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Wagenaars F, Cenijn P, Scholze M, Frädrich C, Renko K, Köhrle J, Hamers T. Screening for endocrine disrupting chemicals inhibiting monocarboxylate 8 (MCT8) transporter facilitated thyroid hormone transport using a modified nonradioactive assay. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 96:105770. [PMID: 38151217 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Early neurodevelopmental processes are strictly dependent on spatial and temporally modulated of thyroid hormone (TH) availability and action. Thyroid hormone transmembrane transporters (THTMT) are critical for regulating the local concentrations of TH, namely thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-tri-iodothyronine (T3), in the brain. Monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) is one of the most prominent THTMT. Genetically induced deficiencies in expression, function or localization of MCT8 are associated with irreversible and severe neurodevelopmental adversities. Due to the importance of MCT8 in brain development, studies addressing chemical interferences of MCT8 facilitated T3 uptake are a crucial step to identify TH system disrupting chemicals with this specific mode of action. Recently a non-radioactive in vitro assay has been developed to rapidly screen for endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) acting upon MCT8 mediated transport. This study explored the use of an UV-light digestion step as an alternative for the original ammonium persulfate (APS) digestion step. The non-radioactive TH uptake assay, with the incorporated UV-light digestion step of TH, was then used to screen a set of 31 reference chemicals and environmentally relevant substances to detect inhibition of MCT8-depending T3 uptake. This alternative assay identified three novel MCT8 inhibitors: methylmercury, bisphenol-AF and bisphenol-Z and confirmed previously known MCT8 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Wagenaars
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-Life), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Cenijn
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-Life), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Scholze
- Brunel University London, Centre for Pollution Research and Policy, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Caroline Frädrich
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Hessische Strasse 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kostja Renko
- German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Hessische Strasse 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Timo Hamers
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-Life), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Huang CJ, Li JZ, Hwu CM, Chen HS, Yeh CC, Wang FF, Yang CC. Determination of the Elemental Iodine in Human Breast Milk by Inductively Coupled Plasma mass Spectrometry. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:1517-1523. [PMID: 37500822 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03786-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Adequate iodine status in lactating women is defined by a maternal median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) ≧ 100 µg/L. However, the above-mentioned criterion does not account for the secretion of iodine into breast milk and could not truly reflect the amount of iodine delivered to the infants. Measuring breast milk median iodine concentration (BMIC) is crucial, but the method to measure BMIC has not been developed and validated in Taiwan. We adopted the ammonia dilution method without prior sample digestion to measure BMIC by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Samples and iodate calibrators were prepared into an aqueous solution containing Triton X-100, 0.5% ammonia solution, and tellurium (128Te) as the internal standard. Precision, accuracy, serial dilution, and recovery tests were performed for method validation. The range of intra-assay and inter-assay coefficient of variation for the four human breast milk samples with different iodine concentrations were 3.2-4.7% and 2.3-5.5%, respectively. The standard NIST 1549 milk powder was prepared into three different concentrations of 50 µg/L, 100 µg/L, and 200 µg/L to assess the accuracy; the bias was < 5%. A recovery of 95-105% was achieved for four human breast milk samples spiked with sodium iodide solution. The serial dilution test confirmed linearity up to 0.998. The limit for detection and quantification was 0.78 µg/L and 2.34 µg/L, respectively. The results of the current study confirmed that this ICP-MS method is accurate and reliable in measuring BMIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jui Huang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Zhen Li
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chii-Min Hwu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Harn-Shen Chen
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Ching Yeh
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Nurse-Midwifery and Women Health, College of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Fen Wang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Medicine, Yangming Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Chang Yang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Institute of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Occupational Medicine & Clinical Toxicology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Georgieva Bacelova M, Dimitrova Gatseva P, Ivanova Deneva T, Miteva Davcheva D, Veselinova Bivolarska A. Are the elements zinc, copper, magnesium, and rubidium related to nutrition and iodine deficiency in pregnant Bulgarian women from iodine deficient region? Cent Eur J Public Health 2024; 32:31-38. [PMID: 38669155 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Trace elements are essential for the biochemistry of the cell. Their reference values have been found to differ considerably in pregnant women stratified by age, place of residence, anthropometric status, and length of pregnancy. In optimal amounts, these elements reduce the risk of pregnancy complications. Subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy is associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), and rubidium (Rb) on pregnant women in an iodine deficiency region and find the relationship with the thyroid status and nutrition. METHODS We evaluated the iodine status of 61 healthy pregnant women from an iodine deficient region in Bulgaria. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxin free (FT4) levels were measured using ELISA. RESULTS We found elevated levels of copper that differed the most between the first and second trimesters; Cu and TSH were found to be positively correlated (р < 0.05). Lower Cu levels were found in pregnant women consuming pulses more than 2-3 times a week (р = 0.033). The women consuming fish more than 2-3 times a week had higher levels of Rb. We found a pronounced iodine deficiency in more than half of the examined women in the first to third trimesters, without any effect of pregnancy on the ioduria (р=0.834). All second and third trimester cases were associated with severe ioduria (< 150 µg/L). CONCLUSION The high Cu levels were associated with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and less pulse consumption during pregnancy in an iodine deficiency endemic area. SCH was found in 24% of the pregnant women in such an area while in 13% of them SCH had progressed to overt hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Penka Dimitrova Gatseva
- Department of Hygiene, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Tanya Ivanova Deneva
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Division of Pharmaceutical Innovations for Personalized Medicine, Research Institute, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Delyana Miteva Davcheva
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Division of Pharmaceutical Innovations for Personalized Medicine, Research Institute, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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Tamura M, Nakada K, Iwanaga H, Fujita N, Kato K. Effect of previous administration of potassium iodine and different durations of low iodine diets for radioiodine therapy on the treatment of Graves' disease in iodine-rich areas. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2024; 51:1060-1069. [PMID: 38008728 PMCID: PMC10881611 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-023-06523-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine whether adherence to a low-iodine diet (LID) enhances the therapeutic efficacy of radioiodine therapy (RAI) in Graves' hyperthyroidism (GH) in iodine-rich areas. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated 185 patients with GH from Aichi (n = 114) and Hokkaido (n = 71) Prefectures. Patients aged ≥ 18 years with GH who underwent RAI between December 2012 and March 2022 were divided into subgroups based on pretreatment with anti-thyroid drug (ATD) or potassium iodide (KI). Patients were followed up with LID from 18 days (group A) or 7 days (group H) before RAI to 3 days after RAI. The dose of radioactive iodine 131 (131I) was adjusted to deliver > 100 Gy to the thyroid. The associations between urinary iodine concentration on UIC2 vs. 24hRU and UIC2 vs. the 1-year RAI success rate (SR) were investigated. RESULTS Compared with UIC1, UIC2 was significantly decreased in all subgroups (P < 0.01). An inverse correlation between UIC2 and 24hRU was observed in the four groups; however, the difference was insignificant. The SR in groups A and H was 85% and 89%, respectively. Univariate analysis revealed no association between UIC2 and SR in each group. Additionally, stratification of the 185 patients into quartiles using UIC2 yielded no significant differences in SR (p = 0.79). CONCLUSIONS LID sufficiently reduced UIC in patients undergoing RAI. Although a lower UIC2 may increase 24hRU, it did not increase the success of RAI. The benefit of LID in enhancing the efficacy of RAI in GH treatment remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Tamura
- Department of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Hokko Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Nakada
- Department of Radiology, Hokko Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Haruna Iwanaga
- Department of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Radiological Technology, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naotoshi Fujita
- Department of Radiological Technology, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Kato
- Functional Medical Imaging, Biomedical Imaging Sciences, Division of Advanced Information Health Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-20, Daikominami 1-Chome, Higashi-Ku, Nagoya, 461-8673, Japan.
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Joseph O, Eberle M, Lieberman M. Metabolites in Urine that Interfere with the Sandell-Kolthoff Assay for Urinary Iodine. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:466-472. [PMID: 37222924 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03710-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The Sandell-Kolthoff (SK) assay is the main analytical method used to monitor population iodine nutrition in low- and middle-income countries. This assay can distinguish between populations that are iodine-deficient (median urinary iodine levels below 100 ppb), iodine-sufficient (median urinary iodine levels between 100 and 300 ppb), and iodine- excessive(median urinary iodine levels above 300 ppb). However, the analysis of urine samples with the SK reaction is technically challenging, partly because urine samples must be rigorously pretreated to remove interferents. In the literature, the only urinary metabolite that has been identified as an interferent is ascorbic acid. In this study, we used the microplate SK method to screen thirty-three of the major organic metabolites present in urine. We identified four previously unknown interferents: citric acid, cysteine, glycolic acid and urobilin. For each interferent, we investigated the following factors: (1) nature of interference-positive or negative, (2) threshold concentration for interference, and (3) possible mechanisms of interference. While this paper does not attempt to provide an exhaustive list of all interferents, knowledge of the main interferents allows for targeted removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Joseph
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Madeline Eberle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Marya Lieberman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
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Yancheshmeh SS, Firouzfar A, Nazem M, Yancheshmeh SS, Pouramini A, Mansourian M, Iraj B. Urinary iodine excretion after using povidone iodine or chlorhexidine gluconate for topical disinfectant in patients undergoing thyroidectomy due to thyroid carcinoma: When to do radio active iodine therapy? JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 28:63. [PMID: 38024514 PMCID: PMC10668217 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_191_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Povidone Iodine (PI) is the most frequent antiseptic used as a topical disinfectant in surgery. It has been reported high transcutaneous iodine absorption due to topical PI usage, but there is a lack of data in periods of excess iodine depletion. Materials and Methods This is a cross-sectional study designed to assess serial urinary iodine concentration (UIC) after topical administration of PI to evaluate the transcutaneous iodine absorption and the proper iodine depletion time for safe administration of Radio Active Iodine (RAI) therapy as ablative or adjuvant therapy. Results Thirty-seven patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma undergoing total thyroidectomy were assigned to the PI group (n = 20) or chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) group (n = 17). In the PI group, the UIC levels rose to a maximum of 2 times in the 4th week after administration and returned to pre-operative levels in the 8th week after. In the CHG group, there was a decrease in UIC levels due to a low iodine diet (LID) with a significant P-value of 0.001, <0.001, and 0.001 in the 2nd, 4th, and 8th weeks follow up respectively compared to the PI group. The urinary excretion of excess iodine lasts about 8 weeks after total thyroidectomy until iodine levels turn back to pre-operative values. Conclusion If the thyroidectomy was prepared with PI, RAI is better to be performed 6-8 weeks after surgery rather than the standard prescription of 4 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Shokrollahi Yancheshmeh
- Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Firouzfar
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Masoud Nazem
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Simin Shokrollahi Yancheshmeh
- Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Pouramini
- Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Marjan Mansourian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Bijan Iraj
- Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Griebel-Thompson AK, Sands S, Chollet-Hinton L, Christifano D, Sullivan DK, Hull H, Camargo JT, Carlson SE. Iodine Intake From Diet and Supplements and Urinary Iodine Concentration in a Cohort of Pregnant Women in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 118:283-289. [PMID: 37407165 PMCID: PMC10493429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The DRI Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) in pregnancy for Iodine (I), an essential nutrient for fetal neurodevelopment, is 160 μg/d. Supplementation with 150 μg/d I/day is recommended during pregnancy, however, neither dietary intake or the combination of diet and supplement intake has been reported in US pregnant women. OBJECTIVE Determine iodine intake from diet and supplements and iodine status in pregnancy by urinary iodine concentration in a large cohort of pregnant women. DESIGN Pregnant women (n=750) completed the Diet History Questionnaire 2.0 from the National Institute of Cancer or multiple 24-hour recalls at baseline and identified their prenatal supplement(s). Dietary iodine intake was estimated using the USDA, FDA and ODS-NIH Database for the Iodine Content of Common Foods at enrollment, supplemental iodine intake throughout the study using content databases, and urinary iodine concentration (UIC) by the modified Sandell-Kolthoff reaction in samples collected between 14-20 weeks gestation (n=966). RESULTS The median intake of iodine from diet was 108.8 μg/d, and 63% (473/750) were below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR). Furthermore, 65% (529/818) took a supplement containing iodine, however, only 32% (259/818) took ≥150 μg/d. Median intake increased to 188.5 μg/d with the inclusion of I from supplements, however , 41% (380/925) remained below the EAR even after supplementation suggesting inadequate intake in nearly half of the cohort. A similar 48% (467/966) had UIC ≤150 μg/L. CONCLUSIONS Assessment of iodine status by UIC and intake of iodine from diet and supplements support a high prevalence of iodine insufficiency during pregnancy in this large cohort of US women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianne K Griebel-Thompson
- Baby Health Behavior Lab, Division of Health Services and Health Outcomes Research ,Children's Mercy Research Institute, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA.
