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Zulfaj E, Nejat A, Haamid A, Elmahdy A, Espinosa A, Redfors B, Omerovic E. Animal models of Takotsubo syndrome: bridging the gap to the human condition. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1351587. [PMID: 38841261 PMCID: PMC11152046 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1351587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Modelling human diseases serves as a crucial tool to unveil underlying mechanisms and pathophysiology. Takotsubo syndrome (TS), an acute form of heart failure resembling myocardial infarction, manifests with reversible regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMA) of the ventricles. Despite its mortality and clinical similarity to myocardial infarction, TS aetiology remains elusive, with stress and catecholamines playing central roles. This review delves into current animal models of TS, aiming to assess their ability to replicate key clinical traits and identifying limitations. An in-depth evaluation of published animal models reveals a variation in the definition of TS among studies. We notice a substantial prevalence of catecholamine-induced models, particularly in rodents. While these models shed light on TS, there remains potential for refinement. Translational success in TS research hinges on models that align with human TS features and exhibit the key features, including transient RWMA. Animal models should be comprehensively evaluated regarding the various systemic changes of the applied trigger(s) for a proper interpretation. This review acts as a guide for researchers, advocating for stringent TS model standards and enhancing translational validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermir Zulfaj
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - AmirAli Nejat
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Abdulhussain Haamid
- Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ahmed Elmahdy
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Aaron Espinosa
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Björn Redfors
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Core Facilities - Experimental Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elmir Omerovic
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Core Facilities - Experimental Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Wei J, Liu D, Xu T, Zhu L, Jiao S, Yuan X, Wang ZA, Li J, Du Y. Variations in metabolic enzymes cause differential changes of heparan sulfate and hyaluronan in high glucose treated cells on chip. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126627. [PMID: 37660864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycocalyx dysfunction is believed as the first step in diabetic vascular disease. However, few studies have systematically investigated the influence of HG on the glycocalyx as a whole and its major constituent glycans towards one type of cell. Furthermore, most studies utilized traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures in vitro, which can't provide the necessary fluid environment for glycocalyx. Here, we utilized vascular glycocalyx on chips to evaluate the changes of glycocalyx and its constituent glycans in HG induced HUVECs. Fluorescence microscopy showed up-regulation of hyaluronan (HA) but down-regulation of heparan sulfate (HS). By analyzing the metabolic enzymes of both glycans, a decrease in the ratio of synthetic/degradative enzymes for HA and an increase in that for HS were demonstrated. Two substrates (UDP-GlcNAc, UDP-GlcA) for the synthesis of both glycans were increased according to omics analysis. Since they were firstly pumped into Golgi apparatus to synthesize HS, less substrates may be left for HA synthesis. Furthermore, the differential changes of HA and HS were confirmed in vessel slides from db/db mice. This study would deepen our understanding of impact of HG on glycocalyx formation and diabetic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dongdong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Tong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Limeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Siming Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xubing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhuo A Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Yuguang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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Lee CS, Zhai Y, Shang R, Wong T, Mattison AJ, Cen HH, Johnson JD, Vlodavsky I, Hussein B, Rodrigues B. Flow-Induced Secretion of Endothelial Heparanase Regulates Cardiac Lipoprotein Lipase and Changes Following Diabetes. