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Cipriano A, Viviano M, Feoli A, Milite C, Sarno G, Castellano S, Sbardella G. NADPH Oxidases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Current Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2023; 66:11632-11655. [PMID: 37650225 PMCID: PMC10510401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (NOXs) form a family of electron-transporting membrane enzymes whose main function is reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Strong evidence suggests that ROS produced by NOX enzymes are major contributors to oxidative damage under pathologic conditions. Therefore, blocking the undesirable actions of these enzymes is a therapeutic strategy for treating various pathological disorders, such as cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, and cancer. To date, identification of selective NOX inhibitors is quite challenging, precluding a pharmacologic demonstration of NOX as therapeutic targets in vivo. The aim of this Perspective is to furnish an updated outlook about the small-molecule NOX inhibitors described over the last two decades. Structures, activities, and in vitro/in vivo specificity are discussed, as well as the main biological assays used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Cipriano
- Department
of Pharmacy, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, and PhD Program in Drug Discovery and
Development, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Monica Viviano
- Department
of Pharmacy, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, and PhD Program in Drug Discovery and
Development, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Alessandra Feoli
- Department
of Pharmacy, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, and PhD Program in Drug Discovery and
Development, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Ciro Milite
- Department
of Pharmacy, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, and PhD Program in Drug Discovery and
Development, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Giuliana Sarno
- Department
of Pharmacy, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, and PhD Program in Drug Discovery and
Development, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Sabrina Castellano
- Department
of Pharmacy, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, and PhD Program in Drug Discovery and
Development, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sbardella
- Department
of Pharmacy, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, and PhD Program in Drug Discovery and
Development, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
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2
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Mladenov M, Lubomirov L, Grisk O, Avtanski D, Mitrokhin V, Sazdova I, Keremidarska-Markova M, Danailova Y, Nikolaev G, Konakchieva R, Gagov H. Oxidative Stress, Reductive Stress and Antioxidants in Vascular Pathogenesis and Aging. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051126. [PMID: 37237992 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is focused on the mechanisms that regulate health, disease and aging redox status, the signal pathways that counteract oxidative and reductive stress, the role of food components and additives with antioxidant properties (curcumin, polyphenols, vitamins, carotenoids, flavonoids, etc.), and the role of the hormones irisin and melatonin in the redox homeostasis of animal and human cells. The correlations between the deviation from optimal redox conditions and inflammation, allergic, aging and autoimmune responses are discussed. Special attention is given to the vascular system, kidney, liver and brain oxidative stress processes. The role of hydrogen peroxide as an intracellular and paracrine signal molecule is also reviewed. The cyanotoxins β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA), cylindrospermopsin, microcystins and nodularins are introduced as potentially dangerous food and environment pro-oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitko Mladenov
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Biology, "Ss. Cyril and Methodius" University, P.O. Box 162, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Lubomir Lubomirov
- Institute of Physiology, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Olaf Grisk
- Institute of Physiology, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Dimiter Avtanski
- Friedman Diabetes Institute, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, 110 E 59th Street, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Vadim Mitrokhin
- Department of Physiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovityanova Street, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Iliyana Sazdova
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", 8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Milena Keremidarska-Markova
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", 8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Yana Danailova
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", 8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Georgi Nikolaev
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Rossitza Konakchieva
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Hristo Gagov
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", 8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
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3
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Zang J, Cambet Y, Jaquet V, Bach A. Chemical synthesis of a reported p47phox/p22phox inhibitor and characterization of its instability and irreproducible activity. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1075328. [PMID: 36686674 PMCID: PMC9850094 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1075328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 (NOX2) multi-subunit complex is a highly abundant and central source of reactive oxygen species. NOX2 is a key enzyme of the innate immune system involved in antibacterial response, but excessive NOX2 activity is involved in oxidative stress and inflammation in many diseases. Inhibition of NOX2 has great potential as a therapeutic strategy. An intriguing pharmacological approach for inhibiting NOX2 is to target the p47phox subunit and thereby block the protein-protein interaction with p22phox, whereby assembling and activation of NOX2 is prevented. However, the shallow binding pocket of p47phox makes it difficult to develop drug-like p47phox/p22phox inhibitors. Recently, the small molecule LMH001 was reported to inhibit the p47phox/p22phox interaction, reduce endothelial NOX2 activity, and protect mice from angiotensin II-induced vascular oxidative stress. These noteworthy results could have significant impact on the field of NOX2 pharmacology, as specific and efficient inhibitors are scarce. Here, we synthesized and tested LMH001 to have it available as a positive control. We established a robust synthetic route for providing LMH001, but subsequently we experienced that LMH001 is chemically unstable in aqueous buffer. In addition, neither LMH001 nor its breakdown products were able to inhibit the p47phox/p22phox interaction in a non-cellular fluorescence polarization assay. However, LHM001 was a weak inhibitor of NOX2 in a functional cell assay, but with same low potency as one of its breakdown products. These findings question the activity and suggested mechanism of LMH001 and constitute important information for other researchers interested in chemical probes for studying NOX2 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zang
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yves Cambet
- READS Unit, Centre Médical Universitaire, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Jaquet
- READS Unit, Centre Médical Universitaire, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Centre Médical Universitaire, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anders Bach
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,*Correspondence: Anders Bach,
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Kumar G, Saini M, Kundu S. Therapeutic enzymes as non-conventional targets in cardiovascular impairments:A Comprehensive Review. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 100:197-209. [PMID: 34932415 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2020-0732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, substantial progress has been made towards the understanding of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). In-depth mechanistic insights have also provided opportunities to explore novel therapeutic targets and treatment regimens to be discovered. Therapeutic enzymes are an example of such opportunities. The balanced functioning of such enzymes protects against a variety of CVDs while on the other hand, even a small shift in the normal functioning of these enzymes may lead to deleterious outcomes. Owing to the great versatility of these enzymes, inhibition and activation are key regulatory approaches to counter the onset and progression of several cardiovascular impairments. While cardiovascular remedies are already available in excess and of course they are efficacious, a comprehensive description of novel therapeutic enzymes to combat CVDs is the need of the hour. In light of this, the regulation of the functional activity of these enzymes also opens a new avenue for the treatment approaches to be employed. This review describes the importance of non-conventional enzymes as potential candidates in several cardiovascular disorders while highlighting some of the recently targeted therapeutic enzymes in CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar
- University of Delhi - South Campus, 93081, Biochemistry, New Delhi, Delhi, India;
| | - Manisha Saini
- University of Delhi - South Campus, 93081, Biochemistry, New Delhi, Delhi, India;
| | - Suman Kundu
- University of Delhi - South Campus, 93081, Biochemistry, New Delhi, Delhi, India;
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Oxidative Stress in the Brain: Basic Concepts and Treatment Strategies in Stroke. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121886. [PMID: 34942989 PMCID: PMC8698986 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of free radicals is inevitably associated with metabolism and other enzymatic processes. Under physiological conditions, however, free radicals are effectively eliminated by numerous antioxidant mechanisms. Oxidative stress occurs due to an imbalance between the production and elimination of free radicals under pathological conditions. Oxidative stress is also associated with ageing. The brain is prone to oxidative damage because of its high metabolic activity and high vulnerability to ischemic damage. Oxidative stress, thus, plays a major role in the pathophysiology of both acute and chronic pathologies in the brain, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury or neurodegenerative diseases. The goal of this article is to summarize the basic concepts of oxidative stress and its significance in brain pathologies, as well as to discuss treatment strategies for dealing with oxidative stress in stroke.
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6
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Myeloperoxidase: A versatile mediator of endothelial dysfunction and therapeutic target during cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 221:107711. [PMID: 33137376 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a prominent mammalian heme peroxidase and a fundamental component of the innate immune response against microbial pathogens. In recent times, MPO has received considerable attention as a key oxidative enzyme capable of impairing the bioactivity of nitric oxide (NO) and promoting endothelial dysfunction; a clinically relevant event that manifests throughout the development of inflammatory cardiovascular disease. Increasing evidence indicates that during cardiovascular disease, MPO is released intravascularly by activated leukocytes resulting in its transport and sequestration within the vascular endothelium. At this site, MPO catalyzes various oxidative reactions that are capable of promoting vascular inflammation and impairing NO bioactivity and endothelial function. In particular, MPO catalyzes the production of the potent oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and the catalytic consumption of NO via the enzyme's NO oxidase activity. An emerging paradigm is the ability of MPO to also influence endothelial function via non-catalytic, cytokine-like activities. In this review article we discuss the implications of our increasing knowledge of the versatility of MPO's actions as a mediator of cardiovascular disease and endothelial dysfunction for the development of new pharmacological agents capable of effectively combating MPO's pathogenic activities. More specifically, we will (i) discuss the various transport mechanisms by which MPO accumulates into the endothelium of inflamed or diseased arteries, (ii) detail the clinical and basic scientific evidence identifying MPO as a significant cause of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease, (iii) provide an up-to-date coverage on the different oxidative mechanisms by which MPO can impair endothelial function during cardiovascular disease including an evaluation of the contributions of MPO-catalyzed HOCl production and NO oxidation, and (iv) outline the novel non-enzymatic mechanisms of MPO and their potential contribution to endothelial dysfunction. Finally, we deliver a detailed appraisal of the different pharmacological strategies available for targeting the catalytic and non-catalytic modes-of-action of MPO in order to protect against endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular disease.
