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Vallianatou T, Nilsson A, Bjärterot P, Shariatgorji R, Slijkhuis N, Aerts JT, Jansson ET, Svenningsson P, Andrén PE. Rapid Metabolic Profiling of 1 μL Crude Cerebrospinal Fluid by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging Can Differentiate De Novo Parkinson's Disease. Anal Chem 2023; 95:18352-18360. [PMID: 38059473 PMCID: PMC10733901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a highly prevalent neurodegenerative disorder affecting the motor system. However, the correct diagnosis of PD and atypical parkinsonism may be difficult with high clinical uncertainty. There is an urgent need to identify reliable biomarkers using high-throughput, molecular-specific methods to improve current diagnostics. Here, we present a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging method that requires minimal sample preparation and only 1 μL of crude cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The method enables analysis of hundreds of samples in a single experiment while simultaneously detecting numerous metabolites with subppm mass accuracy. To test the method, we analyzed CSF samples from 12 de novo PD patients (that is, newly diagnosed and previously untreated) and 12 age-matched controls. Within the identified molecules, we found neurotransmitters and their metabolites such as γ-aminobutyric acid, 3-methoxytyramine, homovanillic acid, serotonin, histamine, amino acids, and metabolic intermediates. Limits of detection were estimated for multiple neurotransmitters with high linearity (R2 > 0.99) and sensitivity (as low as 16 pg/μL). Application of multivariate classification led to a highly significant (P < 0.001) model of PD prediction with a 100% classification rate, which was further thoroughly validated with a permutation test and univariate analysis. Molecules related to the neuromelanin pathway were found to be significantly increased in the PD group, indicated by their elevated relative intensities compared to the control group. Our method enables rapid detection of PD-related biomarkers in low sample volumes and could serve as a valuable tool in the development of robust PD diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodosia Vallianatou
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Spatial Mass Spectrometry, Science
for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75124, Sweden
| | - Anna Nilsson
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Spatial Mass Spectrometry, Science
for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75124, Sweden
| | - Patrik Bjärterot
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Spatial Mass Spectrometry, Science
for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75124, Sweden
| | - Reza Shariatgorji
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Spatial Mass Spectrometry, Science
for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75124, Sweden
| | - Nuria Slijkhuis
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Spatial Mass Spectrometry, Science
for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75124, Sweden
| | - Jordan T. Aerts
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Spatial Mass Spectrometry, Science
for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75124, Sweden
| | - Erik T. Jansson
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Spatial Mass Spectrometry, Science
for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75124, Sweden
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Department
of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden
| | - Per E. Andrén
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Spatial Mass Spectrometry, Science
for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75124, Sweden
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Baek K, Sakong J, Park C. Association of serum polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) with anemia and erythrocytosis in Korean adults: Data from Korean National Environmental Health Survey cycle 4 (2018–2020). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Simultaneous quantification of urinary tobacco and marijuana metabolites using solid-supported liquid-liquid extraction coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1208:123378. [PMID: 35908438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Co-exposure to tobacco and marijuana has become common in areas where recreational marijuana use is legal. To assist in the determination of the combined health risks of this co-exposure, an analytical method capable of simultaneously measuring tobacco and marijuana metabolites is needed to reduce laboratory costs and the required sample volume. So far, no such analytical method exists. Thus, we developed and validated a method to simultaneously quantify urinary levels of trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (3OH-COT), cotinine (COT), and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (COOH-THC) to assess co-exposure to tobacco and marijuana. Urine (200 µL) was spiked with labelled internal standards and enzymatically hydrolyzed to liberate the conjugated analytes before extraction using solid-supported liquid-liquid extraction (SLE) with ethyl acetate serving as an eluent. The target analytes were separated on a C18 (4.6 × 100 mm, 5 μm) analytical column with a gradient mobile phase elution and analyzed using tandem mass spectrometry with multiple reaction monitoring of target ion transitions. Positive electrospray ionization (ESI) was used for 3OH-COT and COT, while negative ESI was used for COOH-THC. The total run time was 13 min. The extraction recoveries were 18.4-23.9 % (3OH-COT), 65.1-96.8 % (COT), and 80.6-95.4 % (COOH-THC). The method limits of quantification were 5.0 ng/mL (3OH-COT) and 2.5 ng/mL (COT and COOH-THC). The method showed good accuracy (82.5-98.5 %) and precision (1.22-6.21 % within-day precision and 1.42-6.26 % between-day precision). The target analytes were stable for at least 144 h inside the autosampler (10 °C). The analyses of reference materials and 146 urine samples demonstrated good method performance. The use of a 96-well plate for preparation makes the method useful for the analysis of large numbers of samples.
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Ishii H, Leung GNW, Yamashita S, Nagata SI, Kushiro A, Sakai S, Toju K, Okada J, Kawasaki K, Kusano K, Kijima-Suda I. Comprehensive metabolic study of nicotine in equine plasma and urine using liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry for the identification of unique biomarkers for doping control. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1190:123100. [PMID: 35032890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine is classified as a stimulant, and its use is banned in horse racing and equestrian sports by the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities and the Fédération Équestre Internationale, respectively. Because nicotine is a major alkaloid of tobacco leaves, there is a potential risk that doping control samples may be contaminated by tobacco cigarettes or smoke during sample collection. In order to differentiate the genuine doping and sample contamination with tobacco leaves, it is necessary to monitor unique metabolites as biomarkers for nicotine administration and intake. However, little is known about the metabolic fate of nicotine in horses. This is the first report of comprehensive metabolism study of nicotine in horses. Using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry, we identified a total of 17 metabolites, including one novel horse-specific metabolite (i.e., 4-hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl)-N-methylbutanamide), in post-administration urine samples after nasoesophageal administration of nicotine to three thoroughbred mares; eight of these compounds were confirmed based on reference standards. Among these metabolites, N-hydroxymethylnorcotinine was the major urinary metabolite in equine, but it could only be tentatively identified by mass spectral interpretation due to the lack of reference material. In addition, we developed simultaneous quantification methods for the eight target analytes in plasma and urine, and applied them to post-administration samples to establish elimination profiles of nicotine and its metabolites. The quantification results revealed that trans-3'-hydroxycotinine could be quantified for the longest period in both plasma (72 h post-administration) and urine (96 h post-administration). Therefore, this metabolite is the most appropriate monitoring target for nicotine exposure for the purpose of doping control due to its long detection times and the availability of its reference material. Further, we identified trans-3'-hydroxycotinine as a unique biomarker allowing differentiation between nicotine administration and sample contamination with tobacco leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Ishii
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan.
