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Kreidieh F, McQuade J. Novel insights into cardiovascular toxicity of cancer targeted and immune therapies: Beyond ischemia with non-obstructive coronary arteries (INOCA). AMERICAN HEART JOURNAL PLUS : CARDIOLOGY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2024; 40:100374. [PMID: 38510501 PMCID: PMC10946000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahjo.2024.100374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Novel immune and targeted therapies approved over the past 2 decades have resulted in dramatic improvements in cancer-specific outcomes for many cancer patients. However, many of these agents can induce cardiovascular toxicity in a subset of patients. The field of cardio-oncology was established based on observations that anti-neoplastic chemotherapies and mantle radiation can lead to premature cardiomyopathy in cancer survivors. While conventional chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immune therapies can all result in cardiovascular adverse events, the mechanisms, timing, and incidence of these events are inherently different. Many of these effects converge upon the coronary microvasculature to involve, through endocardial endothelial cells, a more direct effect through close proximity to cardiomyocyte with cellular communication and signaling pathways. In this review, we will provide an overview of emerging paradigms in the field of Cardio-Oncology, particularly the role of the coronary microvasculature in mediating cardiovascular toxicity of important cancer targeted and immune therapies. As the number of cancer patients treated with novel immune and targeted therapies grows exponentially and subsequently the number of long-term cancer survivors dramatically increases, it is critical that cardiologists and cardiology researchers recognize the unique potential cardiovascular toxicities of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Kreidieh
- Instructor of Clinical Medicine- Division of Hematology-Oncology; Associate Director- Internal Medicine Residency Program, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jennifer McQuade
- Associate Professor and Physician Scientist in Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
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2
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Pandey S, Kalaria A, Jhaveri KD, Herrmann SM, Kim AS. Management of hypertension in patients with cancer: challenges and considerations. Clin Kidney J 2023; 16:2336-2348. [PMID: 38046043 PMCID: PMC10689173 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfad195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The survival rates of many cancers have significantly improved due to recent advancements in cancer screening and therapeutics. Although better cancer outcomes are encouraging, additional health challenges have surfaced, the utmost of which is the burden imposed by various cardiovascular and renal toxicities of anticancer therapies. To improve the overall outcome of patients with cancer, it is essential to understand and manage these treatment-related adverse effects. The cardiovascular side effects of antineoplastic therapies are well-known and include left ventricular dysfunction, heart failure, myocardial ischaemia, QT prolongation, arrhythmia and hypertension. Among these, hypertension is the most common complication, prevalent in about 40% of all cancer patients, yet frequently overlooked and undertreated. This review explores the intricate connection between cancer and hypertension and provides distinct approaches to diagnosing, monitoring and managing hypertension in patients with cancer. We also outline the challenges and considerations that are relevant to the care of patients receiving anticancer drugs with prohypertensive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhi Pandey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Calhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Amar Kalaria
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Kenar D Jhaveri
- Division of Kidney Diseases and Hypertension, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Great Neck, NY, USA
| | - Sandra M Herrmann
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Agnes S Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Calhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
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Cignarella A, Boscaro C, Albiero M, Bolego C, Barton M. Post-Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation of Estrogen Signaling. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2023; 386:288-297. [PMID: 37391222 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational and epigenetic regulation are important mechanisms controlling functions of genes and proteins. Although the "classic" estrogen receptors (ERs) have been acknowledged to function in mediating estrogen effects via transcriptional mechanisms, estrogenic agents modulate the turnover of several proteins via post-transcriptional and post-translational pathways including epigenetics. For instance, the metabolic and angiogenic action of G-protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) in vascular endothelial cells has been recently elucidated. By interacting with GPER, 17β-estradiol and the GPER agonist G1 enhance endothelial stability of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) and capillary tube formation by increasing ubiquitin-specific peptidase 19 levels, thereby reducing PFKFB3 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. In addition to ligands, the functional expression and trafficking of ERs can be modulated by post-translational modification, including palmitoylation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), the most abundant form of endogenous small RNAs in humans, regulate multiple target genes and are at the center of the multi-target regulatory network. This review also discusses the emerging evidence of how miRNAs affect glycolytic metabolism in cancer, as well as their regulation by estrogens. Restoring dysregulated miRNA expression represents a promising strategy to counteract the progression of cancer and other disease conditions. Accordingly, estrogen post-transcriptional regulatory and epigenetic mechanisms represent novel targets for pharmacological and nonpharmacological intervention for the treatment and prevention of hormone-sensitive noncommunicable diseases, including estrogen-sensitive cancers of the reproductive system in women. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The effects of estrogen are mediated by several mechanisms that are not limited to the transcriptional regulation of target genes. Slowing down the turnover of master regulators of metabolism by estrogens allows cells to rapidly adapt to environmental cues. Identification of estrogen-targeted microRNAs may lead to the development of novel RNA therapeutics that disrupt pathological angiogenesis in estrogen-dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cignarella
- Departments of Medicine (A.C., Ca.B., M.A.) and Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences (Ch.B.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; and Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zürich and Andreas Grüntzig Foundation, Zürich, Switzerland (M.B.)
| | - Carlotta Boscaro
- Departments of Medicine (A.C., Ca.B., M.A.) and Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences (Ch.B.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; and Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zürich and Andreas Grüntzig Foundation, Zürich, Switzerland (M.B.)
| | - Mattia Albiero
- Departments of Medicine (A.C., Ca.B., M.A.) and Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences (Ch.B.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; and Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zürich and Andreas Grüntzig Foundation, Zürich, Switzerland (M.B.)
| | - Chiara Bolego
- Departments of Medicine (A.C., Ca.B., M.A.) and Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences (Ch.B.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; and Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zürich and Andreas Grüntzig Foundation, Zürich, Switzerland (M.B.)
| | - Matthias Barton
- Departments of Medicine (A.C., Ca.B., M.A.) and Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences (Ch.B.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; and Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zürich and Andreas Grüntzig Foundation, Zürich, Switzerland (M.B.)
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4
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Dabour MS, Abdelgawad IY, Grant MKO, El-Sawaf ES, Zordoky BN. Canagliflozin mitigates carfilzomib-induced endothelial apoptosis via an AMPK-dependent pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114907. [PMID: 37247463 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Carfilzomib (CFZ) is a proteasome inhibitor approved for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (MM) but its clinical use is limited by cardiovascular toxicity. The mechanisms of CFZ-induced cardiovascular toxicity are not fully understood but endothelial dysfunction may be a common denominator. Here, we first characterized the direct toxic effects of CFZ on endothelial cells (HUVECs and EA.hy926 cells) and tested whether SGLT2 inhibitors, known to have cardioprotective effects, can protect against CFZ-induced toxicity. To determine the chemotherapeutic effect of CFZ in the presence of SGLT2 inhibitors, MM and lymphoma cells were treated with CFZ with or without canagliflozin. CFZ decreased cell viability and induced apoptotic cell death in endothelial cells in a concentration-dependent manner. CFZ also upregulated ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 and downregulated VEGFR-2. These effects were associated with the activation of Akt and MAPK pathways, inhibition of p70s6k, and downregulation of AMPK. Canagliflozin, but not empagliflozin or dapagliflozin, protected endothelial cells from CFZ-induced apoptosis. Mechanistically, canagliflozin abrogated CFZ-induced JNK activation and AMPK inhibition. AICAR (an AMPK activator) protected from CFZ-induced apoptosis, and compound C (an AMPK inhibitor) abrogated the protective effect of canagliflozin, strongly suggesting that AMPK mediates these effects. Canagliflozin did not interfere with the anticancer effect of CFZ in cancer cells. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate for the first time the direct toxic effects of CFZ in endothelial cells and the associated signaling changes. Canagliflozin abrogated the apoptotic effects of CFZ in endothelial cells in an AMPK-dependent mechanism, without interfering with its cytotoxicity in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Dabour
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, 31111 Tanta, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Y Abdelgawad
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Marianne K O Grant
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Engie S El-Sawaf
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Beshay N Zordoky
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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You S, Xu J, Yin Z, Wu B, Wang P, Hao M, Cheng C, Liu M, Zhao Y, Jia P, Jiang H, Li D, Cao L, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Zhang N. Down-regulation of WWP2 aggravates Type 2 diabetes mellitus-induced vascular endothelial injury through modulating ubiquitination and degradation of DDX3X. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2023; 22:107. [PMID: 37149668 PMCID: PMC10164326 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-023-01818-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial injury caused by Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is considered as a mainstay in the pathophysiology of diabetic vascular complications (DVCs). However, the molecular mechanism of T2DM-induced endothelial injury remains largely unknown. Here, we found that endothelial WW domain-containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 (WWP2) act as a novel regulator for T2DM-induced vascular endothelial injury through modulating ubiquitination and degradation of DEAD-box helicase 3 X-linked (DDX3X). METHODS Single-cell transcriptome analysis was used to evaluate WWP2 expression in vascular endothelial cells of T2DM patients and healthy controls. Endothelial-specific Wwp2 knockout mice were used to investigate the effect of WWP2 on T2DM-induced vascular endothelial injury. In vitro loss- and gain-of-function studies were performed to assess the function of WWP2 on cell proliferation and apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The substrate protein of WWP2 was verified using mass spectrometry, coimmunoprecipitation assays and immunofluorescence assays. The mechanism of WWP2 regulation on substrate protein was investigated by pulse-chase assay and ubiquitination assay. RESULTS The expression of WWP2 was significantly down-regulated in vascular endothelial cells during T2DM. Endothelial-specific Wwp2 knockout in mice significantly aggravated T2DM-induced vascular endothelial injury and vascular remodeling after endothelial injury. Our in vitro experiments showed that WWP2 protected against endothelial injury by promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis in ECs. Mechanically, we found that WWP2 is down-regulated in high glucose and palmitic acid (HG/PA)-induced ECs due to c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, and uncovered that WWP2 suppresses HG/PA-induced endothelial injury by catalyzing K63-linked polyubiquitination of DDX3X and targeting it for proteasomal degradation. CONCLUSION Our studies revealed the key role of endothelial WWP2 and the fundamental importance of the JNK-WWP2-DDX3X regulatory axis in T2DM-induced vascular endothelial injury, suggesting that WWP2 may serve as a new therapeutic target for DVCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilong You
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeyu Yin
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Boquan Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengbo Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjun Hao
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengke Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanhui Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengyu Jia
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongkun Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Da Li
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive and Genetic Medicine (China Medical University), National Health Commission, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Liu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
- Institute of School of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of School of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yingxian Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Naijin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive and Genetic Medicine (China Medical University), National Health Commission, Shenyang, 110004, China.