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e027958. [PMID: 36416172 PMCID: PMC9851453 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.027958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)-derived fatty acid is a major source of energy for cardiac contraction. Synthesized in cardiomyocytes, LPL requires translocation to the vascular lumen for hydrolysis of lipoprotein triglyceride, an action mediated by endothelial cell (EC) release of heparanase. We determined whether flow-mediated biophysical forces can cause ECs to secrete heparanase and thus regulate cardiac metabolism. Methods and Results Isolated hearts were retrogradely perfused. Confluent rat aortic ECs were exposed to laminar flow using an orbital shaker. Cathepsin L activity was determined using gelatin-zymography. Diabetes was induced in rats with streptozotocin. Despite the abundance of enzymatically active heparanase in the heart, it was the enzymatically inactive, latent heparanase that was exceptionally responsive to flow-induced release. EC exposed to orbital rotation exhibited a similar pattern of heparanase secretion, an effect that was reproduced by activation of the mechanosensor, Piezo1. The laminar flow-mediated release of heparanase from EC required activation of both the purinergic receptor and protein kinase D, a kinase that assists in vesicular transport of proteins. Heparanase influenced cardiac metabolism by increasing cardiomyocyte LPL displacement along with subsequent replenishment. The flow-induced heparanase secretion was augmented following diabetes and could explain the increased heparin-releasable pool of LPL at the coronary lumen in these diabetic hearts. Conclusions ECs sense fluid shear-stress and communicate this information to subjacent cardiomyocytes with the help of heparanase. This flow-induced mechanosensing and its dynamic control of cardiac metabolism to generate ATP, using LPL-derived fatty acid, is exquisitely adapted to respond to disease conditions, like diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Syng Lee
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesUBCVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Yajie Zhai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesUBCVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Rui Shang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesUBCVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Trevor Wong
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesUBCVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Aurora J. Mattison
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences & Department of SurgeryDiabetes Focus Team, Life Sciences Institute, UBCVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Haoning Howard Cen
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences & Department of SurgeryDiabetes Focus Team, Life Sciences Institute, UBCVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - James D. Johnson
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences & Department of SurgeryDiabetes Focus Team, Life Sciences Institute, UBCVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research CenterRappaport Faculty of Medicine, TechnionHaifaIsrael
| | - Bahira Hussein
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesUBCVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Brian Rodrigues
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesUBCVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
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Richter RP, Payne GA, Ambalavanan N, Gaggar A, Richter JR. The endothelial glycocalyx in critical illness: A pediatric perspective. Matrix Biol Plus 2022; 14:100106. [PMID: 35392182 PMCID: PMC8981764 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2022.100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx thins with age and cardiovascular comorbidities. Endothelial glycocalyx is affected by and integral to severe pediatric illnesses. Mechanistic insight into cause/effect of endothelial glycocalyx injury is paramount. Vascular glycocalyx damage in pediatric critical illness warrants further study.
The vascular endothelium is the interface between circulating blood and end organs and thus has a critical role in preserving organ function. The endothelium is lined by a glycan-rich glycocalyx that uniquely contributes to endothelial function through its regulation of leukocyte and platelet interactions with the vessel wall, vascular permeability, coagulation, and vasoreactivity. Degradation of the endothelial glycocalyx can thus promote vascular dysfunction, inflammation propagation, and organ injury. The endothelial glycocalyx and its role in vascular pathophysiology has gained increasing attention over the last decade. While studies characterizing vascular glycocalyx injury and its downstream consequences in a host of adult human diseases and in animal models has burgeoned, studies evaluating glycocalyx damage in pediatric diseases are relatively few. As children have unique physiology that differs from adults, significant knowledge gaps remain in our understanding of the causes and effects of endothelial glycocalyx disintegrity in pediatric critical illness. In this narrative literature overview, we offer a unique perspective on the role of the endothelial glycocalyx in pediatric critical illness, drawing from adult and preclinical data in addition to pediatric clinical experience to elucidate how marked derangement of the endothelial surface layer may contribute to aberrant vascular biology in children. By calling attention to this nascent field, we hope to increase research efforts to address important knowledge gaps in pediatric vascular biology that may inform the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P. Richter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Center for Injury Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1600 5 Avenue South, CPPI Suite 102, Birmingham, Alabama 35233, USA.