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7
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Urner S, Ho F, Jha JC, Ziegler D, Jandeleit-Dahm K. NADPH Oxidase Inhibition: Preclinical and Clinical Studies in Diabetic Complications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:415-434. [PMID: 32008354 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Oxidative stress plays a critical role in the development and progression of serious micro- and macrovascular complications of diabetes. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX)-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) significantly contribute to oxidative stress-associated inflammatory pathways that lead to tissue damage of different organs, including the kidneys, retina, brain, nerves, and the cardiovascular system. Recent Advances: Preclinical studies, including genetic-modified mouse models or cell culture models, have revealed the role of specific NOX isoforms in different diabetic complications, and suggested them as a promising target for the treatment of these diseases. Critical Issues: In this review, we provide an overview of the role of ROS and oxidative stress in macrovascular complications, such as stroke, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, and peripheral vascular disease that are all mainly driven by atherosclerosis, as well as microvascular complications, such as diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. We summarize conducted genetic deletion studies of different Nox isoforms as well as pharmacological intervention studies using NOX inhibitors in the context of preclinical as well as clinical research on diabetic complications. Future Directions: We outline the isoforms that are most promising for future clinical trials in the context of micro- and macrovascular complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Urner
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Florence Ho
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jay C Jha
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dan Ziegler
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karin Jandeleit-Dahm
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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8
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Hou L, Zhang L, Hong JS, Zhang D, Zhao J, Wang Q. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Mechanisms and Therapy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:374-393. [PMID: 31968994 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.8014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Significance: The growing incidence of neurodegenerative diseases significantly impacts the individuals who suffer from these disorders and is a major health concern globally. Although the specific mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases are still far from being acknowledged, it is becoming clear that oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are critical contributing factors to the progression of neurodegeneration. Thus, it is conceivable that the inhibition of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation may represent promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Recent Advances: Recently, the strategy for neurodegenerative disease therapy has shifted from the use of antioxidants and conventional anti-inflammatory targets to upstream mediators due to the failure of most antioxidants and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in clinical trials. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases (NOXs), a family of superoxide-producing enzyme complexes, have been identified as an upstream factor that controls both oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Genetic inactivation or pharmacological inhibition of NOX enzymes displays potent neuroprotective effects in a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative disease models. Critical Issues: The detailed mechanisms of how NOX enzymes regulate oxidative stress and neuroinflammation still remain unclear. Moreover, the currently available inhibitors of NOX enzymes exhibit nonspecificity, off-target effects, unsuitable pharmacokinetic properties, and even high toxicity, markedly limiting their potential clinical applications. Future Directions: This review provides novel insights into the roles of NOXs in neurodegenerative pharmacology, and indicates the types of NOX enzyme inhibitors that should be identified and developed as candidates for future applications, which might reveal novel neurodegenerative disease therapies based on NOXs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Hou
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neuropharmacology Section, Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Functions, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qingshan Wang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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9
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Narayanan D, Ma S, Özcelik D. Targeting the Redox Landscape in Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071706. [PMID: 32605023 PMCID: PMC7407119 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced predominantly by the mitochondrial electron transport chain and by NADPH oxidases in peroxisomes and in the endoplasmic reticulum. The antioxidative defense counters overproduction of ROS with detoxifying enzymes and molecular scavengers, for instance, superoxide dismutase and glutathione, in order to restore redox homeostasis. Mutations in the redox landscape can induce carcinogenesis, whereas increased ROS production can perpetuate cancer development. Moreover, cancer cells can increase production of antioxidants, leading to resistance against chemo- or radiotherapy. Research has been developing pharmaceuticals to target the redox landscape in cancer. For instance, inhibition of key players in the redox landscape aims to modulate ROS production in order to prevent tumor development or to sensitize cancer cells in radiotherapy. Besides the redox landscape of a single cell, alternative strategies take aim at the multi-cellular level. Extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes, are crucial for the development of the hypoxic tumor microenvironment, and hence are explored as target and as drug delivery systems in cancer therapy. This review summarizes the current pharmaceutical and experimental interventions of the cancer redox landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Narayanan
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (D.N.); (S.M.)
| | - Sana Ma
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (D.N.); (S.M.)
| | - Dennis Özcelik
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (D.N.); (S.M.)
- current address: Chemistry | Biology | Pharmacy Information Center, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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10
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Neutrophil swarming delays the growth of clusters of pathogenic fungi. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2031. [PMID: 32341348 PMCID: PMC7184738 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15834-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils employ several mechanisms to restrict fungi, including the action of enzymes such as myeloperoxidase (MPO) or NADPH oxidase, and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Moreover, they cooperate, forming “swarms” to attack fungi that are larger than individual neutrophils. Here, we designed an assay for studying how these mechanisms work together and contribute to neutrophil's ability to contain clusters of live Candida. We find that neutrophil swarming over Candida clusters delays germination through the action of MPO and NADPH oxidase, and restricts fungal growth through NET release within the swarm. In comparison with neutrophils from healthy subjects, those from patients with chronic granulomatous disease produce larger swarms against Candida, but their release of NETs is delayed, resulting in impaired control of fungal growth. We also show that granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (GCSF and GM-CSF) enhance swarming and neutrophil ability to restrict fungal growth, even during treatment with chemical inhibitors that disrupt neutrophil function. Neutrophils employ several mechanisms to control the growth of fungi, including enzymes, reactive oxygen species, extracellular traps, and formation of “swarms”. Here, Hopke et al. study how the different mechanisms work together, using an in vitro assay with human neutrophils and clusters of live Candida cells.
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Pintard C, Ben Khemis M, Liu D, Dang PMC, Hurtado-Nedelec M, El-Benna J. Apocynin prevents GM-CSF-induced-ERK1/2 activation and -neutrophil survival independently of its inhibitory effect on the phagocyte NADPH oxidase NOX2. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113950. [PMID: 32251677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are key cells in innate immunity and inflammation. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is known to enhance many neutrophil functions such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, degranulation and cell survival via the activation of the ERK1/2 pathway. ERK1/2 pathway activation is redox sensitive and could be modulated by ROS. In order to investigate whether NADPH oxidase NOX2-derived ROS could contribute to GM-CSF-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation, we tested the effect of two selective NOX2 inhibitors, diphenylene iodonium (DPI) and apocynin. Results showed that, while both DPI and apocynin strongly inhibited neutrophil ROS production, only apocynin, but not DPI, inhibited GM-CSF-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation, suggesting that ROS are not involved in this process. Apocynin did not affect GM-CSF-induced p38MAPKinase phosphorylation, another redox sensitive kinase. Interestingly, apocynin inhibited GM-CSF-induced MEK1/2 and AKT phosphorylation without affecting fMLF-induced phosphorylation of these proteins. GM-CSF is known to inhibit neutrophils apoptosis and to promote cell survival via the AKT-ERK1/2 pathway. In this regard, we found that apocynin also inhibited GM-CSF-induced anti-apoptotic effect in neutrophils. These results suggest that NADPH oxidase NOX2-derived ROS are not involved in GM-CSF-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and that apocynin inhibits GM-CSF-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation pathway independently of its inhibitory action on NADPH oxidase NOX2. Thus, apocynin can exert an anti-inflammatory effect not only by limiting neutrophil ROS production but also by decreasing neutrophil survival at inflammatory site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Pintard
- INSERM U1149, ERL 8252 CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université de Paris, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris F-75018, France
| | - Marwa Ben Khemis
- INSERM U1149, ERL 8252 CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université de Paris, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris F-75018, France
| | - Dan Liu
- INSERM U1149, ERL 8252 CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université de Paris, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris F-75018, France
| | - Pham My-Chan Dang
- INSERM U1149, ERL 8252 CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université de Paris, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris F-75018, France
| | - Margarita Hurtado-Nedelec
- INSERM U1149, ERL 8252 CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université de Paris, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris F-75018, France; Departement d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Unité Dysfonctionnements Immunitaires, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Jamel El-Benna
- INSERM U1149, ERL 8252 CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université de Paris, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris F-75018, France.
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12
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Kovacevic S, Ivanov M, Miloradovic Z, Brkic P, Vajic UJ, Zivotic M, Mihailovic-Stanojevic N, Jovovic D, Karanovic D, Jeremic R, Nesovic-Ostojic J. Hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning and the role of NADPH oxidase inhibition in postischemic acute kidney injury induced in spontaneously hypertensive rats. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226974. [PMID: 31914135 PMCID: PMC6948727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) and hypertension might contribute to the increased incidence of AKI. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of single and combined hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) preconditioning and NADPH oxidase inhibition on oxidative stress, kidney function and structure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) after renal ischemia reperfusion injury. HBO preconditioning was performed by exposing to pure oxygen (2.026 bar) twice a day for two consecutive days for 60 minutes, and 24h before AKI induction. For AKI induction, the right kidney was removed and ischemia was performed by clamping the left renal artery for 45 minutes. NADPH oxidase inhibition was induced by apocynin (40 mg/kg b.m., intravenously) 5 minutes before reperfusion. AKI significantly increased renal vascular resistance and reduced renal blood flow, which were significantly improved after apocynin treatment. Also, HBO preconditioning, with or without apocynin treatment showed improvement on renal hemodynamics. AKI significantly increased plasma creatinine, urea, phosphate levels and lipid peroxidation in plasma. Remarkable improvement, with decrease in creatinine, urea and phosphate levels was observed in all treated groups. HBO preconditioning, solitary or with apocynin treatment decreased lipid peroxidation in plasma caused by AKI induction. Also, combined with apocynin, it increased catalase activity and solitary, glutathione reductase enzyme activity in erythrocytes. While AKI induction significantly increased plasma KIM– 1 levels, HBO preconditioning, solitary or with apocynin decreased its levels. Considering renal morphology, significant morphological alterations present after AKI induction were significantly improved in all treated groups with reduced tubular dilatation, tubular necrosis in the cortico-medullary zone and PAS positive cast formation. Our results reveal that NADPH oxidase inhibition and hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning, with or without NADPH oxidase inhibition may have beneficial effects, but their protective role should be evaluated in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjin Kovacevic
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- * E-mail: (SK); (JNO)
| | - Milan Ivanov
- Institute for Medical Research, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Miloradovic
- Institute for Medical Research, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Predrag Brkic
- Department of Medical Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Una Jovana Vajic
- Institute for Medical Research, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Zivotic
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Mihailovic-Stanojevic
- Institute for Medical Research, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Djurdjica Jovovic
- Institute for Medical Research, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Karanovic
- Institute for Medical Research, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Rada Jeremic
- Department of Medical Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Nesovic-Ostojic
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- * E-mail: (SK); (JNO)
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13
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Knock GA. NADPH oxidase in the vasculature: Expression, regulation and signalling pathways; role in normal cardiovascular physiology and its dysregulation in hypertension. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 145:385-427. [PMID: 31585207 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The last 20-25 years have seen an explosion of interest in the role of NADPH oxidase (NOX) in cardiovascular function and disease. In vascular smooth muscle and endothelium, NOX generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that act as second messengers, contributing to the control of normal vascular function. NOX activity is altered in response to a variety of stimuli, including G-protein coupled receptor agonists, growth-factors, perfusion pressure, flow and hypoxia. NOX-derived ROS are involved in smooth muscle constriction, endothelium-dependent relaxation and smooth muscle growth, proliferation and migration, thus contributing to the fine-tuning of blood flow, arterial wall thickness and vascular resistance. Through reversible oxidative modification of target proteins, ROS regulate the activity of protein tyrosine phosphatases, kinases, G proteins, ion channels, cytoskeletal proteins and transcription factors. There is now considerable, but somewhat contradictory evidence that NOX contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension through oxidative stress. Specific NOX isoforms have been implicated in endothelial dysfunction, hyper-contractility and vascular remodelling in various animal models of hypertension, pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary arterial hypertension, but also have potential protective effects, particularly NOX4. This review explores the multiplicity of NOX function in the healthy vasculature and the evidence for and against targeting NOX for antihypertensive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg A Knock
- Dpt. of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, UK.