| | - Gary Ngai-Wa Leung
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| | - Shozo Yamashita
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichi Nagata
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| | - Asuka Kushiro
- Equine Research Institute, Research Planning & Coordination Division, JRA, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sakai
- Race Horse Hospital, Miho Training Center, JRA, 2500-2, Oaza-Mikoma, Miho-mura, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0493, Japan
| | - Kota Toju
- Race Horse Hospital, Miho Training Center, JRA, 2500-2, Oaza-Mikoma, Miho-mura, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0493, Japan
| | - Jun Okada
- Veterinarian Section, Equine Department, JRA, 6-11-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kawasaki
- Veterinarian Section, Equine Department, JRA, 6-11-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan
| | - Kanichi Kusano
- Race Horse Hospital, Ritto Training Center, JRA, 1028, Misono, Ritto, Shiga 520-3085, Japan
| | - Isao Kijima-Suda
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
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Hall ES, McAllister JM, Kelly EA, Setchell KDR, Megaraj V, Jimenez KL, Nidey N, Greenberg JM, Wexelblatt SL. Regional comparison of self-reported late pregnancy cigarette smoking to mass spectrometry analysis. J Perinatol 2021; 41:2417-2423. [PMID: 33758398 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-021-01045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report a more accurate prevalence estimate of late pregnancy nicotine exposures. STUDY DESIGN A cross-sectional study during a 2-month period in 2019. Participants were women delivering in any of the six county maternity hospitals who consented to universal drug testing at the time of delivery as part of routine hospital admission. RESULTS Of 2531 tested samples, 18.7% tested positive for high levels of cotinine indicating primary smoking or other primary use of tobacco products. Together, 33.0% of the study population tested positive for nicotine exposure during late pregnancy compared to vital records which reported 8.2% cigarette smoking during the third trimester of pregnancy and 10.5% cigarette smoking at any time during pregnancy through maternal self-report. CONCLUSION Captured vital birth smoking measures vastly underreport actual primary exposures to nicotine products. Vital birth data also fail to capture secondhand exposures which constitute a significant proportion of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Hall
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Translational Data Science and Informatics, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer M McAllister
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Center for Addiction Research, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Kelly
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kenneth D R Setchell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Vandana Megaraj
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kristine L Jimenez
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nichole Nidey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - James M Greenberg
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Scott L Wexelblatt
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA. .,Center for Addiction Research, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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St-Jean A, Suhas E, De Pina JJ, Cordier S, Lucas M, Ayotte P. Exposure to toxic metals and polychlorinated biphenyls of adolescents and adults from two atolls in the Tuamotu Archipelago (French Polynesia). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 695:133791. [PMID: 31419679 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The atoll of Hao, part of the Tuamotu Archipelago in French Polynesia, hosted an air base which was used by France Air Force and Naval Aviation during the nuclear tests. Following the publication of a report in 2012 indicating widespread contamination of the atoll, we conducted a biomonitoring survey to assess the exposure to toxic metals and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) of Hao residents and residents of Makemo, a nearby atoll without any known sources of industrial pollution. Adults and adolescents (≥12 years) randomly sampled from Hao (n = 275) and Makemo (n = 268) provided blood samples for contaminant analyses. Whole blood samples were analysed for cadmium, lead and total mercury by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Plasma concentrations of PCBs were measured by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to document lifestyle and a food-frequency questionnaire was used to document dietary habits. Concentrations of contaminants were compared between atolls and associations with sociodemographic and personal characteristics of the participants were investigated. A significantly higher mean (geometric) of blood lead concentration was observed in Hao compared to Makemo (3.75 vs 3.40 μg/L, P = 0.02), whereas similar concentrations were noted for cadmium (0.49 vs 0.50 μg/L, P = 0.58) and mercury (11.4 vs 11.5 μg/L, P = 0.78). Mean total PCBs plasma concentration was significantly higher in Hao than in Makemo participants (0.75 vs 0.32 μg/L, P < 0.001). A significant proportion of participants exceeded toxicological reference values for mercury and lead in both atolls. The higher body burden of PCBs and Pb in Hao compared to Makemo residents may be linked to past air base activities in Hao. According to international standards, PCBs exposure is low; however, exposure to both mercury and lead is high and further investigations are required to identify specific sources of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audray St-Jean
- Axe Santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, 1050 chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada
| | - Edouard Suhas
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), BP 30 98713, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | | | - Sylvaine Cordier
- Axe Santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, 1050 chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada; Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement, Travail (IRSET) - INSERM UMR 1085, Université de Rennes 1, 9 avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Michel Lucas
- Axe Santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, 1050 chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada; Département de Médecine Préventive et Sociale, Université Laval, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Pierre Ayotte
- Axe Santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, 1050 chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada; Département de Médecine Préventive et Sociale, Université Laval, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de toxicologie du Québec, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec (INSPQ), 945 avenue Wolfe, Québec, QC G1V 5B3, Canada.
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Urinary Cotinine Concentration and Self-Reported Smoking Status in 1075 Subjects Living in Central Italy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15040804. [PMID: 29671826 PMCID: PMC5923846 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15040804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Urinary cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine, is a marker of tobacco smoke exposure. A cutoff value for cotinine concentration can be set to distinguish smokers from non-smokers, independently from self-declared status. Method: Cotinine was determined by isotopic dilution High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) between 2013 and 2014 on urine samples of a population of 1075 subjects. Results: 296 subjects have a cotinine level higher than 100 μg/g of creatinine (cutoff), with a median cotinine concentration of 1504.70 μg/g of creatinine. The mean is 27.5% of smokers and 60.5% in this group are females. The median value for non-smokers is 5.6 μg/g of creatinine. Two hundred and seventy-five subjects declared to be smokers in the questionnaire, but 6 (2.2%) present urinary cotinine levels lower than cutoff; 800 subjects declared to be non-smokers, but 26 of them presented urinary cotinine levels that were higher than the cutoff (3.3%). Conclusion: Using the cutoff of 100 μg/g, the misclassification of smokers resulted to be 2.2%, indicating that the selected value is suitable for studying the human exposures to environmental and occupational pollutants, including those produced by smoking.
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Lisko JG, Lee GE, Kimbrell JB, Rybak ME, Valentin-Blasini L, Watson CH. Caffeine Concentrations in Coffee, Tea, Chocolate, and Energy Drink Flavored E-liquids. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:484-492. [PMID: 27613945 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Most electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) contain a solution of propylene glycol/glycerin and nicotine, as well as flavors. E-cigarettes and their associated e-liquids are available in numerous flavor varieties. A subset of the flavor varieties include coffee, tea, chocolate, and energy drink, which, in beverage form, are commonly recognized sources of caffeine. Recently, some manufacturers have begun marketing e-liquid products as energy enhancers that contain caffeine as an additive. Methods A Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) method for the quantitation of caffeine in e-liquids was developed, optimized and validated. The method was then applied to assess caffeine concentrations in 44 flavored e-liquids from cartridges, disposables, and refill solutions. Products chosen were flavors traditionally associated with caffeine (ie, coffee, tea, chocolate, and energy drink), marketed as energy boosters, or labeled as caffeine-containing by the manufacturer. Results Caffeine was detected in 42% of coffee-flavored products, 66% of tea-flavored products, and 50% of chocolate-flavored e-liquids (limit of detection [LOD] - 0.04 µg/g). Detectable caffeine concentrations ranged from 3.3 µg/g to 703 µg/g. Energy drink-flavored products did not contain detectable concentrations of caffeine. Eleven of 12 products marketed as energy enhancers contained caffeine, though in widely varying concentrations (31.7 µg/g to 9290 µg/g). Conclusions E-liquid flavors commonly associated with caffeine content like coffee, tea, chocolate, and energy drink often contained caffeine, but at concentrations significantly lower than their dietary counterparts. Estimated daily exposures from all e-cigarette products containing caffeine were much less than ingestion of traditional caffeinated beverages like coffee. Implications This study presents an optimized and validated method for the measurement of caffeine in e-liquids. The method is applicable to all e-liquid matrices and could potentially be used to ensure regulatory compliance for those geographic regions that forbid caffeine in e-cigarette products. The application of the method shows that caffeine concentrations and estimated total caffeine exposure from e-cigarette products is significantly lower than oral intake from beverages. However, because very little is known about the effects of caffeine inhalation, e-cigarette users should proceed with caution when using caffeine containing e-cigarette products. Further research is necessary to determine associated effects from inhaling caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Lisko
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Grace E Lee
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH
| | - J Brett Kimbrell
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN
| | - Michael E Rybak
- Nutritional Biomarkers Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Liza Valentin-Blasini
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Clifford H Watson
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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Sena LCS, Matos HR, Dórea HS, Pimentel MF, de Santana DCAS, de Santana FJM. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop and high-performance liquid chromatography to the analysis of cocaine’s major adulterants in human urine. Toxicology 2017; 376:102-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Self-reported and laboratory evaluation of late pregnancy nicotine exposure and drugs of abuse. J Perinatol 2016; 36:814-8. [PMID: 27388942 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2016.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of late pregnancy nicotine exposures, including secondhand smoke exposures, and to evaluate the associated risk of exposure to drugs of abuse. STUDY DESIGN The study was a retrospective single-center cohort analysis of more than 18 months. We compared self-reported smoking status from vital birth records with mass spectrometry laboratory results of maternal urine using a chi-square test. Logistic regression estimated adjusted odds for detection of drugs of abuse based on nicotine detection. RESULTS Compared with 8.6% self-reporting cigarette use, mass spectrometry detected high-level nicotine exposures for 16.5% of 708 women (P<0.001) and an additional 7.5% with low-level exposures. We identified an increased likelihood of exposure to drugs of abuse, presented as adjusted odds ratios, (95% confidence interval (CI), for both low-level (5.69, CI: 2.09 to 15.46) and high-level (13.93, CI: 7.06 to 27.49) nicotine exposures. CONCLUSION Improved measurement tactics are critically needed to capture late pregnancy primary and passive nicotine exposures from all potential sources.