| | - Scott Sands
- Maternal and Infant Nutrition and Development Lab, Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66106, USA
| | - Lynn Chollet-Hinton
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66106, USA
| | - Danielle Christifano
- Maternal and Infant Nutrition and Development Lab, Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66106, USA
| | - Debra K Sullivan
- Maternal and Infant Nutrition and Development Lab, Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66106, USA
| | - Holly Hull
- Maternal and Infant Nutrition and Development Lab, Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66106, USA
| | - Juliana Teruel Camargo
- Minority Health and Health Disparities Population Lab, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Susan E Carlson
- Maternal and Infant Nutrition and Development Lab, Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66106, USA
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Fuse Y, Ogawa H, Tsukahara Y, Fuse Y, Ito Y, Shishiba Y, Irie M. Iodine Metabolism and Thyroid Function During the Perinatal Period: Maternal-Neonatal Correlation and Effects of Topical Povidone-Iodine Skin Disinfectants. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:2685-2700. [PMID: 35931927 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03363-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
An adequate maternal iodine intake during pregnancy and lactation is essential for growth and mental development in fetuses and newborns. There are limited data on perinatal iodine metabolism in mothers and infants, as well as the effect of povidone-iodine (PVP-I) antiseptics used in cesarean delivery. The urinary iodine concentration (UIC), serum iodine, thyrotropin (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and breast milk iodine concentration (BMIC) were measured consecutively in a total of 327 mothers and 249 term-infants in two prospective studies. The maternal median UIC was 164 μg/L in the third trimester, increased to 256 μg/L at 44 h after birth, and then decreased to 116 μg/L 1 month later. The BMIC on the 4th and 32th postpartum days was 17.6 and 13.5 μg/100 g, respectively. In neonatal infants born to the mothers unexposed to PVP-I, the median UIC was 131 μg/L in the first voiding urine and increased to 272 μg/L on day 4 and then slightly decreased to 265 μg/L on day 28 suggesting sufficient iodine reserve at birth. PVP-I antiseptics containing 1 g of iodine for skin preparation at cesarean delivery transiently increased maternal serum iodine concentration (1.9-fold), UIC (7.8-fold) at 41 h after surgery and BMIC, while it had little effect on maternal TSH, FT4, and neonatal UIC, TSH, or FT4. The iodine status of pregnant women and their infants was adequate in this population; however, the UIC in lactating mothers at one postpartum month was low enough to suggest iodine deficiency or near iodine deficiency. Further studies are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yozen Fuse
- Foundation for Growth Science, Research Committee On Iodine Related Health Problems, 5-1-16 Hongo, Bunkyou-ku, Tokyo, 1130033, Japan.
| | - Hiroyasu Ogawa
- Ogawa Clinic, 29 Maioka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, 2440813, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tsukahara
- Nakamachidai Ladies Clinic, 3-7-1 Nakamachidai, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, 2240041, Japan
| | - Yoji Fuse
- Nakamachidai Ladies Clinic, 3-7-1 Nakamachidai, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, 2240041, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Ito
- The Japanese Red Cross Hokkaido College of Nursing, 664-1, Akebonochou, Kitami, Hokkaido, 0900011, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Shishiba
- Foundation for Growth Science, Research Committee On Iodine Related Health Problems, 5-1-16 Hongo, Bunkyou-ku, Tokyo, 1130033, Japan
| | - Minoru Irie
- Foundation for Growth Science, Research Committee On Iodine Related Health Problems, 5-1-16 Hongo, Bunkyou-ku, Tokyo, 1130033, Japan
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Huang CJ, Lee LH, Cheng CP, Chen HS, Hwu CM, Tang KT, Shih CW, Yeh CC, Wang FF, Yang CC. Analytical validation of an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method for urinary iodine concentration measurements in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 2023:S0929-6646(23)00064-5. [PMID: 36878768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) measured by Sandell-Kolthoff spectrophotometric method has been used in the Nutrition and Health Surveys in Taiwan but this method is time consuming and produces toxic waste from arsenic trioxide. The aim of this study was to develop and validate an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) system to determine UIC in Taiwan. METHODS Samples and iodine calibrators were diluted 100-fold into an aqueous solution containing Triton X-100, 0.5% ammonia solution, and tellurium (128Te) as an internal standard. Digestion prior to analysis was not necessary. Precision, accuracy, serial dilution, and recovery tests were performed. A total of 1243 urine samples covering a wide range of iodine concentrations were measured by both Sandell-Kolthoff method and ICP-MS. Passing-Bablok regression and Bland-Altman plots were used to compare values across methods. RESULTS The limit for detection and quantification by ICP-MS was 0.95 μg/L and 2.85 μg/L, respectively. The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients were <10%, with a recovery range of 95%-105%. The results obtained by ICP-MS and the Sandell-Kolthoff method were highly correlated (Pearson's correlation: r = 0.996, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.9950-0.9961, p < 0.001). For UIC between 20 and 1000 μg/L, the y-intercept for the Passing-Bablok regression was -1.9 (95% CI: -2.5599 to -1.3500) and the slope was 1.01 (95% CI: 1.0000-1.0206). CONCLUSION This validated ICP-MS system can be used for measuring UIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jui Huang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Hsuan Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, School of Pharmaceutical Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Pin Cheng
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Harn-Shen Chen
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chii-Min Hwu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kam-Tsun Tang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Wei Shih
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Ching Yeh
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Nurse-Midwifery and Women Health, College of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Fen Wang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, Yangming Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Chang Yang
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Clinical Toxicology & Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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10
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Doggui R, McCormick BJ, Caulfield LE, Schulze KJ, Murray-Kolb LE. Adequacy of Iodine Status and Associations with Gut Health: A Prospective Cohort Study among Infants in 8 Low- and Middle-Income Countries. J Nutr 2023; 153:828-838. [PMID: 36797135 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental enteric dysfunction increases the likelihood of micronutrient deficiencies among infants, but few studies have assessed the potential impact of gut health on urinary iodine concentration (UIC) among this vulnerable group. OBJECTIVES We describe the trends of iodine status among infants from 6 to 24 mo old and examine the associations between intestinal permeability, inflammation, and UIC from 6 to 15 mo of age. METHODS Data from 1557 children enrolled in this birth cohort study conducted in 8 sites were included in these analyses. UIC was measured at 6, 15, and 24 mo of age by using the Sandell-Kolthoff technique. Gut inflammation and permeability were assessed using the concentrations of fecal neopterin (NEO), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT), and lactulose-mannitol ratio (LM). A multinomial regression analysis was used to assess the classified UIC (deficiency or excess). Linear mixed regression was used to test the effect of interactions among biomarkers on logUIC. RESULTS All studied populations had adequate (≥100 μg/L) to excess (≥371 μg/L) median UIC at 6 mo. Between 6 and 24 mo, 5 sites displayed a significant decline in the infant's median UIC. However, median UIC remained within the optimal range. An increase of NEO and MPO concentrations by +1 unit in ln scale reduced the risk of low UIC by 0.87 (95% CI: 0.78-0.97) and 0.86 (95% CI: 0.77-0.95), respectively. AAT moderated the association between NEO and UIC (P < 0.0001). The shape of this association appears to be asymmetric and in a reverse J-shape, with a higher UIC observed at both lower NEO and AAT concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Excess UIC was frequent at 6 mo and tended to normalize at 24 mo. Aspects of gut inflammation and increased permeability appear to reduce the prevalence of low UIC in children aged 6 to 15 mo. Programs addressing iodine-related health should consider the role of gut permeability in vulnerable individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhouene Doggui
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | | | - Laura E Caulfield
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kerry J Schulze
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura E Murray-Kolb
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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11
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Fuse Y, Ito Y, Shishiba Y, Irie M. Gestational trimester-specific reference ranges for serum thyrotropin and free thyroxine in Japanese. Endocr J 2022; 69:1447-1455. [PMID: 35811133 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej22-0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid diseases in pregnant and lactating women may result in adverse outcomes for both mothers and infants. A reference range for thyroid function is required in different areas; however, few studies on the gestational change or reference ranges of thyrotropin (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) concentrations for Japanese pregnant women have been reported. To establish the gestational trimester-specific reference ranges of serum TSH and FT4 concentrations, our previously published data on 481 pregnant women with the mean age of 30.8 years who provided serum samples as early as gestational week (GW) 6 was compiled by using their percentile values. The overall median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) during pregnancy was 201 μg/L suggesting adequate iodine intake. The prevalence of positive serum thyroid autoantibody (ThAb), i.e., antithyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) and antithyroglobulin antibody (TgAb), was 11.4%. The reference ranges (2.5-97.5th percentile) of serum TSH and FT4 concentration calculated for samples with negative TgAb and TPOAb were 0.04-6.06 mIU/L in the first trimester (T1), 0.31-3.11 mIU/L in the second trimester (T2) and 0.48-3.93 mIU/L in the third trimester (T3) for TSH, and 1.10-1.87 ng/dL (T1), 0.76-1.56 ng/dL (T2) and 0.76-1.14 ng/dL (T3) for FT4. Compared to published data around the world in the 2017 American Thyroid Association (ATA) guideline, both the upper and lower limits of our TSH and FT4 reference ranges in the first trimester were higher than those in other countries. Further research is necessary in larger samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yozen Fuse
- Research Committee on Iodine Related Health Problems, Foundation for Growth Science, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Ito
- Research Committee on Iodine Related Health Problems, Foundation for Growth Science, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Hokkaido College of Nursing, Kitami 090-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Shishiba
- Research Committee on Iodine Related Health Problems, Foundation for Growth Science, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Minoru Irie
- Research Committee on Iodine Related Health Problems, Foundation for Growth Science, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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12
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Fuse Y, Urakawa Y, Tsukada N, Ito Y, Yoshida M, Shishiba Y. Variability and Seasonal Change of Urinary Selenium, Molybdenum, and Iodine Excretion in Healthy Young Japanese Adults. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022:10.1007/s12011-022-03487-x. [PMID: 36394795 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03487-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Selenium (Se), molybdenum (Mo), and iodine (I) are essential trace elements or nutrients and their adequate intake is essential for human health. These elements in foods are easily absorbed from the digestive tract and excreted predominantly into the urine, and their nutritional status is reflected in urinary excretion; however, information on the variability of urinary excretion is limited. To characterize the urinary Se, Mo, and I concentrations and their intra- and inter-individual coefficients of variation (CV), correlation, and seasonal change, spot urine samples were collected from 24 healthy university students, 10 males and 14 females, with the mean age of 20.6 years, for 10 consecutive days in each of the four seasons according to a defined schedule of an interval of 3 months throughout 1 year. The median Se, Mo, and I concentrations for all urine samples (n = 947) were 52.8, 127.0, and 223 μg/L, respectively. The Se and Mo intakes were highest in summer and lowest in spring, while the I intake was highest in autumn and lowest in summer. In all three elements, the intra-individual CVs were smaller than their inter-individual CVs. The log-transformed intra- and inter-individual CVs were 10.5 and 14.7% for Se, 12.3 and 15.1% for Mo, and 15.5 and 18.1% for I. There was no gender difference in Se and I concentrations, while Mo and Mo/Cr values in males were higher than those in females. Our results suggest adequate nutritional status of Se, Mo, and I with a relatively smaller variability of dietary intake except for I in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yozen Fuse
- Research Committee On Iodine Related Health Problems, Foundation for Growth Science, 5-1-16 Hongo, Bunkyou-Ku, Tokyo, 1130033, Japan.
