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Khair M, Khair M, Vangaveti VN, Malabu UH. The role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in atherosclerotic disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cardiol 2024; 84:14-21. [PMID: 38521117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive cardiovascular disease characterized by cholesterol deposition within blood vessel walls. Recent literature has suggested that the NLRP3 [NOD (nucleotide oligomerization domain)-, LRR (leucine-rich repeat)-, and PYD (pyrin domain)-containing protein 3] inflammasome is a key mediator in the development, progression, and destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques. This review aims to evaluate the current literature on the role of NLRP3 in human atherosclerosis. This systematic review was registered on the PROSPERO database (ID = CRD42022340039) and involved the search of a total of 8 databases. Records were screened in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 20 studies were included and quality assessed using the NIH: NHLBI tool. Six were eligible for meta-analysis using RevMan 5.4.1. We identified 20 relevant articles representing 3388 participants. NLRP3 mRNA levels and downstream cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 were found to be associated with atherosclerotic disease. Fold changes in NLRP3 mRNA levels were most strongly associated with high risk atherosclerotic disease, compared to controls [0.84 (95 % CI: 0.41-1.28)]. IL-1β mRNA fold change was more robustly associated with high-risk atherosclerotic disease [0.61 (95 % CI: 0.10-1.13)] than IL-18 [0.47 (95 % CI: 0.02-0.91)]. NLRP3, IL-1β, and IL-18 are associated with high-risk atherosclerotic disease. However, given the scope of this review, the role of this inflammasome and its cytokine counterparts in acting as prognosticators of coronary artery disease severity is unclear. Several upstream activators such as cholesterol crystals are involved in the canonical or non-canonical activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and its downstream cytokines. These findings highlight the necessity for further research to delineate the exact mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Khair
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Mark Khair
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Venkat N Vangaveti
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, Australia
| | - Usman H Malabu
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, Australia; Department of Endocrinology, Townsville University Hospital, Douglas, Queensland, Australia
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Zhang J, Han Y, Jia R, Zhu Q, Wang X, Liu M, Zhang W. Exploring the role of myeloperoxidase in the atherosclerotic process in hypoxic mice based on the MAPK signaling pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 225:116275. [PMID: 38729447 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is the common pathophysiological basis of various cardiovascular diseases and the leading cause of death from cardiovascular disease worldwide. When the body is in a hypoxic environment, enhanced oxidative stress and significant accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tissue cells exacerbate the inflammatory response, resulting in increased release of myeloperoxidase (MPO), catalyzing the formation of large quantities of hypochlorous acid (HOCl), further oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and exacerbating the formation and progression of atherosclerotic plaques. The MAPK signaling pathway is important in oxidative stress-mediated promotion of atherogenesis. MPO -/- mice were used in this study to establish a hypoxia model simulating 5000 m altitude and a Western high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis model for 12 weeks. Exploring the role of MPO in the atherosclerotic process in hypoxic mice by observing the MAPK signaling pathway to provide a therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of hypoxic atherosclerotic disease in the plateau. We found that hypoxia promotes the formation of atherosclerosis in mice, and the mechanism may be that increased MPO in vivo promotes an inflammatory response, which plays a crucial role in the formation of atherosclerosis. In addition, hypoxia further exacerbates plaque instability by activating the MAPK signaling pathway to upregulate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), which in turn promotes angiogenesis within the plaque. Therefore, a potential target for preventing and treating hypoxic atherosclerotic disease is the inhibition of MPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Zhang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Ying Han
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Ruhan Jia
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Qinfang Zhu
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, China; Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Xiaozhou Wang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, China; Department of Hypertension, Qinghai Cardio-Cerebrovascular Hospital, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Meiheng Liu
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, China.
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Li M, Liu D, Cheng Z, Zhou X, Chen Z, Liu R, Yi Q. Serum NLRP3: A potential marker for identifying high-risk coronary arterial aneurysm in children with Kawasaki disease. Cytokine 2024; 180:156667. [PMID: 38857561 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kawasaki disease (KD) is a vasculitis of unknown etiology in children aged under 5 years. Coronary arterial aneurysm (CAA) is the major complication of KD. It is no longer though to be a self-limiting disease because its cardiovascular sequelae might persist into adulthood. NLRP3 is a key protein of the NLRP3 inflammasome that participates in sterile inflammatory disease. This study investigated the serum levels of NLRP3 in patients with KD at different stages to explore the relationships between serum NLRP3 and clinical parameters. METHODS A total of 247 children enrolled in this study. There were 123 patients in the acute stage of KD, and 93 healthy children made up the healthy control (HC) group. Among the acute KD patients, 52 had coronary arterial aneurysm (KD-CAA) and 71 did not (KD-NCAA). 36 patient samples were collected after IVIG and aspirin treatment. Additionally, 29 patients were in the cardiovascular sequelae stage. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure serum NLRP3 levels in all subjects. RESULTS Serum NLRP3 was elevated in the KD group and was even higher in the KD-CAA subgroup than in the KD-NCAA subgroup of acute-stage patients. Serum NLRP3 declined when the patients were treated with IVIG and aspirin, but during the convalescent (coronary sequelae) stage, serum NLRP3 re-increased. Serum NLRP3 was higher in the ≥ 6-mm-coronary-arterial-diameter group than that the < 6-mm-diameter group. The ROC curve of serum NLRP3 indicated its utility in the prediction of both KD and KD-CAA. CONCLUSIONS NLRP3 may be involved in the development of KD and CAA in children with KD. Targeting NLRP3 might mitigate CAA, thereby reducing the risk of cardiovascular events in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengling Li
- National Clinical Key Cardiovascular Specialty, Key Laboratory of Children's Important Organ Development and Diseases of Chongqing Municipal Health Commission, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolism and Inflammatory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China; Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan Mianyang 404 Hospital, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Dong Liu
- National Clinical Key Cardiovascular Specialty, Key Laboratory of Children's Important Organ Development and Diseases of Chongqing Municipal Health Commission, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolism and Inflammatory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Zhenli Cheng
- National Clinical Key Cardiovascular Specialty, Key Laboratory of Children's Important Organ Development and Diseases of Chongqing Municipal Health Commission, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolism and Inflammatory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- National Clinical Key Cardiovascular Specialty, Key Laboratory of Children's Important Organ Development and Diseases of Chongqing Municipal Health Commission, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolism and Inflammatory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- National Clinical Key Cardiovascular Specialty, Key Laboratory of Children's Important Organ Development and Diseases of Chongqing Municipal Health Commission, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolism and Inflammatory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Ruixi Liu
- National Clinical Key Cardiovascular Specialty, Key Laboratory of Children's Important Organ Development and Diseases of Chongqing Municipal Health Commission, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolism and Inflammatory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.
| | - Qijian Yi
- National Clinical Key Cardiovascular Specialty, Key Laboratory of Children's Important Organ Development and Diseases of Chongqing Municipal Health Commission, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolism and Inflammatory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.
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Zheng Z, Li K, Yang Z, Wang X, Shen C, Zhang Y, Lu H, Yin Z, Sha M, Ye J, Zhu L. Transcriptomic analysis reveals molecular characterization and immune landscape of PANoptosis-related genes in atherosclerosis. Inflamm Res 2024; 73:961-978. [PMID: 38587531 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-024-01877-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by abnormal lipid deposition in the arteries. Programmed cell death is involved in the inflammatory response of atherosclerosis, but PANoptosis, as a new form of programmed cell death, is still unclear in atherosclerosis. This study explored the key PANoptosis-related genes involved in atherosclerosis and their potential mechanisms through bioinformatics analysis. METHODS We evaluated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and immune infiltration landscape in atherosclerosis using microarray datasets and bioinformatics analysis. By intersecting PANoptosis-related genes from the GeneCards database with DEGs, we obtained a set of PANoptosis-related genes in atherosclerosis (PANoDEGs). Functional enrichment analysis of PANoDEGs was performed and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of PANoDEGs was established. The machine learning algorithms were used to identify the key PANoDEGs closely linked to atherosclerosis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to assess the diagnostic potency of key PANoDEGs. CIBERSORT was used to analyze the immune infiltration patterns in atherosclerosis, and the Spearman method was used to study the relationship between key PANoDEGs and immune infiltration abundance. The single gene enrichment analysis of key PANoDEGs was investigated by GSEA. The transcription factors and target miRNAs of key PANoDEGs were predicted by Cytoscape and online database, respectively. The expression of key PANoDEGs was validated through animal and cell experiments. RESULTS PANoDEGs in atherosclerosis were significantly enriched in apoptotic process, pyroptosis, necroptosis, cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, lipid and atherosclerosis. Four key PANoDEGs (ZBP1, SNHG6, DNM1L, and AIM2) were found to be closely related to atherosclerosis. The ROC curve analysis demonstrated that the key PANoDEGs had a strong diagnostic potential in distinguishing atherosclerotic samples from control samples. Immune cell infiltration analysis revealed that the proportion of initial B cells, plasma cells, CD4 memory resting T cells, and M1 macrophages was significantly higher in atherosclerotic tissues compared to normal tissues. Spearman analysis showed that key PANoDEGs showed strong correlations with immune cells such as T cells, macrophages, plasma cells, and mast cells. The regulatory networks of the four key PANoDEGs were established. The expression of key PANoDEGs was verified in further cell and animal experiments. CONCLUSIONS This study evaluated the expression changes of PANoptosis-related genes in atherosclerosis, providing a reference direction for the study of PANoptosis in atherosclerosis and offering potential new avenues for further understanding the pathogenesis and treatment strategies of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaiyuan Li
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yang
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Cheng Shen
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yubin Zhang
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, China
| | - Huimin Lu
- Taizhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, 225399, China
| | - Zhifeng Yin
- Jiangsu Hanjiang Biotechnology Co., LTD, Taizhou, 225399, China
| | - Min Sha
- Taizhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, 225399, China.
| | - Jun Ye
- Taizhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, 225399, China.
| | - Li Zhu
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, China.
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Taizhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, 225399, China.
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Guzik TJ, Nosalski R, Maffia P, Drummond GR. Immune and inflammatory mechanisms in hypertension. Nat Rev Cardiol 2024; 21:396-416. [PMID: 38172242 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00964-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Hypertension is a global health problem, with >1.3 billion individuals with high blood pressure worldwide. In this Review, we present an inflammatory paradigm for hypertension, emphasizing the crucial roles of immune cells, cytokines and chemokines in disease initiation and progression. T cells, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells and natural killer cells are all implicated in hypertension. Neoantigens, the NLRP3 inflammasome and increased sympathetic outflow, as well as cytokines (including IL-6, IL-7, IL-15, IL-18 and IL-21) and a high-salt environment, can contribute to immune activation in hypertension. The activated immune cells migrate to target organs such as arteries (especially the perivascular fat and adventitia), kidneys, the heart and the brain, where they release effector cytokines that elevate blood pressure and cause vascular remodelling, renal damage, cardiac hypertrophy, cognitive impairment and dementia. IL-17 secreted by CD4+ T helper 17 cells and γδ T cells, and interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor secreted by immunosenescent CD8+ T cells, exert crucial effector roles in hypertension, whereas IL-10 and regulatory T cells are protective. Effector mediators impair nitric oxide bioavailability, leading to endothelial dysfunction and increased vascular contractility. Inflammatory effector mediators also alter renal sodium and water balance and promote renal fibrosis. These mechanisms link hypertension with obesity, autoimmunity, periodontitis and COVID-19. A comprehensive understanding of the immune and inflammatory mechanisms of hypertension is crucial for safely and effectively translating the findings to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz J Guzik
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Department of Medicine and Omicron Medical Genomics Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland.