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14
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Patik JC, Curtis BM, Nasirian A, Vranish JR, Fadel PJ, Brothers RM. Sex differences in the mechanisms mediating blunted cutaneous microvascular function in young black men and women. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H1063-H1071. [PMID: 30074835 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00142.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The black population exhibits attenuated vasodilatory function across their lifespan, yet little is known regarding the mechanisms of this impairment. Recent evidence suggests a potential role for oxidative stress. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that NADPH oxidase (NOX) and/or xanthine oxidase (XO) contribute to blunted nitric oxide (NO)-mediated cutaneous microvascular function in young black adults. In 30 white and black subjects (8 men and 7 women in each group), local heating was performed while NOX and XO were inhibited by apocynin and allopurinol, respectively, via intradermal microdialysis. The plateau in cutaneous vascular conductance (red blood cell flux/mean arterial pressure) during 39°C local heating at each site was compared with a control site perfused with lactated Ringer solution. Subsequent inhibition of NO synthase via Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester allowed for quantification of the NO contribution to vasodilation during heating. Black individuals, relative to white individuals, had a blunted cutaneous vascular conductance plateau at the control site (45 ± 9 vs. 68 ± 13%max, P < 0.001) that was increased by both apocynin (61 ± 15%max, P < 0.001) and allopurinol (58 ± 17%max, P = 0.005). Black men and black women had similar responses to heating at the control site ( P = 0.99), yet apocynin and allopurinol increased this response only in black men (both P < 0.001 vs. control). The NO contribution was also increased via apocynin and allopurinol exclusively in black men. These findings suggest that cutaneous microvascular function is reduced because of NOX and XO activity in black men but not black women, identifying a novel sex difference in the mechanisms that contribute to blunted vascular responses in the black population. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that cutaneous microvascular responses to local heating are consistently reduced in otherwise healthy young black men and women relative to their white counterparts. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase and xanthine oxidase via apocynin and allopurinol, respectively, augments microvascular function in black men but not black women. These data reveal clear sex differences in the mechanisms underlying the racial disparity in cutaneous microvascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan C Patik
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas
| | - Bryon M Curtis
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas
| | - Aida Nasirian
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas
| | - Jennifer R Vranish
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas
| | - Paul J Fadel
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas
| | - R Matthew Brothers
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas
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15
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Schröder K, Weissmann N, Brandes RP. Organizers and activators: Cytosolic Nox proteins impacting on vascular function. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 109:22-32. [PMID: 28336130 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases of the Nox family are important enzymatic sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cardiovascular system. Of the 7 members of the Nox family, at least three depend for their activation on specific cytosolic proteins. These are p47phox and its homologue NoxO1 and p67phox and its homologue NoxA1. Also the Rho-GTPase Rac is important but as this protein has many additional functions, it will not be covered here. The Nox1 enzyme is preferentially activated by the combination of NoxO1 with NoxA1, whereas Nox2 gains highest activity with p47phox together with p67phox. As p47phox, different to NoxO1 contains an auto inhibitory region it has to be phosphorylated prior to complex formation. In the cardio-vascular system, all cytosolic Nox proteins are expressed but the evidence for their contribution to ROS production is not well established. Most data have been collected for p47phox, whereas NoxA1 has basically not yet been studied. In this article the specific aspects of cytosolic Nox proteins in the cardiovascular system with respect to Nox activation, their expression and their importance will be reviewed. Finally, it will be discussed whether cytosolic Nox proteins are suitable pharmacological targets to tamper with vascular ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schröder
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary System, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ralf P Brandes
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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16
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Lubomirov LT, Papadopoulos S, Pütz S, Welter J, Klöckener T, Weckmüller K, Ardestani MA, Filipova D, Metzler D, Metzner H, Staszewski J, Zittrich S, Gagov H, Schroeter MM, Pfitzer G. Aging-related alterations in eNOS and nNOS responsiveness and smooth muscle reactivity of murine basilar arteries are modulated by apocynin and phosphorylation of myosin phosphatase targeting subunit-1. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:1014-1029. [PMID: 27193035 PMCID: PMC5363478 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16649402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aging causes major alterations of all components of the neurovascular unit and compromises brain blood supply. Here, we tested how aging affects vascular reactivity in basilar arteries from young (<10 weeks; y-BA), old (>22 months; o-BA) and old (>22 months) heterozygous MYPT1-T-696A/+ knock-in mice. In isometrically mounted o-BA, media thickness was increased by ∼10% while the passive length tension relations were not altered. Endothelial denudation or pan-NOS inhibition (100 µmol/L L-NAME) increased the basal tone by 11% in y-BA and 23% in o-BA, while inhibition of nNOS (1 µmol/L L-NPA) induced ∼10% increase in both ages. eNOS expression was ∼2-fold higher in o-BA. In o-BA, U46619-induced force was augmented (pEC50 ∼6.9 vs. pEC50 ∼6.5) while responsiveness to DEA-NONOate, electrical field stimulation or nicotine was decreased. Basal phosphorylation of MLC20-S19 and MYPT1-T-853 was higher in o-BA and was reversed by apocynin. Furthermore, permeabilized o-BA showed enhanced Ca2+-sensitivity. Old T-696A/+ BA displayed a reduced phosphorylation of MYPT1-T696 and MLC20, a lower basal tone in response to L-NAME and a reduced eNOS expression. The results indicate that the vascular hypercontractility found in o-BA is mediated by inhibition of MLCP and is partially compensated by an upregulation of endothelial NO release.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandra Pütz
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes Welter
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim Klöckener
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Dilyana Filipova
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Doris Metzler
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Harald Metzner
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, University of Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Zittrich
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Hristo Gagov
- Faculty of Biology, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Gabriele Pfitzer
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, University of Cologne, Germany
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Lu W, Kang J, Hu K, Tang S, Zhou X, Xu L, Li Y, Yu S. The role of the Nox4-derived ROS-mediated RhoA/Rho kinase pathway in rat hypertension induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia. Sleep Breath 2017; 21:667-677. [PMID: 28078487 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-016-1449-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, which is a risk factor for resistant hypertension, is characterized by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) and is associated with many cardiovascular diseases. CIH elicits systemic oxidative stress and sympathetic hyperactivity, which lead to hypertension. Rho kinases (ROCKs) are considered to be major effectors of the small GTPase RhoA and have been extensively studied in the cardiovascular field. Upregulation of the RhoA/ROCK signaling cascade is observed in various cardiovascular disorders, such as atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension, and stroke. However, the exact molecular function of RhoA/ROCK in CIH remains unclear and requires further study. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the role of the NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4)-induced ROS/RhoA/ROCK pathway in CIH-induced hypertension in rats. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to CIH for 21 days (intermittent hypoxia of 21% O2 for 60 s and 5% O2 for 30 s, cyclically repeated for 8 h/day). We randomly assigned 56 male rats to groups of normoxia (RA) or vertically implemented CIH together with vehicle (CIH-V), GKT137831 (CIH-G), N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) (CIH-N), or Y27632 (CIH-Y). The rats in the RA group were continuously exposed to room air, whereas the rats in the other groups were exposed to CIH. Systolic blood pressure (BP) was monitored at the beginning of each week. After the experiment, renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) was recorded, and serum and renal tissues were subjected to molecular biological and biochemical analyses. RESULTS Compared with the BP of RA rats, the BP of CIH-V rats started to increase 2 weeks after the beginning of the experiment, subsequently stabilizing at a high level at the end of the third week. CIH increased both RSNA and oxidative stress. This response was attenuated by treatment of the rats with GKT137831 or NAC. Inhibiting Nox4 activity or ROS production reduced RhoA/ROCK expression. Treatment with Y27632 reduced both BP and RSNA in rats exposed to CIH. CONCLUSION Hypertension can be induced by CIH in SD rats. The CIH-induced elevation of BP is at least partially mediated via the Nox4-induced ROS/RhoA/ROCK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Lu
- Division of Respiratory Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Jing Kang
- Division of Respiratory Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Ke Hu
- Division of Respiratory Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuhan, 430060, China.