| | - Gregory A. Payne
- Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Namasivayam Ambalavanan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Translational Research in Normal and Disordered Development Program, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Amit Gaggar
- Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jillian R. Richter
- Center for Injury Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Deranged Myocardial Fatty Acid Metabolism in Heart Failure. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020996. [PMID: 35055179 PMCID: PMC8779056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The heart requires fatty acids to maintain its activity. Various mechanisms regulate myocardial fatty acid metabolism, such as energy production using fatty acids as fuel, for which it is known that coordinated control of fatty acid uptake, β-oxidation, and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation steps are important for efficient adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production without unwanted side effects. The fatty acids taken up by cardiomyocytes are not only used as substrates for energy production but also for the synthesis of triglycerides and the replacement reaction of fatty acid chains in cell membrane phospholipids. Alterations in fatty acid metabolism affect the structure and function of the heart. Recently, breakthrough studies have focused on the key transcription factors that regulate fatty acid metabolism in cardiomyocytes and the signaling systems that modify their functions. In this article, we reviewed the latest research on the role of fatty acid metabolism in the pathogenesis of heart failure and provide an outlook on future challenges.
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Mayfosh AJ, Nguyen TK, Hulett MD. The Heparanase Regulatory Network in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011096. [PMID: 34681753 PMCID: PMC8541136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a structural framework that has many important physiological functions which include maintaining tissue structure and integrity, serving as a barrier to invading pathogens, and acting as a reservoir for bioactive molecules. This cellular scaffold is made up of various types of macromolecules including heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). HSPGs comprise a protein core linked to the complex glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS), the remodeling of which is important for many physiological processes such as wound healing as well as pathological processes including cancer metastasis. Turnover of HS is tightly regulated by a single enzyme capable of cleaving HS side chains: heparanase. Heparanase upregulation has been identified in many inflammatory diseases including atherosclerosis, fibrosis, and cancer, where it has been shown to play multiple roles in processes such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, and cancer metastasis. Heparanase expression and activity are tightly regulated. Understanding the regulation of heparanase and its downstream targets is attractive for the development of treatments for these diseases. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the regulators of heparanase as well as the enzyme’s downstream gene and protein targets, and implications for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyce J. Mayfosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; (A.J.M.); (T.K.N.)
| | - Tien K. Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; (A.J.M.); (T.K.N.)
| | - Mark D. Hulett
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; (A.J.M.); (T.K.N.)
- Correspondence:
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Shang R, Rodrigues B. Lipoprotein Lipase and Its Delivery of Fatty Acids to the Heart. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11071016. [PMID: 34356640 PMCID: PMC8301904 DOI: 10.3390/biom11071016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ninety percent of plasma fatty acids (FAs) are contained within lipoprotein-triglyceride, and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is robustly expressed in the heart. Hence, LPL-mediated lipolysis of lipoproteins is suggested to be a key source of FAs for cardiac use. Lipoprotein clearance by LPL occurs at the apical surface of the endothelial cell lining of the coronary lumen. In the heart, the majority of LPL is produced in cardiomyocytes and subsequently is translocated to the apical luminal surface. Here, vascular LPL hydrolyzes lipoprotein-triglyceride to provide the heart with FAs for ATP generation. This article presents an overview of cardiac LPL, explains how the enzyme works, describes key molecules that regulate its activity and outlines how changes in LPL are brought about by physiological and pathological states such as fasting and diabetes, respectively.
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Abstract
Diabetes is a complex disorder responsible for the mortality and morbidity of millions of individuals worldwide. Although many approaches have been used to understand and treat diabetes, the role of proteoglycans, in particular heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), has only recently received attention. The HSPGs are heterogeneous, highly negatively charged, and are found in all cells primarily attached to the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular matrix (ECM). HSPGs are involved in development, cell migration, signal transduction, hemostasis, inflammation, and antiviral activity, and regulate cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and enzymes. Hyperglycemia, accompanying diabetes, increases reactive oxygen species and upregulates the enzyme heparanase that degrades HSPGs or affects the synthesis of the HSPGs altering their structure. The modified HSPGs in the endothelium and ECM in the blood vessel wall contribute to the nephropathy, cardiovascular disease, and retinopathy seen in diabetes. Besides the blood vessel, other cells and tissues in the heart, kidney, and eye are affected by diabetes. Although not well understood, the adipose tissue, intestine, and brain also reveal HSPG changes associated with diabetes. Further, HSPGs are significantly involved in protecting the β cells of the pancreas from autoimmune destruction and could be a focus of prevention of type I diabetes. In some circumstances, HSPGs may contribute to the pathology of the disease. Understanding the role of HSPGs and how they are modified by diabetes may lead to new treatments as well as preventative measures to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with this complex condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Hiebert
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Heparanase: Cloning, Function and Regulation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:189-229. [PMID: 32274711 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In 2019, we mark the 20th anniversary of the cloning of the human heparanase gene. Heparanase remains the only known enzyme to cleave heparan sulfate, which is an abundant component of the extracellular matrix. Thus, elucidating the mechanisms underlying heparanase expression and activity is critical to understanding its role in healthy and pathological settings. This chapter provides a historical account of the race to clone the human heparanase gene, describes the intracellular and extracellular function of the enzyme, and explores the various mechanisms regulating heparanase expression and activity at the gene, transcript, and protein level.