| | - Yumiko Urakawa
- Kamakura Women's University, 6-1-3 Ofuna, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 2470056, Japan
| | - Nobu Tsukada
- Kagawa Nutrition University, Institute of Nutrition Sciences, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado, Saitama, 3500288, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Ito
- Division of Clinical Medicine, The Japanese Red Cross Hokkaido College of Nursing, 664-1, Akebonochou, Kitami, Hokkaido, 0900011, Japan
| | - Munehiro Yoshida
- Laboratory of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamatechou, Suita, Osaka, 564-8680, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Shishiba
- Research Committee On Iodine Related Health Problems, Foundation for Growth Science, 5-1-16 Hongo, Bunkyou-Ku, Tokyo, 1130033, Japan
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13
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Kaya E, Usta M, Emecen Ö, Yıldırmak S. Interference of preservatives on urinary iodine measurement by Sandell–Kolthoff method. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2022; 82:498-503. [DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2022.2107566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elif Kaya
- Master of Science Degree Program in Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Murat Usta
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Ömer Emecen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Sembol Yıldırmak
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
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14
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Fuse Y, Tsukada N, Urakawa Y, Yokoyama J, Matsuzaki M, Shishiba Y, Irie M. Studies on urinary excretion and variability of dietary iodine in healthy Japanese adults. Endocr J 2022; 69:427-440. [PMID: 34789603 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej21-0486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The daily consumption of iodine in Japan is higher than in most countries, and there are few reports on iodine metabolism and variance of habitual iodine ingestion in an iodine-sufficient area. To elucidate the patterns of short-term urinary iodine excretion (UIE) and long-term variability of habitual iodine intake, the urinary iodine excretion process after a high dietary iodine load of 3 mg was observed in eight Japanese adults under strict supervision with complete urine collections for three days. In addition, estimated UIE and dietary iodine intake (DII) were assessed in 24 university students using repeated spot urine samples of ten consecutive days and a food frequency questionnaire in each of the four seasons. Approximately 50, 75 and 90% of orally ingested iodine was excreted into the urine at 8, 13 and 22 hours after ingestion, respectively. Almost an equal amount of ingested iodine in meals was cleared within 33.5 h after eating with a maximum excretion rate at 3-4 h. There was a high fluctuation in the UIE and DII in the university students. The intra- and inter-individual crude coefficients of variation were 123 or 294.7% for UIE, and 58.3 or 88.7% for DII, respectively, indicating a higher variance of habitual iodine intake than in other countries. The frequency of occurrence for UIE above 3 mg was every 43 days. Rapid renal clearance of iodine and high variability as well as low frequency of dietary iodine intake might prevent people from being exposed to an excess iodine intake over the long term in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yozen Fuse
- Research Committee on Iodine Related Health Problems, Foundation for Growth Science, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Nobu Tsukada
- Kagawa Nutrition University, Institute of Nutrition Sciences, Saitama 350-0288, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Yoshimasa Shishiba
- Research Committee on Iodine Related Health Problems, Foundation for Growth Science, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Minoru Irie
- Research Committee on Iodine Related Health Problems, Foundation for Growth Science, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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15
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Fuse Y, Ito Y, Tsukada N, Shishiba Y, Irie M. Iodine intake in healthy Japanese aged from 6 to 70 years residing in the same district. Endocr J 2022; 69:253-262. [PMID: 34602518 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej21-0479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Iodine is an essential component of thyroid hormones and a dietary micronutrient for humans, and adequate iodine intake is necessary to maintain thyroid function. A population's iodine intake and nutritional status are assessed based on urinary iodine excretion. There are few studies on iodine nutritional status for all age groups residing in the same area in Japan. Between 2010 and 2017, a total of 769 healthy subjects aged 6.4-73 years in three sites in Yokohama City, were enrolled in the survey. The urinary iodine concentration (UIC), iodine to creatinine (Cr) ratio (UI/Cr) and estimated 24-h urinary iodine excretion (UIE) in single spot urine samples were measured, and habitual dietary iodine intake was assessed by food frequency questionnaires. The estimated 24-h UIE was calculated using individual predicted 24-h creatinine excretion by the validated equations developed for healthy Japanese children and adults which vary by age, gender and anthropometry. The median UIC for all participants was 219 μg/L, suggesting adequate iodine intake for this population. There was an increasing trend in median UI/Cr and estimated 24-h UIE by age. A significant correlation between UIC and UI/Cr (r = 0.6378), UIC and estimated 24-h UIE (r = 0.6804), and UI/Cr and estimated 24-h UIE (r = 0.5756) were observed. These estimates can be feasible, convenient and alternative methods to 24-h urine collection in order to assess iodine status in some populations such as ethnically or racially homogeneous and well-nourished people. Additional studies are required to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yozen Fuse
- Research Committee on Iodine Related Health Problems, Foundation for Growth Science, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Ito
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Hokkaido College of Nursing, Kitami 090-0011, Japan
| | - Nobu Tsukada
- Kagawa Nutrition University, Institute of Nutrition Sciences, Sakado 350-0288, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Shishiba
- Research Committee on Iodine Related Health Problems, Foundation for Growth Science, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Minoru Irie
- Research Committee on Iodine Related Health Problems, Foundation for Growth Science, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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16
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Bertinato J, Gaudet J, De Silva N, Mohanty S, Qiao C, Herod M, Gharibeh N, Weiler H. Iodine Status of Mother-Infant Dyads from Montréal, Canada: Secondary Analyses of a Vitamin D Supplementation Trial in Breastfed Infants. J Nutr 2022; 152:1459-1466. [PMID: 35218192 PMCID: PMC9178965 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most pregnant or lactating women in Canada will not meet iodine requirements without iodine supplementation. OBJECTIVES To assess the iodine status of 132 mother-infant pairs based on secondary analyses of a vitamin D supplementation trial in breastfed infants from Montréal, Canada. METHODS Maternal iodine status was assessed using the breastmilk iodine concentration (BMIC). Singleton, term-born infants were studied from 1-36 months of age. Usual (adjusted for within-person variation) iodine intakes were estimated from urinary iodine and creatinine concentrations. Iodine status was assessed using median urinary iodine concentrations (UICs) and by estimating inadequate intakes by the cut-point method using a proposed Estimated Average Requirement for infants 0-6 months of age (72 μg/d). RESULTS At 1, 3, and 6 months of age, 70%, 63%, and 3% of infants, respectively, were exclusively breastfed. From 1-36 months of age (n = 82-129), the median UICs were ≥100 μg/L (range, 246-403 μg/L), which is the cutoff for adequate intakes set by the WHO for children <2 years. Almost all (98%-99%) infants at 1 and 2 months, 2 and 3 months, and 3 and 6 months of age had usual creatinine-adjusted iodine intakes ≥ 72 μg/d. The median BMIC was higher (P < 0.001) at 1 month compared to 6 months of lactation [1 month, 198 μg/kg (IQR, 124-274; n = 105) and 6 months, 109 μg/kg (IQR, 67-168; n = 78)]. At 1 and 6 months, 96% and 79% of mothers, respectively, had a BMIC ≥ 60 μg/kg, the lower limit of a normal reference range. The percentages of mothers that used a multivitamin-mineral (MVM) supplement containing iodine were 90% in pregnancy and 79% and 59% at 1 and 6 months of lactation, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The iodine status of infants was adequate throughout infancy. These results support a recommendation that all women who could become pregnant, who are pregnant, or who are breastfeeding take a daily MVM supplement containing iodine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremiah Gaudet
- Nutrition Research Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, HPFB (Health Products and Food Branch), Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Nimal De Silva
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Smitarani Mohanty
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Cunye Qiao
- Bureau of Food Surveillance and Science Integration, HPFB, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Matthew Herod
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Canadian Nuclear Laboratories Regulatory Program Division, Directorate of Nuclear Cycle and Facilities Regulation, Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Nathalie Gharibeh
- Nutrition Research Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, HPFB (Health Products and Food Branch), Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Hope Weiler
- Nutrition Research Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, HPFB (Health Products and Food Branch), Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
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17
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Heen E, Romøren M, Yassin AA, Madar AA. Household Water Is the Main Source of Iodine Consumption among Women in Hargeisa, Somaliland: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Nutr 2022; 152:587-596. [PMID: 34718666 PMCID: PMC8826834 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iodine status surveys of women in Somaliland present widely conflicting results. Previous research indicates elevated concentrations of iodine (IQR 18-72 μg/L) in groundwater used for drinking and cooking, but the relation with iodine intake is not well characterized. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the contributions of household water iodine concentration (WIC), breastfeeding, total fluid intake, hydration levels, and urine volume on urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and excretion (UIE) over a 24-h period and to define iodine status from iodine intake estimates and median UIC, normalized to a mean urine volume of 1.38 L/d (hydration adjusted). METHODS The study sample comprised 118 nonpregnant, healthy women aged 15-69 y. All participants resided in Hargeisa, and 27 were breastfeeding. Data collection consisted of a 24-h urine collection, a 24-h fluid intake diary, a beverage frequency questionnaire, and a structured recall interview. We measured UIC and WIC in all urine and in 49 household water samples using the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. RESULTS WIC ranged between 3 and 188 μg/L, with significant median differences across the water sources and city districts (P < 0.003). Nonbreastfeeding women were borderline iodine sufficient [hydration-adjusted median urinary iodine concentration (mUIC) 109 μg/L; 95% CI: 97, 121 μg/L], whereas breastfeeding women showed a mild iodine deficiency (73 μg/L; 95% CI: 54, 90 μg/L). There were strong correlations (ρ: 0.50-0.69, P = 0.001) between WIC and UIC, with iodine from household water contributing more than one-half of the total iodine intake. Multivariate regression showed hydration and breastfeeding status to be the main predictors of UIC. CONCLUSIONS Iodine from household water is the main contributor to total iodine intake among women in Hargeisa, Somaliland. Variation in female hydration and spatial and temporal WIC may explain diverging mUIC between studies. Water sources at the extremes of low and high iodine concentrations increase the risk of subpopulations with insufficient or more than adequate iodine intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Espen Heen
- Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Romøren
- Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amal A Yassin
- Department of Women's Health, Manhal Hospital, Hargeisa, Somaliland
| | - Ahmed A Madar
- Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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18
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CABRAL JF, BÁNKUTI FI, GURGEL ALC, ÍTAVO LCV, SIPPERT MR, OSORIO JAC, MARCHI FED, LOURENÇO JCS, ALMEIDA KVD, VALLOTO AA, SANTOS GTD. Iodine concentration in milk evaluated by iodized agents during milking. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.41322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Bertinato J, Qiao C, L'Abbé MR. Iodine Status of Canadian Children, Adolescents, and Women of Childbearing Age. J Nutr 2021; 151:3710-3717. [PMID: 34313736 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adequate iodine intake is important for children and women of childbearing age because iodine is vital for fetal brain development and early life. OBJECTIVE Iodine status of children (n = 1875), adolescents (n = 557), and women of childbearing age (n = 567) was assessed using urinary iodine concentrations (UIC) from duplicate spot samples collected in the Canadian Health Measures Survey, cycle 5 (2016-2017). METHODS Daily iodine intakes were estimated from urinary iodine and creatinine concentrations using a formula based on iodine absorption and predicted 24-h creatinine excretion. Usual UIC and iodine intakes, adjusted for within-person variation, were estimated using the National Cancer Institute method. Iodine status was assessed by 1) comparing median UIC with WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD reference ranges and 2) estimating the prevalence of inadequate and excessive intakes using the estimated average requirement (EAR) and tolerable upper intake level (UL) cut-point method, respectively. RESULTS Median UIC for males and females 6-11 or 12-19 y old were ≥100 μg/L, the lower cutoff for adequate intakes. For women 20-39 y old, the median UIC of an unadjusted sample was 81 μg/L (95% CI: 67, 95) and for the usual UIC was 108 μg/L (95% CI: 84, 131). The percentage of children 3 y old with iodine intake ≥EAR was 82% (95% CI: 75, 89). The corresponding estimates for males 4-8, 9-13, and 14-18 y old were 93% (95% CI: 88, 97), 91% (95% CI: 87, 96), and 84% (95% CI: 76, 91), respectively. Estimates for females 4-8, 9-13, 14-18, and 19-39 y old were 86% (95% CI: 83, 89), 87% (95% CI: 80, 95), 68% (95% CI: 55, 80), and 68% (95% CI: 59, 76), respectively. For all sex-age groups, 91-100% had iodine intakes ≤UL. CONCLUSIONS Iodine intakes may be insufficient for some women of childbearing age. Public health policies and programs should continue to recommend that all women who could become pregnant, or women who are pregnant or breastfeeding, take a daily multivitamin-mineral supplement containing iodine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Bertinato
