed in fish from Sitilce and Bozova regions compared to Samsat region. In Sitilce and Bozova, while these elevations were 54% and 121% for EROD, 40% and 92% for 8-OHdG, these declines were 33% and 58% for SOD, 29% and 55% for AChE, respectively. Our research shows environmental pollutants cause oxidative damage and neurotoxicity in fish from Atatürk Dam Lake.

Environmental impact assessment of stocking density in bamboo cage aquaculture: examining water quality dynamics, stress biomarkers, and ecosystem response in a subtropical forest water body of Northeast India

Forest-dependent communities in India, particularly in the Northeast region, face significant socio-economic challenges while possessing vast untapped aquatic resources. This study investigated the environmental sustainability of varying stocking densities (5-20 fish/m3) of Indian major carp Catla catla in eco-friendly bamboo cages within a forest water body in Tripura, Northeast India, intending to develop low-cost aquaculture solutions for forest dwellers. Water quality parameters, stress biomarkers, and ecosystem responses were monitored over 6 months. Results demonstrated optimal environmental and economic sustainability at 15 fish/m3, maintaining acceptable water quality (DO 5.6 ± 0.6 mg/L, ammonia-N 0.28 ± 0.04 mg/L) while maximizing production efficiency (survival 86.8 ± 2.1%, FCR 2.26 ± 0.14). Higher densities significantly increased environmental stress indicators, including elevated cortisol levels (26.5 ± 4.2 ng/mL) and reduced plankton diversity (Shannon-Wiener index 2.21 ± 0.15). Economic analysis revealed the highest profitability at 15 fish/m3 with a benefit-cost ratio of 1.83 ± 0.05 and net returns of Rs. 4311 ± 186 per cage, highlighting its commercial viability. The 15 fish/m3 treatment achieved optimal production (47.65 ± 1.86 kg/cage) while maintaining environmental parameters within acceptable limits. The study provides evidence-based guidelines for environmentally and economically sustainable cage aquaculture, offering viable livelihood opportunities for forest-dependent communities while preserving ecosystem integrity.

Dietary methanol extract of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) can help reduce the negative impacts of triiodothyronine-induced ascites in broiler chickens

This study investigated the effects of purslane methanol extract (PME) on broilers suffering from triiodothyronine (T3)-induced ascites. A total of 240 one-day-old chicks were divided into four dietary treatment groups: a control diet, a T3 diet (1.5 mg/kg), a T3 diet added with 150 mg/kg PME, and a T3 diet added with 300 mg/kg PME. Results indicated that the T3-treated birds exhibited a higher right ventricle to total ventricle (RV/TV) ratio and increased mortality due to ascites, alongside reduced feed intake, body weight gain, and production efficiency index, while showing a higher feed conversion ratio compared with controls. Despite the lack of significant enhancement in growth performance due to dietary PME supplementation, the group that was administered a diet with 300 mg/kg PME demonstrated an improved production efficiency index, as well as decreased mortality and a reduced RV/TV ratio. Additionally, the birds subjected to T3 treatment displayed diminished activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase), in conjunction with elevated malondialdehyde levels compared with the control birds. Supplementation with 300 mg/kg PME increased antioxidant enzyme activities and lowered malondialdehyde concentrations to near control levels. Furthermore, T3 treatment led to elevated red blood cell counts, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio, which were significantly mitigated by PME supplementation. To conclude, PME effectively mitigates the adverse effects of T3-induced ascites in broilers by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity and improving production efficiency, suggesting its potential as a dietary supplement in poultry production.

Hepatoprotective Effects of Royal Jelly Against Vincristine-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats: A Biochemical and Molecular Study

Vincristine (VCR) is a chemotherapeutic agent classified as a vinca alkaloid. Royal jelly (RJ) is a significant bee product produced by worker bees, characterized by its high protein content. This study aims to investigate the protective effects of RJ against VCR-induced liver damage. VCR was intraperitoneally administered at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) and RJ was orally administered at doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg b.w. Both treatments were applied to the rats on days 1-6 and 9-14. The composition of RJ was analyzed using LC-MS/MS, revealing the presence of 15 different phytochemical compounds with strong antioxidant properties. Serum samples obtained from the rats were analyzed for ALT, ALP, and AST levels. While these enzyme levels were significantly elevated in the VCR group, a notable reduction was observed following RJ administration. Additionally, SOD, CAT, GPx, and GSH antioxidant parameters, along with MDA levels, were evaluated in liver tissue samples. The results indicated a decrease in SOD, CAT, GPx, and GSH activities/levels and an increase in MDA levels in the VCR group. Furthermore, ELISA was used to assess JAK2, STAT3, and mTOR/PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. VCR administration led to a decrease in mTOR/PI3K/AKT levels and an increase in JAK2 and STAT3 levels. In addition, the mRNA transcription levels of inflammation (NF-κB, TNF-α, and IL-1β), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (IRE-1, GRP78, PERK, and ATF-6), and autophagy markers (LC3A and LC3B) were examined. A significant increase in inflammation, ER stress, and autophagy-related markers was observed in the VCR-treated group. Lastly, the protein expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, and NF-κB were evaluated. VCR treatment increased Bax, Caspase 3, and NF-κB levels, whereas Bcl-2 levels were decreased. However, following RJ administration, all these parameters were reversed, demonstrating significant improvements. In conclusion, these findings suggest that RJ may exert a protective effect against VCR-induced liver damage.