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Moscvin M, Liacos CI, Chen T, Theodorakakou F, Fotiou D, Hossain S, Rowell S, Leblebjian H, Regan E, Czarnecki P, Bagnoli F, Bolli N, Richardson P, Rennke HG, Dimopoulos MA, Kastritis E, Bianchi G. Mutations in the alternative complement pathway in multiple myeloma patients with carfilzomib-induced thrombotic microangiopathy. Blood Cancer J 2023; 13:31. [PMID: 36849497 PMCID: PMC9971259 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-023-00802-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) has been reported to occur in multiple myeloma (MM) patients in association with treatment with carfilzomib, an irreversible proteasome inhibitor (PI). The hallmark of TMA is vascular endothelial damage leading to microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, platelet consumption, fibrin deposition and small-vessel thrombosis with resultant tissue ischemia. The molecular mechanisms underlying carfilzomib-associated TMA are not known. Germline mutations in the complement alternative pathway have been recently shown to portend increased risk for the development of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) and TMA in the setting of allogeneic stem cell transplant in pediatric patients. We hypothesized that germline mutations in the complement alternative pathway may similarly predispose MM patients to carfilzomib-associated TMA. We identified 10 MM patients with a clinical diagnosis of TMA in the context of carfilzomib treatment and assessed for the presence of germline mutations in the complement alternative pathway. Ten, matched MM patients exposed to carfilzomib but without clinical TMA were used as negative controls. We identified a frequency of deletions in the complement Factor H genes 3 and 1 (delCFHR3-CFHR1) and genes 1 and 4 (delCFHR1-CFHR4) in MM patients with carfilzomib-associated TMA that was higher as compared to the general population and matched controls. Our data suggest that complement alternative pathway dysregulation may confer susceptibility to vascular endothelial injury in MM patients and predispose to development of carfilzomib-associated TMA. Larger, retrospective studies are needed to evaluate whether screening for complement mutations may be indicated to properly counsel patients about TMA risk with carfilzomib use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Moscvin
- Amyloidosis Program, Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanford Health Care, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christine Ivy Liacos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Tianzeng Chen
- Amyloidosis Program, Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Foteini Theodorakakou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Despina Fotiou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Shahrier Hossain
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sean Rowell
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Houry Leblebjian
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eileen Regan
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Czarnecki
- Renal Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Filippo Bagnoli
- Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Hematology Division, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Grande Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Niccolo' Bolli
- Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Hematology Division, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Grande Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Paul Richardson
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Helmut G Rennke
- Amyloidosis Program, Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meletios A Dimopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathios Kastritis
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Giada Bianchi
- Amyloidosis Program, Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Xie Y, Gao R, Gao Y, Dong Z, Ge J. 11S Proteasome Activator REGγ Promotes Aortic Dissection by Inhibiting RBM3 (RNA Binding Motif Protein 3) Pathway. Hypertension 2023; 80:125-137. [PMID: 36330811 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.19618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aortic dissection (AD) is a life-threatening cardiovascular disorder with high mortality and lacking underlying mechanisms or effective treatments. REGγ, the 11S proteasome activator known to promote the degradation of cellular proteins in a ubiquitin- and ATP-independent manner, emerges as a new regulator in the cardiovascular system. METHODS Using β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN)-subjected REGγ knockout AD mice and Ang II (angiotensin II)-treated REGγ deficiency vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) to explore the effect of REGγ in AD progression. RESULTS REGγ was upregulated in mouse aorta of β-aminopropionitrile-induced AD model in vivo and Ang II-treated VSMCs in vitro. REGγ deficiency ameliorated AD progression in β-aminopropionitrile-induced mice by protecting against the switch in VSMCs from contractile to synthetic phenotype through suppressing RBM3 (RNA-binding motif protein 3) decay. Mechanically, REGγ interacted with and degraded the RNA-binding protein RBM3 directly, leading to decreased mRNA stability, lowered expression and transcriptional activity of transcription factor SRF (serum response factor), subsequently reduced transcription of VSMCs-specific contractile genes, α-SMA (alpha-smooth muscle actin) and SM22α (smooth muscle 22 alpha), caused the switch in VSMCs from contractile to synthetic phenotype and associated AD progression. Ablation of endogenous SRF or RBM3, or overexpressing exogenous RBM3 in VSMCs significantly blocked or reestablished the REGγ-dependent action on VSMCs phenotypic switch of Ang II stimulation in vitro. Furthermore, exogenously introducing RBM3 improved the switch in VSMCs from contractile to synthetic phenotype and associated AD features caused by REGγ in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that REGγ promoted the switch in VSMCs from contractile to synthetic phenotype and AD progression by inhibiting RBM3-SRF pathway, indicated that modulating REGγ-proteasome activity may be a potential therapeutic approach for AD-associated cardiovascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Y.X., R.G., Y.G., Z.D., J.G.).,Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases' Shanghai' China (Y.X., R.G., Y.G., Z.D., J.G.).,Institutes of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Y.X., J.G.)
| | - Rifeng Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Y.X., R.G., Y.G., Z.D., J.G.).,Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases' Shanghai' China (Y.X., R.G., Y.G., Z.D., J.G.)
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Y.X., R.G., Y.G., Z.D., J.G.).,Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases' Shanghai' China (Y.X., R.G., Y.G., Z.D., J.G.)
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Y.X., R.G., Y.G., Z.D., J.G.).,Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases' Shanghai' China (Y.X., R.G., Y.G., Z.D., J.G.)
| | - Junbo Ge
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Y.X., R.G., Y.G., Z.D., J.G.).,Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases' Shanghai' China (Y.X., R.G., Y.G., Z.D., J.G.).,Institutes of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Y.X., J.G.)
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8
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Park S, Ma Z, Zarkada G, Papangeli I, Paluri S, Nazo N, Rivera‐Molina F, Toomre D, Rajagopal S, Chun HJ. Endothelial β-arrestins regulate mechanotransduction by the type II bone morphogenetic protein receptor in primary cilia. Pulm Circ 2022; 12:e12167. [PMID: 36532314 PMCID: PMC9751664 DOI: 10.1002/pul2.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of endothelial cell behavior and phenotype by hemodynamic forces involves many signaling components, including cell surface receptors, intracellular signaling intermediaries, transcription factors, and epigenetic elements. Many of the signaling mechanisms that underlie mechanotransduction by endothelial cells are inadequately defined. Here we sought to better understand how β-arrestins, intracellular proteins that regulate agonist-mediated desensitization and integration of signaling by transmembrane receptors, may be involved in the endothelial cell response to shear stress. We performed both in vitro studies with primary endothelial cells subjected to β-arrestin knockdown, and in vivo studies using mice with endothelial specific deletion of β-arrestin 1 and β-arrestin 2. We found that β-arrestins are localized to primary cilia in endothelial cells, which are present in subpopulations of endothelial cells in relatively low shear states. Recruitment of β-arrestins to cilia involved its interaction with IFT81, a component of the flagellar transport protein complex in the cilia. β-arrestin knockdown led to marked reduction in shear stress response, including induction of NOS3 expression. Within the cilia, β-arrestins were found to associate with the type II bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR-II), whose disruption similarly led to an impaired endothelial shear response. β-arrestins also regulated Smad transcription factor phosphorylation by BMPR-II. Mice with endothelial specific deletion of β-arrestin 1 and β-arrestin 2 were found to have impaired retinal angiogenesis. In conclusion, we have identified a novel role for endothelial β-arrestins as key transducers of ciliary mechanotransduction that play a central role in shear signaling by BMPR-II and contribute to vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saejeong Park
- Department of Internal MedicineSection of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- Department of MedicineDivision of Cardiology, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Georgia Zarkada
- Department of Internal MedicineSection of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Irinna Papangeli
- Department of Internal MedicineSection of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Sarin Paluri
- Chicago College of Osteopathic MedicineMidwestern UniversityDowners GroveIllinoisUSA
| | - Nour Nazo
- Department of MedicineDivision of Cardiology, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Felix Rivera‐Molina
- Department of Cell BiologyYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Derek Toomre
- Department of Cell BiologyYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of MedicineDivision of Cardiology, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Hyung J. Chun
- Department of Internal MedicineSection of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
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Pandey AK, Waldeck-Weiermair M, Wells QS, Xiao W, Yadav S, Eroglu E, Michel T, Loscalzo J. Expression of CD70 Modulates NO and Redox Status in Endothelial Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022; 42:1169-1185. [PMID: 35924558 PMCID: PMC9394499 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.317866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial dysfunction is a critical component in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases and is closely associated with NO levels and oxidative stress. Here, we report on novel findings linking endothelial expression of CD70 with alterations in NO and reactive oxygen species. METHODS CD70 expression was genetically manipulated in human aortic and pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Intracellular NO and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were measured using genetically encoded biosensors, and cellular phenotypes were assessed. RESULTS An unbiased phenome-wide association study demonstrated that polymorphisms in CD70 associate with vascular phenotypes. Endothelial cells treated with CD70-directed short-interfering RNA demonstrated impaired wound closure, decreased agonist-stimulated NO levels, and reduced eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) protein. This was accompanied by reduced NO bioactivity, increased 3-nitrotyrosine levels, and a decrease in the eNOS binding partner heat shock protein 90. Following treatment with the thioredoxin inhibitor auranofin or with agonist histamine, intracellular H2O2 levels increased up to 80% in the cytosol, plasmalemmal caveolae, and mitochondria. There was increased expression of NADPH oxidase 1 complex and gp91phox; expression of copper/zinc and manganese superoxide dismutases was also elevated. CD70 knockdown reduced levels of the H2O2 scavenger catalase; by contrast, glutathione peroxidase 1 expression and activity were increased. CD70 overexpression enhanced endothelial wound closure, increased NO levels, and attenuated the reduction in eNOS mRNA induced by TNFα. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data establish CD70 as a novel regulatory protein in endothelial NO and reactive oxygen species homeostasis, with implications for human vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind K Pandey
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.K.P., M.W.-W., W.X., S.Y., T.M., J.L.)
| | - Markus Waldeck-Weiermair
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.K.P., M.W.-W., W.X., S.Y., T.M., J.L.)
| | - Quinn S Wells
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (Q.S.W.)
| | - Wusheng Xiao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.K.P., M.W.-W., W.X., S.Y., T.M., J.L.)
| | - Shambhu Yadav
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.K.P., M.W.-W., W.X., S.Y., T.M., J.L.)
| | - Emrah Eroglu
- Faculty for Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey (E.E.)
| | - Thomas Michel
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.K.P., M.W.-W., W.X., S.Y., T.M., J.L.)
| | - Joseph Loscalzo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.K.P., M.W.-W., W.X., S.Y., T.M., J.L.)
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10
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The proteasome activator REGγ promotes diabetic endothelial impairment by inhibiting HMGA2-GLUT1 pathway. Transl Res 2022; 246:33-48. [PMID: 35367424 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic vascular endothelial impairment is one of the main causes of death in patients with diabetes lacking adequately defined mechanisms or effective treatments. REGγ, the 11S proteasome activator known to promote the degradation of cellular proteins in a ubiquitin- and ATP-independent manner, emerges as a new regulator in the cardiovascular system. Here, we found that REGγ was upregulated in streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse aortic endothelium in vivo and high glucose (HG)-treated vascular endothelial cells (ECs) in vitro. REGγ deficiency ameliorated endothelial impairment in STZ-induced diabetic mice by protecting against a decline in cellular glucose uptake and associated vascular ECs dysfunction by suppressing high mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) decay. Mechanically, REGγ interacted with and degraded the transcription factor HMGA2 directly, leading to decreased HMGA2 transcriptional activity, subsequently lowered expression of glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT1), and reduced cellular glucose uptake, vascular endothelial dysfunction, and impaired diabetic endothelium. Ablation of endogenous GLUT1 or HMGA2 or overexpressing exogenous HMGA2 in vascular ECs significantly blocked or reestablished the REGγ-dependent action on cellular glucose uptake and vascular endothelial functions of HG stimulation in vitro. Furthermore, exogenously introducing HMGA2 improved diabetic mice endothelial impairment features caused by REGγ in vivo, thereby substantiating a REGγ-HMGA2-GLUT1 pathway in diabetic endothelial impairment. Our findings indicate that modulating REGγ-proteasome activity may be a potential therapeutic approach for diabetic disorders with endothelial impairment.