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10
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Shang R, Lal N, Puri K, Hussein B, Rodrigues B. Involvement of Heparanase in Endothelial Cell-Cardiomyocyte Crosstalk. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:721-745. [PMID: 32274734 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, the management of diabetes has focused mainly on controlling high blood glucose levels. Unfortunately, despite valiant efforts to normalize this blood glucose, poor medication management predisposes these patients to heart failure. Following diabetes, how the heart utilizes different sources of fuel for energy is key to the development of heart failure. The diabetic heart switches from using both glucose and fats, to predominately using fats as an energy resource for maintaining its activities. This transformation to using fats as an exclusive source of energy is helpful in the initial stages of the disease and is tightly controlled. However, over the progression of diabetes, there is a loss of this controlled supply and use of fats, which ultimately has terrible consequences since the uncontrolled use of fats produces toxic by-products which weaken heart function and cause heart disease. Heparanase is a key player that directs how much fats are provided to the heart and does so in association with several partners like LPL and VEGFs. Together, they regulate the amount of fats supplied, and their subsequent breakdown to provide energy. Following diabetes, there is a disruption in this network resulting in fat oversupply and cell death. Understanding how the heparanase-LPL-VEGFs "ensemble" cooperates, and its dysfunction in the diabetic heart would be useful in restoring metabolic equilibrium and limiting diabetes-related cardiac damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Shang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nathaniel Lal
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Karanjit Puri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bahira Hussein
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brian Rodrigues
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Dias-Teixeira K, Horton X, McKown R, Romano J, Laurie GW. The Lacritin-Syndecan-1-Heparanase Axis in Dry Eye Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:747-757. [PMID: 32274735 PMCID: PMC7398572 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Homeostasis and visual acuity of the surface of the eye are dependent on tears, a thin film comprising at least 1800 different extracellular proteins and numerous species of lipids through which 80% of entering light is refracted at the air interface. Loss of homeostasis in dry eye disease affects 5-7% of the world's population, yet little is known about key molecular players. Our story began as an unbiased screen for regulators of tearing that led to the discovery of homeostasis-restorative 'lacritin', a tear protein whose active form is selectively deficient in dry eye. Heparanase acts as a novel 'on-switch' for lacritin ligation of syndecan-1 necessary to trigger basal tearing, as well as pertussis toxin-sensitive and FOXO-dependent signaling pathways for healing of inflammation-damaged epithelia and restoring epithelial oxidative phosphorylation by mitochondrial fusion downstream of transiently accelerated autophagy. A phase 2 clinical trial has tested the applicability of this mechanism to the resolution of dry eye disease. Results are not yet available. With lacritin proteoforms detected in cerebral spinal fluid, plasma, and urine, the capacity of the lacritin-syndecan-1-heparanase axis to restore homeostasis might have wide systemic relevance to other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xavier Horton
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Robert McKown
- School of Integrated Sciences, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Romano
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Gordon W Laurie
- Departments of Cell Biology, Biomedical Engineering and Ophthalmology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Tang X, Li PH, Chen HZ. Cardiomyocyte Senescence and Cellular Communications Within Myocardial Microenvironments. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:280. [PMID: 32508749 PMCID: PMC7253644 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases have become the leading cause of human death. Aging is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Cardiac aging is associated with maladaptation of cellular metabolism, dysfunction (or senescence) of cardiomyocytes, a decrease in angiogenesis, and an increase in tissue scarring (fibrosis). These events eventually lead to cardiac remodeling and failure. Senescent cardiomyocytes show the hallmarks of DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondria dysfunction, contractile dysfunction, hypertrophic growth, and senescence-associated secreting phenotype (SASP). Metabolism within cardiomyocytes is essential not only to fuel the pump function of the heart but also to maintain the functional homeostasis and participate in the senescence