| | - Si Tang
- Division of Respiratory Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xiufang Zhou
- Division of Respiratory Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Lifang Xu
- Division of Respiratory Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Division of Respiratory Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Shuhui Yu
- Division of Respiratory Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuhan, 430060, China
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Clemmer JS, Xiang L, Lu S, Mittwede PN, Hester RL. Hyperglycemia-Mediated Oxidative Stress Increases Pulmonary Vascular Permeability. Microcirculation 2016; 23:221-9. [PMID: 26749564 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus is associated with endothelial dysfunction as evidenced by increased oxidative stress and vascular permeability. Whether impaired glucose control in metabolic syndrome impacts pulmonary vascular permeability is unknown. We hypothesized that in metabolic syndrome, hyperglycemia increases lung vascular permeability through superoxide. METHODS Lung capillary Kf and vascular superoxide were measured in the isolated lungs of LZ and OZ rats. OZ were subjected to 4 weeks of metformin treatment (300 mg/kg/day orally) to improve insulin sensitivity. In a separate experiment, lung vascular permeability and vascular superoxide were measured in LZ exposed to acute hyperglycemia (30 mM). RESULTS As compared to LZ, OZ had impaired glucose and insulin tolerance and elevated vascular superoxide which was associated with an elevated lung Kf. Chronic metformin treatment in OZ improved glucose control and insulin sensitivity which was associated with decreased vascular oxidative stress and lung Kf. Acute hyperglycemia in isolated lungs from LZ increased lung Kf, which was blocked with the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase inhibitor, apocynin (3 mM). Apocynin also decreased baseline Kf in OZ. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that hyperglycemia in metabolic syndrome exacerbates lung vascular permeability through increases in vascular superoxide, possibly through NADPH oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Clemmer
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Lusha Xiang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Silu Lu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Peter N Mittwede
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Robert L Hester
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
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19
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Jha JC, Banal C, Chow BSM, Cooper ME, Jandeleit-Dahm K. Diabetes and Kidney Disease: Role of Oxidative Stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 25:657-684. [PMID: 26906673 PMCID: PMC5069735 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Intrarenal oxidative stress plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Enhanced oxidative stress results from overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the context of concomitant, insufficient antioxidant pathways. Renal ROS production in diabetes is predominantly mediated by various NADPH oxidases (NOXs), but a defective antioxidant system as well as mitochondrial dysfunction may also contribute. Recent Advances: Effective agents targeting the source of ROS generation hold the promise to rescue the kidney from oxidative damage and prevent subsequent progression of DKD. Critical Issues and Future Directions: In the present review, we summarize and critically analyze molecular and cellular mechanisms that have been demonstrated to be involved in NOX-induced renal injury in diabetes, with particular focus on the role of increased glomerular injury, the development of albuminuria, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis, as well as mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, novel agents targeting NOX isoforms are discussed. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 657-684.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay C Jha
- 1 Diabetic Complications Division, JDRF Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Claudine Banal
- 1 Diabetic Complications Division, JDRF Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bryna S M Chow
- 1 Diabetic Complications Division, JDRF Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark E Cooper
- 1 Diabetic Complications Division, JDRF Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne, Australia .,2 Department of Medicine, Monash University , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karin Jandeleit-Dahm
- 1 Diabetic Complications Division, JDRF Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne, Australia .,2 Department of Medicine, Monash University , Melbourne, Australia
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20
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Apocynin influence on oxidative stress and cardiac remodeling of spontaneously hypertensive rats with diabetes mellitus. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2016; 15:126. [PMID: 27585437 PMCID: PMC5009715 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-016-0442-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although increased oxidative stress is a major component of diabetic hypertensive cardiomyopathy, research into the effects of antioxidants on cardiac remodeling remains scarce. The actions of antioxidant apocynin include inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases and ROS scavenging. We evaluated the effects of apocynin on cardiac remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS Male SHR were divided into four groups: control (SHR, n = 16); SHR treated with apocynin (SHR-APO; 16 mg/kg/day, added to drinking water; n = 16); diabetic SHR (SHR-DM, n = 13); and SHR-DM treated with apocynin (SHR-DM-APO, n = 14), for eight weeks. DM was induced by streptozotocin (40 mg/kg, single dose). Statistical analyzes: ANOVA and Tukey or Mann-Whitney. RESULTS Echocardiogram in diabetic groups showed higher left ventricular and left atrium diameters indexed for body weight, and higher isovolumetric relaxation time than normoglycemic rats; systolic function did not differ between groups. Isolated papillary muscle showed impaired contractile and relaxation function in diabetic groups. Developed tension was lower in SHR-APO than SHR. Myocardial hydroxyproline concentration was higher in SHR-DM than SHR, interstitial collagen fraction was higher in SHR-DM-APO than SHR-APO, and type III collagen protein expression was lower in SHR-DM and SHR-DM-APO than their controls. Type I collagen and lysyl oxidase expression did not differ between groups. Apocynin did not change collagen tissue. Myocardial lipid hydroperoxide concentration was higher in SHR-DM than SHR and SHR-DM-APO. Glutathione peroxidase activity was lower and catalase higher in SHR-DM than SHR. Apocynin attenuated antioxidant enzyme activity changes in SHR-DM-APO. Advanced glycation end-products and NADPH oxidase activity did not differ between groups. CONCLUSION Apocynin reduces oxidative stress independently of NADPH oxidase activity and does not change ventricular or myocardial function in spontaneously hypertensive rats with diabetes mellitus. The apocynin-induced myocardial functional impairment in SHR shows that apocynin actions need to be clarified during sustained chronic pressure overload.
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Perassa LA, Graton ME, Potje SR, Troiano JA, Lima MS, Vale GT, Pereira AAF, Nakamune ACMS, Sumida DH, Tirapelli CR, Bendhack LM, Antoniali C. Apocynin reduces blood pressure and restores the proper function of vascular endothelium in SHR. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 87:38-48. [PMID: 27353052 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study has evaluated how the vascular endothelium of hypertensive rats chronically treated with apocynin affects acetylcholine (ACh), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), and phenylephrine (PE) action on the nitric oxide (NO) signal transduction pathway in endothelial (EC) and vascular smooth muscle cells. Treatment with apocynin significantly reduced the mean arterial pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). In addition, apocynin improved the impaired ACh hypotensive effect on SHR. Although systemic oxidative stress was high in SHR, SHR treated with apocynin and normotensive rats presented similar systemic oxidative stress levels. Endothelium significantly blunted PE contractions in intact aortas of treated SHR. The ACh effect was impaired in resistance arteries and aortas of SHR, but this same effect was improved in treated SHR. The SNP potency was higher in intact resistance arteries of treated SHR than in intact resistance arteries of untreated SHR. NO and calcium concentrations increased, whereas reactive oxygen species levels decreased in EC of treated SHR. Aortas of untreated and treated SHR did not differ in terms of sGC alpha or beta units expression. Aorta of treated SHR expressed higher eNOS levels as compared to aorta of untreated SHR. The study groups did not differ with respect to NOX1, NOXO1, or NOX4 expression. However, treatment with apocynin normalized overexpression of NOX2 and its subunit p47phox in aortas of SHR. Based on all the results presented in this study, we suggest apocynin increases NO biovailability by different mechanisms, restoring the proper function of vascular endothelium in SHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia A Perassa
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, SBFis, Brazil; Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Murilo E Graton
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, SBFis, Brazil; Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone R Potje
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, SBFis, Brazil; Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jéssica A Troiano
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, SBFis, Brazil; Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana S Lima
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel T Vale
- Department of Psychiatry Nursing and Human Sciences, College of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, USP - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ariana A F Pereira
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, SBFis, Brazil; Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Claúdia M S Nakamune
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, SBFis, Brazil; Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Doris H Sumida
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, SBFis, Brazil; Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Tirapelli
- Department of Psychiatry Nursing and Human Sciences, College of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, USP - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lusiane M Bendhack
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, USP - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Antoniali
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, SBFis, Brazil; Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Altenhöfer S, Radermacher KA, Kleikers PWM, Wingler K, Schmidt HHHW. Evolution of NADPH Oxidase Inhibitors: Selectivity and Mechanisms for Target Engagement. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:406-27. [PMID: 24383718 PMCID: PMC4543484 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Oxidative stress, an excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production versus consumption, may be involved in the pathogenesis of different diseases. The only known enzymes solely dedicated to ROS generation are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases with their catalytic subunits (NOX). After the clinical failure of most antioxidant trials, NOX inhibitors are the most promising therapeutic option for diseases associated with oxidative stress. RECENT ADVANCES Historical NADPH oxidase inhibitors, apocynin and diphenylene iodonium, are un-specific and not isoform selective. Novel NOX inhibitors stemming from rational drug discovery approaches, for example, GKT137831, ML171, and VAS2870, show improved specificity for NADPH oxidases and moderate NOX isoform selectivity. Along with NOX2 docking sequence (NOX2ds)-tat, a peptide-based inhibitor, the use of these novel small molecules in animal models has provided preliminary in vivo evidence for a pathophysiological role of specific NOX isoforms. CRITICAL ISSUES Here, we discuss whether novel NOX inhibitors enable reliable validation of NOX isoforms' pathological roles and whether this knowledge supports translation into pharmacological applications. Modern NOX inhibitors have increased the evidence for pathophysiological roles of NADPH oxidases. However, in comparison to knockout mouse models, NOX inhibitors have limited isoform selectivity. Thus, their use does not enable clear statements on the involvement of individual NOX isoforms in a given disease. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The development of isoform-selective NOX inhibitors and biologicals will enable reliable validation of specific NOX isoforms in disease models other than the mouse. Finally, GKT137831, the first NOX inhibitor in clinical development, is poised to provide proof of principle for the clinical potential of NOX inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Altenhöfer
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kim A Radermacher
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Pamela W M Kleikers
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kirstin Wingler
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Harald H H W Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Elnakish MT, Schultz EJ, Gearinger RL, Saad NS, Rastogi N, Ahmed AAE, Mohler PJ, Janssen PML. Differential involvement of various sources of reactive oxygen species in thyroxin-induced hemodynamic changes and contractile dysfunction of the heart and diaphragm muscles. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 83:252-61. [PMID: 25795514 PMCID: PMC4441845 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are key regulators of basal metabolic state and oxidative metabolism. Hyperthyroidism has been reported to cause significant alterations in hemodynamics, and in cardiac and diaphragm muscle functions, all of which have been linked to increased oxidative stress. However, the definite source of increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) in each of these phenotypes is still unknown. The goal of the current study was to test the hypothesis that thyroxin (T4) may produce distinct hemodynamic, cardiac, and diaphragm muscle abnormalities by differentially affecting various sources of ROS. Wild-type and T4 mice with and without 2-week treatments with allopurinol (xanthine oxidase inhibitor), apocynin (NADPH oxidase inhibitor), L-NIO (nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), or MitoTEMPO (mitochondria-targeted antioxidant) were studied. Blood pressure and echocardiography were noninvasively evaluated, followed by ex vivo assessments of isolated heart and diaphragm muscle functions. Treatment with L-NIO attenuated the T4-induced hypertension in mice. However, apocynin improved the left-ventricular (LV) dysfunction without preventing the cardiac hypertrophy in these mice. Both allopurinol and MitoTEMPO reduced the T4-induced fatigability of the diaphragm muscles. In conclusion, we show here for the first time that T4 exerts differential effects on various sources of ROS to induce distinct cardiovascular and skeletal muscle phenotypes. Additionally, we find that T4-induced LV dysfunction is independent of cardiac hypertrophy and NADPH oxidase is a key player in this process. Furthermore, we prove the significance of both xanthine oxidase and mitochondrial ROS pathways in T4-induced fatigability of diaphragm muscles. Finally, we confirm the importance of the nitric oxide pathway in T4-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad T Elnakish
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, and; Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eric J Schultz
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, and; Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Rachel L Gearinger
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, and; Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Nancy S Saad
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, and; Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Neha Rastogi
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, and; Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Amany A E Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Peter J Mohler
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, and; Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Paul M L Janssen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, and; Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Abstract
Despite the wealth of pre-clinical support for a role for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) in the aetiology of diabetic complications, enthusiasm for antioxidant therapeutic approaches has been dampened by less favourable outcomes in large clinical trials. This has necessitated a re-evaluation of pre-clinical evidence and a more rational approach to antioxidant therapy. The present review considers current evidence, from both pre-clinical and clinical studies, to address the benefits of antioxidant therapy. The main focus of the present review is on the effects of direct targeting of ROS-producing enzymes, the bolstering of antioxidant defences and mechanisms to improve nitric oxide availability. Current evidence suggests that a more nuanced approach to antioxidant therapy is more likely to yield positive reductions in end-organ injury, with considerations required for the types of ROS/RNS involved, the timing and dosage of antioxidant therapy, and the selective targeting of cell populations. This is likely to influence future strategies to lessen the burden of diabetic complications such as diabetes-associated atherosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy and diabetic retinopathy.