- Africa-Europe Cluster of Research Excellence (CoRE) in Non-Communicable Diseases & Multimorbidity, African Research Universities Alliance ARUA & The Guild, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Ryszard Nosalski
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pasquale Maffia
- Africa-Europe Cluster of Research Excellence (CoRE) in Non-Communicable Diseases & Multimorbidity, African Research Universities Alliance ARUA & The Guild, Glasgow, UK
- School of Infection & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Grant R Drummond
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Gao S, He Y, Liu Y, Yu L, Cheng Q, Wang S, Li L, Cui Y, Yu C, Li Z. Dan-Lou tablets reduce inflammatory response by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome for coronary heart disease. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 131:155773. [PMID: 38833946 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome has recently been revealed as a novel pathological mechanism of coronary heart disease (CHD). The Dan-Lou tablets (DLT) is widely used in the clinical treatment of CHD and prescription characterized by multi-component and multi-target regulation. However, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of DLT in the treatment of CHD remains unclear. PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the effect of DLT in the treatment of CHD on the priming and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and to investigate the underlying anti-inflammatory mechanisms. METHODS First, CHD rats model were established by a high-fat diet combined with left anterior coronary artery ligation (LADCA) followed by DLT intervention. The therapeutic effect of DLT was evaluated according to cardiac function, lipid level, and cardiac histopathology. Next, data-independent acquisition (DIA) proteomics was used to identify the key differential proteins of DLT intervention in CHD rats, and bioinformatics analysis was performed. Finally, the differentially expressed proteins in the NOD-like signaling pathway were verified based on bioinformatics results, and the priming and activation steps of the NLRP3 inflammasome were detected. RESULTS In this study, a high-fat diet combined with LADCA was utilized to generate a CHD model, and DLT alleviated myocardial ischemia injury by inhibiting lipid deposition and inflammatory response. Proteomic studies observed that the RNF31, TXN2, and GBP2 of the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway were verified as the key targets of DLT in inhibiting myocardial injury in CHD rats. Furthermore, DLT in the treatment of CHD rats may function through the downregulation of P2X7R expression, thereby interfering with the priming (TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB) and activation (NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1) of the NLRP3 inflammasome regulated by HSP90, and may then reduce the release of the IL-1β and IL-18 inflammatory factors to play an anti-myocardial injury effect. CONCLUSION Our findings elucidate a novel mechanism of DLT and provide some new drug evaluation targets and therapeutic strategies for CHD. This study innovatively proposed that DLT further exerts an anti-myocardial injury effect by inhibiting P2X7R expression, thereby interfering with the priming (TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB) and activation (NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1) of the NLRP3 inflammasome regulated by HSP90, and then downregulates the release of the IL-1β and IL-18 inflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gao
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 10, Poyang Lake Road, West Zone, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan He
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 10, Poyang Lake Road, West Zone, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Yutong Liu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 10, Poyang Lake Road, West Zone, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Lu Yu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 10, Poyang Lake Road, West Zone, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Qi Cheng
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 10, Poyang Lake Road, West Zone, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 10, Poyang Lake Road, West Zone, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Lin Li
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 10, Poyang Lake Road, West Zone, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Yuanlu Cui
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 10, Poyang Lake Road, West Zone, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, PR China.
| | - Chunquan Yu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 10, Poyang Lake Road, West Zone, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, PR China.
| | - Zhu Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou 310053, PR China.
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Wan Q, Lu Q, Luo S, Guan C, Zhang H. The beneficial health effects of puerarin in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases: from mechanisms to therapeutics. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03142-3. [PMID: 38709267 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03142-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of death globally that seriously threaten human health. Although novel western medicines have continued to be discovered over the past few decades to inhibit the progression of CVDs, new drug research and development for treating CVDs with less side effects and adverse reactions are continuously being desired. Puerarin is a natural product found in a variety of medicinal plants belonging to the flavonoid family with potent biological and pharmacological activities. Abundant research findings in the literature have suggested that puerarin possesses a promising prospect in treating CVDs. In recent years, numerous new molecular mechanisms of puerarin have been explored in experimental and clinical studies, providing new evidence for this plant metabolite to protect against CVDs. This article systematically introduces the history of use, bioavailability, and various dosage forms of puerarin and further summarizes recently published data on the major research advances and their underlying therapeutic mechanisms in treating CVDs. It may provide references for researchers in the fields of pharmacology, natural products, and internal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wan
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 445 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, 330006, China.
- Clinical Medical College, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 445 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, 330006, China.
| | - Qiwen Lu
- Graduate School, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Avenue, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Sang Luo
- Graduate School, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Avenue, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Chengyan Guan
- Graduate School, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Avenue, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Graduate School, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Avenue, Nanchang, 330004, China
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8
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Pi S, Xiong S, Yuan Y, Deng H. The Role of Inflammasome in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm and Its Potential Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5001. [PMID: 38732221 PMCID: PMC11084561 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25095001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) has been recognized as a serious chronic inflammatory degenerative aortic disease in recent years. At present, there is no other effective intervention except surgical treatment for AAA. With the aging of the human population, its incidence is increasing year by year, posing a serious threat to human health. Modern studies suggest that vascular chronic inflammatory response is the core process in AAA occurrence and development. Inflammasome, a multiprotein complex located in the cytoplasm, mediates the expression of various inflammatory cytokines like interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, and thus plays a pivotal role in inflammation regulation. Therefore, inflammasome may exert a crucial influence on the progression of AAA. This article reviews some mechanism studies to investigate the role of inflammasome in AAA and then summarizes several potential drugs targeting inflammasome for the treatment of AAA, aiming to provide new ideas for the clinical prevention and treatment of AAA beyond surgical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyu Pi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (S.P.); (S.X.); (Y.Y.)
- Aortic Abdominal Aneurysm (AAA) Translational Medicine Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Sizheng Xiong
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (S.P.); (S.X.); (Y.Y.)
- Aortic Abdominal Aneurysm (AAA) Translational Medicine Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yan Yuan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (S.P.); (S.X.); (Y.Y.)
- Aortic Abdominal Aneurysm (AAA) Translational Medicine Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Hongping Deng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (S.P.); (S.X.); (Y.Y.)
- Aortic Abdominal Aneurysm (AAA) Translational Medicine Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430060, China
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9
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Yang Z, Xu J, Kang T, Chen X, Zhou C. The Impact of NLRP3 Inflammasome on Osteoblasts and Osteogenic Differentiation: A Literature Review. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:2639-2653. [PMID: 38707958 PMCID: PMC11067939 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s457927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoblasts (OBs), which are a crucial type of bone cells, derive from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Accumulating evidence suggests inflammatory cytokines can inhibit the differentiation and proliferation of OBs, as well as interfere with their ability to synthesize bone matrix, under inflammatory conditions. NLRP3 inflammasome is closely associated with cellular pyroptosis, which can lead to excessive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, causing tissue damage and inflammatory responses, however, the comprehensive roles of NLRP3 inflammasome in OBs and their differentiation have not been fully elucidated, making targeting NLRP3 inflammasome approaches to treat diseases related to OBs uncertain. In this review, we provide a summary of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and its impact on OBs. We highlight the significant roles of NLRP3 inflammasome in regulating OBs differentiation and function. Furthermore, current available strategies to affect OBs function and osteogenic differentiation targeting NLRP3 inflammasome are listed and analyzed. Finally, through the prospective discussion, we seek to provide novel insights into the crucial role of NLRP3 inflammasome in diseases related to OBs and offer valuable information for devising treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Yang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaan Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Kang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuepeng Chen
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengcong Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, People’s Republic of China
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10
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Xu Z, Kombe Kombe AJ, Deng S, Zhang H, Wu S, Ruan J, Zhou Y, Jin T. NLRP inflammasomes in health and disease. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2024; 5:14. [PMID: 38644450 PMCID: PMC11033252 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-024-00179-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
NLRP inflammasomes are a group of cytosolic multiprotein oligomer pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) involved in the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) produced by infected cells. They regulate innate immunity by triggering a protective inflammatory response. However, despite their protective role, aberrant NLPR inflammasome activation and gain-of-function mutations in NLRP sensor proteins are involved in occurrence and enhancement of non-communicating autoimmune, auto-inflammatory, and neurodegenerative diseases. In the last few years, significant advances have been achieved in the understanding of the NLRP inflammasome physiological functions and their molecular mechanisms of activation, as well as therapeutics that target NLRP inflammasome activity in inflammatory diseases. Here, we provide the latest research progress on NLRP inflammasomes, including NLRP1, CARD8, NLRP3, NLRP6, NLRP7, NLRP2, NLRP9, NLRP10, and NLRP12 regarding their structural and assembling features, signaling transduction and molecular activation mechanisms. Importantly, we highlight the mechanisms associated with NLRP inflammasome dysregulation involved in numerous human auto-inflammatory, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative diseases. Overall, we summarize the latest discoveries in NLRP biology, their forming inflammasomes, and their role in health and diseases, and provide therapeutic strategies and perspectives for future studies about NLRP inflammasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Xu
- Center of Disease Immunity and Intervention, College of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Arnaud John Kombe Kombe
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Shasha Deng
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Center of Disease Immunity and Intervention, College of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Songquan Wu
- Center of Disease Immunity and Intervention, College of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Jianbin Ruan
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, 06030, USA.
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Core Facility Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Center of Disease Immunity and Intervention, College of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China.
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Core Facility Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
- Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.
- Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China.
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11
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Hu H, Cai Y, Shi Y, Zhang S, Yu X, Ma T, Liao S. Dimethyl fumarate covalently modifies Cys673 of NLRP3 to exert anti-inflammatory effects. iScience 2024; 27:109544. [PMID: 38585664 PMCID: PMC10995871 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome plays a pivotal role in various chronic inflammation-driven human diseases. However, no drugs specifically targeting NLRP3 inflammasome have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States. In our current study, we showed that dimethyl fumarate (DMF) efficiently suppressed the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome induced by multiple agonists and covalently modified Cys673 of NLRP3, thereby impeding the interaction between NLRP3 and NEK7. The inhibitory effect of DMF was nullified by anaplerosis of the Cys673 mutant (but not the wild-type) NLRP3 in Nlrp3-/- THP-1 cells. In vivo experiments, DMF demonstrated protective effects in the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis of WT mice, but not in Nlrp3-/- mice. In summary, our study identified DMF as a direct covalent inhibitor of NLRP3 and a potential candidate for the treatment of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Hu
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yuqian Cai
- Center for Analysis and Testing, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Yuanfang Shi
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Shengyu Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Yu
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Tonghui Ma
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Shanting Liao
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
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12
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Xu T, Chen T, Fang H, Shen X, Shen X, Tang Z, Zhao J. Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Repair Endothelial Injury and Dysfunction by Regulating NLRP3 to Inhibit Endothelial Cell Pyroptosis in Kawasaki Disease. Inflammation 2024; 47:483-502. [PMID: 37948033 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01921-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are the main causes of endothelial injury in Kawasaki disease (KD). Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (Huc-MSCs) have multiple functions in immune regulation. This study examined whether Huc-MSCs inhibited endothelial inflammation and improved endothelial function in KD through constructing cell and in vivo animal KD vasculitis models. The pyroptosis factor NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) was involved in the inflammatory process in the acute phase of KD. After tail vein injection of Huc-MSCs, inflammatory cell infiltration and the expression of pyroptosis-related proteins in the LCWE-induced KD mouse vasculitis model were significantly reduced. In vitro, NLRP3-dependent pyroptosis successfully induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) damage. Huc-MSCs effectively increased the abilities of impaired HUVECs to proliferate, migrate, invade, and form vessel-like tubes, while inhibiting their apoptosis, suggesting that Huc-MSCs can reduce inflammation and improve vascular endothelial function by inhibiting the NLRP3-dependent pyroptosis pathway in KD, providing a possibility and novel target for KD endothelial injury and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
- Research Institute of Comparative Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Hao Fang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
- Research Institute of Comparative Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Xiwei Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
- Research Institute of Comparative Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Xianjuan Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Zhiyuan Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jianmei Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong Jiangsu Province, 226001, China.