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Nanjundaiah S, Krishna H, Bhatt P. Fluorescence Based Turn-on Probe for the Determination of Caffeine Using Europium-Tetracycline as Energy Transfer Complex. J Fluoresc 2016; 26:1115-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-016-1803-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Pérez-Ortuño R, Martínez-Sánchez JM, Fernández E, Pascual JA. High-throughput wide dynamic range procedure for the simultaneous quantification of nicotine and cotinine in multiple biological matrices using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:8463-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8993-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Martins MCG, Maia PP, Bergamin Boralli V, Figueiredo EC, Martins I. Determination of Cotinine in Urine by Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Solid Phase and Liquid–Liquid Extraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography. ANAL LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2014.979359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Shastri MD, Lu W, Ferguson SG, Narkowicz CK, Davies NW, Jacobson GA. Determination of Cotinine, 3′-Hydroxycotinine, and Their Glucuronides in Urine by Ultra-high Performance Liquid Chromatography. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2014.979363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Belal FF, Sharaf El-Din MK, Tolba MM, Elmansi H. Determination of Two Ternary Mixtures for Migraine Treatment Using HPLC Method with Ultra Violet Detection. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2014.957317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Bratan A, Mincea MM, Lupşa IR, Pirtea MG, Ostafe V. Assessment of nicotine for second hand smoke exposure in some public places in Romania by UPLC-MS. Chem Cent J 2014; 8:29. [PMID: 24839459 PMCID: PMC4024117 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-8-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air nicotine monitoring is a well-known procedure for estimation of exposure to second hand smoke. Few research studies were realized in Romania to evaluate environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure of humans in different public places. The levels of airborne nicotine from environmental tobacco smoke and urinary cotinine and nicotine levels of some subjects were analyzed. In order to better implement/enforce the European legislation regarding the interdiction of smoking in the public places the national authorities need a rapid and reliable analytical method to quickly asses the state of the pollution with cigarette smoke of these populated areas. RESULTS The nicotine concentration in the air from different types of public buildings was determined. The median concentration of nicotine in the air from 32 pubs where the smoking was allowed was 590 ng · L(-1), comparing with the pubs where the smoking was not permitted (22 locations) where the median concentration of nicotine was only 32 ng · L(-1). Similarly, the median concentration of nicotine in restaurants where the smoking was allowed (23 locations) was 510 ng · L(-1), in comparison with the restaurants where the smoking was prohibited (11 places) where the median value was 19 ng · L(-1). The lowest concentrations of nicotine were found in high schools (8 locations, median concentration 7.4 ng · L(-1)), universities (5 locations, 23 ng · L(-1)) and hospitals (6 locations, 16 ng · L(-1)). CONCLUSIONS The method was validated and gave good linearity, precision, accuracy and limit of detection. The buildings included hospitals, high schools, universities, pubs and restaurants. The presence of air nicotine was recorded in all buildings studied. The highest median levels of air nicotine were found in pubs and restaurants. The presence of air nicotine in indoor public buildings indicates weak implementation of the smoke free law in Romania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Bratan
- West University of Timisoara, Timisoara, Faculty of Chemistry – Biology –Geography, Advanced Research Environmental Laboratories, Oituz str. 4, Timisoara 300086, Romania
- National Institute of Public Health, Regional Center of Public Health, Timisoara, Victor Babes str. 16, Timisoara 300226, Romania
| | - Manuela Maria Mincea
- West University of Timisoara, Timisoara, Faculty of Chemistry – Biology –Geography, Advanced Research Environmental Laboratories, Oituz str. 4, Timisoara 300086, Romania
| | - Ioana-Rodica Lupşa
- National Institute of Public Health, Regional Center of Public Health, Timisoara, Victor Babes str. 16, Timisoara 300226, Romania
| | - Marilen-Gabriel Pirtea
- West University of Timisoara, Multidisciplinary Research Platform “Nicholas Georges - Roegen”, Oituz str. 4, Timisoara 300086, Romania
| | - Vasile Ostafe
- West University of Timisoara, Timisoara, Faculty of Chemistry – Biology –Geography, Advanced Research Environmental Laboratories, Oituz str. 4, Timisoara 300086, Romania
- West University of Timisoara, Multidisciplinary Research Platform “Nicholas Georges - Roegen”, Oituz str. 4, Timisoara 300086, Romania
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Brucker N, Charão MF, Moro AM, Ferrari P, Bubols G, Sauer E, Fracasso R, Durgante J, Thiesen FV, Duarte MM, Gioda A, Castro I, Saldiva PH, Garcia SC. Atherosclerotic process in taxi drivers occupationally exposed to air pollution and co-morbidities. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 131:31-8. [PMID: 24637182 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Consistent evidence has indicated that the exposure to environmental air pollution increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to evaluate the possible effects of occupational exposure to air pollution, especially to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and the influence of co-morbidities on the atherosclerotic process and inflammation. For that, biomarkers of exposure such as 1-hydroxypyrene urinary, oxidative damage and markers of cardiovascular risk were determined in plasma, serum and blood. In addition, inflammation models such as carotid intima-media thickness and serum inflammatory cytokines were analyzed in 58 taxi drivers with and without co-morbidity. The results demonstrated that considering only taxi drivers without co-morbidities, 15% presented carotid intima-media thickness above reference values. For the first time it has been demonstrated that urinary 1-hydroxypyrene levels were associated with carotid intima-media thickness and with serum homocysteine levels. The multiple linear regression analysis showed that several factors may contribute to the increased carotid intima-media thickness, among which age, interleukin-6, fibrinogen and exposure to PAHs stand out. In summary, our results suggest that chronic occupational exposure to atmospheric pollution could be an additional contributor to the atherogenesis process, leading to impaired vascular health. Moreover, carotid intima-media thickness, serum homocysteine levels, fibrinogen and the total cholesterol/HDL-c ratio could be suggested as preventive measures to monitor drivers' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Brucker
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Post-graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariele F Charão
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Post-graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Angela M Moro
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Post-graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ferrari