- Nutrition Research Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cunye Qiao
- Bureau of Food Surveillance and Science Integration, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mary R L'Abbé
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Gaurav K, Yadav S, Kumar S, Mishra A, Godbole MM, Singh U, Mishra SK. Assessment of iodine nutrition of schoolchildren in Gonda, India, indicates improvement and effectivity of salt iodisation. Public Health Nutr 2021; 24:6211-6217. [PMID: 33966669 PMCID: PMC11148573 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980021001956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the total goitre rate (TGR), urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and salt iodine content among schoolchildren in a previously endemic area for severe iodine deficiency disorder (IDD). DESIGN Cross-sectional epidemiological study. SETTING The study was carried out in the Gonda district (sub-Himalayan region) of North India. PARTICIPANTS Nine hundred and seventy-seven schoolchildren (6-12 years) were studied for parameters such as height, weight, UIC and salt iodine content. Thyroid volume (TV) was measured by ultrasonography to estimate TGR. RESULTS The overall TGR in the study population was 2·8 % (95 % CI 1·8, 3·8). No significant difference in TGR was observed between boys and girls (3·5 % v. 1·9 %, P = 0·2). There was a non-significant trend of increasing TGR with age (P = 0·05). Median UIC was 157·1 μg/l (interquartile range: 94·5-244·9). At the time of the study, 97 % of salt sample were iodised and nearly 86 % of salt samples had iodine content higher than or equal to 15 part per million. Overall, TGR was significantly lower (2·8 % v. 31·0 %, P < 0·001), and median UIC was significantly higher (157·1 v. 100·0 μg/l, P < 0·05) than that reported in the same area in 2009. CONCLUSIONS A marked improvement was seen in overall iodine nutrition in the Gonda district after three and a half decades of Universal Salt Iodisation (USI). To sustainably control IDD, USI and other programmes, such as health education, must be continuously implemented along with putting mechanisms to monitor the programme at regular intervals in place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kushagra Gaurav
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow226 014, India
| | - Subhash Yadav
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Sheo Kumar
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Anjali Mishra
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow226 014, India
| | - Madan M Godbole
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Uttam Singh
- Department of Biostatistics & Health Informatics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Saroj K Mishra
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow226 014, India
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21
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Tachibana M, Miyoshi Y, Fukui M, Onuma S, Fukuoka T, Satomura Y, Yasuda K, Kimura T, Bessho K, Ozono K. Urinary iodine and thyroglobulin are useful markers in infants suspected of congenital hypothyroidism based on newborn screening. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2021; 34:1411-1418. [PMID: 34388329 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2021-0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Iodine deficiency and excess both cause thyroid dysfunction. Few data describe the relationship between iodine status and outcomes of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) in iodine-sufficient areas. We investigated urinary iodine (UI) concentration and its relationship with the clinical course of CH. METHODS We reviewed and retrospectively analyzed patients with positive newborn screening (NBS) for CH from January 2012 to June 2019 in Japan, obtaining UI and UI-urine creatinine ratio (UI/Cr), serum TSH, free T4, free T3 and thyroglobulin (Tg) at the first visit, TSH at NBS, levothyroxine (LT4) dose, and subsequent doses. A UI value of 100-299 μg/L was considered adequate. RESULTS Forty-eight patients were included. Median UI and UI/Cr were 325 μg/L and 3,930 µg/gCr, respectively. UI was high (≥300 μg/L) in 26 (54%) and low (≤99 μg/L) in 11 (23%). LT4 was administered to 34 patients. Iodine status was not related to the need for treatment. We found a U-shaped relationship between Tg and UI/Cr. Patients with high Tg (≥400 ng/mL) and abnormal UI levels required significantly lower LT4 doses (≤20 µg/day) at three years of age. Even if they showed severe hypothyroidism initially, they did not need subsequent dose increments. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal UI levels with Tg elevation were associated with lower LT4 dose requirements. The evaluation of iodine status and Tg concentrations were considered useful in patients suspected of CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Tachibana
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoko Miyoshi
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Osaka Shoin Women's University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miho Fukui
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Onuma
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoya Fukuoka
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Satomura
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kie Yasuda
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kimura
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Bessho
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ozono
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Fujimoto K, Hataya Y, Okubo M, Matsuoka N. Influence of Levothyroxine With Recombinant Human Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone on Urinary Iodine Excretion Before Radioactive Iodine Administration. Endocr Pract 2021; 27:1022-1027. [PMID: 33831554 DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2021.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stimulation with recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone (rhTSH) before radioactive iodine administration for patients with thyroid cancer may increase the body iodine pool in the presence of continued levothyroxine; however, the precise significance of its influence remains unclear. METHODS This was a prospective observational study conducted between March 2017 and August 2020. We measured the 24-hour urinary iodine excretion and urinary iodine-to-creatinine ratio in patients with thyroid cancer stimulated by rhTSH or thyroid hormone withdrawal (THW) before radioactive iodine administration. Oral iodine intake was controlled by a 7-day self-managed low iodine diet, followed by a strict 3-day low iodine diet while in the hospital. RESULTS Overall, 343 subjects were included (rhTSH: n = 181; THW: n = 162). The mean levothyroxine dose in the rhTSH group was 115.2 μg daily. The median 24-hour urinary iodine and urinary iodine-to-creatinine ratio in the rhTSH group (71.0 [interquartile range, 57.5-88.0] μg/day and 80.0 [59.0-97.5] μg/gCr, respectively) were significantly higher than those in the THW group (42.0 [30.0-59.0] μg/day and 39.0 [28.0-61.3] μg/gCr, respectively; both P < .001). After propensity score matching by age, sex, body weight, and renal function (rhTSH: n = 106; THW: n = 106), consistent results for both values were observed for both methods. The increase in urinary iodine with the rhTSH method was smaller than the expected value calculated from the amount of levothyroxine. CONCLUSION Urinary iodine excretion was significantly higher among patients with rhTSH stimulation than those with THW, indicating that the rhTSH method slightly increases the body iodine pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Fujimoto
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Yuji Hataya
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Marie Okubo
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Naoki Matsuoka
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Japan
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Godbole U, Basantani M, Yadav S, Godbole N, Khandpur S, Godbole M, Raza S, Mbuya MNN, Neufeld LM. The Impact of Double-Fortified Salt Delivered Through the Public Distribution System on Iodine Status in Women of Reproductive Age in Rural India. Curr Dev Nutr 2021; 5:nzab028. [PMID: 33948532 PMCID: PMC8075773 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzab028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Double-fortified salt (DFS) with iron and iodine has been demonstrated to be efficacious but questions of unintended effects on the gains in salt iodization remain. The main cross-sectional study based on the use of DFS over 1 y showed a reduction in iron deficiency risk. Whether the programs and the levels of added iron can adversely affect iodine status is yet to be established. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that the addition of iron to iodized salt can adversely affect iodine status in women of reproductive age (WRA). METHODS A cross-sectional substudy was conducted in 4 matched-pair adjacent districts of rural Uttar Pradesh, India, in 2019. Under the public distribution system (PDS), DFS was available for 1 y through Fair Price Shops, in the 2 DFS supply districts (DFS-SDs). In these districts, iodized salt was also available in the market. In the 2 compared DFS nonsupply districts (DFS-NSDs), only iodized salt was available. In the substudy, participants included WRA (n = 1624) residing in rural areas of the selected districts. Iodine content in urine and salt samples was measured in each of the groups. RESULTS Significantly fewer women from the DFS-SDs had median urinary iodine concentration values indicative of moderate to mild iodine deficiency compared with the women from the DFS-NSDs. The salt purchase pattern and iodine content revealed that significantly fewer (21.99%) households in the DFS-SDs were purchasing inadequately iodized crystal salt, compared with 36.04% households in the DFS-NSDs. CONCLUSIONS The data reject the working hypothesis and suggest a beneficial effect of the DFS program on the iodine status in WRA, thereby supporting a recommendation of DFS supply through the PDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujwala Godbole
- Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mahesh Basantani
- Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Subhash Yadav
- Department of Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine, and Biotechnology, UP-USI Coalition, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Nachiket Godbole
- Department of Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine, and Biotechnology, UP-USI Coalition, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Sukhanshi Khandpur
- Department of Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine, and Biotechnology, UP-USI Coalition, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Madan Godbole
- Department of Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine, and Biotechnology, UP-USI Coalition, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Sana Raza
- Department of Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine, and Biotechnology, UP-USI Coalition, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute campus, Lucknow, India
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Chakraborty A. Excess iodine supplementation aggravates the toxic effects induced by perchlorate on the male reproductive system in rats. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/2305-0500.326719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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25
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Menyanu E, Corso B, Minicuci N, Rocco I, Zandberg L, Baumgartner J, Russell J, Naidoo N, Biritwum R, Schutte AE, Kowal P, Charlton K. Salt-reduction strategies may compromise salt iodization programs: Learnings from South Africa and Ghana. Nutrition 2020; 84:111065. [PMID: 33450677 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Universal salt iodization has been adopted by many countries to address iodine deficiency. More recently, salt-reduction strategies have been widely implemented to meet global salt intake targets of <5 g/d. Compatibility of the two policies has yet to be demonstrated. This study compares urinary iodine excretion (UIE) according to 24-h urinary sodium excretion, between South Africa (SA) and Ghana; both countries have implemented universal salt iodization, but in Ghana no salt-reduction legislation has been implemented. METHODS Participants from the World Health Organization's Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health Wave 3, with survey and valid 24-h urinary data (Ghana, n = 495; SA, n = 707), comprised the sample. Median 24-h UIE was compared across salt intake categories of <5, 5-9 and >9 g/d. RESULTS In Ghana, median sodium excretion indicated a salt intake of 10.7 g/d (interquartile range [IQR] = 7.6), and median UIE was 182.4 µg/L (IQR = 162.5). In SA, both values were lower: median salt = 5.6 g/d (IQR = 5.0), median UIE = 100.2 µg/L (IQR = 129.6). UIE differed significantly across salt intake categories (P < 0.001) in both countries, with positive correlations observed in both-Ghana: r = 0.1501, P < 0.0011; South Africa: r = 0.4050, P < 0.0001. Participants with salt intakes <9 g/d in SA did not meet the World Health Organization's recommended iodine intake of 150 µg/d, but this was not the case in Ghana. CONCLUSIONS Monitoring and surveillance of iodine status is recommended in countries that have introduced salt-reduction strategies, in order to prevent reemergence of iodine deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Menyanu
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Barbara Corso
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, Padova, Italy
| | - Nadia Minicuci
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, Padova, Italy
| | - Ilaria Rocco
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, Padova, Italy
| | - Lizelle Zandberg
- Centre for Excellence in Nutrition, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Jeannine Baumgartner
- Centre for Excellence in Nutrition, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Human Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joanna Russell
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nirmala Naidoo
- World Health Organization, Data, Analytics and Delivery for Impact Division, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Aletta E Schutte
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales; The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul Kowal
- Chiang Mai University, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai, Thailand; World Health Organization, SAGE, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karen Charlton
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.