Effects of Ellagic Acid and Berberine on Hind Limb Ischemia Reperfusion Injury: Pathways of Apoptosis, Pyroptosis, and Oxidative Stress

Background and Objectives: Hind limb ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a serious clinical condition that requires urgent treatment and develops as a result of a sudden decrease in blood flow in the extremity. Antioxidant combinations are frequently used in diseases today. This study aimed to investigate and compare the effectiveness of ellagic acid (EA) and berberine (BER), which are important antioxidants, and the combination on hind limb I/R injury to evaluate their therapeutic power. Materials and Methods: Thirty-five male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: sham, I/R, EA+I/R, BER+I/R, and EA/BER+I/R. In the I/R procedure, the infrarenal abdominal aorta was clamped and reperfused for 2 h. EA (100 mg/kg, ip) and BER (200 mg/kg, ip) were administered in the 75th minute of ischemia. Oxidative stress markers (MDA, GSH, SOD, and CAT) and TNF-α were measured. Apoptosis (Bax, Bcl-2, and Cleaved caspase-3) and pyroptosis (Nrf2, NLRP3, and Gasdermin D) pathways were evaluated via Western blot. Muscle tissue was examined histopathologically by hematoxylin eosin staining. One-way ANOVA and post hoc LSD tests were applied for statistical analyses (p < 0.05). Results: Bax levels increased in the ischemia group and decreased with EA and BER (p < 0.05). Bcl-2 levels decreased in the ischemia group but increased with EA and BER (p < 0.05). The highest level of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was in the I/R group (p < 0.05). Cleaved caspase 3 was higher in the other groups compared to the sham group (p < 0.05). While Nrf2 decreased in the I/R group, NLRP3 and Gasdermin D increased; EA and BER normalized these levels (p < 0.05). In the histopathological analysis, a combination of EA and BER reduced damage (p < 0.05). TNF-α levels were similar between groups (p > 0.05). MDA levels were reduced by EA and BER, but GSH, SOD, and CAT levels were increased (p < 0.05). Conclusions: It was concluded that TNF-α levels depend on the degree and duration of inflammation and that no difference was found in relation to duration in this study. As a result, EA, BER, and their combination could be potential treatment agents on hind limb I/R injury with these positive effects.

Lutein, a non-provitamin A carotenoid, reduces cisplatin-induced cardiotoxicity

Cardiovascular complications resulting from cisplatin (CS) are a significant factor that can disrupt the treatment plan associated with this chemotherapy. This information led us to investigate the effectiveness of lutein (LT), which has antioxidant effects, in preventing CS-induced cardiotoxic effects. After 28 rats were randomly divided into four equal groups, saline (1 ml/day) was administered to the control group, LT (100 mg/kg/day) to the LT group, CS (10 mg/kg) to the CS group, and active agents in the LT and CS groups were administered to the CS + LT group in the same dose and manner. The examinations determined that MDA, cardiac biomarkers (CK-MB, BNP, LDH, and cTn-I) levels, TNF-α and caspase-3 expressions, and apoptosis significantly increased in the CS group. In contrast, GSH, SOD, and CAT levels were decreased. In addition, histopathological changes characterized by interstitial edema, leukocyte infiltration, and vacuolar degeneration were detected in the heart tissues of this group. It was determined that LT application prevented the above-mentioned CS-induced cardiotoxic effects to a significant extent, although not completely. The findings obtained in this study show that LT may reduce CS-induced cardiac damage thanks to its ROS-reducing, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and cytoprotective characteristics.

Effects of black mulberry, chokeberry, and elderberry extracts on the healing of burn wounds

BACKGROUND

In the burn affected area of the skin, the progression or deepening of wounds is related to oxidative stress. Especially in the highly susceptible stasis zone, tissues survive to the extent that they can cope with oxidative stress.