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Kong BWC, Vanhoutte PM, Man RYK, Leung SWS. 17β-estradiol potentiates endothelium-dependent nitric oxide- and hyperpolarization-mediated relaxations in blood vessels of male but not female apolipoprotein-E deficient mice. Vascul Pharmacol 2015; 71:166-73. [PMID: 25869512 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the influence of gender on the changes underlying endothelial dysfunction in hyperlipidemia during aging. Isometric tension in rings (with endothelium) of the aortae and superior mesenteric arteries from apolipoprotein-E deficient mice was determined in wire myographs. Nitric oxide (NO)- and endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization (EDH)-mediated relaxations were smaller in the aortae and mesenteric arteries of 32weeks old males than eight weeks old males. In females, NO- and EDH-mediated relaxations were impaired only at 84weeks of age. The levels of reactive oxygen species were elevated in the blood vessels of 32weeks old males, but not females. Acute in vitro treatment with 17β-estradiol and apocynin improved NO- and EDH-mediated relaxations in 32weeks old males but not in 84weeks old males. Relaxations to SKA-31, activator of intermediate (IKCa) and small (SKCa) conductance calcium-activated potassium channels, were attenuated in the mesenteric arteries of 32weeks old males. Such impairment was restored by acute treatment with apocynin. These findings suggest that male hyperlipidemic mice develop endothelial dysfunction at an earlier age than females. This endothelial dysfunction is associated with impaired NO bioavailability and reduced IKCa and SKCa activity. Apocynin and 17β-estradiol restore the endothelial function only in younger male animals but not in older male or female animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy W C Kong
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Paul M Vanhoutte
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ricky Y K Man
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Susan W S Leung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Manea A, Manea SA, Todirita A, Albulescu IC, Raicu M, Sasson S, Simionescu M. High-glucose-increased expression and activation of NADPH oxidase in human vascular smooth muscle cells is mediated by 4-hydroxynonenal-activated PPARα and PPARβ/δ. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 361:593-604. [PMID: 25722086 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
High glucose induces vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) dysfunction by generating oxidative stress attributable, in part, to the up-regulated NADPH oxidases (Nox). We have attempted to elucidate the high-glucose-generated molecular signals that mediate this effect and hypothesize that products of high-glucose-induced lipid peroxidation regulate Nox by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Human aortic SMCs were exposed to glucose (5.5-25 mM) or 4-hydroxynonenal (1-25 μM, 4-HNE). Lucigenin assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and promoter analyses were employed to investigate Nox. We found that high glucose generated an increase in Nox activity and expression. It also promoted oxidative stress that consequently induced lipid peroxidation, which resulted in the production of 4-HNE. Pharmacological inhibition of Nox activity significantly reduced the formation of high-glucose-induced 4-HNE. Exposure of SMCs to non-cytotoxic concentrations (1-10 μM) of 4-HNE alone mimicked the effect of high glucose incubation, whereas scavenging of 4-HNE by N-acetyl L-cysteine completely abolished both the effects of high glucose and 4-HNE. The latter exerted its effect by activating PPARα and PPARβ/δ, but not PPARγ, as assessed pharmacologically by the inhibitory effect of selective antagonists and following the silencing of the expression of these receptors. These new data indicate that 4-HNE, generated following Nox activation, functions as an endogenous activator of PPARα and PPARβ/δ. The newly discovered "lipid peroxidation products-PPARs-Nox axis" represents a novel mechanism of Nox regulation and an additional therapeutic target for oxidative stress in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Manea
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, 8 B.P. Hasdeu Street, 050568, Bucharest, Romania,
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Guarini G, Huqi A, Morrone D, Capozza P, Todiere G, Marzilli M. Pharmacological approaches to coronary microvascular dysfunction. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 144:283-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Brandes RP, Weissmann N, Schröder K. Nox family NADPH oxidases: Molecular mechanisms of activation. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 76:208-26. [PMID: 25157786 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases of the Nox family are important enzymatic sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Numerous homologue-specific mechanisms control the activity of this enzyme family involving calcium, free fatty acids, protein-protein interactions, intracellular trafficking, and posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation, acetylation, or sumoylation. After a brief review on the classic pathways of Nox activation, this article will focus on novel mechanisms of homologue-specific activity control and on cell-specific aspects which govern Nox activity. From these findings of the recent years it must be concluded that the activity control of Nox enzymes is much more complex than anticipated. Moreover, depending on the cellular activity state, Nox enzymes are selectively activated or inactivated. The complex upstream signaling aspects of these events make the development of "intelligent" Nox inhibitors plausible, which selectively attenuate disease-related Nox-mediated ROS formation without altering physiological signaling ROS. This approach might be of relevance for Nox-mediated tissue injury in ischemia-reperfusion and inflammation and also for chronic Nox overactivation as present in cancer initiation and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf P Brandes
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- ECCPS, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Member of the DZL, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katrin Schröder
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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Staiculescu MC, Ramirez-Perez FI, Castorena-Gonzalez JA, Hong Z, Sun Z, Meininger GA, Martinez-Lemus LA. Lysophosphatidic acid induces integrin activation in vascular smooth muscle and alters arteriolar myogenic vasoconstriction. Front Physiol 2014; 5:413. [PMID: 25400583 PMCID: PMC4215695 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) increased integrin adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, as well as the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are strongly stimulated by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). We hypothesized that LPA-induced generation of ROS increases integrin adhesion to the ECM. Using atomic force microscopy (AFM) we determined the effects of LPA on integrin adhesion to fibronectin (FN) in VSMC isolated from rat (Sprague-Dawley) skeletal muscle arterioles. In VSMC, exposure to LPA (2 μM) doubled integrin-FN adhesion compared to control cells (P < 0.05). LPA-induced integrin-FN adhesion was reduced by pre-incubation with antibodies against β1 and β3 integrins (50 μg/ml) by 66% (P < 0.05). Inhibition of LPA signaling via blockade of the LPA G-protein coupled receptors LPAR1 and LPAR3 with 10 μM Ki16425 reduced the LPA-enhanced adhesion of VSCM to FN by 40% (P < 0.05). Suppression of ROS with tempol (250 μM) or apocynin (300 μM) also reduced the LPA-induced FN adhesion by 47% (P < 0.05) and 59% (P < 0.05), respectively. Using confocal microscopy, we observed that blockade of LPA signaling, with Ki16425, reduced ROS by 45% (P < 0.05), to levels similar to control VSMC unexposed to LPA. In intact isolated arterioles, LPA (2 μM) exposure augmented the myogenic constriction response to step increases in intraluminal pressure (between 40 and 100 mm Hg) by 71% (P < 0.05). The blockade of LPA signaling, with Ki16425, decreased the LPA-enhanced myogenic constriction by 58% (P < 0.05). Similarly, blockade of LPA-induced ROS release with tempol or gp91 ds-tat decreased the LPA-enhanced myogenic constriction by 56% (P < 0.05) and 55% (P < 0.05), respectively. These results indicate that, in VSMC, LPA-induced integrin activation involves the G-protein coupled receptors LPAR1 and LPAR3, and the production of ROS, and that LPA may play an important role in the control of myogenic behavior in resistance vessels through ROS modulation of integrin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco I Ramirez-Perez
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA ; Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jorge A Castorena-Gonzalez
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA ; Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Zhongkui Hong
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Zhe Sun
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Gerald A Meininger
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA ; Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA ; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA ; Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA ; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA
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Ibuprofen protects ventilator-induced lung injury by downregulating Rho-kinase activity in rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:749097. [PMID: 25019086 PMCID: PMC4075182 DOI: 10.1155/2014/749097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background. Ventilator-induced lung injury-(VILI-) induced endothelial permeability is regulated through the Rho-dependent signaling pathway. Ibuprofen inhibits Rho activation in animal models of spinal-cord injury and Alzheimer's disease. The study aims to investigate ibuprofen effects on high tidal volume associated VILI. Methods. Twenty-eight adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to receive a ventilation strategy with three different interventions for 2 h: (1) a high-volume zero-positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) (HVZP) group; (2) an HVZP + ibuprofen 15 mg/kg group; and (3) an HVZP + ibuprofen 30 mg/kg group. A fourth group without ventilation served as the control group. Rho-kinase activity was determined by ratio of phosphorylated ezrin, radixin, and moesin (p-ERM), substrates of Rho-kinase, to total ERM. VILI was characterized by increased pulmonary protein leak, wet-to-dry weight ratio, cytokines level, and Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF-H1), RhoA activity, p-ERM/total ERM, and p-myosin light chain (MLC) protein expression. Results. Ibuprofen pretreatment significantly reduced the HVZP ventilation-induced increase in pulmonary protein leak, wet-to-dry weight ratio, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid interleukin-6 and RANTES levels, and lung GEF-H1, RhoA activity, p-ERM/total ERM, and p-MLC protein expression. Conclusion. Ibuprofen attenuated high tidal volume induced pulmonary endothelial hyperpermeability. This protective effect was associated with a reduced Rho-kinase activity.