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26
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Menyanu EK, Corso B, Minicuci N, Rocco I, Russell J, Ware LJ, Biritwum R, Kowal P, Schutte AE, Charlton KE. Salt and potassium intake among adult Ghanaians: WHO-SAGE Ghana Wave 3. BMC Nutr 2020; 6:54. [PMID: 33005430 PMCID: PMC7523323 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-020-00379-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Though Ghana has high hypertension prevalence, the country lacks current national salt consumption data required to build and enhance advocacy for salt reduction. We explored the characteristics of a randomly selected sub sample that had valid urine collection, along with matched survey, anthropometric and BP data (n = 839, mean age = 60y), from the World Health Organization's Study on global AGEing and adult health (WHO-SAGE), Ghana Wave 3, n = 3053). We also investigated the relationship between salt intake and blood pressure (BP) among the cohort. BP was measured in triplicate and 24 h urine was collected for the determination of urinary sodium (Na), potassium (K), creatinine (Cr) and iodine levels. Hypertension prevalence was 44.3%. Median salt intake was 8.3 g/day, higher in women compared to men (8.6, interquartile range (IQR) 7.5 g/day vs 7.5, IQR 7.4 g/day, p < 0.01), younger participants (18-49 y) compared to older ones (50+ y) (9.7, IQR 7.9 g/day vs 8.1, IQR 7.1 g/day, p < 0.01) and those with higher Body Mass Index (BMI) (> 30 kg/m2) compared to a healthy BMI (18.5-24.9 kg/m2) (10.04, IQR 5.1 g/day vs 6.2, IQR 5.6 g/day, p < 0.01). More than three quarters (77%, n = 647) of participants had salt intakes above the WHO maximum recommendation of 5 g/d, and nearly two thirds (65%, n = 548) had daily K intakes below the recommended level of 90 mmol. Dietary sodium to potassium (Na: K) ratios above 2 mmol/mmol were positively associated with increasing BP with age. Population-based interventions to reduce salt intake and increase K consumption are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias K. Menyanu
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Barbara Corso
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, Padova, Italy
| | - Nadia Minicuci
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, Padova, Italy
| | - Ilaria Rocco
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, Padova, Italy
| | - Joanna Russell
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Lisa J. Ware
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Human Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Richard Biritwum
- Department of Community Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Paul Kowal
- Chiang Mai University Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aletta E. Schutte
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales; The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520 South Africa
| | - Karen E. Charlton
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
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27
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Dey S, Purkait R, Mallick D, Sinha C. A Vanillinyl‐Hydrazone Schiff Base: Recognition of Mg
2+
, Zn
2+
, Cd
2+
and I
−
by Turn‐On Fluorescence Method. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunanda Dey
- Department of Chemistry Jadavpur University Kolkata 700 032 India
| | - Rakesh Purkait
- Department of Chemistry Jadavpur University Kolkata 700 032 India
| | - Debashis Mallick
- Department of Chemistry Mrinalini Datta Mahavidyapith Kolkata 700 051 India
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The association of urine markers of iodine intake with development and growth among children in rural Uganda: a secondary analysis of a randomised education trial. Public Health Nutr 2020; 24:3730-3739. [PMID: 32654677 PMCID: PMC8369454 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980020001603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined associations of urine iodide excretion, proxy for iodine intake, with child development and growth. DESIGN This is a secondary analysis of a 1:1 cluster-randomised trial with a 6-month nutrition/stimulation/hygiene education intervention among mothers of children aged 6-8 months to improve child development and growth. Development was assessed using Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III (BSID-III) and Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ), whereas anthropometry was used to assess growth. Urine iodide concentration (UIC) and urine iodide/creatinine ratio (ICR) were measured. SETTING The current study was conducted in southern Uganda. PARTICIPANTS We randomly selected 155 children from the 511 enrolled into the original trial and analysed data when they were aged 20-24 and 36 months. RESULTS Median UIC for both study groups at 20-24 and 36 months were similar (P > 0·05) and within the normal range of 100-199 µg/l (0·79-1·60 µmol/l), whereas the intervention group had significantly higher ICR at 20-24 months. The BSID-III cognitive score was positively associated (P = 0·028) with ICR at 20-24 months in the intervention group. The ASQ gross motor score was negatively associated (P = 0·020) with ICR at 20-24 months among the controls. ICR was not significantly associated with anthropometry in the two study groups at either time-point. CONCLUSIONS Following the intervention, a positive association was noted between ICR and child's cognitive score at 20-24 months, whereas no positive association with ICR and growth was detected. Iodine sufficiency may be important for child's cognitive development in this setting.
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Iodine nutritional status of pregnant women in an urban area of northern Taiwan in 2018. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233162. [PMID: 32413050 PMCID: PMC7228086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnant women are considered as one of the most vulnerable groups for iodine deficiency. The Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan 2013 revealed that the median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) of non-pregnant women of child-bearing age of 15-44 years was 124 μg/L, which was adequate in general, but insufficient according to pregnancy criteria. The aim of this study was to determine the iodine nutritional status of pregnant women in an urban area of Northern Taiwan. A hospital-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in Taipei Veterans General Hospital. Random spot urine samples were collected from January to October, 2018 and UIC was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry. A food frequency questionnaire was also delivered to the participants. The overall median UIC was 225.3 μg/L (IQR: 109.1-514.2 μg/L) for 257 pregnant women ranging from 21-47 years-old. The distribution of UIC was as follows: 35.4% with UIC <150 μg/L, 17.1% with UIC within 150-249 μg/L, 21.8% with UIC within 250-499 μg/L, and 25.7% with UIC ≥500 μg/L. The use of prenatal multivitamin was very common among the participants: 79.4% (n = 204) took multivitamin either every day or less frequently, with 52.5% (n = 135) taking one pill every day, and only 20.6% (n = 53) never took multivitamin during their pregnancy. Other commonly consumed iodine-containing foods were dairy products and fish. Our results indicate that the iodine status in the studied women is adequate. However, efforts are still needed to avoid iodine deficiency as well as iodine excess.
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Stable Iodine Nutrition During Two Decades of Continuous Universal Salt Iodisation in Sri Lanka. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041109. [PMID: 32316214 PMCID: PMC7230738 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Universal salt iodisation (USI) was introduced in Sri Lanka in 1995. Since then, four national iodine surveys have assessed the iodine nutrition status of the population. We retrospectively reviewed median urine iodine concentration (mUIC) and goitre prevalence in 16,910 schoolchildren (6-12 years) in all nine provinces of Sri Lanka, the mUIC of pregnant women, drinking-water iodine level, and the percentage of households consuming adequately (15 mg/kg) iodised salt (household salt iodine, HHIS). The mUIC of schoolchildren increased from 145.3 µg/L (interquartile range (IQR) = 84.6-240.4) in 2000 to 232.5 µg/L (IQR = 159.3-315.8) in 2016, but stayed within recommended levels. Some regional variability in mUIC was observed (178.8 and 297.3 µg/L in 2016). There was positive association between mUIC in schoolchildren and water iodine concentration. Goitre prevalence to palpation was a significantly reduced from 18.6% to 2.1% (p < 0.05). In pregnant women, median UIC increased in each trimester (102.3 (61.7-147.1); 217.5 (115.6-313.0); 273.1 (228.9-337.6) µg/L (p = 0.000)). We conclude that the introduction and maintenance of a continuous and consistent USI programme has been a success in Sri Lanka. In order to sustain the programme, it is important to retain monitoring of iodine status while tracking salt-consumption patterns to adjust the recommended iodine content of edible salt.