of cardiomyocytes. The senescence of cardiomyocyte is also regulated by the non-myocytes (endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells) in the local microenvironment. On the other hand, the senescent cardiomyocytes alter their phenotypes and subsequently affect the non-myocytes in the local microenvironment and contribute to cardiac aging and pathological remodeling. In this review, we first summarized the hallmarks of the senescence of cardiomyocytes. Then, we discussed the metabolic switch within senescent cardiomyocytes and provided a discussion of the cellular communications between dysfunctional cardiomyocytes and non-myocytes in the local microenvironment. We also addressed the functions of metabolic regulators within non-myocytes in modulating myocardial microenvironment. Finally, we pointed out some interesting and important questions that are needed to be addressed by further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoqiang Tang ;
| | - Pei-Heng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hou-Zao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Hou-Zao Chen ;
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Puri K, Lal N, Shang R, Ghosh S, Flibotte S, Dyer R, Hussein B, Rodrigues B. Diabetes Mellitus Severity and a Switch From Using Lipoprotein Lipase to Adipose-Derived Fatty Acid Results in a Cardiac Metabolic Signature That Embraces Cell Death. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e014022. [PMID: 31665961 PMCID: PMC6898854 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.014022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Fatty acid (FA) provision to the heart is from cardiomyocyte and adipose depots, plus lipoprotein lipase action. We tested how a graded reduction in insulin impacts the source of FA used by cardiomyocytes and the cardiac adaptations required to process these FA. Methods and Results Rats injected with 55 (D55) or 100 (D100) mg/kg streptozotocin were terminated after 4 days. Although D55 and D100 were equally hyperglycemic, D100 showed markedly lower pancreatic and plasma insulin and loss of lipoprotein lipase, which in D55 hearts had expanded. There was minimal change in plasma FA in D55. However, D100 exhibited a 2‐ to 3‐fold increase in various saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated FA in the plasma. D100 demonstrated dramatic cardiac transcriptomic changes with 1574 genes differentially expressed compared with only 49 in D55. Augmented mitochondrial and peroxisomal β‐oxidation in D100 was not matched by elevated tricarboxylic acid or oxidative phosphorylation. With increasing FA, although control myocytes responded by augmenting basal respiration, this was minimized in D55 and reversed in D100. Metabolomic profiling identified significant lipid accumulation in D100 hearts, which also exhibited sizeable change in genes related to apoptosis and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick‐end labeling–positive cells. Conclusions With increasing severity of diabetes mellitus, when the diabetic heart is unable to control its own FA supply using lipoprotein lipase, it undergoes dramatic reprogramming that is linked to handling of excess FA that arise from adipose tissue. This transition results in a cardiac metabolic signature that embraces mitochondrial FA overload, oxidative stress, triglyceride storage, and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karanjit Puri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Nathaniel Lal
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Rui Shang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Sanjoy Ghosh
- Department of Biology IKBSAS University of British Columbia-Okanagan Kelowna Canada
| | - Stephane Flibotte
- Department of Zoology University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Roger Dyer
- Department of Pediatrics University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Bahira Hussein
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Brian Rodrigues
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
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Wang F, Jia J, Lal N, Zhang D, Chiu APL, Wan A, Vlodavsky I, Hussein B, Rodrigues B. High glucose facilitated endothelial heparanase transfer to the cardiomyocyte modifies its cell death signature. Cardiovasc Res 2017; 112:656-668. [PMID: 27979811 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The secretion of enzymatically active heparanase (HepA) has been implicated as an essential metabolic adaptation in the heart following diabetes. However, the regulation and function of the enzymatically inactive heparanase (HepL) remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that in response to high glucose (HG) and secretion of HepL from the endothelial cell (EC), HepL uptake and function can protect the cardiomyocyte by modifying its cell death signature. METHODS AND RESULTS HG promoted both HepL and HepA secretion from microvascular (rat heart micro vessel endothelial cells, RHMEC) and macrovascular (rat aortic endothelial cells, RAOEC) EC. However, only RAOEC were capable of HepL reuptake. This