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13
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Toldo S, Abbate A. The role of the NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis in cardiovascular diseases. Nat Rev Cardiol 2024; 21:219-237. [PMID: 37923829 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00946-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
An intense, stereotyped inflammatory response occurs in response to ischaemic and non-ischaemic injury to the myocardium. The NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a finely regulated macromolecular protein complex that senses the injury and triggers and amplifies the inflammatory response by activation of caspase 1; cleavage of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18, to their mature forms; and induction of inflammatory cell death (pyroptosis). Inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome and blockers of IL-1β and IL-18 activity have been shown to reduce injury to the myocardium and pericardium, favour resolution of the inflammation and preserve cardiac function. In this Review, we discuss the components of the NLRP3 inflammasome and how it is formed and activated in various ischaemic and non-ischaemic cardiac pathologies (acute myocardial infarction, cardiac dysfunction and remodelling, atherothrombosis, myocarditis and pericarditis, cardiotoxicity and cardiac sarcoidosis). We also summarize current preclinical and clinical evidence from studies of agents that target the NLRP3 inflammasome and related cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Toldo
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Antonio Abbate
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Hamzaoui K, Louhaichi S, Salhi M, Sassi FH, Laathar A, Hamzaoui A. IL-38 in Behçet's disease: Gene expression in bronchoalveolar lavage from patients having pulmonary involvement. Immunol Lett 2024; 266:106840. [PMID: 38307260 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2024.106840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The etiological complexity of Behçet disease (BD), an immune-mediated rare form of vasculitis characterized by multi-organ involvement, is still elusive due to an incomplete understanding of the synergy between genetic susceptibility, environmental triggers, and an abnormal immune response. The diagnosis of BD relies on clinical symptoms. Lung inflammatory disorders are severe conditions of patients with BD, here we focus on the expression of biomarkers in BD patients with pulmonary manifestations. Aiming to identify additional discriminating biomarker patterns, we measured and compared protein and gene expression of IL-38 and a broad panel of selected genes in bronchoalveolar cells of patients suffering from BD with and without pulmonary involvement compared to controls. ELISA and RT-PCR analysis were applied. The first principal analysis highlighted decreased IL-38 level in BD patients compared to Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) patients and controls: BD patients expressed lower IL-38 levels, particularly in cases with pulmonary involvement. The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver-operating characteristic curve showed that IL-38 may be an eventual biomarker for BD. Co-cultured recombinant IL-38 and stimulated memory PBMCs of active BD, were able to suppress IL-17 and NLRP3 inflammasome and ameliorate the secretion of IL-10 and TGFβ. Transcription factors of the IL-1 family (IL-1β, IL-18, IL-32, IL-33 and IL-37) along with IFN-γ, IL-17, RORγt, Foxp3, TGFβ, IL-10 and NLRP3 inflammasome were the parameters that are the main contributor to the segregation between BD with and without lung involvement. Our results indicate that IL-38 might be involved in the pathogenesis of BD and the combined gene expression in BAL suggests distinct mechanisms governing the inflammatory disorders in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Hamzaoui
- University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia; Research Laboratory 19SP02 "Chronic Pulmonary Pathologies: From Genome to Management", Department of Respiratory Diseases, Pavillon B, Hospital A. Mami, Ariana, Tunisia.
| | - Sabrine Louhaichi
- University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia; Research Laboratory 19SP02 "Chronic Pulmonary Pathologies: From Genome to Management", Department of Respiratory Diseases, Pavillon B, Hospital A. Mami, Ariana, Tunisia; Department of Lung Diseases, Abderrahmane Mami Hospital of Pneumology, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Mariem Salhi
- University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia; Research Laboratory 19SP02 "Chronic Pulmonary Pathologies: From Genome to Management", Department of Respiratory Diseases, Pavillon B, Hospital A. Mami, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Fayçal Haj Sassi
- University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia; Research Laboratory 19SP02 "Chronic Pulmonary Pathologies: From Genome to Management", Department of Respiratory Diseases, Pavillon B, Hospital A. Mami, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Laathar
- University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia; Department of Rheumatology, Mongi Slim Hospital, La Marsa, Tunisia
| | - Agnes Hamzaoui
- University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia; Research Laboratory 19SP02 "Chronic Pulmonary Pathologies: From Genome to Management", Department of Respiratory Diseases, Pavillon B, Hospital A. Mami, Ariana, Tunisia; Department of Lung Diseases, Abderrahmane Mami Hospital of Pneumology, Ariana, Tunisia
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15
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Yan YX, Lu YK, Liu YH, Zhang J, Wang S, Dong J, Xiao HB. Identification of circular RNA hsa_circ_0034621 as a novel biomarker for carotid atherosclerosis and the potential function as a regulator of NLRP3 inflammasome. Atherosclerosis 2024; 391:117491. [PMID: 38471264 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2024.117491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS NLRP3 inflammasome plays a key role in vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in disease development by regulating gene expression, and have emerged as promising novel disease biomarkers. This study aimed to identify the NLRP3 inflammasome-associated circRNA biomarkers of carotid atherosclerosis. METHODS Based on the differential expression profiles of circRNAs in patients with carotid artery plaque (CAP) and healthy controls, hsa_circ_0043621, hsa_circ_0051995, and hsa_circ_0123388 were screened and validated using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Potential circRNA-miRNA-mRNA interactions were explored using a luciferase assay. The biological roles of the validated circRNAs were investigated in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) using Western blotting, transwell, and CCK-8 assays. Clinical significance was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The expression levels of all candidate circRNAs were significantly higher in patients with CAP than in controls (p<0.05), which was consistent with the results of the microarray analysis. Overexpression of hsa_circ_0043621 significantly increased the expression of NLRP3, induced migration of HUVECs, and inhibited cell proliferation. hsa_circ_0043621 demonstrated reasonable diagnostic accuracy for CAP detection and increased intima-media thickness (IMT). hsa_circ_0043621 upregulation was an independent predictor of an increased risk of CAP and increased IMT. CONCLUSIONS hsa_circ_0043621 is a valuable circulating biomarker of carotid atherosclerosis and may contribute to its pathogenesis by regulating the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xiang Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China.
| | - Ya-Ke Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Hong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Health Management Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huan-Bo Xiao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yanjing Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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16
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Chiu HW, Wu CH, Lin WY, Wong WT, Tsai WC, Hsu HT, Ho CL, Cheng SM, Cheng CC, Yang SP, Li LH, Hua KF. The Angiotensin II Receptor Neprilysin Inhibitor LCZ696 Inhibits the NLRP3 Inflammasome By Reducing Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Macrophages and Alleviates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-induced Colitis in a Mouse Model. Inflammation 2024; 47:696-717. [PMID: 38319541 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01939-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The intracellular sensor protein complex known as the NACHT, LRR, and PYD domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome plays a crucial role in regulating inflammatory diseases by overseeing the production of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. Targeting its abnormal activation with drugs holds significant promise for inflammation treatment. This study highlights LCZ696, an angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor, as an effective suppressor of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages stimulated by ATP, nigericin, and monosodium urate. LCZ696 also reduces caspase-11 and GSDMD activation, lactate dehydrogenase release, propidium iodide uptake, and the extracellular release of NLRP3 and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) in ATP-activated macrophages, suggesting a potential mitigation of pyroptosis. Mechanistically, LCZ696 lowers mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and preserves mitochondrial integrity. Importantly, it does not significantly impact NLRP3, proIL-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 expression, or NF-κB activation in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages. LCZ696 partially inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome through the induction of autophagy. In an in vivo context, LCZ696 alleviates NLRP3-associated colitis in a mouse model by reducing colonic expression of IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α. Collectively, these findings suggest that LCZ696 holds significant promise as a therapeutic agent for ameliorating NLRP3 inflammasome activation in various inflammatory diseases, extending beyond its established use in hypertension and heart failure treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Wen Chiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsien Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yu Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Wong
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Che Tsai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Ta Hsu
- Division of Neurosurgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Lung Ho
- Division of Wood Cellulose, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Meng Cheng
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chung Cheng
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ping Yang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lan-Hui Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linsen, Chinese Medicine and Kunming Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Feng Hua
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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17
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Yang K, Zeng L, He Q, Wang S, Xu H, Ge J. Advancements in research on the immune-inflammatory mechanisms mediated by NLRP3 inflammasome in ischemic stroke and the regulatory role of natural plant products. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1250918. [PMID: 38601463 PMCID: PMC11004298 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1250918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is a major cause of mortality and disability among adults. Recanalization of blood vessels to facilitate timely reperfusion is the primary clinical approach; however, reperfusion itself may trigger cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Emerging evidence strongly implicates the NLRP3 inflammasome as a potential therapeutic target, playing a key role in cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury. The aberrant expression and function of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammation in cerebral ischemia have garnered considerable attention as a recent research focus. Accordingly, this review provides a comprehensive summary of the signaling pathways, pathological mechanisms, and intricate interactions involving NLRP3 inflammasomes in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Moreover, notable progress has been made in investigating the impact of natural plant products (e.g., Proanthocyanidins, methylliensinine, salidroside, α-asarone, acacia, curcumin, morin, ginsenoside Rd, paeoniflorin, breviscapine, sulforaphane, etc.) on regulating cerebral ischemia and reperfusion by modulating the NLRP3 inflammasome and mitigating the release of inflammatory cytokines. These findings aim to present novel insights that could contribute to the prevention and treatment of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liuting Zeng
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qi He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, People’s Hospital of Ningxiang City, Ningxiang, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Jinwen Ge
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
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18
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Ishida M, Sakai C, Kobayashi Y, Ishida T. Cigarette Smoking and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. J Atheroscler Thromb 2024; 31:189-200. [PMID: 38220184 PMCID: PMC10918046 DOI: 10.5551/jat.rv22015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The detrimental effects of cigarette smoking on cardiovascular health, particularly atherosclerosis and thrombosis, are well established, and more detailed mechanisms continue to emerge. As the fundamental pathophysiology of the adverse effects of smoking, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and thrombosis are considered to be particularly important. Cigarette smoke induces endothelial dysfunction, leading to impaired vascular dilation and hemostasis regulation. Factors contributing to endothelial dysfunction include reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide, increased levels of superoxide anion, and endothelin release. Chronic inflammation of the vascular wall is a central pathogenesis of smoking-induced atherosclerosis. Smoking systemically elevates inflammatory markers and induces the expression of adhesion molecules and cytokines in various tissues. Pattern recognition receptors and damage-associated molecular patterns play crucial roles in the mechanism underlying smoking-induced inflammation. Smoking-induced DNA damage and activation of innate immunity, such as the NLRP3 inflammasome, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, and Toll-like receptor 9, are shown to amplify inflammatory cytokine expression. Cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress and inflammation influence platelet adhesion, aggregation, and coagulation via adhesion molecule upregulation. Furthermore, it affects the coagulation cascade and fibrinolysis balance, causing thrombus formation. Matrix metalloproteinases contribute to plaque vulnerability and atherothrombotic events. The impact of smoking on inflammatory cells and adhesion molecules further intensifies the risk of atherothrombosis. Collectively, exposure to cigarette smoke exerts profound effects on endothelial function, inflammation, and thrombosis, contributing to the development and progression of atherosclerosis and atherothrombotic cardiovascular diseases. Understanding these intricate mechanisms highlights the urgent need for smoking cessation to protect cardiovascular health. This comprehensive review investigates the multifaceted mechanisms through which smoking contributes to these life-threatening conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Ishida
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chiemi Sakai
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kobayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ishida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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19
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Zhang T, Pang C, Xu M, Zhao Q, Hu Z, Jiang X, Guo M. The role of immune system in atherosclerosis: Molecular mechanisms, controversies, and future possibilities. Hum Immunol 2024; 85:110765. [PMID: 38369442 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2024.110765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Numerous cardiovascular disorders have atherosclerosis as their pathological underpinning. Numerous studies have demonstrated that, with the aid of pattern recognition receptors, cytokines, and immunoglobulins, innate immunity, represented by monocytes/macrophages, and adaptive immunity, primarily T/B cells, play a critical role in controlling inflammation and abnormal lipid metabolism in atherosclerosis. Additionally, the finding of numerous complement components in atherosclerotic plaques suggests yet again how heavily the immune system controls atherosclerosis. Therefore, it is essential to have a thorough grasp of how the immune system contributes to atherosclerosis. The specific molecular mechanisms involved in the activation of immune cells and immune molecules in atherosclerosis, the controversy surrounding some immune cells in atherosclerosis, and the limitations of extrapolating from relevant animal models to humans were all carefully reviewed in this review from the three perspectives of innate immunity, adaptive immunity, and complement system. This could provide fresh possibilities for atherosclerosis research and treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianle Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Chenxu Pang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Mengxin Xu
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qianqian Zhao
- School of Medical Technology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Zhijie Hu
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xijuan Jiang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Maojuan Guo
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China.