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Pramanik S, Mukhopadhyay P, Bhattacharjee K, Bhattacharjee R, Mukherjee B, Mondal SA, Bandhopadhay S, Biswas S, Chowdhury S, Ghosh S. Trimester-Specific Reference Intervals for Thyroid Function Parameters in Indian Pregnant Women during Final Phase of Transition to Iodine Sufficiency. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2020; 24:160-164. [PMID: 32699783 PMCID: PMC7333744 DOI: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_561_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interpretation of thyroid function tests during pregnancy depends on gestational age, method, and population-specific reference intervals. Therefore, there is a worldwide trend to establish trimester-specific levels for different populations. The aim of this study was to establish a trimester-specific reference range for thyroid function parameters during pregnancy in Indian women. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thyroid function tests (TSH, FT4, TT4, TT3) of 80, 76, and 73 women at 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimester, respectively, and 168 nonpregnant women were analyzed after exclusion of low UIC(<150 μg/L) and anti-TPO positivity(>35 IU/ml). Urinary iodine excretion (UIC) was assessed in all. The 2.5th and 97.5th percentile values were used to determine the reference ranges for thyrotropin (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), total thyroxine (TT4), and total triiodothyronine (TT3) for each trimester of pregnancy. RESULTS The reference range for TSH for first trimester was 0.19-4.34 μIU/ml, for second trimester 0.46-4.57 μIU/ml, and for third trimester 0.61-4.62 μIU/ml. The reference range during three trimesters for FT4 (ng/dl) was 0.88-1.32, 0.89-1.60, and 0.87-1.54, for total T4 (μg/dl) was 5.9-12.9, 7.4-15.2, and 7.9-14.9. In nonpregnant women, FT4 was 0.83-1.34, total T4 was 5.3-11.8, and TSH was 0.79-4.29. The mean UIC in nonpregnant women was 176 ± 15.7 μg/L suggesting iodine-sufficiency in the cohort. CONCLUSION The trimester-specific TSH range in pregnant women in this study is not significantly different from nonpregnant reference range in the final phase of transition to iodine sufficiency in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip Pramanik
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, I.P.G.M.E & R, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Pradip Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, I.P.G.M.E & R, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Rana Bhattacharjee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, I.P.G.M.E & R, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Bidisha Mukherjee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, I.P.G.M.E & R, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Samim Ali Mondal
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, I.P.G.M.E & R, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sandip Bandhopadhay
- Department of Biochemistry, KPC Medical College, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhas Biswas
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, I.P.G.M.E and R, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhankar Chowdhury
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, I.P.G.M.E & R, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, I.P.G.M.E & R, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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D’Elia L, Obreja G, Ciobanu A, Breda J, Jewell J, Cappuccio FP. Sodium, Potassium and Iodine Intake, in A National Adult Population Sample of the Republic of Moldova. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2896. [PMID: 31795295 PMCID: PMC6950169 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the Republic of Moldova, more than half of all deaths due to noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are caused by cardiovascular disease (CVD). Excess salt (sodium) and inadequate potassium intakes are associated with high CVD. Moreover, salt iodisation is the preferred policy to prevent iodine deficiency and associated disorders. However, there is no survey that has directly measured sodium, potassium and iodine consumption in adults in the Republic of Moldova. A national random sample of adults attended a screening including demographic, anthropometric and physical measurements. Sodium, potassium and iodine intakes were assessed by 24 h urinary sodium (UNa), potassium (UK) and iodine (UI) excretions. Knowledge, attidues and behaviours were collected by questionnaire. Eight-hundred and fifty-eight participants (326 men and 532 women, 18-69 years) were included in the analysis (response rate 66%). Mean age was 48.5 years (SD 13.8). Mean UNa was 172.7 (79.3) mmoL/day, equivalent to 10.8 g of salt/day and potassium excretion 72.7 (31.5) mmoL/day, equivalent to 3.26 g/day. Only 11.3% met the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended salt targets of 5 g/day and 39% met potassium targets (>90 mmoL/day). Whilst 81.7% declared limiting their consumption of processed food and over 70% not adding salt at the table, only 8.8% looked at sodium content of food, 31% still added salt when cooking and less than 1% took other measures to control salt consumption. Measures of awareness were significantly more common in urban compared to rural areas. Mean urinary iodine was 225 (SD: 152; median 196) mcg/24 h, with no difference between sexes. According to WHO criteria, 41.0% had adequate iodine intake. Iodine content of salt table was 21.0 (SD: 18.6) mg/kg, lower in rural than urban areas (16.7, SD = 18.6 vs. 28.1, SD = 16.5 mg/kg, p < 0.001). In most cases participants were not using iodised salt as their main source of salt, more so in rural areas. In the Republic of Moldova, salt consumption is unequivocally high, potassium consumption is lower than recommended, both in men and in women, whilst iodine intake is still inadequate in one in three people, although severe iodine deficiency is rare. Salt consumed is often not iodised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanfranco D’Elia
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Nutrition, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK;
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, “Federico II” University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Galina Obreja
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, State University of Medicine and Pharmacy Nicolae Testemitanu, 2004 Chişinău, Moldova;
| | - Angela Ciobanu
- World Health Organization Country Office, 2012 Chişinău, Moldova;
- World Health Organization European Office for Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Joao Breda
- World Health Organization European Office for Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, 229994 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Jo Jewell
- World Health Organization European Office for Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- United Nations Children’s Fund, UNICEF, New York, NY 10017, USA
| | - Francesco P. Cappuccio
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Nutrition, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK;
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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McMullan P, Hamill L, Doolan K, Hunter A, McCance D, Patterson C, Smyth P, Woodside JV, Mullan K. Iodine deficiency among pregnant women living in Northern Ireland. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2019; 91:639-645. [PMID: 31325189 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mild iodine deficiency has re-emerged among school girls in the UK. We wished to study a contemporaneous pregnant population because a relationship between maternal iodine deficiency and offspring cognitive scores has recently been reported. The WHO has set a median population urinary iodine concentration (UIC) of ≥100 and ≥150 µg/L to define adequacy outside of and during pregnancy, respectively. Iodine creatinine ratio (ICR) is also used to correct for dilution effects (sufficiency ≥150 µg/g creatinine in pregnancy). DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 241 women were followed across trimesters (T) into the postpartum period (PPP) along with 80 offspring with spot urine sampling and food frequency questionnaires. RESULTS Median UIC was 73 µg/L in the 1st T (ICR 102 µg/g creatinine) despite 55% taking iodine-containing supplements. Median UICs were 94, 117 and 90 µg/L in the 2nd T, 3rd T and PPP, respectively. Corresponding ICRs were 120, 126 and 60 µg/g creatinine. ICR was associated with volume of milk consumed throughout pregnancy. Median UIC among the offspring was 148 µg/L, with no difference between the breast- and formula-fed babies. CONCLUSIONS Pregnant women living in Northern Ireland may be at risk of iodine deficiency across pregnancy and into the PPP while the offspring are iodine sufficient. This is the first study of its kind in the UK with data for pregnant women and their offspring. The UK does not provide an iodine fortification programme nor offer routine iodine dietary advice in pregnancy and this requires consideration by public health agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul McMullan
- Regional Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes Royal Victoria Hospital Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | | | | | - David McCance
- Regional Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes Royal Victoria Hospital Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | | | | | - Karen Mullan
- Regional Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes Royal Victoria Hospital Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Eastman CJ, Ma G, Li M. Optimal Assessment and Quantification of Iodine Nutrition in Pregnancy and Lactation: Laboratory and Clinical Methods, Controversies and Future Directions. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2378. [PMID: 31590373 PMCID: PMC6835375 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Iodine intake must be boosted during pregnancy to meet the demands for increased production and placental transfer of thyroid hormone essential for optimal foetal development. Failure to meet this challenge results in irreversible brain damage, manifested in severity from neurological cretinism to minor or subtle deficits of intelligence and behavioural disorders. Attention is now being focused on explaining observational studies of an association between insufficient iodine intake during pregnancy and mild degrees of intellectual impairment in the offspring and confirming a cause and effect relationship with impaired maternal thyroid function. The current qualitative categorisation of iodine deficiency into mild, moderate and severe by the measurement of the median urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) in a population of school-age children, as a proxy measure of dietary iodine intake, is inappropriate for defining the degree or severity of gestational iodine deficiency and needs to be replaced. This review examines progress in analytical techniques for the measurement of urinary iodine concentration and the application of this technology to epidemiological studies of iodine deficiency with a focus on gestational iodine deficiency. We recommend that more precise definitions and measurements of gestational iodine deficiency, beyond a spot UIC, need to be developed. We review the evidence for hypothyroxinaemia as the cause of intrauterine foetal brain damage in gestational iodine deficiency and discuss the many unanswered questions, from which we propose that further clinical studies need to be designed to address the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental impairments in the foetus and infant. Agreement on the testing instruments and standardization of processes and procedures for Intelligence Quotient (IQ) and psychomotor tests needs to be reached by investigators, so that valid comparisons can be made among studies of gestational iodine deficiency and neurocognitive outcomes. Finally, the timing, safety and the efficacy of prophylactic iodine supplementation for pregnant and lactating women needs to be established and confirmation that excess intake of iodine during pregnancy is to be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Creswell J Eastman
- Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia.
- Australian Centre for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ACCIDD), Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia.
| | - Gary Ma
- Australian Centre for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ACCIDD), Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia.
- School of Medicine (Pathology), Liverpool Hospital Clinical School, Western Sydney University, Liverpool, Sydney 2170, Australia.
| | - Mu Li
- Australian Centre for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ACCIDD), Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia.
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia.
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Tamang B, Khatiwada S, Gelal B, Shrestha S, Mehta KD, Baral N, Shah GS, Lamsal M. Association of antithyroglobulin antibody with iodine nutrition and thyroid dysfunction in Nepalese children. Thyroid Res 2019; 12:6. [PMID: 31320934 PMCID: PMC6615089 DOI: 10.1186/s13044-019-0067-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant iodine intake and thyroid autoimmunity affect thyroid function. Deficiencies of iodine including thyroid disorders have serious impact on child physical and mental development. This study was conducted to investigate iodine nutrition, thyroid function and thyroid autoimmunity in the Nepalese children, and explore the association of thyroidal autoimmunity with iodine nutrition and thyroid dysfunction. Methods Five schools from Udayapur district of eastern Nepal were selected for the study. A total of 213 school children aged 6–12 years were enrolled, and anthropometric data, urine samples and blood samples were collected. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC), free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and antithyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) was measured. Independent T test, Man-Whitney test, Chi-square test and Fisher’s Exact test were used for testing statistical significance. Spearman’s correlation analysis was done to find association between variables. Results The median UIC with IQR, mean ± SD fT3, mean ± SD fT4, median TSH and TgAb with IQR was 150.0 μg/L (102.8; 204.0), 2.49 ± 0.83 pg/ml, 1.33 ± 0.42 ng/dl, 2.49 mIU/L (1.58; 4.29), and 21.40 IU/ml (15.54; 31.20) respectively. Elvated TgAb (≥30 IU/ml, thyroid autoimmune condition) was seen in 25.8% (n = 55) children. UIC was less than 100 μg/L in 17.4% (n = 37) of the children. Subclinical hypothyroidism, overt hypothyroidism and sublinical hyperthyroidism was seen in 1.4% (n = 3), 3.3% (n = 7) and 3.8% (n = 8) children respectively. A strong association of TgAb with UIC (r = − 0.210, p = 0.002) and thyroid hormones; fT3 (r = − 0.160, p = 0.019), fT4 (r = − 0.275, p < 0.001), and TSH (r = 0.296, p < 0.001) was seen. The relative risk for thyroid autoimmunity in children with UIC less than 100 μg/L was 1.784 (95% CI: 1.108–2.871, p = 0.024). Similarly, children with thyroid autoimmunity had higher relative risk [7.469 (95% CI: 2.790–19.995, p < 0.001)] for thyroid dysfunction. Conclusions School children of eastern Nepal have adequate iodine nutrition. Thyroid autoimmunity is very common, while thyroid dysfunction is sparse in children. An association of thyroid autoimmunity with iodine nutrition and thyroid dysfunction was seen in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binaya Tamang
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Universal College of Medical Sciences, Bhairahawa, Nepal
| | | | - Basanta Gelal
- 3Department of Biochemistry, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Ghopa, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Shrijana Shrestha
- 3Department of Biochemistry, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Ghopa, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Kishun Deo Mehta
- 3Department of Biochemistry, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Ghopa, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Nirmal Baral
- 3Department of Biochemistry, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Ghopa, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Gauri Shankar Shah
- 4Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent medicine, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Madhab Lamsal
- 3Department of Biochemistry, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Ghopa, Dharan, Nepal
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Vidranski V, Franceschi M, Krilić D, Jukić T, Mihaljević I, Kusić Z. Analytical evaluation of the new Seal Autoanalyzer 3 High Resolution for urinary iodine determination. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2019; 29:bm-29-2-020711. [PMID: 31223253 PMCID: PMC6559621 DOI: 10.11613/bm.2019.020711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of the study was to evaluate the analytical performance of the new colorimetric, automatic analyser, Seal AutoAnalyzer 3 High Resolution (Seal AA3 HR) (Seal Analytical, Wisconsin, USA) for urinary iodine measurement. Materials and methods This study included testing of several analytical features of the method involving: imprecision (within-run %CVr, between-run %CVb and total laboratory precision %CVl), measurement uncertainty, carryover, linearity and method comparison, with 70 urine samples including the measuring range (20 - 700 µg/L). Results Within-run, %CVb and %CVl of two control levels were 2.03% and 3.04%, 0.51% and 2.61%, and 2.09% and 4.01%, respectively. Carryover effect was less than 1%. The linearity was good in the range of urinary iodine values between 60 and 500 µg/L (R2 = 0.99). Good agreement of urinary iodine values was found between manual technique and Seal AA3 HR, using Passing-Bablok regression (y = 7.84 (- 3.00 to 15.29) + 0.95 (0.90 to 1.00) x) and Blant-Altman test. Cusum test for linearity indicates that there is no significant deviation from linearity (P > 0.1). Conclusions The obtained results proved excellent precision, reproducibility and linearity, comparable to the already used, manual method. The New Seal AA3 HR automatic analyser is acceptable for urinary iodine measurement with very good analytical characteristics and can be used for urinary iodine epidemiological studies of the Croatian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Vidranski
- Department for Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Center Sestre milosrdnice, Zagreb, Croatia; Faculty of medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Maja Franceschi
- Department for Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Center Sestre milosrdnice, Zagreb, Croatia; Faculty of medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Dražena Krilić
- Department for Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Center Sestre milosrdnice, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Jukić
- Department for Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Center Sestre milosrdnice, Zagreb, Croatia; Faculty of medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivan Mihaljević
- Department for Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Protection, University Hospital Center Osijek, Osijek, Croatia; Faculty of medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Zvonko Kusić
- Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zagreb, Croatia
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Tamang MK, Gelal B, Tamang B, Lamsal M, Brodie D, Baral N. Excess urinary iodine concentration and thyroid dysfunction among school age children of eastern Nepal: a matter of concern. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:294. [PMID: 31133065 PMCID: PMC6537302 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Deficiency as well as excess dietary iodine is associated with several thyroid disorders including Grave’s disease and goitre. Previously, cross sectional studies conducted among school children in Nepal showed high prevalence of iodine deficiency. In contrast, recently, few studies have revealed emerging trends of excess urinary iodine concentration in children. This paper, reports excess urinary iodine excretion and thyroid dysfunction among school age children from eastern Nepal. Results It was a community based cross sectional study in which we measured urinary iodine excretion levels among school age children at baseline and after educational program. The educational program consisted of audio-visual and pamphlets on thyroid health. We also screened them for thyroid function status by physical examination and measuring serum thyroid hormones. Our results show that 34.4% of the children had excess urinary iodine concentration above the WHO recommended levels. Overall, 3.2% of the children were identified to have thyroid dysfunction. Urinary iodine concentration was significantly different between types of salt used and between salt iodine content categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Kumar Tamang
- Rotary Club of Dharan Ghopa, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal.