occurred through a low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) dependent mechanism, as LRP1 inhibition using small interfering RNA (siRNA), receptor-associated protein, or an LRP1 neutralizing antibody significantly reduced uptake. In cardiomyocytes, which have a negligible amount of heparanase gene expression, LRP1 also participated in the uptake of HepL. Exogenous addition of HepL to rat cardiomyocytes produced a dramatically altered expression of apoptosis-related genes, and protection against HG and H2O2 induced cell death. Cardiomyocytes from acutely diabetic rats demonstrated a robust increase in LRP1 expression and levels of heparanase, a pro-survival gene signature, and limited evidence of cell death, observations that were not apparent following chronic and progressive diabetes. CONCLUSION Our results highlight EC-to-cardiomyocyte transfer of heparanase to modulate the cardiomyocyte cell death signature. This mechanism was observed in the acutely diabetic heart, and its interruption following chronic diabetes may contribute towards the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulong Wang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Jocelyn Jia
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Nathaniel Lal
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Dahai Zhang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Amy Pei-Ling Chiu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Andrea Wan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Bahira Hussein
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Brian Rodrigues
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
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Lal N, Chiu APL, Wang F, Zhang D, Jia J, Wan A, Vlodavsky I, Hussein B, Rodrigues B. Loss of VEGFB and its signaling in the diabetic heart is associated with increased cell death signaling. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 312:H1163-H1175. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00659.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGFB) is highly expressed in metabolically active tissues, such as the heart and skeletal muscle, suggesting a function in maintaining oxidative metabolic and contractile function in these tissues. Multiple models of heart failure have indicated a significant drop in VEGFB. However, whether there is a role for decreased VEGFB in diabetic cardiomyopathy is currently unknown. Of the VEGFB located in cardiomyocytes, there is a substantial and readily releasable pool localized on the cell surface. The immediate response to high glucose and the secretion of endothelial heparanase is the release of this surface-bound VEGFB, which triggers signaling pathways and gene expression to influence endothelial cell (autocrine action) and cardiomyocyte (paracrine effects) survival. Under conditions of hyperglycemia, when VEGFB production is impaired, a robust increase in vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-1 expression ensues as a possible mechanism to enhance or maintain VEGFB signaling. However, even with an increase in VEGFR1 after diabetes, cardiomyocytes are unable to respond to VEGFB. In addition to the loss of VEGFB production and signaling, evaluation of latent heparanase, the protein responsible for VEGFB release, also showed a significant decline in expression in whole hearts from animals with chronic or acute diabetes. Defects in these numerous VEGFB pathways were associated with an increased cell death signature in our models of diabetes. Through this bidirectional interaction between endothelial cells (which secrete heparanase) and cardiomyocytes (which release VEGFB), this growth factor could provide the diabetic heart protection against cell death and may be a critical tool to delay or prevent cardiomyopathy. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We discovered a bidirectional interaction between endothelial cells (which secrete heparanase) and cardiomyocytes [which release vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGFB)]. VEGFB promoted cell survival through ERK and cell death gene expression. Loss of VEGFB and its downstream signaling is an early event following hyperglycemia, is sustained with disease progression, and could explain diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Lal
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Amy Pei-Ling Chiu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Fulong Wang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Dahai Zhang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Jocelyn Jia
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | | | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Bahira Hussein
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Brian Rodrigues
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