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11
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Proteostasis Response to Protein Misfolding in Controlled Hypertension. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101686. [PMID: 35626723 PMCID: PMC9139827 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is the most determinant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Early intervention and future therapies targeting hypertension mechanisms may improve the quality of life and clinical outcomes. Hypertension has a complex multifactorial aetiology and was recently associated with protein homeostasis (proteostasis). This work aimed to characterize proteostasis in easy-to-access plasma samples from 40 individuals, 20 with controlled hypertension and 20 age- and gender-matched normotensive individuals. Proteostasis was evaluated by quantifying the levels of protein aggregates through different techniques, including fluorescent probes, slot blot immunoassays and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). No significant between-group differences were observed in the absolute levels of various protein aggregates (Proteostat or Thioflavin T-stained aggregates; prefibrillar oligomers and fibrils) or total levels of proteostasis-related proteins (Ubiquitin and Clusterin). However, significant positive associations between Endothelin 1 and protein aggregation or proteostasis biomarkers (such as fibrils and ubiquitin) were only observed in the hypertension group. The same is true for the association between the proteins involved in quality control and protein aggregates. These results suggest that proteostasis mechanisms are actively engaged in hypertension as a coping mechanism to counteract its pathological effects in proteome stability, even when individuals are chronically medicated and presenting controlled blood pressure levels.
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12
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Zhu X, Wu S. Risks and management of hypertension in cancer patients undergoing targeted therapy: a review. Clin Hypertens 2022; 28:14. [PMID: 35568958 PMCID: PMC9107678 DOI: 10.1186/s40885-022-00197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rapid progress over the last decade has added numerous agents targeting specific cellular signaling pathways to the treatment armamentarium for advanced cancer. However, many of these agents can cause hypertension resulting in major adverse cardiovascular event. Methods and results A systematic literature search was performed on the databases PubMed and Google Scholar for papers published in English until December 2020. This review summarizes the risk, mechanism, diagnosis, and management of hypertension in cancer patients undergoing targeted therapy. The risk and pathogenesis of hypertension vary widely with different classes of targeted agents. Currently there is a paucity of data investigating optimal management of hypertension with targeted therapy. A practical approach is discussed with a focus on the goal of blood pressure control as well as drug selection based on the mechanism of hypertension in the context of advanced cancer, treatment toxicity, comorbidity, and drug-drug interactions. This review also discusses many studies that have explored hypertension as a biomarker for cancer treatment efficacy and as a pharmacodynamic biomarker to titrate drug dose. Conclusions The diversity of targeted agents has provided important insights into the pathogenesis of hypertension in cancer patients. The underlying mechanism may provide a guidance to the management of hypertension. Further studies are needed to investigate optimal treatment and hypertension as a biomarker for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Zhu
- Division of Primary Care, Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, 205 North Belle Mead Road, NY, 11733, Stony Brook, USA
| | - Shenhong Wu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Lauterbur drive, NY, 11794, Stony Brook, USA.
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13
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Antioxidant Activity of Valeriana fauriei Protects against Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3645431. [PMID: 35069972 PMCID: PMC8769843 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3645431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is defined as wasting or loss of muscle. Although glucocorticoids (GCs) are well-known anti-inflammatory drugs, their long-term or high-dose use induces skeletal muscle atrophy. Valeriana fauriei (VF) is used to treat restlessness, anxiety, and sleep disorders; however, its effects on skeletal muscle health have not been investigated. This study investigated whether Valeriana fauriei could ameliorate muscle atrophy. We induced muscle atrophy in vitro and in vivo, by treatment with dexamethasone (DEX), a synthetic GC. In DEX-induced myotube atrophy, Valeriana fauriei treatment increased the fusion index and decreased the expression of muscle atrophic genes such as muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx/Atrogin-1) and muscle RING-finger protein 1 (MuRF1). In DEX-treated mice with muscle atrophy, Valeriana fauriei supplementation increased the ability to exercise, muscle weight, and cross-sectional area, whereas it inhibited myosin heavy chain isoform transition and the expression of muscle atrophy biomarkers. Valeriana fauriei treatment led to via the downregulation of muscle atrophic genes via inhibition of GC receptor translocation. Valeriana fauriei was also found to act as a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger. Didrovaltrate (DI), an iridoid compound from Valeriana fauriei, was found to downregulate atrophic genes and decrease ROS in the DEX-induced myotube atrophy. Consolidated, our results indicate that Valeriana fauriei prevents DEX-induced muscle atrophy by inhibiting GC receptor translocation. Further, Valeriana fauriei acts as a ROS scavenger, and its functional compound is didrovaltrate. We suggest that Valeriana fauriei and its functional compound didrovaltrate possess therapeutic potentials against muscle atrophy.
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14
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Lui KO, Huang Y. Chaperone Mediated Autophagy Regulates eNOS Uncoupling in Cardiovascular Events. Circ Res 2021; 129:946-948. [PMID: 34709934 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.320212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathy O Lui
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (K.O.L.)
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (Y.H.)
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15
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Dutka M, Bobiński R, Wojakowski W, Francuz T, Pająk C, Zimmer K. Osteoprotegerin and RANKL-RANK-OPG-TRAIL signalling axis in heart failure and other cardiovascular diseases. Heart Fail Rev 2021; 27:1395-1411. [PMID: 34313900 PMCID: PMC9197867 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-021-10153-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a glycoprotein involved in the regulation of bone remodelling. OPG regulates osteoclast activity by blocking the interaction between the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (RANK) and its ligand (RANKL). More and more studies confirm the relationship between OPG and cardiovascular diseases. Numerous studies have confirmed that a high plasma concentration of OPG and a low concentration of tumour necrosis factor–related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) together with a high OPG/TRAIL ratio are predictors of poor prognosis in patients with myocardial infarction. A high plasma OPG concentration and a high ratio of OPG/TRAIL in the acute myocardial infarction are a prognostic indicator of adverse left ventricular remodelling and of the development of heart failure. Ever more data indicates the participation of OPG in the regulation of the function of vascular endothelial cells and the initiation of the atherosclerotic process in the arteries. Additionally, it has been shown that TRAIL has a protective effect on blood vessels and exerts an anti-atherosclerotic effect. The mechanisms of action of both OPG and TRAIL within the cells of the vascular wall are complex and remain largely unclear. However, these mechanisms of action as well as their interaction in the local vascular environment are of great interest to researchers. This article presents the current state of knowledge on the mechanisms of action of OPG and TRAIL in the circulatory system and their role in cardiovascular diseases. Understanding these mechanisms may allow their use as a therapeutic target in cardiovascular diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieczysław Dutka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa St. 2, 43-309, Bielsko-Biała, Poland.
| | - Rafał Bobiński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa St. 2, 43-309, Bielsko-Biała, Poland
| | - Wojciech Wojakowski
- Department of Cardiology and Structural Heart Disease, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Francuz
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Celina Pająk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa St. 2, 43-309, Bielsko-Biała, Poland
| | - Karolina Zimmer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa St. 2, 43-309, Bielsko-Biała, Poland
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16
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Sahay P, Reddy S, Prusty BK, Modak R, Rao A. TGFβ1, MMPs and cytokines profiles in ocular surface: Possible tear biomarkers for pseudoexfoliation. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249759. [PMID: 33914756 PMCID: PMC8084233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Pseudoexfoliation (PXF) is a unique form of glaucoma characterized by accumulation of exfoliative material in the eyes. Changes in tear profile in disease stages may give us insights into molecular mechanisms involved in causing glaucoma in the eye. Methods All patients were categorized into three main categories; pseudoexfoliation (PXF), pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PXG) and cataract, which served as control. Cytokines, transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) and fibronectin (FN1) were assessed with multiplex bead assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), gelatin zymography, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) respectively in different ocular tissues such as tears, tenon’s capsule, aqueous humor (AH) and serum samples of patients with PXF stages. Results We found that TGFβ1, MMP-9 and FN1 protein expression were upregulated in tears, tenon’s capsule and AH samples in PXG compared to PXF, though the MMP-9 protein activity was downregulated in PXG compared with control or PXF. We have also found that in PXG tears sample the fold change of TGF-α (Transforming Growth Factor-α), MDC (Macrophage Derived Chemokine), IL-8 (Interleukin-8), VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) were significantly downregulated and the levels of GM-CSF (Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor), IP-10 (Interferon- γ produced protein-10) were significant upregulated. While in AH; IL-6 (Interleukin-6), IL-8, VEGF, IFN-a2 (Interferon- α2), GRO (Growth regulated alpha protein) levels were found lower and IL1a (Interleukin-1α) level was higher in PXG compared to PXF. And in serum; IFN-a2, Eotaxin, GM-CSF, Fractalkine, IL-10 (Interleukin-10), IL1Ra (Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist), IL-7 (Interleukin-7), IL-8, MIP1β (Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1β), MCP-1 (Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1) levels were significantly upregulated and PDGF-AA (Platelet Derived Growth Factor-AA) level was downregulated in the patients with PXG compared to PXF. Conclusions Altered expression of these molecules in tears may therefore be used as a signal for onset of glaucoma or for identifying eyes at risk of developing glaucoma in PXF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prity Sahay
- Hyderabad Eye Research Foundation (HERF), L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Shweta Reddy
- Hyderabad Eye Research Foundation (HERF), L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Rahul Modak
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- * E-mail: (RM); (AR)
| | - Aparna Rao
- Hyderabad Eye Research Foundation (HERF), L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- * E-mail: (RM); (AR)
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17
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van Dorst DCH, Dobbin SJH, Neves KB, Herrmann J, Herrmann SM, Versmissen J, Mathijssen RHJ, Danser AHJ, Lang NN. Hypertension and Prohypertensive Antineoplastic Therapies in Cancer Patients. Circ Res 2021; 128:1040-1061. [PMID: 33793337 PMCID: PMC8011349 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.318051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of a wide range of novel antineoplastic therapies has improved the prognosis for patients with a wide range of malignancies, which has increased the number of cancer survivors substantially. Despite the oncological benefit, cancer survivors are exposed to short- and long-term adverse cardiovascular toxicities associated with anticancer therapies. Systemic hypertension, the most common comorbidity among cancer patients, is a major contributor to the increased risk for developing these adverse cardiovascular events. Cancer and hypertension have common risk factors, have overlapping pathophysiological mechanisms and hypertension may also be a risk factor for some tumor types. Many cancer therapies have prohypertensive effects. Although some of the mechanisms by which these antineoplastic agents lead to hypertension have been characterized, further preclinical and clinical studies are required to investigate the exact pathophysiology and the optimal management of hypertension associated with anticancer therapy. In this way, monitoring and management of hypertension before, during, and after cancer treatment can be improved to minimize cardiovascular risks. This is vital to optimize cardiovascular health in patients with cancer and survivors, and to ensure that advances in terms of cancer survivorship do not come at the expense of increased cardiovascular toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan C H van Dorst
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (D.C.H.v.D., J.V., A.H.J.D.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute (D.C.H.v.D., R.H.J.M.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen J H Dobbin
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.J.H.D., K.B.N., N.N.L.)
| | - Karla B Neves
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.J.H.D., K.B.N., N.N.L.)
| | - Joerg Herrmann
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.H.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Sandra M Herrmann
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (S.M.H.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Jorie Versmissen
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (D.C.H.v.D., J.V., A.H.J.D.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hospital Pharmacy (J.V.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron H J Mathijssen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute (D.C.H.v.D., R.H.J.M.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (D.C.H.v.D., J.V., A.H.J.D.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ninian N Lang
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.J.H.D., K.B.N., N.N.L.)