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Abstract
Arterial hypertension is a major health problem, accounting for 12 % of the global death rate. A large proportion of patients treated for high blood pressure do not reach target blood pressure values. The question arises if new antihypertensive drugs could improve present hypertension treatment. Rho-kinases (ROCKs) are ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine kinases and involved in a variety of cell functions. They contribute to the pathogenesis of human and experimental hypertension. Pharmacological ROCK inhibition has been shown to effectively lower blood pressure in patients and experimental animals. Progress has been made towards the understanding on how non-selective ROCK inhibitors lower arterial pressure and efforts are currently undertaken to develop ROCK inhibitors to improve their specificity and isoenzyme selectivity. If introduction of ROCK inhibitors for the treatment of high blood pressure can significantly advance currently available options of antihypertensive pharmacotherapy awaits further experimental and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Grisk
- Department of Physiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswalder Str. 11c, 17495, Greifswald, Karlsburg, Germany,
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Wang T, Green LA, Gupta SK, Kim C, Wang L, Almodovar S, Flores SC, Prudovsky IA, Jolicoeur P, Liu Z, Clauss M. Transfer of intracellular HIV Nef to endothelium causes endothelial dysfunction. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91063. [PMID: 24608713 PMCID: PMC3946685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are emerging as a major cause of morbidity and death in the aging HIV-infected population. To address whether HIV-Nef, a viral protein produced in infected cells even when virus production is halted by ART, can lead to endothelial activation and dysfunction, we tested Nef protein transfer to and activity in endothelial cells. We demonstrated that Nef is essential for major endothelial cell activating effects of HIV-infected Jurkat cells when in direct contact with the endothelium. In addition, we found that Nef protein in endothelial cells is sufficient to cause apoptosis, ROS generation and release of monocyte attractant protein-1 (MCP-1). The Nef protein-dependent endothelial activating effects can be best explained by our observation that Nef protein rapidly transfers from either HIV-infected or Nef-transfected Jurkat cells to endothelial cells between these two cell types. These results are of in vivo relevance as we demonstrated that Nef protein induces GFP transfer from T cells to endothelium in CD4.Nef.GFP transgenic mice and Nef is present in chimeric SIV-infected macaques. Analyzing the signal transduction effects of Nef in endothelial cells, we found that Nef-induced apoptosis is mediated through ROS-dependent mechanisms, while MCP-1 production is NF-kB dependent. Together, these data indicate that inhibition of Nef-associated pathways may be promising new therapeutic targets for reducing the risk for cardiovascular disease in the HIV-infected population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology and Indiana Center for Vascular Biology & Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- R. L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Linden A. Green
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology and Indiana Center for Vascular Biology & Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- R. L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Samir K. Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Chul Kim
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology and Indiana Center for Vascular Biology & Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology and Indiana Center for Vascular Biology & Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- R. L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Sharilyn Almodovar
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Sciences & Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sonia C. Flores
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Sciences & Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Igor A. Prudovsky
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, United States of America
| | - Paul Jolicoeur
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ziyue Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Matthias Clauss
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology and Indiana Center for Vascular Biology & Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- R. L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the most important cause of disability in individuals under the age of 45 years and thus represents a significant social and economic burden. Evidence strongly suggests that oxidative stress is a cornerstone event leading to and propagating secondary injury mechanisms such as excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, autophagy, brain edema, and inflammation. TBI has defied conventional approaches to diagnosis and therapy development because of its heterogeneity and complexity. Therefore, it is necessary to explore alternative approaches to therapy development for TBI. The aim of this review is to present a therapeutic approach for TBI, taking into account the evidence supporting the role for oxidative stress in the pathophysiological processes of secondary brain injury. The role of agents such as mitochondria-targeted antioxidants (melatonin and new mitochondria-targeted antioxidants), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) inhibitors (antioxidant vitamins and apocynin), and other compounds having mainly antioxidant properties (hydrogen-rich saline, sulforaphane, U-83836E, omega-3, and polyphenols) is covered. The rationale for innovative antioxidant therapies based on current knowledge and particularly the most recent studies regarding this field is discussed. Particular considerations and translational potential of new TBI treatments are examined and a novel therapeutic proposal for TBI is presented.
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Kröller-Schön S, Steven S, Kossmann S, Scholz A, Daub S, Oelze M, Xia N, Hausding M, Mikhed Y, Zinßius E, Mader M, Stamm P, Treiber N, Scharffetter-Kochanek K, Li H, Schulz E, Wenzel P, Münzel T, Daiber A. Molecular mechanisms of the crosstalk between mitochondria and NADPH oxidase through reactive oxygen species-studies in white blood cells and in animal models. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:247-66. [PMID: 23845067 PMCID: PMC3887465 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Oxidative stress is involved in the development of cardiovascular disease. There is a growing body of evidence for a crosstalk between different enzymatic sources of oxidative stress. With the present study, we sought to determine the underlying crosstalk mechanisms, the role of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), and its link to endothelial dysfunction. RESULTS NADPH oxidase (Nox) activation (oxidative burst and translocation of cytosolic Nox subunits) was observed in response to mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) formation in human leukocytes. In vitro, mtROS-induced Nox activation was prevented by inhibitors of the mPTP, protein kinase C, tyrosine kinase cSrc, Nox itself, or an intracellular calcium chelator and was absent in leukocytes with p47phox deficiency (regulates Nox2) or with cyclophilin D deficiency (regulates mPTP). In contrast, the crosstalk in leukocytes was amplified by mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (type 2) (MnSOD(+/-)) deficiency. In vivo, increases in blood pressure, degree of endothelial dysfunction, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) dysregulation/uncoupling (e.g., eNOS S-glutathionylation) or Nox activity, p47phox phosphorylation in response to angiotensin-II (AT-II) in vivo treatment, or the aging process were more pronounced in MnSOD(+/-) mice as compared with untreated controls and improved by mPTP inhibition by cyclophilin D deficiency or sanglifehrin A therapy. INNOVATION These results provide new mechanistic insights into what extent mtROS trigger Nox activation in phagocytes and cardiovascular tissue, leading to endothelial dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that mtROS trigger the activation of phagocytic and cardiovascular NADPH oxidases, which may have fundamental implications for immune cell activation and development of AT-II-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swenja Kröller-Schön
- 2nd Medical Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Steven
- 2nd Medical Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine Kossmann
- 2nd Medical Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Center of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander Scholz
- 2nd Medical Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Steffen Daub
- 2nd Medical Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Oelze
- 2nd Medical Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ning Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Hausding
- 2nd Medical Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yuliya Mikhed
- 2nd Medical Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Elena Zinßius
- 2nd Medical Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Mader
- 2nd Medical Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Paul Stamm
- 2nd Medical Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicolai Treiber
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Huige Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eberhard Schulz
- 2nd Medical Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Philip Wenzel
- 2nd Medical Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Center of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- 2nd Medical Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Daiber
- 2nd Medical Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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Santos CXC, Nabeebaccus AA, Shah AM, Camargo LL, Filho SV, Lopes LR. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and Nox-mediated reactive oxygen species signaling in the peripheral vasculature: potential role in hypertension. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:121-34. [PMID: 23472786 PMCID: PMC3880927 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced during normal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) metabolism. There is accumulating evidence showing that under stress conditions such as ER stress, ROS production is increased via enzymes of the NADPH oxidase (Nox) family, especially via the Nox2 and Nox4 isoforms, which are involved in the regulation of blood pressure. Hypertension is a major contributor to cardiovascular and renal disease, and it has a complex pathophysiology involving the heart, kidney, brain, vessels, and immune system. ER stress activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathway that has prosurvival and proapoptotic components. RECENT ADVANCES Here, we summarize the evidence regarding the association of Nox enzymes and ER stress, and its potential contribution in the setting of hypertension, including the role of other conditions that can lead to hypertension (e.g., insulin resistance and diabetes). CRITICAL ISSUES A better understanding of this association is currently of great interest, as it will provide further insights into the cellular mechanisms that can drive the ER stress-induced adaptive versus maladaptive pathways linked to hypertension and other cardiovascular conditions. More needs to be learnt about the precise signaling regulation of Nox(es) and ER stress in the cardiovascular system. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The development of specific approaches that target individual Nox isoforms and the UPR signaling pathway may be important for the achievement of therapeutic efficacy in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celio X C Santos
- 1 Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence , London, United Kingdom
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Rehman AU, Dugic E, Benham C, Lione L, Mackenzie LS. Selective inhibition of NADPH oxidase reverses the over contraction of diabetic rat aorta. Redox Biol 2013; 2:61-4. [PMID: 25460721 PMCID: PMC4297944 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal vascular responsiveness in diabetes has been attributed to a number of changes in contractile pathways, affected in part by the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). It has been reported that NADPH oxidase (NOX) is increased in diabetic (streptozotocin treated; STZ) rat arteries; however the pharmacological agents used to inhibit NOX activity are known to be unsuitable for in vitro studies and have a high level of non-selectivity. Here we have used the highly selective NOX inhibitor VAS2870 in diabetic rat aorta and compared its effects with apocynin, SOD, and allopurinol on phenylephrine and U46619 induced contraction. Male Wistar rats were injected intraperitoneally with 65mg/kg STZ and development of diabetes was confirmed by testing blood glucose levels. Rats were killed by CO2 asphyxiation, and the thoracic aorta removed and mounted in an organ bath under a tension of 1g. Diabetic rat aortas exhibit a greatly increased response to phenylephrine, which was reduced to a level consistent with control rat aorta by 10(-5)M VAS2870 and 150U/ml SOD. Incubation with VAS2870 led to an increase in normal rat aorta contraction, but led to a significant reduction in phenylephrine and U46619 induced tone in diabetic rat aorta, which indicates that ROS in diabetic rats directly contributes to these contractile responses. Apocynin and allopurinol had no effect on contraction in diabetic or normal rat aorta. This data is the first to show that selective inhibition of NOX reduces diabetic arterial contraction in direct comparison with inhibition of other known contributors of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Ur Rehman
- Biosciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University Hertfordshire, College Lane AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Elma Dugic
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Chris Benham
- Biosciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University Hertfordshire, College Lane AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Lisa Lione
- Biosciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University Hertfordshire, College Lane AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Louise S Mackenzie
- Biosciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University Hertfordshire, College Lane AL10 9AB, UK.