- Toxicology Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Bubols
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Elisa Sauer
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Institute of Cardiology, University Cardiology Foundation, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Fracasso
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Post-graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliano Durgante
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Institute of Cardiology, University Cardiology Foundation, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Flávia V Thiesen
- Toxicology Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marta M Duarte
- Department of Health Sciences, Lutheran University of Brazil, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriana Gioda
- Department of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Iran Castro
- Institute of Cardiology, University Cardiology Foundation, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Paulo H Saldiva
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Solange C Garcia
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Institute of Cardiology, University Cardiology Foundation, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Lei Y, Liu W, Fang L, Akash MSH, Rehman K, Narenmandura H, Shi W, Lu W, Xu Y, Chen S. Assessment of urinary concentration of cotinine in Chinese pregnant women exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-014-0209-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lei Y, Zhang Q, Fang L, Akash MSH, Rehman K, Liu Z, Shi W, Chen S. Development and comparison of two competitive ELISAs for estimation of cotinine in human exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:1020-7. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Lei
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Science; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Science; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Lizheng Fang
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310016 China
| | - Muhammad Sajid Hamid Akash
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Science; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
- College of Pharmacy; Government College University Faisalabad; Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Kanwal Rehman
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Science; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Zhiming Liu
- Hangzhou EPIE Bio-detection Technology Limited; Hangzhou 310051 China
| | - Weixing Shi
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medical Science; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Shuqing Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Science; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
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Marley JV, Atkinson D, Kitaura T, Nelson C, Gray D, Metcalf S, Maguire GP. The Be Our Ally Beat Smoking (BOABS) study, a randomised controlled trial of an intensive smoking cessation intervention in a remote aboriginal Australian health care setting. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:32. [PMID: 24418597 PMCID: PMC3905726 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples (Indigenous Australians) smoke at much higher rates than non-Indigenous people and smoking is an important contributor to increased disease, hospital admissions and deaths in Indigenous Australian populations. Smoking cessation programs in Australia have not had the same impact on Indigenous smokers as on non-Indigenous smokers. This paper describes the outcome of a study that aimed to test the efficacy of a locally-tailored, intensive, multidimensional smoking cessation program. Methods A randomised controlled trial of Aboriginal researcher delivered tailored smoking cessation counselling during face-to-face visits, aiming for weekly for the first four weeks, monthly to six months and two monthly to 12 months. The control (“usual care”) group received routine care relating to smoking cessation at their local primary health care service. Data collection occurred at enrolment, six and 12 months. The primary outcome was self-reported smoking cessation with urinary cotinine confirmation at final follow-up (median 13 (interquartile range 12–15) months after enrolment). Results Participants in the intervention (n = 55) and usual care (n = 108) groups were similar in baseline characteristics, except the intervention group was slightly older. At final follow-up the smoking cessation rate for participants assigned to the intervention group (n = 6; 11%), while not statistically significant, was double that of usual care (n = 5; 5%; p = 0.131). A meta-analysis of these findings and a similarly underpowered but comparable study of pregnant Indigenous Australian women showed that Indigenous Australian participants assigned to the intervention groups were 2.4 times (95% CI, 1.01-5.5) as likely to quit as participants assigned to usual care. Conclusions Culturally appropriate, multi-dimensional Indigenous quit smoking programs can be successfully implemented in remote primary health care. Intensive one-on-one interventions with substantial involvement from Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander workers are likely to be effective in these settings. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12608000604303).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia V Marley
- The Rural Clinical School of Western Australia, The University of Western Australia, 12 Napier Terrace, PO Box 1377, Broome, WA 6725, Australia.
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Wang H, So PK, Yao ZP. Direct analysis of herbal powders by pipette-tip electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 809:109-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Online monitoring oxidative products and metabolites of nicotine by free radicals generation with Fenton reaction in tandem mass spectrometry. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:189162. [PMID: 23983622 PMCID: PMC3745948 DOI: 10.1155/2013/189162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In general, over 70% absorbed nicotine is metabolized to cotinine and trans-3′-hydroxycotinine by cytochrome oxidase P450, and nicotine is also a major addictive and the psychoactive component in cigarettes. As a xenobiotic metabolism, hydrophobic compounds are usually converted into more hydrophilic products through enzyme systems such as cytochrome oxidase P450, sulfotransferases, and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases to deliver drug metabolites out of the cell during the drug metabolic process. In this study, an electrodeless electrochemical oxidation (EEO) reaction via Fenton reaction by producing free radical to react with nicotine to immediately monitor the oxidative products and metabolic derivatives of nicotine by tandem mass spectrometer (MS) is done. Fenton reaction generates free radicals via ferrous ion (Fe2+) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to oxidize DNA and to degrade proteins in cells. In the EEO method, the oxidative products of nicotine including cotinine, cotinine-N-oxide, trans-3′-hydroxycotinine, nornicotine, norcotinine, 4-oxo-4-(3-pyridyl)-butanoic acid, 4-hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl)-butanoic acid, and nicotine-N′-oxide were detected by tandem mass spectrometer to simulate the changes of nicotine and its derivatives in a time-dependent manner.