OBJECTIVE

This study investigated the potential of extracts (E) derived from the fruits (F) and leaves (L) of elderberry (E), chokeberry (C), and black mulberry (M), which are rich in antioxidant properties, to enhance the recovery of the stasis zone in burn wounds.

METHODS

The study employed a sample size of 56 healthy rats. The comb burn model was used. The rats were administered the extracts via gastric gavage for a period of 21 days. Histological examination and biochemical analyses were conducted on biopsies taken from the stasis zone on the 3rd, 7th, and 21st days of the study. Photography was performed for macroscopic evaluations. The histological assays included the evaluation of inflammatory cell infiltration, reepithelialization, and collagenization, as well as immunohistochemical analysis of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Bioassays pertaining to the enzymatic activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were performed.

RESULTS

In macroscopic evaluation, a significant difference was found between the groups in terms of stasis area (F=3.58, p2< 0.001). Post-hoc analyses showed that there was a significant difference between CFE-ELE, EFE-Burn, ELE-Burn and MLE-Burn groups in terms of stasis zones (p < 0.05). However, the difference between the groups according to time was not significant (F=1.36, p = 0.16). At the end of the 21-day experiment, inflammatory cell infiltration was higher in the burn group compared to the other groups, but similar to the CFE group. Re-epithelialization was similar in the burn group compared to the fruit extract groups and significantly lower compared to the leaf extract groups. Furthermore, a significant increase in collagenization and VEGF immunoreactivity was observed in all treatment groups compared to the burn group (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was detected between the treatment groups. The treatment groups presented a notable reduction in MDA levels in comparison to the burn group (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrated the efficacy of fruit and leaf extracts in burn healing. Histological examination revealed that leaf extracts exhibited superior healing effects compared to fruit extracts. These results suggest that bioactive components in fruits and leaves may have different biological effects.

Therapeutic potential of rosmarinic acid in tramadol-induced hepatorenal toxicity: Modulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, RAGE/NLRP3, ER stress, apoptosis, and tissue functions parameters

AIM

Tramadol (TRM), a widely used opioid analgesic for moderate to severe pain, is associated with liver and kidney toxicity at high doses or prolonged use. This study investigates the protective role of rosmarinic acid (RA), a natural phenolic compound known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cell-protective properties, against TRM-induced hepatorenal toxicity.

METHODS

Thirty-five male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: Control, TRM, RA, TRM + RA25, and TRM + RA50. Rats received TRM (50 mg/kg) and RA (25 or 50 mg/kg), with liver and kidney function tests, oxidative stress, inflammation, ER stress, apoptosis, and tissue damage indicators assessed through qRT-PCR, ELISA, Western blotting, H&E, and immunohistochemical analysis.

RESULTS

TRM induced liver and kidney dysfunctions, evident from increased ALT, AST, ALP, urea, creatinine, nephrin, TIM-1 and 8-OHdG levels, along with activated oxidative stress, inflammation, ER stress, and apoptosis pathways. RA significantly reduced these effects, ameliorating histologic and immunohistochemical markers of tissue damage and inflammation.

CONCLUSION

RA demonstrates therapeutic potential by mitigating TRM-induced hepatorenal toxicity and preserving tissue integrity.

Protective effects of chlorogenic acid against glyphosate-induced organ and blood toxicity in Wistar rats

Glyphosate, a widely used herbicide against broadleaf weeds and grasses, has been associated with various harmful effects. Our study examines the efficacy of chlorogenic acid (CGA) in alleviating the toxicity of a glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) in 42 Wistar rats across six groups of seven animals receiving either no treatment (control), CGA alone (50 mg/kg), GBH alone (800 mg/kg), or their combinations varying three CGA doses (12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg) (CGA12.5+GBH, CGA25+GBH, and CGA50+GBH, respectively) by oral gavage over 49 days in a row. At the end of the experiment, samples of blood, brain, heart, liver, and kidney tissues were collected and analysed for oxidative stress indicators (MDA, GSH, SOD, CAT), oxidative DNA damage (8-OHdG), liver and kidney function markers (AST, ALT, ALP, urea, and creatinine) as well as for histopathological changes. As expected, GBH increased AST ALT, ALP, urea, creatinine, 8-OHdG, and MDA levels, and lowered GSH levels and SOD and CAT activities, leaving histopathological changes in the brain, heart, liver, and kidney tissues. CGA dose-dependently improved biochemical and oxidative stress parameters and reversed histopathological changes in GBH-treated albino rats. Our findings consistently confirm the potential of CGA as a promising natural agent against the adverse health effects associated with exposure to glyphosate. Future research should focus on long-term glyphosate exposure and CGA treatment using molecular methods and on the signalling pathways associated with oxidative stress.