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18
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Kastritis E, Laina A, Georgiopoulos G, Gavriatopoulou M, Papanagnou ED, Eleutherakis-Papaiakovou E, Fotiou D, Kanellias N, Dialoupi I, Makris N, Manios E, Migkou M, Roussou M, Kotsopoulou M, Stellos K, Terpos E, Trougakos IP, Stamatelopoulos K, Dimopoulos MA. Carfilzomib-induced endothelial dysfunction, recovery of proteasome activity, and prediction of cardiovascular complications: a prospective study. Leukemia 2021; 35:1418-1427. [PMID: 33589757 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01141-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Carfilzomib (CFZ) improves survival in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma but is associated with cardiovascular adverse events (CVAEs). We prospectively investigated the effect of CFZ on endothelial function and associations with CVAEs. Forty-eight patients treated with Kd (CFZ 20/56 mg/m2 and dexamethasone) underwent serial endothelial function evaluation, using brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and 26S proteasome activity (PrA) measurement in PBMCs; patients were followed until disease progression or cycle 6 for a median of 10 months. FMD and PrA decreased acutely after the first dose (p < 0.01) and FMD decreased at cycles 3 and 6 compared to baseline (p ≤ 0.05). FMD changes were associated with CFZ-induced PrA changes (p < 0.05) and lower PrA recovery during first cycle was associated with more prominent FMD decrease (p = 0.034 for group interaction). During treatment, 25 patients developed Grade ≥3 CVAEs. Low baseline FMD (HR 2.57 lowest vs. higher tertiles, 95% CI 1.081-6.1) was an independent predictor of CVAEs. During treatment, an acute FMD decrease >40% at the end of first cycle was also independently associated with CVAEs (HR = 3.91, 95% CI 1.29-11.83). Kd treatment impairs endothelial function which is associated with PrA inhibition and recovery. Both pre- and posttreatment FMD predicted CFZ-related CVAEs supporting its role as a possible cardiovascular toxicity biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios Kastritis
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Ageliki Laina
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Georgiopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Gavriatopoulou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni-Dimitra Papanagnou
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Despina Fotiou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kanellias
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Dialoupi
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Makris
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathios Manios
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Magdalini Migkou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Roussou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Kotsopoulou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Stellos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Biosciences Institute, Vascular Biology and Medicine Theme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Evangelos Terpos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis P Trougakos
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Kimon Stamatelopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece. .,Biosciences Institute, Vascular Biology and Medicine Theme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | - Meletios A Dimopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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19
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Bernard I, Limonta D, Mahal LK, Hobman TC. Endothelium Infection and Dysregulation by SARS-CoV-2: Evidence and Caveats in COVID-19. Viruses 2020; 13:E29. [PMID: 33375371 PMCID: PMC7823949 DOI: 10.3390/v13010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses a persistent threat to global public health. Although primarily a respiratory illness, extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 include gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, renal and neurological diseases. Recent studies suggest that dysfunction of the endothelium during COVID-19 may exacerbate these deleterious events by inciting inflammatory and microvascular thrombotic processes. Although controversial, there is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 may infect endothelial cells by binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) cellular receptor using the viral Spike protein. In this review, we explore current insights into the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection, endothelial dysfunction due to ACE2 downregulation, and deleterious pulmonary and extra-pulmonary immunothrombotic complications in severe COVID-19. We also discuss preclinical and clinical development of therapeutic agents targeting SARS-CoV-2-mediated endothelial dysfunction. Finally, we present evidence of SARS-CoV-2 replication in primary human lung and cardiac microvascular endothelial cells. Accordingly, in striving to understand the parameters that lead to severe disease in COVID-19 patients, it is important to consider how direct infection of endothelial cells by SARS-CoV-2 may contribute to this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Bernard
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada;
| | - Daniel Limonta
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada;
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Lara K. Mahal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada;
| | - Tom C. Hobman
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada;
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada;
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Women & Children’s Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
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20
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Crosstalk between cardiomyocytes and noncardiomyocytes is essential to prevent cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by proteasome inhibition. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:783. [PMID: 32951004 PMCID: PMC7502079 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Heart is a multi-cellular organ made up of various cell types interacting with each other. Cardiomyocytes may benefit or suffer from crosstalk with noncardiomyocytes in response to diverse kinds of cardiac stresses. Proteasome dysfunction is a common cardiac stress which causes cardiac proteotoxicity and contributes to cardiac diseases such as heart failure and myocardial infarction. The role of crosstalk between cardiomyocytes and noncardiomyocytes in defense of cardiac proteotoxicity remains unknown. Here, we report a cardiomyocyte-specific survival upon proteasome inhibition in a heterogeneous culture consisting of cardiomyocytes and other three major cardiac cell types. Conversely, cardiomyocyte apoptosis is remarkably induced by proteasome inhibition in a homogeneous culture consisting of a majority of cardiomyocytes, demonstrating an indispensable role of noncardiomyocytes in the prevention of cardiomyocyte apoptosis resulting from proteasome inhibition. We further show that cardiomyocytes express brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) as an extracellular molecule in response to proteasome inhibition. Blockade of BNP receptor on noncardiomyocytes significantly exacerbated the cardiomyocyte apoptosis, indicating a paracrine function of cardiomyocyte-released extracellular BNP in activation of a protective feedback from noncardiomyocytes. Finally, we demonstrate that proteasome inhibition-activated transcriptional up-regulation of BNP in cardiomyocytes was associated with the dissociation of repressor element 1 silencing transcription factor (REST)/ histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) repressor complex from BNP gene promoter. Consistently, the induction of BNP could be further augmented by the treatment of HDAC inhibitors. We conclude that the crosstalk between cardiomyocytes and noncardiomyocytes plays a crucial role in the protection of cardiomyocytes from proteotoxicity stress, and identify cardiomyocyte-released BNP as a novel paracrine signaling molecule mediating this crosstalk. These findings provide new insights into the key regulators and cardioprotective mechanism in proteasome dysfunction-related cardiac diseases.
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21
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Boscaro C, Carotti M, Albiero M, Trenti A, Fadini GP, Trevisi L, Sandonà D, Cignarella A, Bolego C. Non-genomic mechanisms in the estrogen regulation of glycolytic protein levels in endothelial cells. FASEB J 2020; 34:12768-12784. [PMID: 32757462 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001130r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have explored the mechanisms coupling estrogen signals to metabolic demand in endothelial cells. We recently showed that 17β-estradiol (E2) triggers angiogenesis via the membrane G-protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) and the key glycolytic protein PFKFB3 as a downstream effector. We herein investigated whether estrogenic agents regulate the stability and/or degradation of glycolytic proteins in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Similarly to E2, the GPER selective agonist G1 rapidly increased PFKFB3 protein amounts, without affecting mRNA levels. In the presence of cycloheximide, E2 and G1 treatment counteracted PFKFB3 degradation over time, whereas E2-induced PFKFB3 stabilization was abolished by the GPER antagonist G15. Inhibitors of selective SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase (SMER-3) and proteasome (MG132) rapidly increased PFKFB3 protein levels. Accordingly, ubiquitin-bound PFKFB3 was lower in E2- or G1-treated HUVECs. Both agents increased deubiquitinase USP19 levels through GPER signaling. Notably, USP 19 siRNA decreased PFKFB3 levels and abolished E2- and G1-mediated HUVEC tubularization. Finally, E2 and G1 treatments rapidly enhanced glucose transporter GLUT1 levels via GPER independent of transcriptional activation. These findings provide new evidence on mechanisms coupling estrogen signals with the glycolytic program in endothelium and unravel the role of USP19 as a target of the pro-angiogenic effect of estrogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Boscaro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marcello Carotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mattia Albiero
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Annalisa Trenti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Fadini
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Lucia Trevisi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Dorianna Sandonà
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Bolego
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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22
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Yan X, Zhang QY, Zhang YL, Han X, Guo SB, Li HH. Gallic Acid Attenuates Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension and Vascular Dysfunction by Inhibiting the Degradation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1121. [PMID: 32848742 PMCID: PMC7396711 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a major cause of heart attack and stroke. Our recent study revealed that gallic acid (GA) exerts protective effects on pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction. However, the role of GA in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertension and vascular remodeling remains unknown. C57BL/6J mice were subjected to saline and Ang II infusion. Systolic blood pressure was measured using a tail-cuff system. Vascular remodeling and oxidative stress were examined by histopathological staining. Vasodilatory function was evaluated in the aortic ring. Our findings revealed that GA administration significantly ameliorated Ang II-induced hypertension, vascular inflammation, and fibrosis. GA also abolished vascular endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in Ang II-infused aortas. Mechanistically, GA treatment attenuated Ang II-induced upregulation of the immunoproteasome catalytic subunits β2i and β5i leading to reduction of the trypsin-like and chymotrypsin-like activity of the proteasome, which suppressed degradation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and reduction of nitric oxide (NO) levels. Furthermore, blocking eNOS activity by using a specific inhibitor (L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester) markedly abolished the GA-mediated beneficial effect. This study identifies GA as a novel immunoproteasome inhibitor that may be a potential therapeutic agent for hypertension and vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yan
- Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Beijing, China
| | - Qi-Yu Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yun-Long Zhang
- Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Bin Guo
- Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Hua Li
- Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Beijing, China.,Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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23
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Wu P, Oren O, Gertz MA, Yang EH. Proteasome Inhibitor-Related Cardiotoxicity: Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Management. Curr Oncol Rep 2020; 22:66. [DOI: 10.1007/s11912-020-00931-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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24
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Calpain proteolytic systems counteract endothelial cell adaptation to inflammatory environments. Inflamm Regen 2020; 40:5. [PMID: 32266045 PMCID: PMC7114782 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-020-00114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) make up the innermost surface of arteries, veins, and capillaries, separating the remaining layers of the vessel wall from circulating blood. Under non-inflammatory conditions, ECs are quiescent and form a robust barrier structure; however, exposure to inflammatory stimuli induces changes in the expression of EC proteins that control transcellular permeability and facilitate angiogenic tube formation. Increasing evidence suggests that dysfunction in intracellular proteolytic systems disturbs EC adaptation to the inflammatory environment, leading to vascular disorders such as atherosclerosis and pathological angiogenesis. Recent work has highlighted the contribution of the calpain–calpastatin stress-responsive intracellular proteolytic system to adaptation failure in ECs. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of calpain–calpastatin-mediated physiologic and pathogenic regulation in ECs and discuss the molecular basis by which disruption of this system perturbs EC adaptation to the inflammatory environment.