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Tung KY, Wu KY, Tsai CH, Su MW, Chen CH, Lin MH, Chen YC, Wu WC, Lee YL. Association of time-location patterns with urinary cotinine among asthmatic children under household environmental tobacco smoke exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2013; 124:7-12. [PMID: 23623351 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a hazardous component of indoor air, and may increase the risk of respiratory diseases, atherosclerosis and otitis media in children. In this study, we explored the relationship between time inside the house, ETS exposure and urinary cotinine level, and also determined the association of time inside the house on asthma phenotypes when children exposed to ETS. METHODS A total of 222 asthmatic children and 205 non-asthmatic controls were recruited in the Genetic and Biomarker study for Childhood Asthma (GBCA). Structured questionnaires and time-location pattern questionnaires were administered by face-to-face interview. Urinary cotinine was measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The level of household ETS exposure was assessed using the cotinine/creatinine ratio (CCR). RESULTS In general, urinary cotinine and CCR were higher in subjects exposed to household ETS than those who never had ETS at home. A significant positive relationship was found between average time inside the house and urinary CCR in asthmatic children with current ETS at home (β=0.278, p=0.02). After adjustment for age and gender, average time inside the house was positively related to severe wheeze in asthmatic children with household ETS within 1 month (OR: 1.26, 95%: 1.02-1.64). CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that the major source of ETS exposure for children is due to longer period of exposures among children living with adult smokers at home. Home-smoking restrictions that effectively prevent children from being exposed to ETS would be worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Yen Tung
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Bier D, Hartmann R, Holschbach M. Collision-induced dissociation studies of caffeine in positive electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry using six deuterated isotopomers and one N1-ethylated homologue. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:885-895. [PMID: 23495058 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In order to deepen the understanding of electrospray ionisation collision-induced dissociation (ESI-CID) fragmentation reactions of xanthine derivatives for the identification of metabolites using low-resolution liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis, basic experiments using caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) as model compound have been performed. METHODS Six deuterium isotopomers and one N1-ethylated homologue of caffeine have been synthesized and their ESI fragmentation spectra have been obtained by using LC/MS in combination with either standard or perdeuterated eluent mixtures. RESULTS One result of these studies is the finding that the positive charges of the ESI-CID caffeine fragments are caused by the addition of protons. Furthermore, the performed experiments allow the determination of all molecular formulae of each ESI-CID caffeine fragment. CONCLUSIONS As basic CID reactions of caffeine have been elucidated in this work, the developed fragmentation scheme may serve as a valuable tool for the interpretation of ESI-CID fragmentation spectra of more complex xanthine derivatives and their respective metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Bier
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin (INM-5), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
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Rameshkumar A, Sivasudha T, Jeyadevi R, Sangeetha B, Smilin Bell Aseervatham G, Maheshwari M. Profiling of phenolic compounds using UPLC–Q-TOF-MS/MS and nephroprotective activity of Indian green leafy vegetable Merremia emarginata (Burm. f.). Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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von Weymarn LB, Retzlaff C, Murphy SE. CYP2A6- and CYP2A13-catalyzed metabolism of the nicotine Δ5'(1')iminium ion. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 343:307-15. [PMID: 22869927 PMCID: PMC3477218 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.195255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine, the major addictive agent in tobacco, is metabolized primarily by CYP2A6-catalyzed oxidation. The product of this reaction, 5'-hydroxynicotine, is in equilibrium with the nicotine Δ5'(1')iminium ion and is further metabolized to cotinine. We reported previously that both CYP2A6 and the closely related extrahepatic enzyme CYP2A13 were inactivated during nicotine metabolism; however, inactivation occurred after metabolism was complete. This led to the hypothesis that oxidation of a nicotine metabolite, possibly the nicotine Δ5'(1')iminium ion, was responsible for generating the inactivating species. In the studies presented here, we confirm that the nicotine Δ5'(1')iminium ion is an inactivator of both CYP2A6 and CYP2A13, and inactivation depends on time, concentration, and the presence of NADPH. Inactivation was not reversible and was accompanied by a parallel loss in spectrally active protein, as measured by reduced CO spectra. These data are consistent with the characterization of the nicotine Δ5'(1')iminium ion as a mechanism-based inactivator of both CYP2A13 and CYP2A6. We also confirm that both CYP2A6 and CYP2A13 catalyze the metabolism of the nicotine Δ5'(1')iminium ion to cotinine and provide evidence that both enzymes catalyze the sequential metabolism of the nicotine Δ5'(1')iminium ion. That is, a fraction of the cotinine formed may not be released from the enzyme before further oxidation to 3'-hydroxycotinine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda B von Weymarn
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Li P, Beck WD, Callahan PM, Terry AV, Bartlett MG. Quantitation of cotinine and its metabolites in rat plasma and brain tissue by hydrophilic interaction chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 907:117-25. [PMID: 23022114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we developed a sensitive method to quantify cotinine (COT), norcotinine (NCOT), trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (OHCOT) and cotinine-N-oxide (COTNO) in rat plasma and brain tissue, using solid phase extraction (SPE), hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The linear range was 1-100 ng/mL for each analyte in rat plasma and brain homogenate (3-300 ng/g brain tissue). The method was validated with precision within 15% relative standard deviation (RSD) and accuracy within 15% relative error (RE). Stable isotope-labeled internal standards (IS) were used for all the analytes to achieve good reproducibility, minimizing the influence of recovery and matrix effects. This method can be used in future studies to simultaneously determine the concentrations of COT and three major metabolites in rat plasma and brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, United States
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Determination of the Nicotine Content in Solanaceae Vegetables by Solid-Phase Extraction Coupled with Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-012-9457-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Scheidweiler KB, Shakleya DM, Huestis MA. Simultaneous quantification of nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, norcotinine and mecamylamine in human urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 413:978-84. [PMID: 22394455 PMCID: PMC3319642 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mecamylamine is a nicotine antagonist under investigation in combination with nicotine replacement for smoking treatment. METHODS A simple, rapid and reliable liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LCMSMS) method was developed and validated for quantifying nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, norcotinine and mecamylamine in human urine. Chromatography was performed on a Synergi PolarRP column with a gradient of 0.1% formic acid and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile at 0.25 ml/min with an 8-min total runtime. Analytes were monitored by positive mode electrospray ionization and multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. RESULTS Linear dynamic ranges were 1-500 ng/ml for nicotine and norcotinine, 0.5-500 ng/ml for trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, 0.2-500 ng/ml for cotinine, and 0.1-100 ng/ml for mecamylamine; correlation coefficients were consistently greater than 0.99, and all calibrator concentrations were within 20% of target. Extensive endogenous and exogenous interferences were evaluated. At 3 concentrations spanning the linear dynamic range of the assay, mean extraction efficiencies from urine were 55.1-109.1% with analytical recovery (bias) 82.0-118.7% and total imprecision of 0.7-9.1%. Analytes were stable for 24h at room temperature, 72 h at 4 °C, 72 h in autosampler at 15 °C and after three freeze/thaw cycles. CONCLUSION This method is useful for monitoring mecamylamine, nicotine and nicotine metabolites in smoking cessation and other clinical nicotine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl B. Scheidweiler
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Diaa M. Shakleya
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Kuhn J, Vollmer T, Martin C, Hendig D, Knabbe C. Fast and sample cleanup-free measurement of nicotine and cotinine by stable isotope dilution ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 67-68:137-43. [PMID: 22608097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We developed a stable isotope dilution ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry assay to measure nicotine and cotinine, the major oxidative and pharmacologically less active metabolite of nicotine, in human urine. A simple dilution step was used as sample preparation and the measurement of nicotine and cotinine was performed during a 1.5-min run-time using nicotine-D₄ and cotinine-D₄ as internal standards. Multiple calibration curves for the analysis of both nicotine and cotinine exhibited a consistent excellent linearity and reproducibility in the range of 5-35,000 μg/L (r>0.999). Limits of Detection were 0.7 μg/L for nicotine and 0.4 μg/L for cotinine, and Lower Limits of Quantification were 1.7 μg/L for nicotine and 1.1 μg/L for cotinine. The intraassay coefficients of variation (CVs) for nicotine and cotinine were <4% and <2%, respectively, the interassay CVs were <6% for nicotine and <4% for cotinine. The inaccuracy was <6% for both substances. The mean recovery was 103.2% (range 96.8-105.1%) for nicotine and 97.4% (range 94.3-99.2%) for cotinine. A method comparison showed that the values of nicotine metabolites in human urine samples (n=98) measured by a commercially available chemiluminescent immunoassay tested on analyzer IMMULITE 2000 were much higher than the cotinine concentration in the same urine samples measured by our UPLC-MS/MS assay. The Passing-Bablok regression line was: immunoassay=4.62 (UPLC-MS/MS)+3.64 [μg/L]; r=0.75. This robust, sensitive and interference-free UPLC-MS/MS assay permits rapid and accurate determination of nicotine and cotinine in human urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Kuhn
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
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Zagorevski DV, Loughmiller-Newman JA. The detection of nicotine in a Late Mayan period flask by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry methods. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:403-411. [PMID: 22279016 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Several ancient Mayan vessels from the Kislak Collection of the US Library of Congress were examined for the presence of alkaloids. One of them, a codex-style flask, bears a text that appears to read yo-'OTOT-ti 'u-MAY, spelling y-otoot 'u-may 'the home of its/his/her tobacco'. Samples extracted from this Late Classic period (600 to 900 AD) container were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) methods. Nicotine was identified as the major component of the extracts. LC/MS analyses also yielded signals due to nicotine mono-oxides. The identities of the compounds were determined by comparison of the chromatographic and/or mass spectral characteristics with those from standards and literature data. High-resolution high mass accuracy tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) spectra of protonated nicotine and nicotine mono-oxides were measured to verify and to correct previous product ion assignments. These analyses provided positive evidence for nicotine from a Mayan vessel, indicating it as a likely holder of tobacco leafs. The result of this investigation is the first physical evidence of tobacco from a Mayan container, and only the second example where the vessel content recorded in a Mayan hieroglyphic text has been confirmed directly by chromatography/mass spectrometry trace analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri V Zagorevski
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1145 CBIS, 110 8th St., Troy, NY 12180, USA.