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20
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La Barbera L, Rizzo C, Camarda F, Miceli G, Tuttolomondo A, Guggino G. The Contribution of Innate Immunity in Large-Vessel Vasculitis: Detangling New Pathomechanisms beyond the Onset of Vascular Inflammation. Cells 2024; 13:271. [PMID: 38334663 PMCID: PMC10854891 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Large-vessel vasculitis (LVV) are autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases focused on vascular inflammation. The central core of the intricate immunological and molecular network resides in the disruption of the "privileged immune state" of the arterial wall. The outbreak, initially primed by dendritic cells (DC), is then continuously powered in a feed-forward loop by the intimate cooperation between innate and adaptive immunity. If the role of adaptive immunity has been largely elucidated, knowledge of the critical function of innate immunity in LVV is still fragile. A growing body of evidence has strengthened the active role of innate immunity players and their key signaling pathways in orchestrating the complex pathomechanisms underlying LVV. Besides DC, macrophages are crucial culprits in LVV development and participate across all phases of vascular inflammation, culminating in vessel wall remodeling. In recent years, the variety of potential pathogenic actors has expanded to include neutrophils, mast cells, and soluble mediators, including the complement system. Interestingly, new insights have recently linked the inflammasome to vascular inflammation, paving the way for its potential pathogenic role in LVV. Overall, these observations encourage a new conceptual approach that includes a more in-depth study of innate immunity pathways in LVV to guide future targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia La Barbera
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Rheumatology Section, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (L.L.B.); (C.R.); (F.C.)
| | - Chiara Rizzo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Rheumatology Section, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (L.L.B.); (C.R.); (F.C.)
| | - Federica Camarda
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Rheumatology Section, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (L.L.B.); (C.R.); (F.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Miceli
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Stroke, Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Specialized Medicine, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Antonino Tuttolomondo
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Stroke, Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Specialized Medicine, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Giuliana Guggino
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Rheumatology Section, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (L.L.B.); (C.R.); (F.C.)
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21
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Gao T, Wang T, Wu L, Tong Y, Tian J, Zhao K, Wang H. Saikosaponin-d alleviates depression by promoting NLRP3 ubiquitination and inhibiting inflammasome activation. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111324. [PMID: 38070467 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Saikosaponin-d (SSd) is a triterpene saponin from the roots of Bupleurum chinese. Recent studies have revealed its antidepressant activity, but its mechanism involved is unclear. This study's objective was to ascertain how SSd may reduce depression in depressed mice subjected to chronic unpredictable animal stress (CUMS) and to investigate the mechanisms underlying these effects. Models of CUMS depression were established and different groups were treated with SSd and escitalopram. After the last day of administration of the treatment, behavioral tests were performed. ELISA was used to measure the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-18, and western blot was used to measure the presence of proteins associated with NLRP3. Hippocampal neuronal damage was observed using Nissl staining, and NLRP3 ubiquitination assay was performed by immunoprecipitation and gene silencing. An inflammatory cell model was constructed by treating BV2 cells with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to verify the ubiquitination modification of NLRP3 by SSd. Behavioral tests demonstrated that SSd effectively alleviated depression-like symptoms. SSd should substantially limit the degrees of proteins associated with NLRP3, as properly as limit the harm to hippocampal neurons. Gene silencing results showed that SSd regulates NLRP3 through the E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCHF7. In vitro, SSd remarkably increased the protein expression of K48-linked ubiquitin in inflammatory BV2 cells, while decreasing the protein levels of NLRP3. Our findings suggest that SSd has antidepressant effects in CUMS mice by promoting ubiquitination of NLRP3 to inhibit inflammasome activation and improve the inflammatory state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Lili Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Yue Tong
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jinlong Tian
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Keke Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Hanqing Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China.
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22
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Yang Q, Saaoud F, Lu Y, Pu Y, Xu K, Shao Y, Jiang X, Wu S, Yang L, Tian Y, Liu X, Gillespie A, Luo JJ, Shi XM, Zhao H, Martinez L, Vazquez-Padron R, Wang H, Yang X. Innate immunity of vascular smooth muscle cells contributes to two-wave inflammation in atherosclerosis, twin-peak inflammation in aortic aneurysms and trans-differentiation potential into 25 cell types. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1348238. [PMID: 38327764 PMCID: PMC10847266 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1348238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are the predominant cell type in the medial layer of the aorta, which plays a critical role in aortic diseases. Innate immunity is the main driving force for cardiovascular diseases. Methods To determine the roles of innate immunity in VSMC and aortic pathologies, we performed transcriptome analyses on aortas from ApoE-/- angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced aortic aneurysm (AAA) time course, and ApoE-/- atherosclerosis time course, as well as VSMCs stimulated with danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Results We made significant findings: 1) 95% and 45% of the upregulated innate immune pathways (UIIPs, based on data of 1226 innate immune genes) in ApoE-/- Ang II-induced AAA at 7 days were different from that of 14 and 28 days, respectively; and AAA showed twin peaks of UIIPs with a major peak at 7 days and a minor peak at 28 days; 2) all the UIIPs in ApoE-/- atherosclerosis at 6 weeks were different from that of 32 and 78 weeks (two waves); 3) analyses of additional 12 lists of innate immune-related genes with 1325 cytokine and chemokine genes, 2022 plasma membrane protein genes, 373 clusters of differentiation (CD) marker genes, 280 nuclear membrane protein genes, 1425 nucleoli protein genes, 6750 nucleoplasm protein genes, 1496 transcription factors (TFs) including 15 pioneer TFs, 164 histone modification enzymes, 102 oxidative cell death genes, 68 necrotic cell death genes, and 47 efferocytosis genes confirmed two-wave inflammation in atherosclerosis and twin-peak inflammation in AAA; 4) DAMPs-stimulated VSMCs were innate immune cells as judged by the upregulation of innate immune genes and genes from 12 additional lists; 5) DAMPs-stimulated VSMCs increased trans-differentiation potential by upregulating not only some of 82 markers of 7 VSMC-plastic cell types, including fibroblast, osteogenic, myofibroblast, macrophage, adipocyte, foam cell, and mesenchymal cell, but also 18 new cell types (out of 79 human cell types with 8065 cell markers); 6) analysis of gene deficient transcriptomes indicated that the antioxidant transcription factor NRF2 suppresses, however, the other five inflammatory transcription factors and master regulators, including AHR, NF-KB, NOX (ROS enzyme), PERK, and SET7 promote the upregulation of twelve lists of innate immune genes in atherosclerosis, AAA, and DAMP-stimulated VSMCs; and 7) both SET7 and trained tolerance-promoting metabolite itaconate contributed to twin-peak upregulation of cytokines in AAA. Discussion Our findings have provided novel insights on the roles of innate immune responses and nuclear stresses in the development of AAA, atherosclerosis, and VSMC immunology and provided novel therapeutic targets for treating those significant cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoxi Yang
- Lemole Center for Integrated Lymphatics and Vascular Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Beloit College, Beloit, WI, United States
| | - Fatma Saaoud
- Lemole Center for Integrated Lymphatics and Vascular Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yifan Lu
- Lemole Center for Integrated Lymphatics and Vascular Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yujiang Pu
- College of Letters & Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Keman Xu
- Lemole Center for Integrated Lymphatics and Vascular Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ying Shao
- Lemole Center for Integrated Lymphatics and Vascular Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Lemole Center for Integrated Lymphatics and Vascular Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research and Thrombosis Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sheng Wu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research and Thrombosis Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ying Tian
- Lemole Center for Integrated Lymphatics and Vascular Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Lemole Center for Integrated Lymphatics and Vascular Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Avrum Gillespie
- Section of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Kidney Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jin Jun Luo
- Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xinghua Mindy Shi
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, College of Science and Technology at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Huaqing Zhao
- Center for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Education and Data Science, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Laisel Martinez
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Roberto Vazquez-Padron
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research and Thrombosis Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Lemole Center for Integrated Lymphatics and Vascular Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research and Thrombosis Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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23
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Shao BZ, Jiang JJ, Zhao YC, Zheng XR, Xi N, Zhao GR, Huang XW, Wang SL. Neutrophil extracellular traps in central nervous system (CNS) diseases. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16465. [PMID: 38188146 PMCID: PMC10771765 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive induction of inflammatory and immune responses is widely considered as one of vital factors contributing to the pathogenesis and progression of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Neutrophils are well-studied members of inflammatory and immune cell family, contributing to the innate and adaptive immunity. Neutrophil-released neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) play an important role in the regulation of various kinds of diseases, including CNS diseases. In this review, current knowledge on the biological features of NETs will be introduced. In addition, the role of NETs in several popular and well-studied CNS diseases including cerebral stroke, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and neurological cancers will be described and discussed through the reviewing of previous related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Zong Shao
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yi-Cheng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Rui Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Na Xi