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25
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Rochette L, Meloux A, Rigal E, Zeller M, Malka G, Cottin Y, Vergely C. The Role of Osteoprotegerin in Vascular Calcification and Bone Metabolism: The Basis for Developing New Therapeutics. Calcif Tissue Int 2019; 105:239-251. [PMID: 31197415 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-019-00573-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are both important causes of mortality and morbidity in aging patients. There are common mechanisms underlying the regulation of bone remodeling and the development of smooth muscle calcification; a temporal relationship exists between osteoporosis and the imbalance of mineral metabolism in the vessels. Vascular calcification appears regulated by mechanisms that include both inductive and inhibitory processes. Multiple factors are implicated in both bone and vascular metabolism. Among these factors, the superfamily of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors including osteoprotegerin (OPG) and its ligands has been established. OPG is a soluble decoy receptor for receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL) and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). OPG binds to RANKL and TRAIL, and inhibits the association with their receptors, which have been labeled as the receptor activator of NF-kB (RANK). Sustained release of OPG from vascular endothelial cells (ECs) has been demonstrated in response to inflammatory proteins and cytokines, suggesting that OPG/RANKL/RANK system plays a modulatory role in vascular injury and inflammation. For the development of potential therapeutic strategies targeting vascular calcification, critical consideration of the implications for bone metabolism must be taken into account to prevent potentially detrimental effects to bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Rochette
- Equipe d'Accueil (EA 7460): Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Université de Bourgogne - Franche Comté, Faculté des Sciences de Santé, 7 Bd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000, Dijon, France.
| | - Alexandre Meloux
- Equipe d'Accueil (EA 7460): Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Université de Bourgogne - Franche Comté, Faculté des Sciences de Santé, 7 Bd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Eve Rigal
- Equipe d'Accueil (EA 7460): Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Université de Bourgogne - Franche Comté, Faculté des Sciences de Santé, 7 Bd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Marianne Zeller
- Equipe d'Accueil (EA 7460): Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Université de Bourgogne - Franche Comté, Faculté des Sciences de Santé, 7 Bd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Gabriel Malka
- Institut de formation en Biotechnologie et Ingénierie Biomédicale (IFR2B), Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique, 43 150, Ben-Guerir, Morocco
| | - Yves Cottin
- Equipe d'Accueil (EA 7460): Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Université de Bourgogne - Franche Comté, Faculté des Sciences de Santé, 7 Bd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000, Dijon, France
- Service de Cardiologie-CHU-Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Catherine Vergely
- Equipe d'Accueil (EA 7460): Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Université de Bourgogne - Franche Comté, Faculté des Sciences de Santé, 7 Bd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000, Dijon, France
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26
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Milan A, Bruno G, Maffei I, Iannaccone A, Ravera A, Schiavone D, Veglio F. Arterial Hypertension and Multiple Myeloma: Physiopathology and Cardiovascular Risk and 'Practical' Indications in Patients Receiving Carfilzomib. Curr Hypertens Rev 2019; 15:47-53. [PMID: 29886833 DOI: 10.2174/1573402114666180611110547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of carfilzomib in the treatment of relapsing and refractory multiple myeloma has allowed a significant increase in survival. The most frequent adverse effect of Carfilzomib treatment is arterial hypertension, even though the exact physiopathological mechanism are still unclear. MM patients, on the other hand, often present significant cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities. Uncontrolled hypertension is frequently the cause of cardiovascular complications. It has been estimated that up to 50% of subjects in the general population are unaware of their hypertensive condition and only half of those who are aware of this risk factor present good control of blood pressure. Although the management of arterial hypertension is clearly important in reducing the risk of cardiovascular events, and is well described by the current guidelines, no clear indications are provided on how to approach and treat specifically MM patients undergoing treatment with proteasome inhibitors. The aim of our work is to summarize a practical approach to the stratification of cardiovascular risk of hypertensive in patients who are candidates for or actively treated with carfilzomib for refractory multiple myeloma (MMR). MM patients eligible for carfilzomib treatment should preliminary undergo a careful cardiovascular risk stratification. Perspective studies will help to better identify the specific risk factors that should be considered and treated in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Milan
- Internal Medicine and Hypertension Division, Department of Medical Sciences, AOU Citta della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Bruno
- Internal Medicine and Hypertension Division, Department of Medical Sciences, AOU Citta della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Ilaria Maffei
- Internal Medicine and Hypertension Division, Department of Medical Sciences, AOU Citta della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Iannaccone
- Unit of Geriatrics and Metabolic Bone Diseases, AOU Citta della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Agnese Ravera
- Unit of Geriatrics and Metabolic Bone Diseases, AOU Citta della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Domenica Schiavone
- Internal Medicine and Hypertension Division, Department of Medical Sciences, AOU Citta della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Franco Veglio
- Internal Medicine and Hypertension Division, Department of Medical Sciences, AOU Citta della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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27
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Patel VG, Cornell RF. Cardiovascular Complications Associated with Multiple Myeloma Therapies: Incidence, Pathophysiology, and Management. Curr Oncol Rep 2019; 21:29. [PMID: 30834998 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-019-0784-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Multiple myeloma is a common hematologic malignancy characterized by recurrent relapsing disease course requiring use of various therapies. Over the past few decades, significant advancements in the treatment of myeloma have occurred including routine use of proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs. These have effectively improved survival; however, some also have increased risk of cardiovascular toxicity. Here, we will review the incidence, pathophysiology, and management of cardiovascular complications associated with antimyeloma agents. RECENT FINDINGS Cardiovascular complications associated with myeloma treatment are common. These cardiovascular complications include accelerated hypertension, ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, arrhythmia, pulmonary hypertension, venous thromboembolism, and arterial thromboembolism. Thromboprophylactic strategies during treatment with immunomodulatory agents and screening strategies to detect changes in myocardial function prior to the development of overt heart failure have occurred. Cardiovascular complications associated with proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs are an important component in supportive care of patients with myeloma. The incidence of cardiotoxicity is high, and, as such, early intervention and collaborative efforts between cardiologists and oncologists to mitigate and effectively manage these complications are imperative. Additional studies are needed to clarify the underlying pathophysiology and evaluate effective strategies for prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek G Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Robert F Cornell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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28
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The Role of Osteoprotegerin and Its Ligands in Vascular Function. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030705. [PMID: 30736365 PMCID: PMC6387017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The superfamily of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors includes osteoprotegerin (OPG) and its ligands, which are receptor activators of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). The OPG/RANKL/RANK system plays an active role in pathological angiogenesis and inflammation as well as cell survival. It has been demonstrated that there is crosstalk between endothelial cells and osteoblasts during osteogenesis, thus establishing a connection between angiogenesis and osteogenesis. This OPG/RANKL/RANK/TRAIL system acts on specific cell surface receptors, which are then able to transmit their signals to other intracellular components and modify gene expression. Cytokine production and activation of their receptors induce mechanisms to recruit monocytes and neutrophils as well as endothelial cells. Data support the role of an increased OPG/RANKL ratio as a possible marker of progression of endothelial dysfunction in metabolic disorders in relationship with inflammatory marker levels. We review the role of the OPG/RANKL/RANK triad in vascular function as well as molecular mechanisms related to the etiology of vascular diseases. The potential therapeutic strategies may be very promising in the future.
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29
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Hermann BT, Wuertz S, Vanselow KH, Schulz C, Stiller KT. Divergent gene expression in the gills of juvenile turbot (Psetta maxima) exposed to chronic severe hypercapnia indicates dose-dependent increase in intracellular oxidative stress and hypoxia. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 206:72-80. [PMID: 30458405 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide are a common stressor for fish and other aquatic animals. In particular, intensive aquaculture can impose prolonged periods of severe environmental hypercapnia, manifold exceeding CO2 concentrations of natural habitats. In order to cope with this stressor, gills are essential and constitute the primary organ in the acclimatization process. Yet, despite a general understanding of changes in ion regulation, not much is known with regard to other cellular mechanisms. In this study, we apply RT-qPCR to investigate changes in the expression of several genes associated with metabolism, stress and immunity within gills of juvenile turbot (Psetta maxima) after an eight-week exposure to different concentrations of CO2 (low = ∼3000 μatm, medium = ∼15,000 μatm and high = ∼25,000 μatm CO2). Histological examination of the gill tissue only found a significant increase of hypertrophied secondary lamella in the highest tested treatment level. gene expression results, on the other hand, implied both, mutual and dose-dependent transcriptional adjustments. Comparable up-regulation of IL-1ß, LMP7 and Grim19 at medium and high hypercapnia indicated an increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within gill cells. Simultaneous increase in Akirin and PRDX transcripts at medium CO2 indicated enhanced anti-oxidant activity and regulation of transcription, while reduced mRNA concentrations of COX, EF1α and STAT2 at high CO2 denoted suppressed protein synthesis and reduced metabolic capacity. In addition to upregulated DFAD and ApoE expression, implying compensating repair measures, gills exposed to the highest tested treatment level seemed to operate close to or even beyond their maximum capacity. Thus, fitting the model of capacity limitation, our results provide evidence for accretive intracellular hypoxia and oxidative stress in the gills of turbot, dependent on the level of environmental hypercapnia. Further, genes, such as COX, may be valuable biomarkers when attempting to discriminate between a successful and an overpowered stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd T Hermann
- GEOMAR Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Sven Wuertz
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Dept. Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus H Vanselow
- Research and Technology Centre (FTZ), Kiel University, Hafentörn 1, 25761, Büsum, Germany
| | - Carsten Schulz
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Department for Marine Aquaculture, Kiel University, Hermann-Rodewald-Str. 6, 24118, Kiel, Germany; Gesellschaft für Marine Aquakultur (GMA), Hafentörn 3, 25761, Büsum, Germany
| | - Kevin T Stiller
- Research and Technology Centre (FTZ), Kiel University, Hafentörn 1, 25761, Büsum, Germany; Gesellschaft für Marine Aquakultur (GMA), Hafentörn 3, 25761, Büsum, Germany; Nofima AS, Sjølseng, NO-6600, Sunndalsøra, Norway
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30
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Paner A, Okwuosa TM, Richardson KJ, Libby EN. Triplet therapies - the new standard of care for multiple myeloma: how to manage common toxicities. Expert Rev Hematol 2018; 11:957-973. [PMID: 30339769 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2018.1538777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Multiple three drug combination regimens have been approved for the treatment of multiple myeloma in the last few years. Triplets have become the new standard of care for transplant eligible and ineligible patients with newly diagnosed as well as relapsed multiple myeloma. Novel agents have a unique profile of side effects. The management of toxicities is important to maintain quality of life and maximize treatment duration and benefit. Areas covered: This article reviews efficacy data, incidence of key adverse events and provide recommendations and expert opinion regarding how to manage common toxicities in triplet therapies. Relevant publications and abstracts were searched in PubMed, ASH, ASCO and EHA meetings. Guidelines from IMWG, NCCN, ESMO and ASCO, published trial protocols and prescribing information were used to formulate recommendations for the management of toxicities. Expert commentary: Side effects are a critical factor guiding the selection of optimal chemotherapy regimens for multiple myeloma. The majority of toxicities encountered with triplet therapies are reversible and can be readily managed with supportive care and dose modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agne Paner