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Hagiwara S, Jha JC, Cooper ME. Identifying and interpreting novel targets that address more than one diabetic complication: a strategy for optimal end organ protection in diabetes. Diabetol Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13340-013-0148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Nam SJ, Oh IS, Yoon YH, Kwon BI, Kang W, Kim HJ, Nahm SH, Choi YH, Lee SH, Racanelli V, Shin EC. Apocynin regulates cytokine production of CD8(+) T cells. Clin Exp Med 2013; 14:261-8. [PMID: 23700158 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-013-0241-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Apocynin is known to suppress the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by inhibiting NADPH oxidases, specifically phagocytic NADPH oxidase (PHOX or NOX2). Given the pro-inflammatory effects of ROS, apocynin has been studied extensively for its use as a therapeutic agent in various disease models. While the effects of apocynin on neutrophils and monocytes have been investigated, it remains to be elucidated whether apocynin modulates the effector function of T cells. In the present study, we examined the effect of apocynin on CD8(+) T cells and further investigated its mechanism of action. We found that apocynin directly inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-2 in anti-CD3/anti-CD28-stimulated CD8(+) T cells. The action of apocynin was upstream of the protein kinase C and calcium signaling in the T cell receptor signaling pathway because apocynin did not inhibit cytokine production in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate/ionomycin-stimulated CD8(+) T cells. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that apocynin attenuated anti-CD3/anti-CD28-induced NF-κB activation in CD8(+) T cells. In the experiments with NOX2-deficient mice, we demonstrated that apocynin inhibited TNF-α production of CD8(+) T cells in a NOX2-independent manner. Taken together, we demonstrated that apocynin, a well-known NOX2 inhibitor, suppressed the cytokine production of CD8(+) T cells. We also showed the NOX2-independent action of apocynin in the inhibition of TNF-α production in CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Joo Nam
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
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Radermacher KA, Wingler K, Langhauser F, Altenhöfer S, Kleikers P, Hermans JJR, Hrabě de Angelis M, Kleinschnitz C, Schmidt HHHW. Neuroprotection after stroke by targeting NOX4 as a source of oxidative stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:1418-27. [PMID: 22937798 PMCID: PMC3603500 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Stroke, a leading cause of death and disability, poses a substantial burden for patients, relatives, and our healthcare systems. Only one drug is approved for treating stroke, and more than 30 contraindications exclude its use in 90% of all patients. Thus, new treatments are urgently needed. In this review, we discuss oxidative stress as a pathomechanism of poststroke neurodegeneration and the inhibition of its source, type 4 nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX4), as a conceptual breakthrough in stroke therapy. RECENT ADVANCES Among potential sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the NOXes stand out as the only enzyme family that is solely dedicated to forming ROS. In rodents, three cerebrovascular NOXes exist: the superoxide-forming NOX1 and 2 and the hydrogen peroxide-forming NOX4. Studies using NOX1 knockout mice gave conflicting results, which overall do not point to a role for this isoform. Several reports find NOX2 to be relevant in stroke, albeit to variable and moderate degrees. In our hands, NOX4 is, by far, the major source of oxidative stress and neurodegeneration on ischemic stroke. CRITICAL ISSUES We critically discuss the tools that have been used to validate the roles of NOX in stroke. We also highlight the relevance of different animal models and the need for advanced quality control in preclinical stroke research. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The development of isoform-specific NOX inhibitors presents a precious tool for further clarifying the role and drugability of NOX homologues. This could pave the avenue for the first clinically effective neuroprotectant applied poststroke, and even beyond this, stroke could provide a proof of principle for antioxidative stress therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Radermacher
- Department of Pharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Petrônio MS, Zeraik ML, da Fonseca LM, Ximenes VF. Apocynin: chemical and biophysical properties of a NADPH oxidase inhibitor. Molecules 2013; 18:2821-39. [PMID: 23455672 PMCID: PMC6269682 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18032821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Apocynin is the most employed inhibitor of NADPH oxidase (NOX), a multienzymatic complex capable of catalyzing the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to the superoxide anion. Despite controversies about its selectivity, apocynin has been used as one of the most promising drugs in experimental models of inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we aimed to study the chemical and biophysical properties of apocynin. The oxidation potential was determined by cyclic voltammetry (Epa = 0.76V), the hydrophobicity index was calculated (logP = 0.83) and the molar absorption coefficient was determined (e275nm = 1.1 × 104 M-1 cm-1). Apocynin was a weak free radical scavenger (as measured using the DPPH, peroxyl radical and nitric oxide assays) when compared to protocatechuic acid, used here as a reference antioxidant. On the other hand, apocynin was more effective than protocatechuic acid as scavenger of the non-radical species hypochlorous acid. Apocynin reacted promptly with the non-radical reactive species H2O2 only in the presence of peroxidase. This finding is relevant, since it represents a new pathway for depleting H2O2 in cellular experimental models, besides the direct inhibition of NADPH oxidase. This could be relevant for its application as an inhibitor of NOX4, since this isoform produces H2O2 and not superoxide anion. The binding parameters calculated by fluorescence quenching showed that apocynin binds to human serum albumin (HSA) with a binding affinity of 2.19 × 104 M-1. The association did not alter the secondary and tertiary structure of HSA, as verified by synchronous fluorescence and circular dichroism. The displacement of fluorescent probes suggested that apocynin binds to site I and site II of HSA. Considering the current biomedical applications of this phytochemical, the dissemination of these chemical and biophysical properties can be very helpful for scientists and physicians interested in the use of apocynin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maicon S. Petrônio
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Unesp-Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP 14801-902, Brazil; E-Mails: ;
| | - Maria Luiza Zeraik
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Unesp-Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, 14800-900, Brazil; E-Mail:
| | - Luiz Marcos da Fonseca
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Unesp-Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP 14801-902, Brazil; E-Mails: ;
| | - Valdecir F. Ximenes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Unesp-Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP 14801-902, Brazil; E-Mails: ;
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Unesp-Univ Estadual Paulista, Bauru, SP 17033-360, Brazil
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The Rho kinase inhibitor SAR407899 potently inhibits endothelin-1-induced constriction of renal resistance arteries. J Hypertens 2012; 30:980-9. [PMID: 22388233 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e328351d459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Increased renal vascular resistance contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension. The new Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor SAR407899 more potently lowers arterial pressure than the commercially available ROCK inhibitor Y27623. We tested whether ROCK inhibition more effectively reduced agonist-induced vasoconstriction in renal than in nonrenal resistance arteries and if SAR407899 more potently inhibits agonist-induced vasoconstriction than Y27632. METHODS The effects of the ROCK inhibitors on endothelin-1 (ET-1) induced vasoconstriction were investigated in isolated renal and coronary arteries from lean, normotensive Dark Agouti and obese, type 2 diabetic Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats as well as in isolated human resistance arteries from the kidney and thymus. Vascular ROCK mRNA abundance was studied by real-time PCR (RT-PCR). RESULTS ET-1-induced constriction depended more on ROCK in rat and human renal resistance arteries than in rat coronary or human thymic arteries, respectively. SAR407899 was more effective than Y27632 in reducing ET-1-induced vasoconstriction in ZDF rat renal resistance arteries. Maximum ET-1-induced vasoconstriction in SAR407899-treated and Y27632-treated human renal resistance arteries was 23 ± 5 and 48 ± 6% of control values, respectively. Transcripts of both ROCK isoforms were detected in rat and human renal resistance arteries. In human thymic arteries, only the ROCK2 transcript was found. CONCLUSION ET-1-induced vasoconstriction is more ROCK-dependent in renal than in nonrenal resistance arteries. SAR407899 causes a greater inhibition of ET-1-induced vasoconstriction in renal resistance arteries from ZDF rats and patients than Y27632. The greater efficacy in renal vessels may contribute to the higher antihypertensive potency of SAR407899 compared with Y27632.
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Fazeli G, Stopper H, Schinzel R, Ni CW, Jo H, Schupp N. Angiotensin II induces DNA damage via AT1 receptor and NADPH oxidase isoform Nox4. Mutagenesis 2012; 27:673-81. [PMID: 22844079 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/ges033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies revealed increased renal cancer incidences and higher cancer mortalities in hypertensive individuals. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In vitro, in renal cells, and ex vivo, in the isolated perfused mouse kidney, we could show DNA-damaging potential of angiotensin II (Ang II). Here, the pathway involved in the genotoxicity of Ang II was investigated. In kidney cell lines with properties of proximal tubulus cells, an activation of NADPH oxidase and the production of ROS, resulting in the formation of DNA strand breaks and micronuclei induction, was observed. This DNA damage was mediated by the Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), together with the G protein G ( α-q/11 ) . Subsequently, phospholipase C (PLC) was activated and intracellular calcium increased. Both calcium stores of the endoplasmic reticulum and extracellular calcium were involved in the genotoxicity of Ang II. Downstream, a role for protein kinase C (PKC) could be detected, because its inhibition hindered Ang II from damaging the cells. Although PKC was activated, no involvement of its known target, the NADPH oxidase isoform containing the Nox2 subunit, could be found, as tested by small-interfering RNA down-regulation. Responsible for the DNA-damaging activity of Ang II was the NADPH oxidase isoform containing the Nox4 subunit. In summary, in kidney cells the DNA-damaging activity of Ang II depends on an AT1R-mediated activation of NADPH oxidase via PLC, PKC and calcium signalling, with the NADPH subunit Nox4 playing a crucial role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Fazeli
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
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Altenhöfer S, Kleikers PWM, Radermacher KA, Scheurer P, Rob Hermans JJ, Schiffers P, Ho H, Wingler K, Schmidt HHHW. The NOX toolbox: validating the role of NADPH oxidases in physiology and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:2327-43. [PMID: 22648375 PMCID: PMC3383958 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are cellular signals but also disease triggers; their relative excess (oxidative stress) or shortage (reductive stress) compared to reducing equivalents are potentially deleterious. This may explain why antioxidants fail to combat diseases that correlate with oxidative stress. Instead, targeting of disease-relevant enzymatic ROS sources that leaves physiological ROS signaling unaffected may be more beneficial. NADPH oxidases are the only known enzyme family with the sole function to produce ROS. Of the catalytic NADPH oxidase subunits (NOX), NOX4 is the most widely distributed isoform. We provide here a critical review of the currently available experimental tools to assess the role of NOX and especially NOX4, i.e. knock-out mice, siRNAs, antibodies, and pharmacological inhibitors. We then focus on the characterization of the small molecule NADPH oxidase inhibitor, VAS2870, in vitro and in vivo, its specificity, selectivity, and possible mechanism of action. Finally, we discuss the validation of NOX4 as a potential therapeutic target for indications including stroke, heart failure, and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Altenhöfer
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Vascular Drug Discovery Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pamela W. M. Kleikers
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Vascular Drug Discovery Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kim A. Radermacher
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Vascular Drug Discovery Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - J. J. Rob Hermans
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Vascular Drug Discovery Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Schiffers
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Vascular Drug Discovery Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Heidi Ho
- National Stroke Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Kirstin Wingler
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Vascular Drug Discovery Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Harald H. H. W. Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Vascular Drug Discovery Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
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The 1027th target candidate in stroke: Will NADPH oxidase hold up? EXPERIMENTAL & TRANSLATIONAL STROKE MEDICINE 2012; 4:11. [PMID: 22625431 PMCID: PMC3403875 DOI: 10.1186/2040-7378-4-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As recently reviewed, 1026 neuroprotective drug candidates in stroke research have all failed on their road towards validation and clinical translation, reasons being quality issues in preclinical research and publication bias. Quality control guidelines for preclinical stroke studies have now been established. However, sufficient understanding of the underlying mechanisms of neuronal death after stroke that could be possibly translated into new therapies is lacking. One exception is the hypothesis that cellular death is mediated by oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is defined as an excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from different possible enzymatic sources. Among these, NADPH oxidases (NOX1-5) stand out as they represent the only known enzyme family that has no other function than to produce ROS. Based on data from different NOX knockout mouse models in ischemic stroke, the most relevant isoform appears to be NOX4. Here we discuss the state-of-the-art of this target with respect to stroke and open questions that need to be addressed on the path towards clinical translation.