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Determination of 2,3-dihydroxypropionamide, an oxidative metabolite of acrylamide, in human urine by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 402:2431-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5692-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Wu CF, Uang SN, Chiang SY, Shih WC, Huang YF, Wu KY. Simultaneous quantitation of urinary cotinine and acrylonitrile-derived mercapturic acids with ultraperformance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 402:2113-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5661-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Marclay F, Grata E, Perrenoud L, Saugy M. A one-year monitoring of nicotine use in sport: Frontier between potential performance enhancement and addiction issues. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 213:73-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kasper-Sonnenberg M, Koch HM, Wittsiepe J, Wilhelm M. Levels of phthalate metabolites in urine among mother-child-pairs - results from the Duisburg birth cohort study, Germany. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2011; 215:373-82. [PMID: 21983396 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are used ubiquitously and human exposure is widespread. Some phthalates are anti-androgens and have to be regarded as reproductive and developmental toxicants. In the Duisburg birth cohort study we examine the associations between hormonally active environmental agents and child development. Here we report the concentrations of 21 primary and secondary phthalate metabolites from seven low molecular weight (LMW) phthalates (DMP, DEP, BBzP, DiBP, DnBP, DCHP, DnPeP) and five high-molecular weight (HMW) phthalates (DEHP, DiNP, DiDP, DPHP, DnOP) in 208 urine samples from 104 mothers and their school-aged children. Analysis was performed by multidimensional liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC/LC-MS/MS), using internal isotope-labeled standards. In both children and mothers, 18 out of 21 phthalate metabolites were detected above the limits of quantification (between 0.2 and 1.0 μg/l) in nearly all urine samples. Among the LMW phthalates, the excretion level (geometric mean) of the ΣDiBP metabolites was most prominent in children (103.9 μg/l), followed by ΣDnBP (56.5 μg/l), and MEP (39.1 μg/l). In mothers ΣDiBP (66.6 μg/l) was highest, followed by MEP (50.5 μg/l), and ΣDnBP (36.0 μg/l). Among the HMW phthalates, ΣDEHP was highest in children and mothers (55.7/28.9 μg/l). Compared to reference values derived from the German Human Biomonitoring Commission, children's metabolite concentrations were within background levels, whereas for mothers considerably higher exposure to the LMW phthalates DnBP and DiBP, and the HMW phthalate DEHP was detected (MiBP: 10.7%; MnBP: 11.7%; ΣDEHP: 23.3% of the samples were above the reference values). The LMW metabolites from DMP, DiBP, and DnBP, and the HMW metabolites from DEHP and DiNP were correlated between the mothers and children, probably indicating shared exposure in the immediate surrounding environment. Children showed higher excretion levels for most of the secondary metabolites than mothers, confirming previous findings on higher oxidized metabolite levels in children. The LMW metabolites ΣDiBP, ΣDnBP, and MMP, and the HMW metabolites ΣDEHP were negatively associated with children's age. The LMW metabolites ΣDiBP, ΣDnBP, and MBzP were inversely associated with body mass index of the children. The LMW ΣDiBP metabolites revealed a significant association with nicotine metabolites in urine from both children and mothers. Further analyses are ongoing to study long-term phthalate exposure and the associations with puberty outcome in these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kasper-Sonnenberg
- Department of Hygiene, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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Sun J, Du H, You T. Determination of nicotine and its metabolite cotinine in urine and cigarette samples by capillary electrophoresis coupled with electrochemiluminescence. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2148-54. [PMID: 21792993 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, CE coupled with electrochemiluminesence (ECL) detection using a 76-μm Pt disk as working electrode was developed for nicotine (NIC) determination. The major metabolite of NIC is cotinine (COT), which has a similar tertiary amine structure to NIC. However, there is a carbonyl group attached in the structure of COT, which leads to the great decrease in ECL response. In order to improve the ECL response of COT, NaBH(4) was used for carbonyl reduction. After reduction, NIC and COT were separated and detected by CE-ECL. ECL response plotted with NIC concentration was linear between 5.0×10(-7) and 5.0×10(-5) mol/L (81-8100 μg/L), with LOD of 5.0×10(-8) mol/L (8.1 μg/L). The developed CE-ECL method was applied for NIC determination in urine and cigarette samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Changchun, PR China
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Launiainen T, Broms U, Keskitalo-Vuokko K, Pitkäniemi J, Pelander A, Kaprio J, Ojanperä I. Nicotine, Alcohol, and Drug Findings in Young Adults in a Population-Based Postmortem Database. Nicotine Tob Res 2011; 13:763-71. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntr069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Rangiah K, Hwang WT, Mesaros C, Vachani A, Blair IA. Nicotine exposure and metabolizer phenotypes from analysis of urinary nicotine and its 15 metabolites by LC-MS. Bioanalysis 2011; 3:745-61. [PMID: 21452992 PMCID: PMC3134267 DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Smokers who inhale less deeply are exposed to lower amounts of the toxic substances present in tobacco smoke. In order to more rigorously assess tobacco smoke exposure, it is necessary to have an accurate method for quantifying nicotine and all of its known metabolites. METHODS A stable-isotope dilution LC-MRM/MS assay has been developed for quantification of urinary nicotine and the 15 possible metabolites that could arise from known metabolic pathways. Nicotine, cotinine, trans-3´-hydroxy-cotinine, nicotine-N-oxide, cotinine-N-oxide, nornicotine, norcotinine and 4-hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl)butanoic acid were quantified by direct analysis. The corresponding glucuronide metabolites were quantified after urine hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase. RESULTS Nicotine and all 15 nicotine metabolites were quantified by LC-MRM/MS in most urine samples from 61 tobacco smokers. Urinary nicotine and metabolite concentrations ranged from 7.9 to 337.8 µM (mean 75.5 ± 67.8 µM). Three nicotine metabolizer phenotypes were established as reduced metabolizers (ratio < 8), normal metabolizers (ratio 8-30), and extensive metabolizers (ratio > 30). 4-hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl)butanoic acid, which has not been quantified previously, was an abundant metabolite in all three phenotypes. CONCLUSION Using this assay it will now be possible to determine whether there are relationships between nicotine exposure and/or metabolizer phenotype with exposure to toxic substances that are present in tobacco smoke and/or to biological response biomarkers to tobacco smoking. This will help in identifying individuals at high risk for developing smoking-related diseases as well as those amenable to smoking cessation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Rangiah
- Centers for Cancer Pharmacology, Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
- Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Wei-Ting Hwang
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Centers for Cancer Pharmacology, Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
- Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Anil Vachani
- Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Ian A Blair
- Centers for Cancer Pharmacology, Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
- Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
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Malafatti L, Maia PP, Martins MCG, Siqueira MEPBD, Martins I. Single gas chromatography method with nitrogen phosphorus detector for urinary cotinine determination in passive and active smokers. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502010000400019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine is a major addictive compound in cigarettes and is rapidly and extensively metabolized to several metabolites in humans, including urinary cotinine, considered a biomarker due to its high concentration compared to other metabolites. The aim of this study was to develop a single method for determination of urinary cotinine, in active and passive smokers, by gas chromatography with a nitrogen phosphorus detector (GC-NPD). Urine (5.0 mL) was extracted with 1.0 mL of sodium hydroxide 5 mol L-1, 5.0 mL of chloroform, and lidocaine used as the internal standard. Injection volume was 1 μL in GC-NPD. Limit of quantification was 10 ng mL-1. Linearity was evaluated in the ranges 10-1000 ng mL-1 and 500-6000 ng mL-1, with determination coefficients of 0.9986 and 0.9952, respectively. Intra- and inter-assay standard relative deviations were lower than 14.2 %, while inaccuracy (bias) was less than +11.9%. The efficiency of extraction was greater than 88.5%. Ruggedness was verified, according to Youden's test. Means of cotinine concentrations observed were 2,980 ng mL-1 for active smokers and 132 ng mL-1, for passive smokers. The results revealed that satisfactory chromatographic separation between the analyte and interferents was obtained with a ZB-1 column. This method is reliable, precise, linear and presented ruggedness in the range evaluated. The results suggest that it can be applied in routine analysis for passive and active smokers, since it is able to quantify a wide range of cotinine concentrations in urine.