- a Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine , Rush University Medical Center , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Tochukwu M Okwuosa
- b Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine , Rush University Medical Center , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Kristin J Richardson
- a Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine , Rush University Medical Center , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Edward N Libby
- c Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
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31
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Geng X, Dong N, Wang Y, Li G, Wang L, Guo X, Li J, Wen Z, Wei W. RNA-seq transcriptome analysis of the immature seeds of two Brassica napus lines with extremely different thousand-seed weight to identify the candidate genes related to seed weight. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191297. [PMID: 29381708 PMCID: PMC5790231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassica napus is an important oilseed crop worldwide. Although seed weight is the main determinant of seed yield, few studies have focused on the molecular mechanisms that regulate seed weight in B. napus. In this study, the immature seeds of G-42 and 7–9, two B. napus doubled haploid (DH) lines with extremely different thousand-seed weight (TSW), were selected for a transcriptome analysis to determine the regulatory mechanisms underlying seed weight at the whole gene expression level and to identify candidate genes related to seed weight. A total of 2,251 new genes and 2,205 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained via RNA-seq (RNA sequencing). Among these genes, 1,747 (77.61%) new genes and 2020 (91.61%) DEGs were successfully annotated. Of these DEGs, 1,118 were up-regulated and 1,087 were down-regulated in the large-seed line. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database analysis indicated that 15 DEGs were involved in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis and proteasome pathways, which might participate in regulating seed weight. The Gene Ontology (GO) database indicated that 222 DEGs were associated with the biological process or molecular function categories related to seed weight, such as cell division, cell size and cell cycle regulation, seed development, nutrient reservoir activity, and proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic processes. Moreover, 50 DEGs encoding key enzymes or proteins were identified that likely participate in regulating seed weight. A DEG (GSBRNA2T00037121001) identified by the transcriptome analysis was also previously identified in a quantitative trait locus (QTL) region for seed weight via SLAF-seq (Specific Locus Amplified Fragment sequencing). Finally, the expression of 10 DEGs with putative roles in seed weight and the expression of the DEG GSBRNA2T00037121001 were confirmed by a quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis, and the results were consistent with the RNA sequencing data. This work has provided new insights on the molecular mechanisms underlying seed weight-related biosynthesis and has laid a solid foundation for further improvements to the seed yield of oil crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Geng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology / Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Province, Xinxiang, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- Applied Biotechnology Center, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan, China
| | - Na Dong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology / Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Province, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yuquan Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology / Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Province, Xinxiang, China
| | - Gan Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology / Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Province, Xinxiang, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuejiao Guo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology / Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Province, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jiabing Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology / Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Province, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhaopu Wen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology / Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Province, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wenhui Wei
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology / Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Province, Xinxiang, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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Phase 1/2 study of weekly carfilzomib, cyclophosphamide, dexamethasone in newly diagnosed transplant-ineligible myeloma. Leukemia 2017; 32:979-985. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Cardiac and renal complications of carfilzomib in patients with multiple myeloma. Blood Adv 2017; 1:449-454. [PMID: 29296960 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2016003269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials with carfilzomib have indicated a low but reproducible incidence of cardiovascular and renal toxicities. Among 60 consecutive myeloma patients treated with carfilzomib-based regimens who were thoroughly evaluated for cardiovascular risk factors, 12% (95% confidence interval, 3.8%-20%) experienced a reversible reduction of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by ≥20%, an objective measure of cardiac dysfunction. The incidence of LVEF reduction was 5% at 3 months, 8% at 6 months, 10% at 12 months, and 12% at 15 months, whereas the respective carfilzomib discontinuation rate unrelated to toxicity was 17%, 35%, 41%, and 49%. The presence of any previously known cardiovascular disease was associated with an increased incidence of cardiac events (23.5% vs 7%; P = .07), but there was no association with the dose of carfilzomib or the duration of infusion. Re-treatment with carfilzomib at lower doses was possible. Carfilzomib was commonly associated with a transient reduction of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) but also improved renal function in 55% of patients with baseline eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of carfilzomib-related cardiorenal toxicity.
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Stelmakh A, Abrahamovych O, Cherkas A. Highly purified calf hemodialysate (Actovegin®) may improve endothelial function by activation of proteasomes: A hypothesis explaining the possible mechanisms of action. Med Hypotheses 2016; 95:77-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Renal Thrombotic Microangiopathy Associated with the Use of Bortezomib in a Patient with Multiple Myeloma. Case Rep Hematol 2016; 2016:6020691. [PMID: 27293920 PMCID: PMC4884801 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6020691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bortezomib is a first-generation proteasome inhibitor used in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). A few reports have linked bortezomib exposure with the development of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). We describe a case of biopsy-proven renal thrombotic microangiopathy associated with the use of bortezomib in a 51-year-old man with IgG lambda MM. To our knowledge, this is the first biopsy-proven case. In addition, reexposure to bortezomib 18 months later was associated with recurrence of TMA. This supports a possible causal role of bortezomib. The exact mechanisms remain to be elucidated.
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Kim KW, Park SH, Oh DH, Lee SH, Lim KS, Joo K, Chun YS, Chang SI, Min KM, Kim JC. Ribonuclease 5 coordinates signals for the regulation of intraocular pressure and inhibits neural apoptosis as a novel multi-functional anti-glaucomatous strategy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:145-54. [PMID: 26581172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a vision-threatening disorder characterized by progressive death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), although little is known about therapeutic milestones. Due to its complex and multifactorial pathogenesis, multipronged therapeutic approach is needed. Angiogenin (ANG), now called ribonuclease (RNase) 5, has been previously known as angiogenic factor and more recently its biologic activity is extended to promoting cell survival via its ribonucleolytic activity. Here, we revealed the defect of ANG in human glaucomatous trabecular meshwork (TM) cells and identified novel multiple functions of ANG as an anti-glaucomatous strategy. ANG was highly expressed in normal eyes and normal TM cells compared to glaucomatous TM cells. ANG induced intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering in rat models of both normal and elevated IOP, and as a possible mechanism, activated Akt-mediated signals for nitric oxide (NO) production, an important regulator of IOP in glaucomatous TM cell. Moreover, we demonstrated ANG-induced production of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and -3 and rho-kinase inhibition for TM remodeling. For anti-glaucomatous defense optimization, ANG not only elicited immune-modulative pathways via indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activation in TM cells and suppression of Jurkat T cells, but also rescued neural stem cells (NSCs) from apoptosis induced by glaucomatous stress. These results demonstrate that novel multi-functional effects of ANG may have benefits against glaucoma in ocular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Woo Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo Hwan Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hoon Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Sub Lim
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangsic Joo
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeoun Sook Chun
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Ik Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong-Mi Min
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Chan Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Tam JCW, Ko CH, Koon CM, Cheng Z, Lok WH, Lau CP, Leung PC, Fung KP, Chan WY, Lau CBS. Identification of Target Genes Involved in Wound Healing Angiogenesis of Endothelial Cells with the Treatment of a Chinese 2-Herb Formula. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139342. [PMID: 26430762 PMCID: PMC4591983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is vitally important in diabetic wound healing. We had previously demonstrated that a Chinese 2-herb formula (NF3) significantly stimulated angiogenesis of HUVEC in wound healing. However, the molecular mechanism has not yet been elucidated. In line with this, global expression profiling of NF3-treated HUVEC was performed so as to assess the regulatory role of NF3 involved in the underlying signaling pathways in wound healing angiogenesis. The microarray results illustrated that different panels of differentially expressed genes were strictly governed in NF3-treated HUVEC in a time-regulated manner. The microarray analysis followed by qRT-PCR and western blotting verification of NF3-treated HUVEC at 6 h revealed the involvement of various genes in diverse biological process, e.g., MAP3K14 in anti-inflammation; SLC5A8 in anti-tumorogenesis; DNAJB7 in protein translation; BIRC5, EPCAM, INSL4, MMP8 and NPR3 in cell proliferation; CXCR7, EPCAM, HAND1 and MMP8 in migration; CXCR7, EPCAM and MMP8 in tubular formation; and BIRC5, CXCR7, EPCAM, HAND1, MMP8 and UBD in angiogenesis. After 16 h incubation of NF3, other sets of genes were shown with differential expression in HUVEC, e.g., IL1RAPL2 and NR1H4 in anti-inflammation; miR28 in anti-tumorogenesis; GRIN1 and LCN1 in anti-oxidation; EPB41 in intracellular signal transduction; PRL and TFAP2A in cell proliferation; miR28, PRL and SCG2 in cell migration; PRL in tubular formation; and miR28, NR1H4 and PRL in angiogenesis. This study provided concrete scientific evidence in support of the regulatory role of NF3 on endothelial cells involved in wound healing angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Chor Wing Tam
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Chun Hay Ko
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Chi Man Koon
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Zhang Cheng
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Wong Hing Lok
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Ching Po Lau
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Ping Chung Leung
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok Pui Fung
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Wai Yee Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Clara Bik San Lau
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
- * E-mail:
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Laughlin MH, Padilla J, Jenkins NT, Thorne PK, Martin JS, Rector RS, Akter S, Davis JW. Exercise-induced differential changes in gene expression among arterioles of skeletal muscles of obese rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 119:583-603. [PMID: 26183477 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00316.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Using next-generation, transcriptome-wide RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology we assessed the effects of exercise training on transcriptional profiles in skeletal muscle arterioles isolated from the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles of Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats that underwent an endurance exercise training program (EX; n = 13), interval sprint training program (SPRINT; n = 14), or remained sedentary (Sed; n = 12). We hypothesized that the greatest effects of exercise would be in the gastrocnemius arterioles. Results show that EX caused the largest number of changes in gene expression in the soleus and white gastrocnemius 2a arterioles with little to no changes in the feed arteries. In contrast, SPRINT caused substantial changes in gene expression in the feed arteries. IPA canonical pathway analysis revealed 18 pathways with significant changes in gene expression when analyzed across vessels and revealed that EX induces increased expression of the following genes in all arterioles examined: Shc1, desert hedgehog protein (Dhh), adenylate cyclase 4 (Adcy4), G protein binding protein, alpha (Gnat1), and Bcl2l1 and decreased expression of ubiquitin D (Ubd) and cAMP response element modulator (Crem). EX increased expression of endothelin converting enzyme (Ece1), Hsp90b, Fkbp5, and Cdcl4b in four of five arterioles. SPRINT had effects on expression of Crem, Dhh, Bcl2l1, and Ubd that were similar to EX. SPRINT also increased expression of Nfkbia, Hspa5, Tubb 2a and Tubb 2b, and Fkbp5 in all five arterioles and increased expression of Gnat1 in all but the soleus second-order arterioles. Many contractile and/or structural protein genes were increased by SPRINT in the gastrocnemius feed artery, but the same genes exhibited decreased expression in red gastrocnemius arterioles. We conclude that training-induced changes in arteriolar gene expression patterns differ by muscle fiber type composition and along the arteriolar tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Harold Laughlin
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - Pamela K Thorne
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jeffrey S Martin
- Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine-Auburn Campus, Auburn, Alabama; Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - R Scott Rector
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Research Service-Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri; Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Sadia Akter
- Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - J Wade Davis
- Health Management and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; MU Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and
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Carbajosa NAL, Corradi G, Verrilli MAL, Guil MJ, Vatta MS, Gironacci MM. Tyrosine hydroxylase is short-term regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system in PC12 cells and hypothalamic and brainstem neurons from spontaneously hypertensive rats: possible implications in hypertension. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116597. [PMID: 25710381 PMCID: PMC4339701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrations in the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) are implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamines biosynthesis, is involved in hypertension development. In this study we investigated whether UPS regulated TH turnover in PC12 cells and hypothalamic and brainstem neurons from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and whether this system was impaired in hypertension. PC12 cells were exposed to proteasome or lysosome inhibitors and TH protein level evaluated by Western blot. Lactacystin, a proteasome inhibitor, induced an increase of 86±15% in TH levels after 30 min of incubation, then it started to decrease up to 6 h to reach control levels and finally it rose up to 35.2±8.5% after 24 h. Bafilomycin, a lysosome inhibitor, did not alter TH protein levels during short times, but it increased TH by 92±22% above basal after 6 h treatment. Before degradation proteasome substrates are labeled by conjugation with ubiquitin. Efficacy of proteasome inhibition on TH turnover was evidenced by accumulation of ubiquitinylated TH after 30 min. Further, the inhibition of proteasome increased the quantity of TH phosphorylated at Ser40, which is essential for TH activity, by 2.7±0.3 fold above basal. TH protein level was upregulated in neurons from hypothalami and brainstem of SHR when the proteasome was inhibited during 30 min, supporting that neuronal TH is also short-term regulated by the proteasome. Since the increased TH levels reported in hypertension may result from proteasome dysfunction, we evaluate proteasme activity. Proteasome activity was significantly reduced by 67±4% in hypothalamic and brainstem neurons from SHR while its protein levels did not change. Present findings show that TH is regulated by the UPS. The impairment in proteasome activity observed in SHR neurons may be one of the causes of the increased TH protein levels reported in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia A. Longo Carbajosa
- Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB-CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gerardo Corradi
- Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB-CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María A. Lopez Verrilli
- Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB-CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María J. Guil
- Cátedra de Fisiología, IQUIMEFA-CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo S. Vatta
- Cátedra de Fisiología, IQUIMEFA-CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela M. Gironacci
- Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB-CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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Wilck N, Ludwig A. Targeting the ubiquitin-proteasome system in atherosclerosis: status quo, challenges, and perspectives. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:2344-63. [PMID: 24506455 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Atherosclerosis is a vascular disease of worldwide significance with fatal complications such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral artery disease. Atherosclerosis is recognized as a chronic inflammatory disease leading to arterial plaque formation and vessel narrowing in different vascular beds. Besides the strong inflammatory nature of atherosclerosis, it is also characterized by proliferation, apoptosis, and enhanced oxidative stress. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is the major intracellular degradation system in eukaryotic cells. Besides its essential role in the degradation of dysfunctional and oxidatively damaged proteins, it is involved in many processes that influence disease progression in atherosclerosis. Hence, it is logical to ask whether targeting the proteasome is a reasonable and feasible option for the treatment of atherosclerosis. RECENT ADVANCES Several lines of evidence suggest stage-specific dysfunction of the UPS in atherogenesis. Regulation of key processes by the proteasome in atherosclerosis, as well as the modulation of these processes by proteasome inhibitors in vascular cells, is outlined in this review. The treatment of atherosclerotic animal models with proteasome inhibitors yielded partly opposing results, the potentially underlying reasons of which are discussed here. CRITICAL ISSUES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS Targeting UPS function in atherosclerosis is a promising but challenging option. Limitations of current proteasome inhibitors, dose dependency, and the cell specificity of effects, as well as the potential of future therapeutics are discussed. A stage-specific in-depth exploration of UPS function in atherosclerosis in the future will help identify targets and windows for beneficial intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Wilck
- 1 Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
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Lin YL, Yet SF, Hsu YT, Wang GJ, Hung SC. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Ameliorate Atherosclerotic Lesions via Restoring Endothelial Function. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 4:44-55. [PMID: 25504897 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is beneficial in myocardial infarction and hind limb ischemia, but its ability to ameliorate atherosclerosis remains unknown. Here, the effects of MSCs on inhibiting endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis were investigated in human/mouse endothelial cells treated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and in apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE-/-) mice fed a high-fat diet. Treatment with oxLDL inactivated the Akt/endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) pathway, induced eNOS degradation, and inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in endothelial cells. Coculture with human MSCs reversed the effects of oxLDL on endothelial cells and restored Akt/eNOS activity, eNOS level, and NO production. Reduction of endothelium-dependent relaxation and subsequent plaque formation were developed in apoE-/- mice fed a high-fat diet. Systemic infusion with mouse MSCs ameliorated endothelial dysfunction and plaque formation in high-fat diet-fed apoE-/- mice. Interestingly, treatment with interleukin-8 (IL8)/macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) alone induced the similar effects of human/mouse MSCs on oxLDL-treated human/mouse endothelial cells. Neutralization antibodies (Abs) against IL8/MIP-2 also blocked the effects of human/mouse MSCs on oxLDL-treated human/mouse endothelial cells. Consistently, MIP-2 injection alone induced the similar effect of MSCs on the endothelial function in high-fat diet-fed apoE-/- mice. The improvement in endothelial dysfunction by mouse MSCs was also blocked when pretreating MSCs with anti-MIP-2 Abs. In conclusion, MSC transplantation improved endothelial function and plaque formation in high-fat diet-fed apoE-/- mice. Activation of the Akt/eNOS pathway in endothelium by IL8/MIP-2 is involved in the protective effect of MSCs. The study helps support the use and clarify the mechanism of MSCs for ameliorating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Lin
- Institutes of Clinical Medicine, Pharmacology, and Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Medical Research and Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Medicine, Feng-Yuan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Taiwan Bio Therapeutics, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shaw-Fang Yet
- Institutes of Clinical Medicine, Pharmacology, and Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Medical Research and Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Medicine, Feng-Yuan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Taiwan Bio Therapeutics, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Tong Hsu
- Institutes of Clinical Medicine, Pharmacology, and Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Medical Research and Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Medicine, Feng-Yuan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Taiwan Bio Therapeutics, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Guei-Jane Wang
- Institutes of Clinical Medicine, Pharmacology, and Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Medical Research and Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Medicine, Feng-Yuan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Taiwan Bio Therapeutics, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shih-Chieh Hung
- Institutes of Clinical Medicine, Pharmacology, and Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Medical Research and Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Medicine, Feng-Yuan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Taiwan Bio Therapeutics, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Chari A, Hajje D. Case series discussion of cardiac and vascular events following carfilzomib treatment: possible mechanism, screening, and monitoring. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:915. [PMID: 25471129 PMCID: PMC4289164 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carfilzomib is a selective proteasome inhibitor approved in the United States in 2012 for the treatment of relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Although cardiopulmonary and vascular events have been reported infrequently, they can be potentially serious complications, and their incidence and pathophysiology following carfilzomib treatment remain poorly characterized in a real-world patient population. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the records of 67 patients with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma treated at our institution. RESULTS We describe 12 patients who experienced cardiac or vascular-related adverse events subsequent to carfilzomib-based treatment (median age, 59 years [range, 49-77]). Nine patients had prior autologous stem cell transplant, and three had prior anthracycline exposure. Detailed case reports are provided for five representative patients: (1) systemic hypertension in a 65-year-old Caucasian female with a history of hypertension, hypothyroidism, and stage III chronic kidney disease; (2) pulmonary hypertension in a 72-year-old Caucasian male with a history of recurrent respiratory infections and chronic right lower extremity deep venous thrombosis; (3) acute renal insufficiency with increased blood pressure in a 50-year-old Caucasian male with a history of hypertension and stage IV chronic kidney disease; (4) heart failure in a 64-year-old African American female with a history of hypertension; and (5) dyspnea and lung disease in a 58-year-old Asian American male with a history significant for hepatitis B virus infection. CONCLUSIONS While cardiac and vascular-related adverse events were reported in patients with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma who were treated with carfilzomib, most patients had a history of the specific cardiac or vascular adverse event they exhibited and demonstrated an improvement or resolution in symptoms after the discontinuation of therapy. Appropriate screening and monitoring could potentially allow at-risk patients to benefit fully from treatment with carfilzomib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajai Chari
- Mt Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave Levy Place, Box 1185, New York, NY, USA.