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Sun QA, Hess DT, Wang B, Miyagi M, Stamler JS. Off-target thiol alkylation by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor 3-benzyl-7-(2-benzoxazolyl)thio-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine (VAS2870). Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:1897-902. [PMID: 22406319 PMCID: PMC3354571 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Specific inhibitors of the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the NADPH oxidases (Nox's) are potentially important therapeutic agents in the wide range of human diseases that are characterized by excessive ROS production. It has been proposed that VAS2870 (3-benzyl-7-(2-benzoxazolyl)thio-1,2,3- triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine), identified as an inhibitor of Nox2 by small-molecule screening, may serve as an example of such an agent. Here we show that VAS2870 inhibits ROS production in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of mammalian skeletal muscle, previously identified with Nox4, and thereby abrogates O(2)-coupled redox regulation of the ryanodine receptor-Ca(2+) channel (RyR1). However, we also find that VAS2870 modifies directly identified cysteine thiols within RyR1. Mass spectrometric analysis of RyR1 exposed in situ to VAS2870 and of VAS2870-treated glutathione indicated that thiol modification is through alkylation by the benzyltriazolopyrimidine moiety of VAS2870. Thus, VAS2870 exerts significant off-target effects, and thiol alkylation by VAS2870 (and closely related Nox inhibitors) may in fact replicate some of the effects of ROS on cellular thiol redox status. In addition, we show that SR-localized Nox4 is inhibited by other thiol-alkylating agents, consistent with a causal role for cysteine modification in the inhibition of ROS production by VAS2870.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-An Sun
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Douglas T. Hess
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Benlian Wang
- Department of Opthalmology and Visual Science, Cleveland, OH
- Case Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Cleveland, OH
| | - Masaru Miyagi
- Case Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Jonathan S. Stamler
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Cleveland, OH
- University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Jonathan S. Stamler, M.D., Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Wolstein Research Building 5522, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland OH 44106, Phone: 216-368-5725, FAX: 216-368-2968,
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Wingler K, Hermans JJR, Schiffers P, Moens A, Paul M, Schmidt HHHW. NOX1, 2, 4, 5: counting out oxidative stress. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:866-83. [PMID: 21323893 PMCID: PMC3195911 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, oxidative stress has been discussed as a key mechanism of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. However, attempts to validate and exploit this hypothesis clinically by supplementing antioxidants have failed. Nevertheless, this does not disprove the oxidative stress hypothesis. As a certain degree of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation appears to be physiological and beneficial. To reduce oxidative stress therapeutically, two alternative approaches are being developed. One is the repair of key signalling components that are compromised by oxidative stress. These include uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase and oxidized/heme-free NO receptor soluble guanylate cyclase. A second approach is to identify and effectively inhibit the relevant source(s) of ROS in a given disease condition. A highly likely target in this context is the family of NADPH oxidases. Animal models, including NOX knockout mice and new pharmacological inhibitors of NADPH oxidases have opened up a new era of oxidative stress research and have paved the way for new cardiovascular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wingler
- Department of Pharmacology & Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
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Wedgwood S, Lakshminrusimha S, Farrow KN, Czech L, Gugino SF, Soares F, Russell JA, Steinhorn RH. Apocynin improves oxygenation and increases eNOS in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 302:L616-26. [PMID: 22198908 PMCID: PMC3311530 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00064.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase is a major source of superoxide anions in the pulmonary arteries (PA). We previously reported that intratracheal SOD improves oxygenation and restores endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) function in lambs with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN). In this study, we determined the effects of the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin on oxygenation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and NO signaling in PPHN lambs. PPHN was induced in lambs by antenatal ligation of the ductus arteriosus 9 days prior to delivery. Lambs were treated with vehicle or apocynin (3 mg/kg intratracheally) at birth and then ventilated with 100% O(2) for 24 h. A significant improvement in oxygenation was observed in apocynin-treated lambs after 24 h of ventilation. Contractility of isolated fifth-generation PA to norepinephrine was attenuated in apocynin-treated lambs. PA constrictions to NO synthase (NOS) inhibition with N-nitro-l-arginine were blunted in PPHN lambs; apocynin restored contractility to N-nitro-l-arginine, suggesting increased NOS activity. Intratracheal apocynin also enhanced PA relaxations to the eNOS activator A-23187 and to the NO donor S-nitrosyl-N-acetyl-penicillamine. Apocynin decreased the interaction between NADPH oxidase subunits p22(phox) and p47(phox) and decreased the expression of Nox2 and p22(phox) in ventilated PPHN lungs. These findings were associated with decreased superoxide and 3-nitrotyrosine levels in the PA of apocynin-treated PPHN lambs. eNOS protein expression, endothelial NO levels, and tetrahydrobiopterin-to-dihydrobiopterin ratios were significantly increased in PA from apocynin-treated lambs, although cGMP levels did not significantly increase and phosphodiesterase-5 activity did not significantly decrease. NADPH oxidase inhibition with apocynin may improve oxygenation, in part, by attenuating ROS-mediated vasoconstriction and by increasing NOS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Wedgwood
- Deparment of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Octavia Y, Brunner-La Rocca HP, Moens AL. NADPH oxidase-dependent oxidative stress in the failing heart: From pathogenic roles to therapeutic approach. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:291-7. [PMID: 22080085 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.10.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) occurs when the adaptation mechanisms of the heart fail to compensate for stress factors, such as pressure overload, myocardial infarction, inflammation, diabetes, and cardiotoxic drugs, with subsequent ventricular hypertrophy, fibrosis, myocardial dysfunction, and chamber dilatation. Oxidative stress, defined as an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and the capacity of antioxidant defense systems, has been authenticated as a pivotal player in the cardiopathogenesis of the various HF subtypes. The family of NADPH oxidases has been investigated as a key enzymatic source of ROS in the pathogenesis of HF. In this review, we discuss the importance of NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS generation in the various subtypes of HF and its implications. A better understanding of the pathogenic roles of NADPH oxidases in the failing heart is likely to provide novel therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanti Octavia
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Senejoux F, Girard-Thernier C, Berthelot A, Bévalot F, Demougeot C. New insights into the mechanisms of the vasorelaxant effects of apocynin in rat thoracic aorta. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2012; 27:262-70. [PMID: 22233502 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2011.01025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Apocynin is a naturally occurring acetophenone widely used as an inhibitor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. Recent data suggested that apocynin might exert NADPH oxidase-independent pharmacological properties. Among them, vasorelaxant properties have been described, but the mechanisms still give rise to debates. The present study investigated the mechanisms involved in the vasorelaxant effect of apocynin on the in vitro model of rat isolated thoracic aortic rings. Apocynin (30 μM to 10 mM) induced a dose-dependent relaxation in both endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded aortic rings with respective EC50 values of 0.78 ± 0.08 and 1.91 ± 0.21 mM. Endothelium removal or inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthase with N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME) significantly decreased but did not abolish the effect of apocynin. By contrast, apocynin-induced relaxation was unchanged after incubation with indomethacin or charybdotoxin plus apamin. In endothelium-denuded aortas, the vasorelaxant effect of apocynin was significantly reduced by glibenclamide but not by 4-aminopyridine nor by iberiotoxin. Apocynin significantly decreased Ca(2+)-induced contraction and inhibited intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization after contraction with phenylephrine. Finally, the acute intravenous injection of apocynin led to an immediate and transient hypotensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). In conclusion, our data demonstrated that apocynin induces both endothelium-independent relaxant effects involving inhibition of Ca(2+) mobilization and activation of KATP channels in vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelium-dependent effects mediated by NO. These results should provide a basis for caution when interpreting results on the vascular effects of apocynin.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Senejoux
- EA 3185 Fonctions et Dysfonctions Epithéliales, UFR des Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, 25030 Besançon, France
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Tain YL, Hsu CN, Huang LT, Lau YT. Apocynin attenuates oxidative stress and hypertension in young spontaneously hypertensive rats independent of ADMA/NO pathway. Free Radic Res 2011; 46:68-76. [PMID: 22070348 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2011.639069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Both NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) are increased in hypertension. Apocynin, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, could inhibit ROS, thus we tested whether apocynin can block NADPH oxidase and prevent increases of ADMA and blood pressure (BP) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). SHRs and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats, aged 4 weeks, were assigned to four groups: untreated SHRs and WKY rats, SHRs and WKY rats that received 2.5 mM apocynin for 8 weeks. BP was significantly higher in SHRs compared to WKY rats, which was attenuated by apocynin. Apocynin prevented p47phox translocation in SHR kidneys, but not the increase of superoxide and H(2)O(2). Additionally, apocynin did not protect SHRs against increased ADMA. Apocynin blocks NADPH oxidase to attenuate hypertension, but has little effect on the ADMA/nitric oxide (NO) pathway in young SHRs. The reduction of ROS and the preservation of NO simultaneously might be a better approach to restoring ROS-NO balance to prevent hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Lin Tain
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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