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Marclay F, Saugy M. Determination of nicotine and nicotine metabolites in urine by hydrophilic interaction chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry: Potential use of smokeless tobacco products by ice hockey players. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:7528-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kaplan K, Graf S, Tanner C, Gonin M, Fuhrer K, Knochenmuss R, Dwivedi P, Hill HH. Resistive Glass IM-TOFMS. Anal Chem 2010; 82:9336-43. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1017259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Kaplan
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States, and Tofwerk AG, Thun, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Graf
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States, and Tofwerk AG, Thun, Switzerland
| | - Christian Tanner
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States, and Tofwerk AG, Thun, Switzerland
| | - Marc Gonin
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States, and Tofwerk AG, Thun, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Fuhrer
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States, and Tofwerk AG, Thun, Switzerland
| | - Richard Knochenmuss
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States, and Tofwerk AG, Thun, Switzerland
| | - Prabha Dwivedi
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States, and Tofwerk AG, Thun, Switzerland
| | - Herbert H. Hill
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States, and Tofwerk AG, Thun, Switzerland
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Aquilina NJ, Delgado-Saborit JM, Meddings C, Baker S, Harrison RM, Jacob P, Wilson M, Yu L, Duan M, Benowitz NL. Environmental and biological monitoring of exposures to PAHs and ETS in the general population. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2010; 36:763-71. [PMID: 20591483 PMCID: PMC3148021 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2010.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyse environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and PAH metabolites in urine samples of non-occupationally exposed non-smoker adult subjects and to establish relationships between airborne exposures and urinary concentrations in order to (a) assess the suitability of the studied metabolites as biomarkers of PAH and ETS, (b) study the use of 3-ethenypyridine as ETS tracer and (c) link ETS scenarios with exposures to carcinogenic PAH and VOC. Urine samples from 100 subjects were collected and concentrations of monophenolic metabolites of naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and pyrene and the nicotine metabolites cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to assess PAH and ETS exposures. Airborne exposures were measured using personal exposure samplers and analysed using GC-MS. These included 1,3-butadiene (BUT), 3-ethenylpyridine (3-EP) (a tobacco-specific tracer derived from nicotine pyrolysis) and PAHs. ETS was reported by the subjects in 30-min time-activity questionnaires and specific comments were collected in an ETS questionnaire each time ETS exposure occurred. The values of 3-EP (>0.25 microg/m(3) for ETS) were used to confirm the ETS exposure status of the subject. Concentrations as geometric mean, GM, and standard deviation (GSD) of personal exposures were 0.16 (5.50)microg/m(3) for 3-EP, 0.22 (4.28)microg/m(3) for BUT and 0.09 (3.03)ng/m(3) for benzo(a)pyrene. Concentrations of urinary metabolites were 0.44 (1.70)ng/mL for 1-hydroxypyrene and 0.88 (5.28)ng/mL for cotinine. Concentrations of urinary metabolites of nicotine were lower than in most previous studies, suggesting very low exposures in the ETS-exposed group. Nonetheless, concentrations were higher in the ETS population for cotinine, trans-3'hydroxycotinine, 3-EP, BUT and most high molecular weight PAH, whilst 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, 3+4-hydroxyphenanthrene and 1-hydroxyphenanthrene were only higher in the high-ETS subpopulation. There were not many significant correlations between either personal exposures to PAH and their urinary metabolites, or of the latter with ETS markers. However, it was found that the urinary log cotinine concentration showed significant correlation with log concentrations of 3-EP (R=0.75), BUT (R=0.47), and high molecular weight PAHs (MW>200), especially chrysene (R=0.55) at the p=0.01 level. On the other hand, low correlation was observed between the PAH metabolite 2-naphthol and the parent PAH, gas-phase naphthalene. These results suggest that (1) ETS is a significant source of inhalation exposure to the carcinogen 1,3-butadiene and high molecular weight PAHs, many of which are carcinogenic, and (2) that for lower molecular weight PAHs such as naphthalene, exposure by routes other than inhalation predominate, since metabolite levels correlated poorly with personal exposure air sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel J. Aquilina
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Juana Mari Delgado-Saborit
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Meddings
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Baker
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Roy M. Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 121 414 3494; fax: +44 121 414 3709. (R.M. Harrison)
| | - Peyton Jacob
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Departments of Medicine, Psychiatry, and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, UCSF Box 1220, San Francisco, CA 94143-1220, USA
| | - Margaret Wilson
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Departments of Medicine, Psychiatry, and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, UCSF Box 1220, San Francisco, CA 94143-1220, USA
| | - Lisa Yu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Departments of Medicine, Psychiatry, and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, UCSF Box 1220, San Francisco, CA 94143-1220, USA
| | - Minjiang Duan
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Departments of Medicine, Psychiatry, and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, UCSF Box 1220, San Francisco, CA 94143-1220, USA
| | - Neal L. Benowitz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Departments of Medicine, Psychiatry, and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, UCSF Box 1220, San Francisco, CA 94143-1220, USA
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Hu CW, Chang YZ, Wang HW, Chao MR. High-throughput simultaneous analysis of five urinary metabolites of areca nut and tobacco alkaloids by isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with on-line solid-phase extraction. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:2570-81. [PMID: 20713654 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Areca nut and tobacco are commonly used drugs worldwide and have been frequently used in combination. We describe the use of on-line solid-phase extraction and isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous measurement of five major urinary metabolites of both areca nut and tobacco alkaloids, namely, arecoline, arecaidine, N-methylnipecotic acid, nicotine, and cotinine. METHODS Automated purification of urine was accomplished with a column-switching device. After the addition of deuterium-labeled internal standards, urine samples were directly analyzed within 13 minutes. This method was applied to measure urinary metabolites in 90 healthy subjects to assess areca nut/tobacco exposure. Urinary time course of arecoline, arecaidine, and N-methylnipecotic acid was investigated in five healthy nonchewers after oral administration of areca nut water extracts. RESULTS The limits of detection were 0.016 to 0.553 ng/mL. Interday and intraday imprecision were <10%. Mean recoveries of five metabolites in urine were 97% to 114%. Mean urinary concentrations of arecoline, arecaidine, N-methylnipecotic acid, nicotine, and cotinine in regular areca nut chewers also smokers were 23.9, 5,816, 1,298, 2,635, and 1,406 ng/mg creatinine, respectively. Time course study revealed that after administration of areca nuts extracts, the major urinary metabolite was arecaidine with a half-life of 4.3 hours, followed by N-methylnipecotic acid with a half-life of 7.9 hours, and very low levels of arecoline with a half-life of 0.97 hour. CONCLUSIONS This on-line solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method firstly provides high-throughput direct analysis of five urinary metabolites of areca nut/tobacco alkaloids. IMPACT This method may facilitate the research into the oncogenic effects of areca nut/tobacco exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Wen Hu