The role of resveratrol in delivering antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic defense against nephrotoxicity generated by titanium dioxide

Titanium dioxide is a prevalent food ingredient for human ingestion. We investigated the nephrotoxic effects of titanium dioxide in Wistar albino rats subjected to oral exposure for 14 days. The rats were categorized into four groups (n = 8): (1) control (saline solution), (2) exposure to titanium dioxide (30 mg/kg), (3) exposure to resveratrol (100 mg/kg), and (4) exposure to both titanium dioxide and resveratrol. The investigations revealed that the administration of titanium dioxide resulted in considerable histological abnormalities and a significant prevalence of apoptotic cells marked by caspase-3 in the titanium dioxide group, with a markedly elevated quantity and strong staining of cells reacting with 4-HN across the tissue in the kidney. Blood serum assessments revealed that BUN and creatinine levels were elevated in the titanium group relative to the other three groups, with a reduction in these levels observed in the group receiving both titanium and resveratrol (P < 0.05). The assessment of oxidative stress markers in kidney tissue revealed that GSH-Px and SOD activity considerably decreased in the titanium dioxide group relative to the other experimental groups. In contrast, MDA levels increased markedly (P < 0.05). The activities of GSH-Px and SOD were significantly elevated in the group receiving both titanium dioxide and resveratrol compared to the titanium dioxide-only group (P < 0.05). The analysis of inflammation markers TNF-α and IL-6 revealed a substantial rise in their levels in the titanium dioxide group compared to the other groups (P < 0.05).

Research on Genotoxicity Evaluation of the Fungal Alpha-Amylase Enzyme on Drosophila melanogaster

Alpha-amylase is an extracellular enzyme abundantly produced from fungal sources. The catalytic activity of microbial enzymes is higher, more stable, and economical compared to plant and animal enzymes; they can be produced in large quantities in a short time and do not produce unwanted by-products. In this study, the genotoxic effect of different concentrations (25 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, and 100 mg/mL) of a native fungal thermostable alpha-amylase enzyme, produced from the Aspergillus niger G2-1 isolate with an enzyme activity of 38.6 U/mg, was investigated on the Drosophila melanogaster model organism. The effect of the alpha-amylase enzyme added to the culture medium on the developmental performance of D. melanogaster was assessed through larval toxicity analysis, its effect on DNA damage through the comet assay, and its response to oxidative stress through various biochemical parameters. As a result, it was determined that low-dose alpha-amylase enzyme concentration (25 mg/mL) did not cause intracellular oxidative stress, did not cause genotoxicity, and did not adversely affect growth performance, although feeding with alpha-amylase at 50 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL concentrations caused a significant decrease in the survival rate of D. melanogaster larvae and an increase in DNA damage rate in imagos. However, oxidative stress parameters in adult D. melanogaster did not change after the same alpha-amylase application.

Antifungal efficacy of Citrusfusion mediated silver nanoparticles in Candida species

BACKGROUND

Candida species are commensal fungi that can become opportunistic pathogens under specific host and environmental conditions. The emergence of multidrug-resistant Candida strains poses a significant challenge. Nanotechnology represents a cutting-edge field offering precise and targeted delivery systems for combating fungal infections, leveraging the unique properties of plant-derived bioactive compounds. This investigation employed a biogenic approach utilizing polyherbal leaf extracts from Citrus limon and Citrus medica, known for their abundant Citral content.

RESULTS

Citrus sp. extracts were used to synthesize Citrusfusion silver nanoparticles (CitAgNPs) through a green synthesis method. Characterization of CitAgNPs was carried out using advanced analytical methods ensuring the quality, uniformity, size, and charge. The synthesized CitAgNPs exhibited non toxic effect when tested on Vigna radiata and Danio rerio, highlighting their potential for sustainability and safe therapeutic use. Antifungal assays demonstrated the potent efficacy of CitAgNPs in various Candida strains, with low MIC and MFC. CitAgNPs exhibited remarkable biofilm inhibition capabilities and elucidated specific mechanisms of action in Candida species, surpassing the performance of fluconazole.

CONCLUSION

This study underscores the immense potential of nanotechnology-driven approaches harnessing Citrus leaf extract for synthesizing highly effective antifungal nanoparticles. The fusion of biogenic nanoparticles with Citrus bioactive compounds presents a sustainable strategy for addressing the escalating challenge of azole-resistant Candida infections. The research outcomes suggest that CitAgNPs have promising applications in inhibiting Candida biofilms, offering potential solutions for infections caused by diaper rashes and onychomycosis, providing safe and effective alternatives to antifungal therapies.