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guan-Ren Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Wu Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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24
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Imiela AM, Mikołajczyk TP, Guzik TJ, Pruszczyk P. Acute Pulmonary Embolism and Immunity in Animal Models. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2024; 72:aite-2024-0003. [PMID: 38299563 DOI: 10.2478/aite-2024-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism, encompassing acute pulmonary embolism (APE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT), is a potentially fatal disease with complex pathophysiology. Traditionally, the Virchow triad provided a framework for understanding the pathogenic contributors to thrombus formation, which include endothelial dysfunction, alterations in blood flow and blood hypercoagulability. In the last years, it has become apparent that immunity plays a central role in thrombosis, interacting with classical prothrombotic mechanisms, oxidative stress and vascular factors. Thrombosis amplifies inflammation, and exaggerated inflammatory processes can trigger thrombosis mainly due to the activation of leukocytes, platelets, and endothelial cells. APE-related endothelium injury is a major trigger for immune system activation. Endothelium is also a key component mediating inflammatory reaction and it is relevant to maintain vascular permeability. Exaggerated right ventricular wall stress and overload, with coexisting systemic hypotension and hypoxemia, result in myocardial injury and necrosis. Hypoxia, tissue factor activation and cytokine storm are engaged in the thrombo-inflammatory processes. Thrombus development is characterized by inflammatory state vascular wall caused mainly by an early extravasation of leukocytes and intense selectins and cytokines production. Nevertheless, immunity of DVT is well described, little is known about potential chemokine and cellular differences between thrombus that develops in the vein and thrombus that detaches and lodges in the pulmonary circulation being a cause of APE. There is a paucity of data considering inflammatory state in the pulmonary artery wall during an acute episode of pulmonary embolism. The main aim of this review is to summarize the knowledge of immunity in acute phase of pulmonary embolism in experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Imiela
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Center for Venous Thromboembolism Disease, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz P Mikołajczyk
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- Center for Medical Genomics OMICRON, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- Center for Medical Genomics OMICRON, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- BHF Centre for Research Excellence, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Piotr Pruszczyk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Center for Venous Thromboembolism Disease, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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25
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Hamzaoui K, Hamzaoui A. Vasculitis and the NLRP3 inflammasome. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2024; 36:9-15. [PMID: 37582052 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0000000000000962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Vasculitis are a group of heterogeneous conditions characterized by chronic inflammation of blood vessels, leading to tissue destruction and organ failure. Vasculitis is an inflammatory process in which immune effector cells infiltrate blood vessels and surrounding tissues. The involvement of inflammasomes seems to occur during inflammatory processes. RECENT FINDINGS Studies have emphasized that genetic susceptibility is an important aspect of the pathogenesis of vasculitis. The innate immune system is a major contributor to these inflammatory diseases, suggesting that the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome plays a key role. NLRP3 activation causes the assembly of a large multiprotein and leads to the secretion of bioactive interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 as well as the induction of inflammatory cell death, termed pyroptosis. Accumulating evidence confirms the involvement of this cascade in sterile inflammatory diseases and other vascular diseases. SUMMARY In this review, we will summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in vascular diseases, and discuss the potential of the NLRP3 inflammasome as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Hamzaoui
- Laboratory Research 19SP02 'Chronic Pathologies: From Genome to Management', Department of Respiratory Diseases, Tunis El Manar University
| | - Agnès Hamzaoui
- Laboratory Research 19SP02 'Chronic Pathologies: From Genome to Management', Department of Respiratory Diseases, Tunis El Manar University
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Pavillon B. Abderrahman Mami Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
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26
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Karasawa T, Komada T, Baatarjav C, Aizawa E, Mizushina Y, Fujimura K, Gunji Y, Komori S, Aizawa H, Jing Tao CB, Matsumura T, Takahashi M. Caspase-11 deficiency attenuates neutrophil recruitment into the atherosclerotic lesion in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 686:149158. [PMID: 37922574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Caspase-11 is an inflammatory caspase that triggers an inflammatory response by regulating non-canonical NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Although the deficiency of both caspase-11 and caspase-1, another inflammatory caspase that functions as an executor of the inflammasome, prevents the development of atherosclerosis, the effect of caspase-11 deficiency alone on the development of atherosclerosis has not been fully evaluated. In the present study, we found that caspase-11 deficiency prevented the formation of the necrotic core, whereas it did not affect the development of atherosclerosis in Apoe-deficient mice. Notably, the infiltration of neutrophils into atherosclerotic lesions was attenuated by caspase-11 deficiency. RNA-seq analysis of stage-dependent expression of atherosclerotic lesions revealed that both upregulations of caspase-11 and neutrophil migration are common features of advanced atherosclerotic lesions. Furthermore, similar expression profiles were observed in unstable human plaque. These data suggest that caspase-11 regulates neutrophil recruitment and plaque destabilization in advanced atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadayoshi Karasawa
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
| | - Takanori Komada
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Chintogtokh Baatarjav
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Emi Aizawa
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Mizushina
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kenta Fujimura
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Gunji
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Satoko Komori
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Aizawa
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Cantona Billton Jing Tao
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Matsumura
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masafumi Takahashi
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
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27
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Xing Y, Yan L, Li X, Xu Z, Wu X, Gao H, Chen Y, Ma X, Liu J, Zhang J. The relationship between atrial fibrillation and NLRP3 inflammasome: a gut microbiota perspective. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1273524. [PMID: 38077349 PMCID: PMC10703043 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1273524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common clinical arrhythmia whose pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated, and the inflammatory response plays an important role in the development of AF. The inflammasome is an important component of innate immunity and is involved in a variety of pathophysiologic processes. The NLRP3 inflammasome is by far the best studied and validated inflammasome that recognizes multiple pathogens through pattern recognition receptors of innate immunity and mediates inflammatory responses through activation of Caspase-1. Several studies have shown that NLRP3 inflammasome activation contributes to the onset and development of AF. Ecological dysregulation of the gut microbiota has been associated with the development of AF, and some evidence suggests that gut microbiota components, functional byproducts, or metabolites may induce or exacerbate the development of AF by directly or indirectly modulating the NLRP3 inflammasome. In this review, we report on the interconnection of NLRP3 inflammasomes and gut microbiota and whether this association is related to the onset and persistence of AF. We discuss the potential value of pharmacological and dietary induction in the management of AF in the context of the association between the NLRP3 inflammasome and gut microbiota. It is hoped that this review will lead to new therapeutic targets for the future management of AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxuan Xing
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Longmei Yan
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoya Li
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijie Xu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xianyu Wu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Huirong Gao
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yiduo Chen
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Ma
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangang Liu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingchun Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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He X, Bai Q, Zhang X, Zhang L. MgCl 2 Attenuates ox-LDL-Induced Vascular Smooth Muscle-Derived Foam Cells Pyroptosis by Downregulating the TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:5242-5256. [PMID: 36719541 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03585-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a type of programmed cell death that is generally upregulated during atherosclerosis (AS). Magnesium, an important cation in the body, has exhibited an antiatherosclerotic effect. We collected AS model datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and explored the correlation between pyroptosis and AS through a series of bioinformatics methods. We next investigated the impact of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) on primary cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) foaminess and pyroptosis. Finally, foam cells were preconditioned with different concentrations of MgCl2 to explore its influence on ox-LDL-induced VSMCs pyroptosis. NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis plays a core role in regulating AS progression as shown by bioinformatic analysis. Ox-LDL (50/75/100 mg/L) increased CE/TE ratio (> 50%) in VSMCs and prompted VSMC-derived foam cell formation, and (75/100 mg/L) ox-LDL-induced pyroptosis. Compared to 1 mmol/L MgCl2, 10 mmol/L MgCl2 significantly downregulated the expression of pyroptosis related molecules in VSMCs induced by 75 mg/L ox-LDL, including NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, and GSDMD. The secretion of IL-1β, IL-18, and LDH was also inhibited by MgCl2. According to CCK-8 and Hoechst 33,342/PI staining, the damage to VSMCs viability induced by ox-LDL was ameliorated by MgCl2. In addition, MgCl2 attenuated the upregulation of TLR4, IKKβ, and p65 and the downregulation of IκBα in VSMCs induced by ox-LDL. The present study demonstrated that pyroptosis-related genes were the core genes in AS. We also revealed the effect and underlying mechanism of MgCl2 on ox-LDL-induced VSMCs pyroptosis, suggesting that MgCl2 has promising clinical applications for AS pyroptosis prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao He
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Qingquan Bai
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité University Medical Center, Augustenburger Pl. 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiaosi Zhang
- Metro-Medic Clinic, 1538 Sherbrooke Ouest, Suite 100, Montreal, QC, H3G 1L5, Canada.
| | - Liming Zhang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China.