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Reijula JP, Reijula KE. The impact of Finnish tobacco legislation on restaurant workers' exposure to tobacco smoke at work. Scand J Public Health 2010; 38:724-30. [PMID: 20688793 DOI: 10.1177/1403494810379168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the impact of Finnish tobacco legislation concerning restaurants, questionnaire surveys were carried out four times between 1999 and 2007. Their purpose was to assess the effects of the legislation on employees' exposure to tobacco smoke in bars and restaurants in Finland before the total prohibition of smoking. METHODS National questionnaire surveys on reported exposure to tobacco smoke among restaurant workers were conducted in 1999, 2001, 2003, and in the spring of 2007 just before the total smoking ban. RESULTS The data show that smoking is more common among restaurant workers than in the Finnish population in general. Reported exposure to tobacco smoke in bars and restaurants declined slowly after the launch of the renewed Tobacco Act. Between 1999 and 2007, it decreased from 73% to 43% among waiters who were exposed for over four hours per work shift and from 93% to 67% among bartenders. At the same time, non-exposed waiters increased from 15% to 39% and bartenders from 5% to 10%. The number of daily smoked cigarettes, however, remained the same among restaurant workers during the seven-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the reform of the Finnish tobacco legislation in 2000, which did not totally prohibit smoking in restaurants, decreased the exposure to environmental tobacco smoke but was not sufficiently effective in protecting restaurant workers from occupational exposure to tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jere P Reijula
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.
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Park S, Lee DH, Park JG, Lee YT, Chung J. A sensitive enzyme immunoassay for measuring cotinine in passive smokers. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:1238-42. [PMID: 20438723 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both active smoking and passive exposure to tobacco smoke are major risk factors for cardiovascular, pulmonary, and oncological diseases. The serum level of cotinine, a major proximate metabolite of nicotine, reflects active or passive exposure to tobacco smoke. However, currently available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for cotinine have limited sensitivity, and a high-throughput quantification of the severity of passive exposure to tobacco smoke has not been possible thus far. METHODS We generated a phage display of combinatorial antibody library, from which we selected a recombinant antibody against cotinine, developed a sensitive ELISA using this antibody, and evaluated the method in a clinical setting and an animal model. RESULTS The limits of detection and the lower limit of quantification were 31pg/mL and 1ng/mL cotinine, respectively. The intra- and inter-assay precisions based on three quality control samples were 3.8-13.5% and 14.0-15.0%, respectively. No significant interference from nicotine, trans-3'-hydroxy cotinine, tobacco alkaloids, or other serum components was found. When we applied our ELISA to serum samples from 36 volunteers, the serum cotinine levels were clustered into two groups, which exactly corresponded to their smoking behavior and this ELISA yielded reproducible and accurate results, which were comparable to those of LC/MS in a split assay. In animal studies, we were able to distinguish between rats injected with a nicotine dose equivalent to that of passive exposure to tobacco and rats without exposure. CONCLUSION The competitive ELISA described here is useful for the detection and quantification of the severity of risk of passive smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunyoung Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University School of Medicine, Republic of Korea
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Yue B, Kushnir MM, Urry FM, Rockwood AL. Quantitation of nicotine, its metabolites, and other related alkaloids in urine, serum, and plasma using LC-MS-MS. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 603:389-98. [PMID: 20077091 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-459-3_38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We describe a method for the quantitative analysis of nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxy cotinine, nornicotine, and anabasine in urine, serum, and plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A mix of deuterium-labeled internal standards (IS) is added to a specimen aliquot. The aliquot is extracted using mixed-mode solid phase extraction and eluted into an autosampler vial for injection into an LC-MS-MS system. An Atlantis silica column is used for LC separation in hydrophilic interaction mode. Tandem mass spectrometry detection is performed in positive ion mode with electrospray ionization and two multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions monitored for each analyte and IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingfang Yue
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Shakleya DM, Huestis MA. Simultaneous and sensitive measurement of nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine and norcotinine in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3537-42. [PMID: 19748838 PMCID: PMC2763023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine and norcotinine in human plasma was developed and fully validated. Potential endogenous and exogenous interferences were extensively evaluated and limits of quantification were determined by decreasing analyte concentration. Analytical ranges were 1-500 ng/mL for nicotine and cotinine, 5-500 ng/mL for trans-3'-hydroxycotinine and norcotinine. Mean intra- and inter-assay analytical recoveries were between 101.9 and 116.8%, and intra- and inter-assay imprecision were less than 11% RSD for all analytes: parameters were evaluated at three different concentrations across the linear range of the assay. Extraction efficiency was > or = 70% for all analytes. This validated method is useful for the determination of nicotine and metabolites in human plasma to support research on the role of nicotine biomarkers on neuronal systems mediating cognitive and affective processes and to differentiate active, passive and environmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diaa M. Shakleya
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Rapid screening of active ingredients in drugs by mass spectrometry with low-temperature plasma probe. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:591-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2947-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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López CM, Sassone AH, Rodriguez Girault ME, Lenzken CS, Villaamil Lepori EC, Roses OE. Quantification of Cotinine in Plasma and Urine by HPLC‐UV Detection. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-200028146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. M. López
- a Chair of Toxicology and Legal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry , University of Buenos Aires , Junín 956, 7° piso, 1113, Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - A. H. Sassone
- a Chair of Toxicology and Legal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry , University of Buenos Aires , Junín 956, 7° piso, 1113, Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - M. E. Rodriguez Girault
- a Chair of Toxicology and Legal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry , University of Buenos Aires , Junín 956, 7° piso, 1113, Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - C. S. Lenzken
- a Chair of Toxicology and Legal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry , University of Buenos Aires , Junín 956, 7° piso, 1113, Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - E. C. Villaamil Lepori
- a Chair of Toxicology and Legal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry , University of Buenos Aires , Junín 956, 7° piso, 1113, Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - O. E. Roses
- a Chair of Toxicology and Legal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry , University of Buenos Aires , Junín 956, 7° piso, 1113, Buenos Aires , Argentina
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Feyer V, Plekan O, Richter R, Coreno M, Prince KC. Photoion mass spectroscopy and valence photoionization of hypoxanthine, xanthine and caffeine. Chem Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2008.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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