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A global proteome approach in uric acid stimulated human aortic endothelial cells revealed regulation of multiple major cellular pathways. Int J Cardiol 2014; 176:746-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.07.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Liu H, Yu S, Zhang H, Xu J. Identification of nitric oxide as an endogenous inhibitor of 26S proteasomes in vascular endothelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98486. [PMID: 24853093 PMCID: PMC4031199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The 26S proteasome plays a fundamental role in almost all eukaryotic cells, including vascular endothelial cells. However, it remains largely unknown how proteasome functionality is regulated in the vasculature. Endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS)-derived NO is known to be essential to maintain endothelial homeostasis. The aim of the present study was to establish the connection between endothelial NO and 26S proteasome functionality in vascular endothelial cells. The 26S proteasome reporter protein levels, 26S proteasome activity, and the O-GlcNAcylation of Rpt2, a key subunit of the proteasome regulatory complex, were assayed in 26S proteasome reporter cells, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), and mouse aortic tissues isolated from 26S proteasome reporter and eNOS knockout mice. Like the other selective NO donors, NO derived from activated eNOS (by pharmacological and genetic approach) increased O-GlcNAc modification of Rpt2, reduced proteasome chymotrypsin-like activity, and caused 26S proteasome reporter protein accumulation. Conversely, inactivation of eNOS reversed all the effects. SiRNA knockdown of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), the key enzyme that catalyzes protein O-GlcNAcylation, abolished NO-induced effects. Consistently, adenoviral overexpression of O-GlcNAcase (OGA), the enzyme catalyzing the removal of the O-GlcNAc group, mimicked the effects of OGT knockdown. Finally, compared to eNOS wild type aortic tissues, 26S proteasome reporter mice lacking eNOS exhibited elevated 26S proteasome functionality in parallel with decreased Rpt2 O-GlcNAcylation, without changing the levels of Rpt2 protein. In conclusion, the eNOS-derived NO functions as a physiological suppressor of the 26S proteasome in vascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Liu
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Harold Hamm Oklahoma Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Shujie Yu
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Harold Hamm Oklahoma Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Hua Zhang
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Harold Hamm Oklahoma Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Jian Xu
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Harold Hamm Oklahoma Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
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Liu H, Wang Z, Yu S, Xu J. Proteasomal degradation of O-GlcNAc transferase elevates hypoxia-induced vascular endothelial inflammatory response†. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 103:131-9. [PMID: 24788415 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Hypoxia induces vascular inflammation by a mechanism not fully understood. Emerging evidence implicates O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) in inflammation. This study explored the role of OGT in hypoxia-induced vascular endothelial inflammatory response. METHODS AND RESULTS Hypoxia was either induced (1% O2 chamber) or mimicked by exposure to hypoxia-mimetic agents in cultured endothelial cells. Hypoxia increased hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) and inflammatory response (gene and protein expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and E-selectin) but, surprisingly, reduced OGT protein (not mRNA) levels. Hypoxia-mimetic CoCl2 failed to reduce OGT when proteasome inhibitors were present, suggesting proteasome involvement. Indeed, CoCl2 enhanced 26S proteasome functionality evidenced by diminished reporter (Ub(G76V)-GFP) proteins in proteasome reporter cells, likely due to increased chymotrypsin-like activities. Mechanistically, β-TrCP1 mediated OGT degradation, since siRNA ablation of this E3 ubiquitin ligase stabilized OGT. Administration of the oxidative stress inhibitors reversed both proteasome activation and OGT degradation. Furthermore, up-regulation of OGT by stabilization, overexpression, or activation mitigated CoCl2-elicited inflammatory response. These observations were recapitulated in a mouse (C57BL/6J) model mimicking hypoxia, in which lung tissues presented higher levels of HIF-1α, proteasome activity, and inflammatory response, but lower levels of OGT (n = 5/group, hypoxia vs. normoxia, P < 0.05). However, administration of an activator of OGT (glucosamine: 1 mg/g/day, vehicle: saline, ip, 5 days) abolished the up-regulation of proteasome activity and inflammatory response (n = 5/group, the treated vs. untreated hypoxia groups, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS 26S proteasome-mediated OGT reduction contributed to hypoxia-induced vascular endothelial inflammatory response. Modulation of OGT may represent a new approach to treat diseases characterized by hypoxic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Liu
- Section of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Zhongxiao Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Shujie Yu
- Section of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Jian Xu
- Section of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Jenkins NT, Padilla J, Thorne PK, Martin JS, Rector RS, Davis JW, Laughlin MH. Transcriptome-wide RNA sequencing analysis of rat skeletal muscle feed arteries. I. Impact of obesity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 116:1017-32. [PMID: 24436298 PMCID: PMC4035791 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01233.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We employed next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology to determine the influence of obesity on global gene expression in skeletal muscle feed arteries. Transcriptional profiles of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscle feed arteries (GFA and SFA, respectively) and aortic endothelial cell-enriched samples from obese Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) and lean Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats were examined. Obesity produced 282 upregulated and 133 downregulated genes in SFA and 163 upregulated and 77 downregulated genes in GFA [false discovery rate (FDR) < 10%] with an overlap of 93 genes between the arteries. In LETO rats, there were 89 upregulated and 114 downregulated genes in the GFA compared with the SFA. There were 244 upregulated and 275 downregulated genes in OLETF rats (FDR < 10%) in the GFA compared with the SFA, with an overlap of 76 differentially expressed genes common to both LETO and OLETF rats in both the GFA and SFA. A total of 396 transcripts were found to be differentially expressed between LETO and OLETF in aortic endothelial cell-enriched samples. Overall, we found 1) the existence of heterogeneity in the transcriptional profile of the SFA and GFA within healthy LETO rats, 2) that this between-vessel heterogeneity was markedly exacerbated in the hyperphagic, obese OLETF rat, and 3) a greater number of genes whose expression was altered by obesity in the SFA compared with the GFA. Also, results indicate that in OLETF rats the GFA takes on a relatively more proatherogenic phenotype compared with the SFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan T Jenkins
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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Gialeli C, Viola M, Barbouri D, Kletsas D, Passi A, Karamanos NK. Dynamic interplay between breast cancer cells and normal endothelium mediates the expression of matrix macromolecules, proteasome activity and functional properties of endothelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2549-59. [PMID: 24582970 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer-endothelium interactions provide regulatory signals facilitating tumor progression. The endothelial cells have so far been mainly viewed in the context of tumor perfusion and relatively little is known regarding the effects of such paracrine interactions on the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM), proteasome activity and properties of endothelial cells. METHODS To address the effects of breast cancer cell (BCC) lines MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 on the endothelial cells, two cell culture models were utilized; one involves endothelial cell culture in the presence of BCCs-derived conditioned media (CM) and the other co-culture of both cell populations in a Transwell system. Real-time PCR was utilized to evaluate gene expression, an immunofluorescence assay for proteasome activity, and functional assays (migration, adhesion and invasion) and immunofluorescence microscopy for cell integrity and properties. RESULTS BCC-CM decreases the cell migration of HUVEC. Adhesion and invasion of BCCs are favored by HUVEC and HUVEC-CM. HA levels and the expression of CD44 and HA synthase-2 by HUVEC are substantially upregulated in both cell culture approaches. Adhesion molecules, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, are also highly upregulated, whereas MT1-MMP and MMP-2 expressions are significantly downregulated in both culture systems. Notably, the expression and activity of the proteasome β5 subunit are increased, especially by the action of MDA-MB-231-CM on HUVEC. CONCLUSIONS AND GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE BCCs significantly alter the expression of matrix macromolecules, proteasome activity and functional properties of endothelial cells. Deep understanding of such paracrine interactions will help to design novel drugs targeting breast cancer at the ECM level. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Matrix-mediated cell behaviour and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ch Gialeli
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Res. Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26110 Patras, Greece; Foundation for Research and Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (FORTH/ICE-HT), 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - M Viola
- Department of Surgery and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - D Barbouri
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Res. Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26110 Patras, Greece; Foundation for Research and Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (FORTH/ICE-HT), 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - D Kletsas
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biology, National Center of Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - A Passi
- Department of Surgery and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - N K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Res. Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26110 Patras, Greece; Foundation for Research and Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (FORTH/ICE-HT), 26500 Patras, Greece.
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Cho YE, Basu A, Dai A, Heldak M, Makino A. Coronary endothelial dysfunction and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in type 2 diabetic mice. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 305:C1033-40. [PMID: 23986204 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00234.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction is implicated in cardiovascular diseases, including diabetes. The decrease in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability is the hallmark of endothelial dysfunction, and it leads to attenuated vascular relaxation and atherosclerosis followed by a decrease in blood flow. In the heart, decreased coronary blood flow is responsible for insufficient oxygen supply to cardiomyocytes and, subsequently, increases the incidence of cardiac ischemia. In this study we investigate whether and how reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mitochondria contribute to coronary endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetic (T2D) mice. T2D was induced in mice by a high-fat diet combined with a single injection of low-dose streptozotocin. ACh-induced vascular relaxation was significantly attenuated in coronary arteries (CAs) from T2D mice compared with controls. The pharmacological approach reveals that NO-dependent, but not hyperpolarization- or prostacyclin-dependent, relaxation was decreased in CAs from T2D mice. Attenuated ACh-induced relaxation in CAs from T2D mice was restored toward control level by treatment with mitoTempol (a mitochondria-specific O2(-) scavenger). Coronary ECs isolated from T2D mice exhibited a significant increase in mitochondrial ROS concentration and decrease in SOD2 protein expression compared with coronary ECs isolated from control mice. Furthermore, protein ubiquitination of SOD2 was significantly increased in coronary ECs isolated from T2D mice. These results suggest that augmented SOD2 ubiquitination leads to the increase in mitochondrial ROS concentration in coronary ECs from T2D mice and attenuates coronary vascular relaxation in T2D mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Eun Cho
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Abstract
Perturbations in early life environments, including intrauterine exposure to maternal gestational diabetes (GDM), are hypothesized to lead to metabolic imprinting resulting in increased risk of cardiometabolic outcomes later in life. We aimed to 1) identify candidate genes and biological pathways associated with differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in relation to exposure to GDM in utero and, 2) using mediation analysis, more definitively investigate the potential for mediation of the effect of exposure to maternal diabetes in utero on cardiometabolic traits in childhood risk through our identified DMRs. Genome-wide methylation analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cell's DNA was conducted in 21 healthy children, ages 8-12 years. P-values from multiple linear regression analyses for >27,000 CpG sites were ranked to identify DMRs between the exposure groups. Among the top 10 ranked DMRs, we identified several genes, including NPR1, PANK1, SCAND1, and GJA4, which are known to be associated with cardiometabolic traits. Gene enrichment analysis of the top 84 genes, each with p<=0.005, identified the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) as the most enriched biological pathway (p = 0.07). The UPS pathway reflects biological processes known to be associated with endothelial function, inflammation, lipid metabolism, insulin resistance and β-cell apoptosis, whose derangements are central to the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic diseases. Increased methylation of PYGO1 and CLN8 had the greatest relative mediation effect (RME = 87%, p=0.005 and RME=50%, p=0.01) on the impact of exposure to maternal diabetes in utero on VCAM-1 levels in the offspring. Multiple candidate genes and the UPS were identified for future study as possible links between exposure to maternal gestational diabetes in utero and adverse cardiometabolic traits in the offspring. In particular, increased methylation of PYGO1 and CLN8 may be biological links between intrauterine exposure to maternal diabetes and significantly increased VCAM-1 levels in the offspring.
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Greussing R, Unterluggauer H, Koziel R, Maier AB, Jansen-Dürr P. Monitoring of ubiquitin-proteasome activity in living cells using a Degron (dgn)-destabilized green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based reporter protein. J Vis Exp 2012:3327. [PMID: 23169445 DOI: 10.3791/3327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteasome is the main intracellular organelle involved in the proteolytic degradation of abnormal, misfolded, damaged or oxidized proteins (1, 2). Maintenance of proteasome activity was implicated in many key cellular processes, like cell's stress response (3), cell cycle regulation and cellular differentiation (4) or in immune system response (5). The dysfunction of the ubiquitin-proteasome system has been related to the development of tumors and neurodegenerative diseases (4, 6). Additionally, a decrease in proteasome activity was found as a feature of cellular senescence and organismal aging (7, 8, 9, 10). Here, we present a method to measure ubiquitin-proteasome activity in living cells using a GFP-dgn fusion protein. To be able to monitor ubiquitin-proteasome activity in living primary cells, complementary DNA constructs coding for a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-dgn fusion protein (GFP-dgn, unstable) and a variant carrying a frameshift mutation (GFP-dgnFS, stable (11)) are inserted in lentiviral expression vectors. We prefer this technique over traditional transfection techniques because it guarantees a very high transfection efficiency independent of the cell type or the age of the donor. The difference between fluorescence displayed by the GFP-dgnFS (stable) protein and the destabilized protein (GFP-dgn) in the absence or presence of proteasome inhibitor can be used to estimate ubiquitin-proteasome activity in each particular cell strain. These differences can be monitored by epifluorescence microscopy or can be measured by flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Greussing
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research
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