Long-term effect of Bt cottonseed cake on nutrient utilisation, growth performance and health of rams in tropical conditions

Cottonseed cake (CSC) is a cost-effective and important protein source for ruminants. In India, Bt cotton has replaced 96% of non-Bt, making Bt CSC, the predominant byproduct available for animal feeding. While some studies have assessed the effect of Bt genes and proteins on livestock health, no long-term evaluations have been conducted. This study investigated the prolonged effects of feeding Bt cottonseed cake on growth performance, feed intake, and blood parameters in rams, particularly within tropical systems Eighteen male rams were divided into three treatment groups: G1 (0% CSC), G2 (35% non-Bt CSC), and G3 (35% Bt CSC). The results revealed that body weight (30.50 to 30.90 kg), dry matter intake (3.22 to 2.28 kg/100 kg body weight), and nutrient digestibility had non-significant differences among the treatments. The nitrogen (N) intake ranged from 16.87 to 17.20 g/day, and N retention was between 15.74% and 17.38%. Similarly, blood metabolites (plasma protein, creatinine, and superoxide dismutase) were found within the normal range. Semen volume (0.85 to 0.90 mL), sperm count (3475-3500 × 106/mL), and sperm motility (75.2-76.05%) were also within normal ranges. The results of the experiment indicate that no apparent detrimental effects were observed from long-term (320 days) feeding of Bt cottonseed cake at up to 35% in the concentrate mixture for rams.

Protective Effects of Bromelain in Testicular Torsion-Detorsion: Reducing Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis While Enhancing Sperm Quality

Inflammation and increased oxidative stress in testicular tissue are documented side effects of torsion of the testicles. The preventive role of Bromelain (Bro) against testicle torsion-induced ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury was investigated in this research. Five groups of six animals each were created: ischemia, Ischemia+Reperfusion (I+R), Ischemia+Reperfusion+Bromelain (I+R+Bro; 10 mg/kg), control (sham), and Bromelain (Bro; 10 mg/kg). An I/R damage resulted from two hours of 720° clockwise twisting of the left testis. Blood samples and epididymal sperm were collected after reperfusion to analyze sperm parameters (recovery, motility, viability, and morphology) and cytokines that promote inflammation (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). Using Western blotting, testicular tissue was examined for histopathological alterations, antioxidant enzymes (GSH, SOD), lipid peroxidation (MDA), apoptosis, and survival-related proteins (TLR4, Caspase-3, Bcl-2, NRF-2, HO-1, PI3K, mTOR, AKT-1). While raising the activities of GSH and SOD, two antioxidant enzymes, Bro administration dramatically reduced MDA concentrations. The I+R+Bro group had significantly reduced amounts of cytokines that promoted inflammation compared to the I+R group. Bro's protective properties are also attributed to proteins that are altered by it and participate in the apoptosis and survival of cells. Sperm morphology, motility, and concentration notably improved in the bromelain-treated group, according to spermatological examination. Testicular samples treated with bromelain showed less tissue damage according to histological evaluations than the untreated I+R group. These findings imply that Bro has anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant qualities. It effectively reduces oxidative stress and inflammation by modulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and NRF-2/HO-1 pathways, hence minimizing I/R injury.

Effect of NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin on human lung cancer A549 cells via Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, and NF-κB signaling pathway

Apocynin (AP) is an anti-inflammatory drug with different therapeutic effects. This study aimed to investigate the antiproliferative, apoptotic, and antioxidant effects of AP on human lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549) and to investigate the effects on Bax, Bcl-2, NF-κB, and caspase-3 signaling pathways that may play a role in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. Cell viability was measured by MTT and cell apoptosis, and detection of cell death was measured by ELISA. IMA, AOPP, MDA, and GSH levels, SOD and CAT activities, and Bcl-2, Bax, NF-κB, and caspase-3 expression levels were analyzed from the obtained cell lysates. As a result, according to the findings obtained, IMA and MDA levels decreased in the A549 cancer cell line, while GSH levels and SOD and CAT activity increased. It was determined that the application of apocynin to A549 cells significantly reduced cell viability and directed the cells to apoptosis, increased Bax, NF-κB, and caspase-3 expression, and decreased Bcl-2 expressions. Since all of the data obtained were not found in the literature about the use of apocynin in the A549, the study conducted is pioneering. Our study demonstrates the potential of apocynin for cancer therapy possibly targeting the apoptotic pathway.