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Sun S, Liu F, Fan F, Chen N, Pan X, Wei Z, Zhang Y. Exploring the mechanism of atherosclerosis and the intervention of traditional Chinese medicine combined with mesenchymal stem cells based on inflammatory targets. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22005. [PMID: 38045166 PMCID: PMC10692769 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease, which is the common pathological basis of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The immune inflammatory response throughout the course of AS has been evidenced by studies, in which a large number of immune cells and inflammatory factors play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AS. The inflammation related to AS is mainly mediated by inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, TNF-α, hs-CRP, SAA), inflammatory enzymes (Lp-PLA2, sPLA2-IIA, MMPs), and inflammatory signaling pathways (P38 MAPK signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway, TLR2/4 signaling pathway). It is involved in the pathophysiological process of AS, and the degree of inflammation measured by it can be used to evaluate the risk of progression of AS plaque instability. In recent years, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has shown the advantage of minimal side effects in immune regulation and has made some progress in the prevention and treatment of AS. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as self-renewal, highly differentiated, and pluripotent stem cells with anti-inflammatory properties and immune regulation, have been widely used for AS treatment. They also play an important inflammation-immune regulatory function in AS. Notably, in terms of regulating immune cells and inflammatory factors, compared with TCM and its compound, the combination therapy has obvious anti-inflammatory advantages over the use of MSCs alone. It is an important means to further improve the efficacy of AS and provides a new way for the prevention and treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibiao Sun
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Feixiang Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Feiyan Fan
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Na Chen
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Xiaolong Pan
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Zhihui Wei
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Yunke Zhang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
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Laera N, Malerba P, Vacanti G, Nardin S, Pagnesi M, Nardin M. Impact of Immunity on Coronary Artery Disease: An Updated Pathogenic Interplay and Potential Therapeutic Strategies. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2128. [PMID: 38004268 PMCID: PMC10672143 DOI: 10.3390/life13112128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. It is a result of the buildup of atherosclerosis within the coronary arteries. The role of the immune system in CAD is complex and multifaceted. The immune system responds to damage or injury to the arterial walls by initiating an inflammatory response. However, this inflammatory response can become chronic and lead to plaque formation. Neutrophiles, macrophages, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and NKT cells play a key role in immunity response, both with proatherogenic and antiatherogenic signaling pathways. Recent findings provide new roles and activities referring to endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells, which help to clarify the intricate signaling crosstalk between the involved actors. Research is ongoing to explore immunomodulatory therapies that target the immune system to reduce inflammation and its contribution to atherosclerosis. This review aims to summarize the pathogenic interplay between immunity and CAD and the potential therapeutic strategies, and explore immunomodulatory therapies that target the immune system to reduce inflammation and its contribution to atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Laera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
- Second Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Malerba
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
- Division of Medicine, Department of Medicine, ASST Spedali Civili di Montichiari, 25018 Montichiari, Italy
| | - Gaetano Vacanti
- Medical Clinic IV, Department of Cardiology, Municipal Hospital, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany;
| | - Simone Nardin
- U.O. Clinica di Oncologia Medica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy;
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Genova, 16126 Genova, Italy
| | - Matteo Pagnesi
- Division of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Matteo Nardin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy;
- Third Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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Liu H, Yang X, Liu G. Regulation of cell proliferation and transdifferentiation compensates for ventilator-induced lung injury mediated by NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e1062. [PMID: 37904713 PMCID: PMC10599283 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical ventilation is an important means of respiratory support and treatment for various diseases. However, its use can lead to serious complications, especially ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). The mechanisms underlying this disease are complex, but activation of inflammatory signalling pathways results in activation of cytokines and inflammatory mediators, which play key roles in VILI. Recent studies have demonstrated that nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation mediates VILI and also accompanied by cell proliferation and transdifferentiation to compensate for alveolar membrane damage. Type I alveolar epithelial cells (AECs I), which are involved in the formation of the blood-air barrier, are vulnerable to damage but cannot proliferate by themselves; thus, replacing AECs I relies on type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECs II). OBJECTIVE The review aims to introduce the mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and its inhibitors, as well as the mechanisms that regulate cell proliferation and transdifferentiation. METHODS A large number of relevant literature was searched, then the key content was summarized and figures were also made. RESULTS The mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome activation has been further explored, including but not limited to pathogenic and aseptic inflammatory signals, such as, pathogenic molecular patterns and host-derived danger-associated molecular patterns activate toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-kappaB pathway or reactive oxygen species, cyclic stretch, adenosine triphosphate induce K+ efflux through P2X7, Ca2+ inflow, mitochondrial damage, etc, eventually induce NIMA-related kinase 7/NLRP3 binding and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Not only that, the review also described in detail the inhibitors of NLRP3 inflammasome. And the mechanisms regulating cell proliferation and transdifferentiation are complex and unclear, including the Wnt/β-catenin, Yap/Taz, BMP/Smad and Notch signalling pathways. CONCLUSIONS NLRP3 inflammasome activation mediated VILI, and VILI is alleviated after interfering with its activation, and inflammation and repair exist simultaneously in VILI. Clarifying these mechanisms is expected to provide theoretical guidance for alleviating VILI by inhibiting the inflammatory response and accelerating alveolar epithelial cell regeneration in the early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- Department of AnesthesiologyQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJi'nanChina
| | - Xuepeng Yang
- Department of OphtalmologyJinan Second People's HospitalJi'nanChina
| | - Ge Liu
- Department of OphtalmologyQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJi'nanChina
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Lin YF, Li MH, Huang RH, Zhang SZ, Xu XF, Zhou HM, Liu MH, Liao XX, Liao LZ, Guo Y, Zhuang XD. GP73 enhances the ox-LDL-induced inflammatory response in THP-1 derived macrophages via affecting NLRP3 inflammasome signaling. Int J Cardiol 2023; 387:131109. [PMID: 37271284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease with its molecular basis incompletely understood. Here, we determined whether the Golgi phosphoprotein 73 (GP73), a novel protein highly related to inflammation and disrupted lipid metabolism, was involved in the development of atherosclerosis. METHODS Public microarray databases of human vascular samples were analyzed for expression patterns. Apolipoprotein-E-gene-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice (8-week-old) were randomly assigned to either a chow diet group or a high-fat diet group. The levels of serum GP73, lipid profiles and key inflammatory cytokines were determined by ELISA. The aortic root plaque was isolated and used for by Oil Red O staining. PMA-differentiated THP-1 macrophages were transfected with GP73 small interfering RNA (siRNA) or infected with adenovirus expressing GP73, and then stimulated with oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). The expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines and signal pathway key targets were determined by ELISA kit and Western blot respectively. In addition, ichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) was used to measure the intracellular ROS levels. RESULTS The expressions of GP73 and NLRP3 were substantially upregulated in human atherosclerotic lesions. There were significant linear correlations between GP73 and inflammatory cytokines expressions. High-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis and increased levels of plasma inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-18, and TNF-α) were observed in ApoE-/- mice. Besides, the expressions of GP73 in the aorta and serum were significantly upregulated and positively correlated with the NLRP3 expression. In the THP-1 derived macrophages, ox-LDL treatment upregulated the expressions of GP73 and NLRP3 proteins and activated the inflammatory responses in a concentration-dependent and time-dependent manner. Silencing of GP73 attenuated the inflammatory response and rescued the decreased migration induced by ox-LDL, inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome signaling and the ROS and p-NF-κB activation. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that GP73 promoted the ox-LDL-induced inflammation in macrophages by affecting the NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling, and may play a role in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fen Lin
- Cardiology department, first affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Miao-Hong Li
- Cardiology department, first affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Ri-Hua Huang
- Cardiology department, first affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Shao-Zhao Zhang
- Cardiology department, first affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Xing-Feng Xu
- Cardiology department, first affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Hui-Min Zhou
- Cardiology department, first affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Meng-Hui Liu
- Cardiology department, first affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Xin-Xue Liao
- Cardiology department, first affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Li-Zhen Liao
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Light and Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yue Guo
- Cardiology department, first affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhuang
- Cardiology department, first affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Si F, Lu Y, Wen Y, Chen T, Zhang Y, Yang Y. Cathelicidin (LL-37) causes expression of inflammatory factors in coronary artery endothelial cells of Kawasaki disease by activating TLR4-NF-κB-NLRP3 signaling. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e1032. [PMID: 37773705 PMCID: PMC10521377 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kawasaki disease (KD) is a type of vasculitis with an unidentified etiology. Cathelicidin (LL-37) may be involved in the development of the KD process; therefore, further research to investigate the molecular mechanism of LL-37 involvement in KD is warranted. METHODS Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, NLRP3, and LL-37 in the sera of healthy subjects, children with KD, and children with pneumonia. Subsequently, human recombinant LL-37 or/and toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4)-specific inhibitor TAK-242 stimulated human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs), CCK-8 was used to detect cell proliferation, flow cytometry to detect apoptosis, transmission electron microscopy to observe cytoskeletal changes, Transwell to measure cell migration ability, ELISA to detect inflammatory factor levels, Western blot analysis to analyze protein levels of toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4) and NF-κB p-65, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to determine LL-37, NLRP3 mRNA levels. RESULTS In this study, we found that the level of LL-37 was highly expressed in the serum of children with KD, and after LL-37 stimulation, apoptosis was significantly increased in HCAECs, and the expression levels of TLR4, NLRP3 and inflammatory factors in cells were significantly enhanced. Intervention with the TLR4-specific inhibitor TAK-242 significantly alleviated the LL-37 effects on cellular inflammation, TLR4, NLRP3 promotion effect. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that LL-37 induces an inflammatory response in KD coronary endothelial cells via TLR4-NF-κB-NLRP3, providing a potential target for the treatment of KD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Si
- Pediatric Cardiovascular Department, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of MedicineUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Yaheng Lu
- Pediatric Cardiovascular Department, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of MedicineUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Yizhou Wen
- Pediatric Cardiovascular Department, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of MedicineUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Tingting Chen
- Pediatric Cardiovascular Department, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of MedicineUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Yingzi Zhang
- Pediatric Cardiovascular Department, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of MedicineUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Yanfeng Yang
- Pediatric Cardiovascular Department, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of MedicineUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
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Potere N, Abbate A, Kanthi Y, Carrier M, Toldo S, Porreca E, Di Nisio M. Inflammasome Signaling, Thromboinflammation, and Venous Thromboembolism. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2023; 8:1245-1261. [PMID: 37791298 PMCID: PMC10544095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2023.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains a major health burden despite anticoagulation advances, suggesting incomplete management of pathogenic mechanisms. The NLRP3 (NACHT-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3) inflammasome, interleukin (IL)-1, and pyroptosis are emerging contributors to the inflammatory pathogenesis of VTE. Inflammasome pathway activation occurs in patients with VTE. In preclinical models, inflammasome signaling blockade reduces venous thrombogenesis and vascular injury, suggesting that this therapeutic approach may potentially maximize anticoagulation benefits, protecting from VTE occurrence, recurrence, and ensuing post-thrombotic syndrome. The nonselective NLRP3 inhibitor colchicine and the anti-IL-1β agent canakinumab reduce atherothrombosis without increasing bleeding. Rosuvastatin reduces primary venous thrombotic events at least in part through lipid-lowering independent mechanisms, paving the way to targeted anti-inflammatory strategies in VTE. This review outlines recent preclinical and clinical evidence supporting a role for inflammasome pathway activation in venous thrombosis, and discusses the, yet unexplored, therapeutic potential of modulating inflammasome signaling to prevent and manage VTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Potere
- Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, “G. d'Annunzio” University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonio Abbate
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Yogendra Kanthi
- Vascular Thrombosis & Inflammation Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marc Carrier
- Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefano Toldo
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ettore Porreca
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, “G. d'Annunzio” University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marcello Di Nisio
- Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, “G. d'Annunzio” University, Chieti, Italy