| | - Basanta Gelal
- Department of Biochemistry, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Binaya Tamang
- Department of Biochemistry, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Madhab Lamsal
- Department of Biochemistry, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | | | - Nirmal Baral
- Department of Biochemistry, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
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Morseth MS, Aakre I, Barikmo I, Dahl L, Henjum S. High iodine content in local animal milk and risk of exceeding EFSA upper intake level for iodine among Saharawi women. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212465. [PMID: 30768637 PMCID: PMC6377136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive iodine intake is a major public health problem in the Saharawi refugee camps in Algeria, where animal milk is an important source of iodine. The purpose of this study was to assess the association between iodine concentrations in locally produced animal milk and in animal drinking water and further to assess the risk of exceeding European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) tolerable upper intake level for iodine (600 μg/d) among Saharawi women. In 2009 and 2010, 202 milk samples from goats and sheep and 52 milk samples from camel were collected. Iodine in milk was determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). In addition, iodine in 56 water samples from the general water system and 54 water samples from wells, was determined by modified Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. Animal milk is generally consumed mixed with water. The median (min, max) iodine intake from goat/sheep milk mixed with water in camps with high iodine content in human drinking water was 284 (57, 2889) μg/d and 19% of participants exceeded EFSA upper intake level for iodine. The median (min, max) iodine intake from camel milk mixed with water in all camps was 2100 (210, 11100) and 47% of participants exceeded the EFSA upper intake level. The median (min, max) iodine content in goat/sheep milk from camps with moderate and high iodine content in water was 507 (101, 4791) μg/L and 1612 (487, 9323) μg/L, respectively (p < 0.001). The iodine content in goat/sheep milk was positively associated with iodine content in animal drinking water (regression coefficient, B 5.71, 95% CI 4.03, 7.39). In conclusion, consumption of camel milk and living in camps with high water iodine content increased the risk of exceeding the EFSA upper intake level for iodine. We suggest that purified water for both human and animal consumption should be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne S. Morseth
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet – Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Aakre
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet – Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Barikmo
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet – Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lisbeth Dahl
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway
| | - Sigrun Henjum
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet – Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
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Ramaswamykanive H, Nanavati Z, Mackie J, Linderman R, Lavee O. Cardiovascular Collapse following Povidone-Iodine Wash. Anaesth Intensive Care 2019; 39:127-30. [DOI: 10.1177/0310057x1103900121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Ramaswamykanive
- Intensive Care Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Z. Nanavati
- Intensive Care Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J. Mackie
- Intensive Care Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Senior Nephrologist, Department of Nephrology and Medical Co-Director, Program of Oncology, Emergency and Medicine
| | - R. Linderman
- Intensive Care Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Senior Haematologist, Department of Haematology, South Eastern Area Laboratory Services
| | - O. Lavee
- Intensive Care Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Registrar, Department of Haematology, South Eastern Area Laboratory Services
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Yu S, Yin Y, Cheng Q, Han J, Cheng X, Guo Y, Sun D, Xie S, Qiu L. Validation of a simple inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method for detecting urine and serum iodine and evaluation of iodine status of pregnant women in Beijing. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2018; 78:501-507. [PMID: 30261754 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2018.1512150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and simple method for serum and urine iodine is necessary for iodine-related diseases. This study aimed to establish and validate a simple and rapid method for quantification of iodine in human urine and serum using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Generally, samples were diluted using water with 1.5% isopropanol and 7 mmol hydrous ammonium before analysis by the ICP-MS. Performance of the method was validated, and the urine and serum iodine levels of 72 pregnant women were analyzed. Results showed that the lower limit of detection of the ICP-MS method was 0.87 µg/L. No significant memory effects were observed. Recovery in both serum and urine was approximately 100%. Compared with NIST SRM3668, bias was <1%, exhibiting good accuracy. The inter-run coefficients of variation (CVs) for serum and urine iodine were 2.8-3.5% and 3.5-6.7%, respectively, and total CVs for serum and urine iodine were 3.2-3.7% and 3.9-6.7%, respectively. Comparison of the iodine results obtained by the ICP-MS method and the conventional S-K method revealed excellent correlation (r = 0.984, mean bias = -1.7%). The median urine iodine of pregnant women (125.5 μg/L) was lower than that of WHO criteria for iodine deficiency (median urinary iodine <150 μg/L) while 55.6% of the individuals with urine iodine level less than 150 μg/L. The median serum iodine level of the pregnant women was 69.0 μg/L. In conclusion, a rapid and simple ICP-MS method for urine and serum iodine measurements has been established and validated, and the pregnant women in Beijing may still suffer from insufficient iodine intake. Abbreviations CV coefficients of variation HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography ICP-MS inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry KED kinetic energy discrimination KI potassium iodide LOD limit of detection S-K Sandell-Kolthoff reaction PUMCH Peking Union Medical College Hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Yu
- a Department of Clinical Laboratory , Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Yicong Yin
- a Department of Clinical Laboratory , Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Qian Cheng
- a Department of Clinical Laboratory , Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Jianhua Han
- a Department of Clinical Laboratory , Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Xinqi Cheng
- a Department of Clinical Laboratory , Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Ye Guo
- a Department of Clinical Laboratory , Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Dandan Sun
- a Department of Clinical Laboratory , Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Shaowei Xie
- a Department of Clinical Laboratory , Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Ling Qiu
- a Department of Clinical Laboratory , Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
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Charlton KE, Ware LJ, Baumgartner J, Cockeran M, Schutte AE, Naidoo N, Kowal P. Iodine Status Assessment in South African Adults According to Spot Urinary Iodine Concentrations, Prediction Equations, and Measured 24-h Iodine Excretion. Nutrients 2018; 10:E736. [PMID: 29880734 PMCID: PMC6024758 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The iodine status of populations is conventionally assessed using spot urinary samples to obtain a median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) value, which is assessed against standard reference cut-offs. The assumption that spot UIC reflects daily iodine intake may be flawed because of high day-to-day variability and variable urinary volume outputs. This study aimed to compare iodine status in a sample of South African adults when determined by different approaches using a spot urine sample (median UIC (MUIC), predicted 24 h urinary iodine excretion (PrUIE) using different prediction equations) against measured 24 h urinary iodine excretion (mUIE). Both 24 h and spot urine samples were collected in a subsample of participants (n = 457; median age 55 year; range 18⁻90 year) in the World Health Organization Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) Wave 2 in South Africa, in 2015. Kawasaki, Tanaka, and Mage equations were applied to assess PrUIE from predicted urinary creatinine (PrCr) and spot UIC values. Adequacy of iodine intake was assessed by comparing PrUIE and mUIE to the Estimated Average Requirement of 95 µg/day, while the MUIC cut-off was.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Charlton
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2500, New South Wales, Australia.
- Illawarra Health and Medical Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2500, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Lisa J Ware
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, North West Province, South Africa.
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, Gauteng, South Africa.
| | - Jeannine Baumgartner
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition (CEN), North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, North West Province, South Africa.
| | - Marike Cockeran
- Statistical Consultation Services, North-West University, 11 Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom; Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, North West Province, South Africa.
| | - Aletta E Schutte
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, North West Province, South Africa.
- MRC Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, North West Province, South Africa.
| | - Nirmala Naidoo
- World Health Organization (WHO), Avenue Appia 20, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
| | - Paul Kowal
- World Health Organization (WHO), Avenue Appia 20, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
- Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle 2308, New South Wales, Australia.