Graphical Abstract

Design, synthesis, and in vitro, in vivo, and in silico evaluation of novel substituted 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives as anticonvulsant agents

In the present study, a library of ten novel substituted 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives were designed and synthesized using an appropriate synthetic route. The characterization of the synthesized compounds was performed by FT-IR and NMR (1H and 13C) spectroscopy. The synthesized compounds were assayed for in vitro human carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibition against two isoforms II and IX. The neurotoxicity of the synthesized derivatives was also evaluated using the rotarod test, along with their in vivo anticonvulsant activity, which was determined using the maximal electroshock seizure (MES) and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole (sc-PTZ) methods. Although all the compounds showed good CA inhibition and anticonvulsant activity, two compounds 6d and 7d showed the highest CA inhibition and anticonvulsant activity in both the isoforms and tested methods compared to the standard drugs (sodium valproate and acetazolamide), without any sign of neurotoxicity observed at the highest dose (300 mg/kg). Similarly, the standard drugs also displayed no neurotoxicity at the highest dose (300 mg/kg). Furthermore, the potent compounds (6d and 7d) were evaluated for the biochemical parameters, such as lipid peroxidation, nitrite oxide, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidant capacity, and the GABA level was also determined. Finally, compound 6d was docked against CA-II and CA-IX (PDB-ID-5SZ5 and 5AML) receptors. The study concluded that the compounds 6d and 7d can be considered potent anticonvulsant agents for future research.

The Protective Effect of Boric Acid Against High Fructose-Induced Liver and Kidney Damage in Rats

This study aimed to determine the protective role of boric acid (BA) in high fructose (HF)-induced liver and kidney toxicity in a young rat model. High-fructose consumption causes serious damage to liver and kidney tissue in healthy individuals and contributes to the emergence of various metabolic diseases. Thirty-two healthy female Wistar albino rats (250-300 g weight and 3-4 months) were randomly distributed into four equal groups (n = 8): control, high fructose % 20 (HF), boric acid 20 mg/kg (BA), and HF + BA. High fructose was freshly prepared and administered to the rats as 20 g of D-fructose dissolved in 100 mL of tap water daily for a duration of 30 days. Boric acid (20 mg/kg) was administered through gastric gavage throughout the 30-day study period. At the end of study, blood, liver, and kidney were collected from rats. The results indicated that high fructose induced increased glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and urea levels in rat serum. Boric acid administration significantly decreased glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and urea levels in HF + BA groups. The results indicated that high fructose-induced oxidative stress by increasing the level of MDA and by decreasing GSH levels, and CAT activity in the liver and kidney of rats. However, oral BA administration significantly decreased MDA levels and increased GSH levels, and CAT activity (p < 0.05). Furthermore, BA significantly reduced high fructose-induced histopathological and Immunohistochemistry alteration in the liver and kidney tissues. In conclusion, BA may prevent the oxidative imbalance and histopathological and immunohistochemical damage caused by high fructose in liver and kidney tissues in rats.

Investigation of the Effects of Selenium Against 4-Nonylphenol-induced Toxicity in Rat Testis

The study aims to investigate whether selenium (Se) has a protective role against testicular toxicity induced by 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) in rats and reduces oxidative damage. For this purpose, 30 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g/90 days old) were divided into five equal groups: control, sham control, Se, 4-NP, and 4-NP + Se. The trial lasted 48 days, with 4-NP administered at 125 mg/kg/day and Se at 0.5 mg/kg/day. The general microscopic examination of the testicular tissue involved measuring the diameters of seminiferous tubules, epithelial heights, and the density of stage XIV tubules in sections stained with the triple staining method. Caspase 3 and CX43 expressions were observed immunohistochemically, and the numbers of live-dead and normal-abnormal spermatozoa were recorded. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined in blood serum and testicular tissue. At the end of the study, testicular toxicity due to 4-NP was demonstrated cytologically, histologically, histometrically, biochemically, and immunohistochemically. Se showed a positive effect against this toxicity, as evidenced by higher stage XIV tubule density in the 4-NP + Se group, lower caspase 3 levels compared to the 4-NP group, decreased MDA levels, increased SOD levels in serum and testicular tissue, and a higher count of live and normal spermatozoa. When used alone, Se may cause metabolic adverse effects, such as decreased live weight gain, reduced tubule diameter and epithelial height, and increased caspase 3 expression, depending on the dose and duration of use.