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Baysak E, Yildirim C, Sayar N, Sayar MK, Halaris A, Aricioglu F. The Possible Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Depression and Myocardial Infarction Comorbidity. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1295. [PMID: 37763063 PMCID: PMC10533058 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13091295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well-established that cardiovascular disease and depression are highly comorbid. This study aimed to assess the possible role of the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathway and the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in patients with incident myocardial infarction in the presence or absence of depression. Sixty-eight consecutive patients with incident ST-elevation myocardial infarction and twenty healthy subjects were included. The patients were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders-Clinician Version during their 1-4-day-long hospitalization and were divided into two groups: with and without comorbid depression. Blood samples for the determination of NLRP3, interleukin-18 (IL-18), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and hsCRP levels were analyzed using ELISA. NLRP3, IL-1β, IL-18, and hsCRP levels were significantly higher in myocardial infarction patients compared to the healthy group (p = 0.02, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). No significant difference was found between the myocardial groups with and without depression. However, in the logistic regression analysis, the NLRP3 variable in myocardial infarction patients was found to have a significant contribution to the likelihood of depression (p = 0.015, OR = 1.72, and CI = 1.11-2.66). The likelihood of depression is associated with increasing NLRP3 levels in myocardial infarction patients. However, this potential role should be further explored in a larger sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erensu Baysak
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul 34854, Turkey
| | - Cagan Yildirim
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul 34854, Turkey
| | - Nurten Sayar
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul 34854, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kemal Sayar
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul 34854, Turkey
| | - Angelos Halaris
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Feyza Aricioglu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Health Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul 34865, Turkey
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Bai Y, Zhang L, Zheng B, Zhang X, Zhang H, Zhao A, Yu J, Yang Z, Wen J. circACTA2 inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammation via interacting with NF-κB in vascular smooth muscle cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:229. [PMID: 37498354 PMCID: PMC10374705 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04840-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
circACTA2 derived from the smooth muscle α-actin gene plays an important role in the regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotype. The activation of NLRP3 inflammasome is involved in VSMC phenotypic switching. However, the mechanistic relationship between circACTA2 and NLRP3 inflammasome during vascular remodeling remains poorly understood. Here, we showed that circACTA2 was down-regulated in human intimal hyperplasia. circACTA2 overexpression in circACTA2 transgenic mice significantly decreased the neointimal hyperplasia induced by vascular injury, which is concomitant with a decrease in IL-18, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels. Gain- and loss-of-function studies revealed that circACTA2 alleviated VSMC inflammation by suppressing the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Mechanistically, circACTA2 inhibited the expression of NF-κB p65 and p50 subunits and interacted with p50, which impedes the formation of the p50/p65 heterodimer and nuclear translocation induced by TNF-α, thus resulting in the suppression of NLRP3 gene transcription and inflammasome activation. Furthermore, circACTA2 overexpression mitigated inflammation via repressing NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated VSMC pyroptosis. Importantly, employing a decoy oligonucleotide to compete with circACTA2 for binding to p50 could attenuate the expression of NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1. These findings provide a novel insight into the functional roles of circACTA2 in VSMCs, and targeting the circACTA2-NF-κB-NLRP3 axis represents a promising therapeutic strategy for vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education of China, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017 China
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education of China, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017 China
| | - Bin Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education of China, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017 China
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education of China, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017 China
- Institution of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017 China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Talent and Academic Exchange Center, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017 China
| | - Anning Zhao
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017 China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Respiratory, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017 China
| | - Zhan Yang
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Talent and Academic Exchange Center, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017 China
| | - Jinkun Wen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education of China, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017 China
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Wei Z, Yang Z, Li D, Zhang X, Li B, Zhao X, Yan W, Wu B, Wu N, Wang X, Yu W, Shen M. New retinal findings in NLRP3-associated autoinflammatory disease. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2023; 18:202. [PMID: 37480029 PMCID: PMC10362747 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-023-02815-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether the rare NLRP3-Associated Autoinflammatory Disease (NLRP3-AID) is associated with retinal changes and to assess the ocular involvement. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of 20 patients(40 eyes) diagnosed with rare NLRP3-AID at Peking Union Medical College Hospital, from April 2015 to August 2022. Patients underwent a comprehensive ophthalmological examination, including visual acuity, intraocular pressure examination, slit-lamp examination, fundus photography, optical coherence tomography(OCT), and fluorescence angiography (FA). Some patients also underwent optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). RESULTS This study analyzed 40 eyes of 20 patients (11 [55.0%] male; median age, 25.0 years [range, 12-52 years]) and 13 patients (26 eyes, 65%) demonstrated ocular involvement. The most common ophthalmologic manifestation was conjunctivitis (22 eyes, 84.6%), followed by papilledema (14 eyes, 53.8%), retinopathy (10 eyes, 38.5%), optic atrophy (6 eyes, 23.1%), uveitis (4 eyes, 15.4%), reduced pupil light reflex (3 eyes, 11.5%) and cataracts (2 eyes, 7.7%). Ocular involvement was bilateral in 11 patients (55.0%). Five kinds of retinal lesions were seen in 5 patients (10 eyes, 25%) with NLRP3-AID, including peripheral retinal vascular leakage, microaneurysms, macular ischemia, macular epiretinal membrane formation and drusen. CONCLUSIONS Peripheral retinal vascular leakage, macular ischemia, microaneurysms and drusen are newly identified retinal findings in patients with NLRP3-AID, which suggests the importance of detailed retinal examination in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangwanyu Wei
- Present Address: Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730 China
- Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Zhikun Yang
- Present Address: Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730 China
- Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Donghui Li
- Present Address: Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730 China
- Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Present Address: Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730 China
- Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Bing Li
- Present Address: Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730 China
- Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Xufeng Zhao
- Present Address: Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730 China
- Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Wenyu Yan
- Present Address: Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Bingxuan Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Na Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xuqian Wang
- Present Address: Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730 China
- Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Weihong Yu
- Present Address: Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730 China
- Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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38
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Wissemann J, Heidenreich A, Zimmermann H, Engelmann J, Jansen J, Suchanek D, Westermann D, Wolf D, Stachon P, Merz J. ADP as a novel stimulus for NLRP3-inflammasome activation in mice fails to translate to humans. Purinergic Signal 2023:10.1007/s11302-023-09953-y. [PMID: 37410223 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-023-09953-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The NLRP3-inflammasome is a cytosolic multiprotein complex that triggers an inflammatory response to certain danger signals. Recently adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was found to activate the NLRP3-inflammasome in murine macrophages via the P2Y1 receptor. Blockade of this signaling pathway reduced disease severity in a murine colitis-model. However, the role of the ADP/P2Y1-axis has not yet been studied in humans. This present study confirmed ADP-dependent NLRP3-inflammasome activation in murine macrophages, but found no evidence for a role of ADP in inflammasome activation in humans. We investigated the THP1 cell line as well as primary monocytes and further looked at macrophages. Although all cells express the three human ADP-receptors P2Y1, P2Y12 and P2Y13, independent of priming, neither increased ASC-speck formation could be detected with flow cytometry nor additional IL-1β release be found in the culture supernatant of ADP stimulated cells. We now show for the first time that the responsiveness of monocytes and macrophages to ADP as well as the regulation of its purinergic receptors is very much dependent on the species. Therefore the signaling pathway found to contribute to colitis in mice is likely not applicable to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Wissemann
- Cardiology and Angiology, Medical Center, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Adrian Heidenreich
- Cardiology and Angiology, Medical Center, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Helene Zimmermann
- Cardiology and Angiology, Medical Center, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Juliane Engelmann
- Cardiology and Angiology, Medical Center, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jasper Jansen
- Cardiology and Angiology, Medical Center, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dymphie Suchanek
- Cardiology and Angiology, Medical Center, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Westermann
- Cardiology and Angiology, Medical Center, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Wolf
- Cardiology and Angiology, Medical Center, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Stachon
- Cardiology and Angiology, Medical Center, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julian Merz
- Cardiology and Angiology, Medical Center, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Fujimura K, Karasawa T, Komada T, Yamada N, Mizushina Y, Baatarjav C, Matsumura T, Otsu K, Takeda N, Mizukami H, Kario K, Takahashi M. NLRP3 inflammasome-driven IL-1β and IL-18 contribute to lipopolysaccharide-induced septic cardiomyopathy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2023; 180:58-68. [PMID: 37172930 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening syndrome, and its associated mortality is increased when cardiac dysfunction and damage (septic cardiomyopathy [SCM]) occur. Although inflammation is involved in the pathophysiology of SCM, the mechanism of how inflammation induces SCM in vivo has remained obscure. NLRP3 inflammasome is a critical component of the innate immune system that activates caspase-1 (Casp1) and causes the maturation of IL-1β and IL-18 as well as the processing of gasdermin D (GSDMD). Here, we investigated the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in a murine model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced SCM. LPS injection induced cardiac dysfunction, damage, and lethality, which was significantly prevented in NLRP3-/- mice, compared to wild-type (WT) mice. LPS injection upregulated mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines (Il6, Tnfa, and Ifng) in the heart, liver, and spleen of WT mice, and this upregulation was prevented in NLRP3-/- mice. LPS injection increased plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-18, and TNF-α) in WT mice, and this increase was markedly inhibited in NLRP3-/- mice. LPS-induced SCM was also prevented in Casp1/11-/- mice, but not in Casp11mt, IL-1β-/-, IL-1α-/-, or GSDMD-/- mice. Notably, LPS-induced SCM was apparently prevented in IL-1β-/- mice transduced with adeno-associated virus vector expressing IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP). Furthermore, splenectomy, irradiation, or macrophage depletion alleviated LPS-induced SCM. Our findings demonstrate that the cross-regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome-driven IL-1β and IL-18 contributes to the pathophysiology of SCM and provide new insights into the mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of SCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Fujimura
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Karasawa
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takanori Komada
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Naoya Yamada
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Mizushina
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Chintogtokh Baatarjav
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Matsumura
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kinya Otsu
- The School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London, United Kingdom; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norihiko Takeda
- Division of Cardiology and Metabolism, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mizukami
- Division of Genetic Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kazuomi Kario
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masafumi Takahashi
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.
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Hu J, Xu J, Tan X, Li D, Yao D, Xu B, Lei Y. Dapagliflozin protects against dilated cardiomyopathy progression by targeting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:1461-1470. [PMID: 36749400 PMCID: PMC10244283 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the major cause of heart failure and has a poor prognosis. The accumulating evidence points to an essential role of the inflammatory component in the process of DCM. Inhibitors of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) are widely used to treat heart failure patients due to their cardiac benefits. However, their role in DCM remains unclear. We used the doxorubicin (Dox)-induced DCM model for our study. The SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin (Dapa) improved cardiac function in mice treated with doxorubicin and attenuated the activation of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathway and the expression of inflammatory factors. In addition, dapagliflozin suppresses NLRP3 activation by decreasing p38-dependent toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression. In our study, dagliflozin improves cardiac function in DCM by inhibiting the activity of the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Hu
- Cardiovascular Disease Center, The Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi Clinical College of Wuhan University, No.158 Wuyang Avenue, Enshi, 445000, Hubei, China
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiamin Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Tan
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture Central Hospital, Enshi, Hubei, China
| | - Dejiang Yao
- Surgical Division IIIThe Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi Clinical College of Wuhan University, Enshi, Hubei, China
| | - Biao Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Yuhua Lei
- Cardiovascular Disease Center, The Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi Clinical College of Wuhan University, No.158 Wuyang Avenue, Enshi, 445000, Hubei, China.