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Wainwright P, Cook P. The assessment of iodine status - populations, individuals and limitations. Ann Clin Biochem 2018; 56:7-14. [PMID: 29703103 DOI: 10.1177/0004563218774816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Iodine deficiency is a significant global health concern, and the single greatest cause of preventable cognitive impairment. It is also a growing public health concern in the UK particularly among pregnant women. Biomarkers such as urinary iodine concentration have clear utility in epidemiological studies to investigate population-level iodine status, but determination of iodine status in individuals is much more problematic with current assays. This article reviews the available biomarkers of iodine status and their relative utility at the level of both populations and individuals for the investigation of iodine deficiency and iodine excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Wainwright
- 1 Chemical Pathology and Metabolic Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK.,2 Current affiliation: Department of Blood Sciences, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Bodelwyddan, UK
| | - Paul Cook
- 1 Chemical Pathology and Metabolic Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Ito S, Iwano S, Kato K, Naganawa S. Predictive factors for the outcomes of initial I-131 low-dose ablation therapy to Japanese patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Ann Nucl Med 2018; 32:418-424. [PMID: 29766463 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-018-1261-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify prognostic factors associated with a low-iodine diet (LID) and the amount of remnant thyroid tissue in Japanese patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) who received initial I-131 remnant ablation (RAI) using a fixed low dose of I-131 (1110 MBq). PATIENTS AND METHODS In this prospective study, we enrolled 45 patients. Patients were classified into a self-managed LID group and a strict LID group. We measured the urinary iodine concentration on the day of RAI after patients consumed LID for 2 weeks. Thyroid-stimulating hormone-induced thyroglobulin (Tg) levels and I-131 uptake by the remnant thyroid tissue were also evaluated. A response-evaluation whole-body scan (WBS) was performed 6-8 months after RAI to determine the outcome of the therapy. RESULTS Post-LID urinary iodine levels of the strict LID group tended to be lower than those of the self-managed LID group. Twenty-five cases (56%) showed absence of uptake, whereas 20 cases (44%) showed residual uptake on the response-evaluation WBS. There were no significant differences between "absence" and "residual" groups in urinary iodine concentrations and Tg levels (p = 0.253 and p = 0.234, respectively). However, significant differences were observed in I-131 uptake by the thyroid bed (p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS For patients following the current Japanese method of a 2-week LID, the urinary iodine concentration was not a predictive factor for the successful outcome of RAI. In contrast, low I-131 uptake by the thyroid bed, revealed by the scintigram after RAI, may serve as a favorable predictive factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Ito
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Shingo Iwano
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Kato
- Department of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-20 Daiko-Minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Shinji Naganawa
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
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Liang X, Feng Y, Lin L, Abeysekera IR, Iqbal U, Wang T, Wang Y, Yao X. Thyroid function alterations attributed to high iodide supplementation in maternal rats and their offspring. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 47:89-97. [PMID: 29544812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to investigate thyroid function alterations attributed to high iodide supplementation in maternal rats and their offspring. METHODS Depending on their iodide intake, the pregnant rats were randomly divided into three groups: normal iodide intake (NI), 10 times high iodide intake (10 HI) and 100 times high iodide intake (100 HI) groups. Iodine concentration in the urine and maternal milk; iodine content and mitochondrial superoxide production; expression of TRα1, TRβ1, NIS and Dio1 in both the thyroid and mammary glands were all measured. The offspring were exposed to different iodide-containing water (NI, 10 HI and 100 HI) from weaning to postnatal day 180 (PN180). Serum thyroid hormone levels were measured in both maternal rats and their offspring. RESULTS Iodine concentration in the urine and maternal milk, as well as iodine content in the thyroid and mammary glands was significantly increased in both the 10 HI and 100 HI groups (p < .05). In the 100 HI group of maternal rats, low FT3 levels, high FT4, TPOAb and TgAb levels were detected. In addition, an increased mitochondrial superoxide production and decreased expression of TRα1, TRβ1, NIS and Dio1 in the thyroid and mammary glands was found (p < .05). A positive staining of CD4+ that co-localized with TRβ1 in the infiltrated cells within the thyroid follicles was observed. At PN180 in the offspring, the FT3 and FT4 levels showed a significant decrease, while the levels of serum TSH, TPOAb and TgAb were significantly increased in both 10 HI and 100 HI groups (p < .05). CONCLUSION In maternal rats, although normal thyroid function can be maintained following 10 HI, thyroiditis can be induced following 100 HI on lactation days 7, 14, and 21. In the offspring at PN180, hypothyroidism complicated with thyroiditis can occur in both the 10 HI and 100 HI groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Yanni Feng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Laixiang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Iruni Roshanie Abeysekera
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Umar Iqbal
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Xiaomei Yao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
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Regression Analysis to Identify Factors Associated with Urinary Iodine Concentration at the Sub-National Level in India, Ghana, and Senegal. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10040516. [PMID: 29690505 PMCID: PMC5946301 DOI: 10.3390/nu10040516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Single and multiple variable regression analyses were conducted using data from stratified, cluster sample design, iodine surveys in India, Ghana, and Senegal to identify factors associated with urinary iodine concentration (UIC) among women of reproductive age (WRA) at the national and sub-national level. Subjects were survey household respondents, typically WRA. For all three countries, UIC was significantly different (p < 0.05) by household salt iodine category. Other significant differences were by strata and by household vulnerability to poverty in India and Ghana. In multiple variable regression analysis, UIC was significantly associated with strata and household salt iodine category in India and Ghana (p < 0.001). Estimated UIC was 1.6 (95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.3, 2.0) times higher (India) and 1.4 (95% CI 1.2, 1.6) times higher (Ghana) among WRA from households using adequately iodised salt than among WRA from households using non-iodised salt. Other significant associations with UIC were found in India, with having heard of iodine deficiency (1.2 times higher; CI 1.1, 1.3; p < 0.001) and having improved dietary diversity (1.1 times higher, CI 1.0, 1.2; p = 0.015); and in Ghana, with the level of tomato paste consumption the previous week (p = 0.029) (UIC for highest consumption level was 1.2 times lowest level; CI 1.1, 1.4). No significant associations were found in Senegal. Sub-national data on iodine status are required to assess equity of access to optimal iodine intake and to develop strategic responses as needed.
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Westby T, Cadogan A, Duignan G. In vivo uptake of iodine from a Fucus serratus Linnaeus seaweed bath: does volatile iodine contribute? ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2018; 40:683-691. [PMID: 28866841 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-017-0015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Seaweed baths containing Fucus serratus Linnaeus are a rich source of iodine which has the potential to increase the urinary iodide concentration (UIC) of the bather. In this study, the range of total iodine concentration in seawater (22-105 µg L-1) and seaweed baths (808-13,734 µg L-1) was measured over 1 year. The seasonal trend shows minimum levels in summer (May-July) and maximum in winter (November-January). The bathwater pH was found to be acidic, average pH 5.9 ± 0.3. An in vivo study with 30 volunteers was undertaken to measure the UIC of 15 bathers immersed in the bath and 15 non-bathers sitting adjacent to the bath. Their UIC was analysed pre- and post-seaweed bath and corrected for creatinine concentration. The corrected UIC of the population shows an increase following the seaweed bath from a pre-treatment median of 76 µg L-1 to a post-treatment median of 95 µg L-1. The pre-treatment UIC for both groups did not indicate significant difference (p = 0.479); however, the post-treatment UIC for both did (p = 0.015) where the median bather test UIC was 86 µg L-1 and the non-bather UIC test was 105 µg L-1. Results indicate the bath has the potential to increase the UIC by a significant amount and that inhalation of volatile iodine is a more significant contributor to UIC than previously documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarha Westby
- Department of Life Science, School of Science, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, Sligo, F91 YW50, Ireland
| | - Aodhmar Cadogan
- Department of Life Science, School of Science, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, Sligo, F91 YW50, Ireland
| | - Geraldine Duignan
- Department of Life Science, School of Science, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, Sligo, F91 YW50, Ireland.
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Charlton K, Ware LJ, Baumgartner J, Cockeran M, Schutte AE, Naidoo N, Kowal P. How will South Africa's mandatory salt reduction policy affect its salt iodisation programme? A cross-sectional analysis from the WHO-SAGE Wave 2 Salt & Tobacco study. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e020404. [PMID: 29602855 PMCID: PMC5884349 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The WHO's global targets for non-communicable disease reduction recommend consumption of<5 g salt/day. In 2016, South Africa was the first country to legislate maximum salt levels in processed foods. South Africa's salt iodisation fortification programme has successfully addressed iodine deficiency but information is dated. Simultaneous monitoring of sodium reduction and iodine status is required to ensure compatibility of the two public health interventions. DESIGN/SETTING/PARTICIPANTS A nested cohort design within WHO's 2015 Study on global AGEing and adult health (n=2887) including individuals from households across South Africa. Randomly selected adults (n=875) provided 24-hour and spot urine samples for sodium and iodine concentration analysis (the primary and secondary outcome measures, respectively). Median 24-hour urinary iodine excretion (UIE) and spot urinary iodine concentrations (UIC) were compared by salt intakes of <5g/day, 5-9g/dayand >9 g/day. RESULTS Median daily sodium excretion was equivalent to 6.3 g salt/day (range 1-43 g/day); 35% had urinary sodium excretion values within the desirable range (<5 g salt/day), 37% had high values (5-9 g salt/day) and 28% had very high values (>9 g salt/day). Median UIC was 130 µg/L (IQR=58-202), indicating population iodine sufficiency (≥100 µg/L). Both UIC and UIE differed across salt intake categories (p<0.001) and were positively correlated with estimated salt intake (r=0.166 and 0.552, respectively; both p<0.001). Participants with salt intakes of <5 g/day were not meeting the Estimated Average Requirement for iodine intake (95 µg/day). CONCLUSIONS In a nationally representative sample of South African adults, the association between indicators of population iodine status (UIC and UIE) and salt intake, estimated using 24-hour urinary sodium excretion, indicate that low salt intakes may compromise adequacy of iodine intakes in a country with mandatory iodisation of table salt. The iodine status of populations undergoing salt reduction strategies needs to be closely monitored to prevent re-emergence of iodine deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Charlton
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- Research Fellow, Illawarra Health and Medical Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lisa Jayne Ware
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jeannine Baumgartner
- Centre of Excellence in Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Marike Cockeran
- Statistical Consultation Services, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Aletta E Schutte
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- MRC Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Nirmala Naidoo
- WHO Multi-Country Studies Unit, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul Kowal
- WHO Multi-Country Studies Unit, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
- Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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van der Haar F, Knowles J, Bukania Z, Camara B, Pandav CS, Mwai JM, Toure NK, Yadav K. New Statistical Approach to Apportion Dietary Sources of Iodine Intake: Findings from Kenya, Senegal and India. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10040430. [PMID: 29596369 PMCID: PMC5946215 DOI: 10.3390/nu10040430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Progress of national Universal Salt Iodization (USI) strategies is typically assessed by household coverage of adequately iodized salt and median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in spot urine collections. However, household coverage does not inform on the iodized salt used in preparation of processed foods outside homes, nor does the total UIC reflect the portion of population iodine intake attributable to the USI strategy. This study used data from three population-representative surveys of women of reproductive age (WRA) in Kenya, Senegal and India to develop and illustrate a new approach to apportion the population UIC levels by the principal dietary sources of iodine intake, namely native iodine, iodine in processed food salt and iodine in household salt. The technique requires measurement of urinary sodium concentrations (UNaC) in the same spot urine samples collected for iodine status assessment. Taking into account the different complex survey designs of each survey, generalized linear regression (GLR) analyses were performed in which the UIC data of WRA was set as the outcome variable that depends on their UNaC and household salt iodine (SI) data as explanatory variables. Estimates of the UIC portions that correspond to iodine intake sources were calculated with use of the intercept and regression coefficients for the UNaC and SI variables in each country’s regression equation. GLR coefficients for UNaC and SI were significant in all country-specific models. Rural location did not show a significant association in any country when controlled for other explanatory variables. The estimated UIC portion from native dietary iodine intake in each country fell below the minimum threshold for iodine sufficiency. The UIC portion arising from processed food salt in Kenya was substantially higher than in Senegal and India, while the UIC portions from household salt use varied in accordance with the mean level of household SI content in the country surveys. The UIC portions and all-salt-derived iodine intakes found in this study were illustrative of existing differences in national USI legislative frameworks and national salt supply situations between countries. The approach of apportioning the population UIC from spot urine collections may be useful for future monitoring of change in iodine nutrition from reduced salt use in processed foods and in households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frits van der Haar
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Jacky Knowles
- Large Scale Food Fortification Initiative, Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Zipporah Bukania
- Center for Public Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, 00202 Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Boubacar Camara
- Comité Scientifique de l'Ecole Doctorale, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, B.P. 5005 Dakar-Fann, Sénégal.
| | - Chandrakant S Pandav
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Iodine Global Network, New Delhi 110029, India.
| | - John Maina Mwai
- Ministry of Health, Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, P.O. Box 43319-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Ndeye Khady Toure
- Cellule de Lutte contre la Malnutrition, B.P. 45001 Dakar-Fann, Sénégal.
| | - Kapil Yadav
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
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Humphrey OS, Young SD, Bailey EH, Crout NMJ, Ander EL, Watts MJ. Iodine soil dynamics and methods of measurement: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:288-310. [PMID: 29302664 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00491e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Iodine is an essential micronutrient for human health: insufficient intake can have multiple effects on development and growth, affecting approximately 1.9 billion people worldwide. Previous reviews have focussed on iodine analysis in environmental and biological samples, however, no such review exists for the determination of iodine fractionation and speciation in soils. This article reviews the geodynamics of both stable 127I and the long-lived isotope 129I (t1/2 = 15.7 million years), alongside the analytical methods for determining iodine concentrations in soils, including consideration of sample preparation. The ability to measure total iodine concentration in soils has developed significantly from rudimentary spectrophotometric analysis methods to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Analysis with ICP-MS has been reported as the best method for determining iodine concentrations in a range of environmental samples and soils due to developments in extraction procedures and sensitivity, with extremely good detection limits typically <μg L-1. The ability of ICP-MS to measure iodine and its capabilities to couple on-line separation tools has the significance to develop the understanding of iodine geodynamics. In addition, nuclear-related analysis and recent synchrotron light source analysis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Humphrey
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
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Purkait R, Dey S, Sinhaa C. A multi-analyte responsive chemosensor vanilinyl Schiff base: fluorogenic sensing of Zn(ii), Cd(ii) and I−. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj03165g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A single fluorescence probe recognizes multiple ions and grabs the great attention of scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Purkait
- Department of Chemistry
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700 032
- India
| | - Sunanda Dey
- Department of Chemistry
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700 032
- India
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