Docetaxel-induced liver and kidney toxicity in rats can be alleviated by suppressing oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, apoptosis and autophagy signaling pathways after Silymarin treatment

Approximately 20 million new cancer cases have occurred worldwide, and dose limitation occurs because of the liver and kidney toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents. Inflammation/apoptosis/ROS pathways appear to be activated in the liver and kidney toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents. This study was conducted to investigate the potential effects of silymarin (SLY) use against docetaxel (DTX)-induced liver and kidney damage in rats. For this purpose, 30 mg/kg DTX was administered intraperitoneally to Sprague Dawley rats on the first day of the study, followed by SLY (25 or 50 mg/kg/day) orally for 7 days. Then, various analyses were performed on liver and kidney tissues using biochemical, molecular and histological methods. The data obtained showed that DTX administration suppressed antioxidant markers and increased lipid peroxidation in liver and kidney tissues. It was also determined that DTX administration triggered markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, apoptosis and autophagy. On the other hand, SLY treatment increased enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant levels and decreased malondialdehyde levels. Additionally, SLY alleviated DTX-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, apoptosis and autophagy in liver and kidney tissues. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that DTX increased the density of 8-OHdG positive cells in liver and kidney tissues, while oxidative DNA damage decreased after SLY administration. ALT, AST, ALP, Urea and Creatinine levels increased in the DTX group and decreased in the SLY treatment groups. In conclusion, DTX administration caused toxicity in liver and kidney tissues and damaged tissue integrity, while SLY treatment alleviated DTX-induced toxicity.

Protective Effect of Nerolidol on Paclitaxel-Induced Reproductive Toxicity in Rats: Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

Paclitaxel (PAC), derived from Taxus brevifolia, is used to treat solid tumours but causes reproductive toxicity due to oxidative stress, affecting sperm quality and testicular tissue. Nerolidol (NRL), an antioxidant sesquiterpene alcohol, has not been studied for its potential to reduce PAC-induced reproductive damage. This study investigates NRL's ability to mitigate PAC-induced reproductive toxicity in rats. Forty healthy adult male Spraque Dawley rats were randomly divided into four equal groups (Control, PAC, NRL, PAC + NRL). PAC was given intraperitoneally at a dose of 2 mg/kg once a week for 4 weeks. NRL was given orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. Control group received PAC and NRL vehicles. After 4 weeks, testis tissue samples were collected, and parameters, including oxidants, antioxidants, sperm motility, density, abnormal spermatozoon ratios and cytokines, were measured. PAC administration increased oxidant levels and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities. Nerolidol mitigated these alterations significantly. Similarly, PAC elevated IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α levels and lowered IL-10 levels, these effects attenuated by nerolidol in the PAC + NRL group. In conclusion, it was determined that PAC induces reproductive toxicity through oxidative stress, and NRL demonstrates potential in ameliorating these effects through its antioxidant activity.

Protective roles of some natural and synthetic aromatase inhibitors in testicular insufficiency caused by Bisphenol A exposure

In our study, the protective role of synthetic aromatase inhibitors anastrozole (ANS), letrozole (LTZ) and exemestane (EXM) and natural aromatase inhibitors resveratrol (RSV) and apigenin (APG) against testicular failure caused by exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA) was investigated. The epididymal sperm concentration, sperm motility and sperm morphology were determined. Oxidative stress and inflammatory response parameters were examined and histological examinations were performed in testicular tissues. Our results revealed that BPA exposure decreased serum testosterone and estrogen levels, increased FSH and LH levels (p < 0.05). BPA has been found to increase oxidative stress and inflammatory response and disrupt the histological structure. Also, BPA exposure decreased testicular weight, epididymal sperm concentration and motility, and increased abnormal sperm rate (p < 0.05). These results show that ANS, LTZ and RSV treatments reduce the BPA-induced testicular damage.

Impact of Bambusa vulgaris-supplemented diet on Nile tilapia challenged with Pseudomonas putida: Hematological, immune, and oxidative responses