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41
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Mucke HA. Patent highlights December 2022-January 2023. Pharm Pat Anal 2023; 12:151-158. [PMID: 37801039 DOI: 10.4155/ppa-2023-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
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42
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Lu M, Zhang L, Pan J, Shi H, Zhang M, Li C. Advances in the study of the vascular protective effects and molecular mechanisms of hawthorn ( Crataegus anamesa Sarg.) extracts in cardiovascular diseases. Food Funct 2023. [PMID: 37337667 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo01688a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Hawthorn belongs to the rose family and is a type of functional food. It contains various chemicals, including flavonoids, terpenoids, and organic acid compounds. This study aimed to review the vascular protective effects and molecular mechanisms of hawthorn and its extracts on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Hawthorn has a wide range of biological functions. Evidence suggests that the active components of HE reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, regulate lipid levels to prevent lipid accumulation, and inhibit free cholesterol accumulation in macrophages and foam cell formation. Additionally, hawthorn extract (HE) can protect vascular endothelial function, regulate endothelial dysfunction, and promote vascular endothelial relaxation. It has also been reported that the effective components of hawthorn can prevent age-related endothelial dysfunction, increase cellular calcium levels, cause antiplatelet aggregation, and promote antithrombosis. In clinical trials, HE has been proved to reduce the adverse effects of CVDs on blood lipids, blood pressure, left ventricular ejection fraction, heart rate, and exercise tolerance. Previous studies have pointed to the benefits of hawthorn and its extracts in treating atherosclerosis and other vascular diseases. Therefore, as both medicine and food, hawthorn can be used as a new drug source for treating cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengkai Lu
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Jinyuan Pan
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
| | - Huishan Shi
- School of Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Muxin Zhang
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Chao Li
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
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43
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Yang X, Ma Y, Chen X, Zhu J, Xue W, Ning K. Mechanisms of neutrophil extracellular trap in chronic inflammation of endothelium in atherosclerosis. Life Sci 2023:121867. [PMID: 37348812 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are a primary cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. In addition, atherosclerosis (AS)-caused cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of death in human diseases, and almost two billion people suffer from carotid AS worldwide. AS is caused by chronic inflammation of the arterial vessel and is initiated by dysfunction of vascular endothelial cells. Neutrophils protect against pathogen invasion because they function as a component of the innate immune system. However, the contribution of neutrophils to cardiovascular disease has not yet been clarified. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) represent an immune defense mechanism that is different from direct pathogen phagocytosis. NETs are extracellular web-like structures activated by neutrophils, and they play important roles in promoting endothelial inflammation via direct or indirect pathways. NETs consist of DNA, histones, myeloperoxidase, matrix metalloproteinases, proteinase 3, etc. Most of the components of NETs have no direct toxic effect on endothelial cells, such as DNA, but they can damage endothelial cells indirectly. In addition, NETs play a critical role in the process of AS; therefore, it is important to clarify the mechanisms of NETs in AS because NETs are a new potential therapeutic target AS. This review summarizes the possible mechanisms of NETs in AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Yang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yupeng Ma
- School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jingjing Zhu
- School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenlong Xue
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Ke Ning
- School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Dri E, Lampas E, Lazaros G, Lazarou E, Theofilis P, Tsioufis C, Tousoulis D. Inflammatory Mediators of Endothelial Dysfunction. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1420. [PMID: 37374202 DOI: 10.3390/life13061420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is characterized by imbalanced vasodilation and vasoconstriction, elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inflammatory factors, as well as deficiency of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. It has been reported that the maintenance of endothelial cell integrity serves a significant role in human health and disease due to the involvement of the endothelium in several processes, such as regulation of vascular tone, regulation of hemostasis and thrombosis, cell adhesion, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and vascular inflammation. Inflammatory modulators/biomarkers, such as IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor α, or alternative anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1), involved in atherosclerosis progression have been shown to predict cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, several signaling pathways, such as NLRP3 inflammasome, that are associated with the inflammatory response and the disrupted H2S bioavailability are postulated to be new indicators for endothelial cell inflammation and its associated endothelial dysfunction. In this review, we summarize the knowledge of a plethora of reviews, research articles, and clinical trials concerning the key inflammatory modulators and signaling pathways in atherosclerosis due to endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Dri
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration General Hospital, Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Vas. Sofias 114, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Lampas
- Department of Cardiology, Konstantopouleio General Hospital, 14233 Athens, Greece
| | - George Lazaros
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration General Hospital, Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Vas. Sofias 114, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Emilia Lazarou
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration General Hospital, Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Vas. Sofias 114, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Theofilis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration General Hospital, Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Vas. Sofias 114, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Costas Tsioufis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration General Hospital, Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Vas. Sofias 114, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Tousoulis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration General Hospital, Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Vas. Sofias 114, 11528 Athens, Greece
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Liang Y, Hua KF. Editorial: Novel perspectives on the NLRP3 inflammasome. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1211385. [PMID: 37251397 PMCID: PMC10213619 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1211385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Kuo-Feng Hua
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Tanase DM, Valasciuc E, Gosav EM, Ouatu A, Buliga-Finis ON, Floria M, Maranduca MA, Serban IL. Portrayal of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Atherosclerosis: Current Knowledge and Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098162. [PMID: 37175869 PMCID: PMC10179095 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We are witnessing the globalization of a specific type of arteriosclerosis with rising prevalence, incidence and an overall cardiovascular disease burden. Currently, atherosclerosis increasingly affects the younger generation as compared to previous decades. While early preventive medicine has seen improvements, research advances in laboratory and clinical investigation promise to provide us with novel diagnosis tools. Given the physio-pathological complexity and epigenetic patterns of atherosclerosis and the discovery of new molecules involved, the therapeutic field of atherosclerosis has room for substantial growth. Thus, the scientific community is currently investigating the role of nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, a crucial component of the innate immune system in different inflammatory disorders. NLRP3 is activated by distinct factors and numerous cellular and molecular events which trigger NLRP3 inflammasome assembly with subsequent cleavage of pro-interleukin (IL)-1β and pro-IL-18 pathways via caspase-1 activation, eliciting endothelial dysfunction, promotion of oxidative stress and the inflammation process of atherosclerosis. In this review, we introduce the basic cellular and molecular mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and its role in atherosclerosis. We also emphasize its promising therapeutic pharmaceutical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Maria Tanase
- Department of Internal Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Internal Medicine Clinic, "St. Spiridon" County Clinical Emergency Hospital Iasi, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Emilia Valasciuc
- Department of Internal Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Internal Medicine Clinic, "St. Spiridon" County Clinical Emergency Hospital Iasi, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Evelina Maria Gosav
- Department of Internal Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Internal Medicine Clinic, "St. Spiridon" County Clinical Emergency Hospital Iasi, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Anca Ouatu
- Department of Internal Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Internal Medicine Clinic, "St. Spiridon" County Clinical Emergency Hospital Iasi, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Oana Nicoleta Buliga-Finis
- Department of Internal Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Internal Medicine Clinic, "St. Spiridon" County Clinical Emergency Hospital Iasi, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mariana Floria
- Department of Internal Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Internal Medicine Clinic, "St. Spiridon" County Clinical Emergency Hospital Iasi, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Minela Aida Maranduca
- Internal Medicine Clinic, "St. Spiridon" County Clinical Emergency Hospital Iasi, 700111 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Discipline of Physiology, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ionela Lacramioara Serban
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Discipline of Physiology, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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47
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Lei D, Yu W, Liu Y, Jiang Y, Li X, Lv J, Li Y. Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) Inducing Endothelial Injury: UPLC-MS/MS-Based Quantification and the Activation of Cathepsin B-Mediated NLRP3 Inflammasome. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093817. [PMID: 37175227 PMCID: PMC10180140 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
TMAO is a new risk biomarker for cardiovascular disease. With trimethylammonium as its main chemical skeleton, TMAO is structurally similar to many endogenous metabolites, such as acetylcholine, carnitine, phosphorylcholine, etc. The mechanism of TMAO on the pathological process of CVD is still unclear. In this study, the quantitative analysis of plasma TMAO is conducted, and the contribution of Cathepsin B and NLRP3 inflammasome during the process of TMAO-induced endothelial injury was proposed and investigated at animal and cellular levels. Immunofluorescence assay was applied to represent the protein expression of Cathepsin B and NLRP3 inflammasome located at endothelial cells. The results showed that TMAO could disrupt endothelial cells permeability to induce endothelial injury, meanwhile, TMAO could increase NLRP3 inflammasome activation and promote the activity and expression of Cathepsin B in vitro and in vivo, whereas inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation by MCC950 could protect the endothelial cells from TMAO associated endothelial injury via Cathepsin B. The study reveals that TMAO can cause endothelial injury via Cathepsin B-dependent NLRP3 inflammasome, and inhibition of Cathepsin B and NLRP3 inflammasome can reduce the TMAO-induced damage. The results provide new insight into the role of TMAO in CVD, which can be a potential therapeutic target for disease treatment and drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyu Lei
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Wenbo Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Yujie Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Jing Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Health Management, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
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48
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Gusev E, Sarapultsev A. Atherosclerosis and Inflammation: Insights from the Theory of General Pathological Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097910. [PMID: 37175617 PMCID: PMC10178362 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances have greatly improved our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind atherosclerosis pathogenesis. However, there is still a need to systematize this data from a general pathology perspective, particularly with regard to atherogenesis patterns in the context of both canonical and non-classical inflammation types. In this review, we analyze various typical phenomena and outcomes of cellular pro-inflammatory stress in atherosclerosis, as well as the role of endothelial dysfunction in local and systemic manifestations of low-grade inflammation. We also present the features of immune mechanisms in the development of productive inflammation in stable and unstable plaques, along with their similarities and differences compared to canonical inflammation. There are numerous factors that act as inducers of the inflammatory process in atherosclerosis, including vascular endothelium aging, metabolic dysfunctions, autoimmune, and in some cases, infectious damage factors. Life-critical complications of atherosclerosis, such as cardiogenic shock and severe strokes, are associated with the development of acute systemic hyperinflammation. Additionally, critical atherosclerotic ischemia of the lower extremities induces paracoagulation and the development of chronic systemic inflammation. Conversely, sepsis, other critical conditions, and severe systemic chronic diseases contribute to atherogenesis. In summary, atherosclerosis can be characterized as an independent form of inflammation, sharing similarities but also having fundamental differences from low-grade inflammation and various variants of canonical inflammation (classic vasculitis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii Gusev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Alexey Sarapultsev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Russian-Chinese Education and Research Center of System Pathology, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
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49
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Al-Hawary SIS, Jasim SA, Romero-Parra RM, Bustani GS, Hjazi A, Alghamdi MI, Kareem AK, Alwaily ER, Zabibah RS, Gupta J, Mahmoudi R, Hosseini-Fard S. NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in atherosclerosis: Focusing on the therapeutic potential of non-coding RNAs. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 246:154490. [PMID: 37141699 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
NLRP3 (NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3) inflammasome pathway has a critical role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Activation of this pathway is implicated in the subendothelial inflammation and atherosclerosis progression. The NLRP3 inflammasome are cytoplasmic sensors with the distinct capacity to identify a wide range of inflammation-related signals, which enhance NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and allow it to trigger inflammation. This pathway is triggered by a variety of intrinsic signals which exist in atherosclerotic plaques, like cholesterol crystals and oxidized LDL. Further pharmacological findings indicated that NLRP3 inflammasome enhanced caspase-1-mediated secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators like interleukin (IL)- 1β/18. Newly published cutting-edge studies suggested that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) including microRNAs (miRNAs, miRs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) are major modulators of NLRP3 inflammasome in atherosclerosis. Therefore, in this review, we aimed to discuss the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, biogenesis of ncRNAs as well as the modulatory role of ncRNAs in regulating the various mediators of NLRP3 inflammasome pathway including TLR4, NF-kB, NLRP3, and caspase 1. We also discussed the importance of NLRP3 inflammasome pathway-related ncRNAs as a diagnostic biomarker in atherosclerosis and current therapeutics in the modulation of NLRP3 inflammasome in atherosclerosis. Finally, we speak about the limitations and future prospects of ncRNAs in regulating inflammatory atherosclerosis via the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saade Abdalkareem Jasim
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-maarif University College, Al-anbar-Ramadi, Iraq
| | | | | | - Ahmed Hjazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ali Kamil Kareem
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah 51001, Iraq
| | - Enas R Alwaily
- Microbiology Research Group, College of Pharmacy, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Rahman S Zabibah
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Jitendra Gupta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura 281406, UP, India
| | - Reza Mahmoudi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyedreza Hosseini-Fard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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50
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Ma J, Li Y, Yang X, Liu K, Zhang X, Zuo X, Ye R, Wang Z, Shi R, Meng Q, Chen X. Signaling pathways in vascular function and hypertension: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:168. [PMID: 37080965 PMCID: PMC10119183 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01430-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a global public health issue and the leading cause of premature death in humans. Despite more than a century of research, hypertension remains difficult to cure due to its complex mechanisms involving multiple interactive factors and our limited understanding of it. Hypertension is a condition that is named after its clinical features. Vascular function is a factor that affects blood pressure directly, and it is a main strategy for clinically controlling BP to regulate constriction/relaxation function of blood vessels. Vascular elasticity, caliber, and reactivity are all characteristic indicators reflecting vascular function. Blood vessels are composed of three distinct layers, out of which the endothelial cells in intima and the smooth muscle cells in media are the main performers of vascular function. The alterations in signaling pathways in these cells are the key molecular mechanisms underlying vascular dysfunction and hypertension development. In this manuscript, we will comprehensively review the signaling pathways involved in vascular function regulation and hypertension progression, including calcium pathway, NO-NOsGC-cGMP pathway, various vascular remodeling pathways and some important upstream pathways such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, oxidative stress-related signaling pathway, immunity/inflammation pathway, etc. Meanwhile, we will also summarize the treatment methods of hypertension that targets vascular function regulation and discuss the possibility of these signaling pathways being applied to clinical work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Yang
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianghao Zuo
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Runyu Ye
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqiong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Rufeng Shi
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingtao Meng
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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