This study investigated the effects of bamboo shoot extract (Bambusa vulgaris) as a feed additive on the health profiles and infection resistance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) against Pseudomonas putida. Bamboo shoot extract was added at levels of 0 g, 40 g, and 60 g per 1000 g of diet over a 60-day period. The fish were then challenged with a pathogenic P. putida strain. Chemical analysis of the bamboo shoot extract identified 3,5-dinitrophenol and hydroquinone as the two most abundant compounds. Results showed that fish fed bamboo-enriched diets exhibited significantly enhanced levels of red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, white blood cells, and platelets, and improved erythrocyte cellular and nuclear morphologies, indicating improved health profiles after the challenge. Liver function indicators, including AST, ALT, and ALP, were notably balanced in fish receiving bamboo shoot extract post-challenge (p < 0.05). Blood levels of K+ were lower in the bamboo-fed groups. Additionally, blood levels of Ca++ and Na+ were reduced in fish fed 40 g and 60 g of bamboo, respectively, compared to the control group (p < 0.01). The bamboo extract also enhanced immune and oxidative capacities, as demonstrated by increased catalase, superoxide dismutase, lysozyme activity, and phagocytic activity, along with reduced malondialdehyde levels and elevated serum immunoglobulin M (p < 0.01). Gene expression analysis revealed significant effects of Bambusa vulgaris extract, Pseudomonas infection, and their interaction on the expression of interleukin-1β, interleukin-10, and NK-lysin genes, with varying expression levels at 1, 3, and 7 days post-challenge (p < 0.05). The liver bacterial load in fish exposed to P. putida significantly decreased in the bamboo-fed groups, with the lowest count observed in the 60 g bamboo group. Additionally, survival rates were markedly higher in the bamboo-fed groups compared to the control, with no significant difference between the two bamboo-fed groups. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with bamboo shoot extract enhances hematological parameters, blood cell and nuclear morphology, and increases survival rates in Nile tilapia following infection.

Syringaldehyde Mitigates Cyclophosphamide-Induced Liver and Kidney Toxicity in Mice by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis Through Modulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NFκB Pathway

Cyclophosphamide (CYC) is one of the most potent antineoplastic drugs; however, hepatonephrotoxicity, observed following its use, remains one of its most severe side effects. Previous studies have reported that syringaldehyde (SYA), a flavonoid compound, exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, it is unclear whether SYA has any effects on hepatonephrotoxicity caused by the side effects of antineoplastic drugs. In the present research, we thoroughly evaluated the effects of SYA on cyclophosphamide-induced hepatonephrotoxicity in a mouse model, focusing on Nrf2/HO-1 pathway activation. In the present study, SYA (25 and 50 mg/kg, p.o.) and CYC (30 mg/kg, i.p.) were delivered to male mice for 10 days to induce hepatonephrotoxicity. SYA treatment alleviated the elevated levels of AST, ALT, BUN, and creatinine caused by CYC. It further suppressed lipid peroxidation by lowering MDA levels and enhanced antioxidant defense by elevating GSH, SOD, and CAT levels. Additionally, SYA increased the mRNA expression levels of HO-1, Nrf2, and Bcl-2, which had been reduced due to oxidative stress, inflammatory, and apoptotic pathways, while suppressing the elevated gene expression levels of NFκB, TNF-α, Bax, and Cas-3. Furthermore, SYA regulated the altered protein expression levels of Nrf2, Cas-3, Bax, and Bcl-2 induced by CYC. Microscopically, SYA also mitigated liver and kidney tissue damage caused by CYC. In conclusion, SYA significantly reduced CYC-induced hepatonephrotoxicity by inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis by employing the Nrf2/NFκB/HO-1 pathway. These findings indicate that SYA has the possibility as a treatment option agent in the case of prevention of liver and kidney damage.

Single and combined effect of chrysin and N-acetylcysteine against deltamethrin exposure in rats

Effects of chrysin and N-acetylcysteine on deltamethrin exposure in rats were investigated. Eighty male Wistar Albino rats, weighing between 150 and 200 g and aged 2-3 months, were used and evenly allocated into eight groups. The control group of rats received a corn oil vehicle. Chrysin (50 mg/kg.bw), N-acetylcysteine (50 mg/kg.bw), a combination of chrysin and N-acetylcysteine, deltamethrin (10 mg/kg.bw), deltamethrin combined with chrysin, deltamethrin combined with N-acetylcysteine, and a combination of deltamethrin, chrysin, and N-acetylcysteine were administered via oral gavage for a duration of 21 days. Tissue (liver, kidney, brain, testis, heart, lung) and blood of oxidative stress markers (MDA, NO, GSH, SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, GR, GST, G6PD), hepatic caspase 3, 9 and p53 protein levels, biochemical parameters (glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, BUN, creatinine, uric acid, total protein, albumin, LDH, AST, ALT, ALP, PChE activities/levels), as well as rat body/organ weights and plasma/liver deltamethrin concentrations. The administration of chrysin and N-acetylcysteine independently did not alter the assessed parameters. Significant differences were observed in most parameters assessed in the deltamethrin-alone group compared to the control group, whereas the parameter values in the groups treated with chrysin, NAC, or their combination with deltamethrin were similar to those of the control.