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Lukasz A, Hillgruber C, Oberleithner H, Kusche-Vihrog K, Pavenstädt H, Rovas A, Hesse B, Goerge T, Kümpers P. Endothelial glycocalyx breakdown is mediated by angiopoietin-2. Cardiovasc Res 2017; 113:671-680. [PMID: 28453727 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The endothelial glycocalyx (eGC), a carbohydrate-rich layer lining the luminal surface of the endothelium, provides a first vasoprotective barrier against vascular leakage and adhesion in sepsis and vessel inflammation. Angiopoietin-2 (Angpt-2), an antagonist of the endothelium-stabilizing receptor Tie2 secreted by endothelial cells, promotes vascular permeability through cellular contraction and junctional disintegration. We hypothesized that Angpt-2 might also mediate the breakdown of the eGC. METHODS AND RESULTS Using confocal and atomic force microscopy, we show that exogenous Angpt-2 induces a rapid loss of the eGC in endothelial cells in vitro. Glycocalyx deterioration involves the specific loss of its main constituent heparan sulphate, paralleled by the secretion of the heparan sulphate-specific heparanase from late endosomal/lysosomal stores. Corresponding in vivo experiments revealed that exogenous Angpt-2 leads to heparanase-dependent eGC breakdown, which contributes to plasma leakage and leukocyte recruitment in vivo. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that eGC breakdown is mediated by Angpt-2 in a non-redundant manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lukasz
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Münster, Robert-Koch-Straße 27b, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Carina Hillgruber
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Münster, Von-Esmarch-Straße 58, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hans Oberleithner
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Münster, Robert-Koch-Straße 27b, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kristina Kusche-Vihrog
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Münster, Robert-Koch-Straße 27b, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hermann Pavenstädt
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alexandros Rovas
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bettina Hesse
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Münster, Robert-Koch-Straße 27b, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Tobias Goerge
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Münster, Von-Esmarch-Straße 58, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Philipp Kümpers
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Wan A, Rodrigues B. Endothelial cell-cardiomyocyte crosstalk in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 111:172-83. [PMID: 27288009 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of diabetes is increasing globally, with cardiovascular disease accounting for a substantial number of diabetes-related deaths. Although atherosclerotic vascular disease is a primary reason for this cardiovascular dysfunction, heart failure in patients with diabetes might also be an outcome of an intrinsic heart muscle malfunction, labelled diabetic cardiomyopathy. Changes in cardiomyocyte metabolism, which encompasses a shift to exclusive fatty acid utilization, are considered a leading stimulus for this cardiomyopathy. In addition to cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells (ECs) make up a significant proportion of the heart, with the majority of ATP generation in these cells provided by glucose. In this review, we will discuss the metabolic machinery that drives energy metabolism in the cardiomyocyte and EC, its breakdown following diabetes, and the research direction necessary to assist in devising novel therapeutic strategies to prevent or delay diabetic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Wan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Brian Rodrigues
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
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Chiu APL, Wan A, Rodrigues B. Cardiomyocyte-endothelial cell control of lipoprotein lipase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1434-41. [PMID: 26995461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In people with diabetes, inadequate pharmaceutical management predisposes the patient to heart failure, which is the leading cause of diabetes related death. One instigator for this cardiac dysfunction is change in fuel utilization by the heart. Thus, following diabetes, when cardiac glucose utilization is impaired, the heart undergoes metabolic transformation wherein it switches to using fats as an exclusive source of energy. Although this switching is geared to help the heart initially, in the long term, this has detrimental effects on cardiac function. These include the generation of noxious byproducts, which damage the cardiomyocytes, and ultimately result in increased morbidity and mortality. A key perpetrator that may be responsible for organizing this metabolic disequilibrium is lipoprotein lipase (LPL), the enzyme responsible for providing fat to the hearts. Either exaggeration or reduction in its activity following diabetes could lead to heart dysfunction. Given the disturbing news that diabetes is rampant across the globe, gaining more insight into the mechanism(s) by which cardiac LPL is regulated may assist other researchers in devising new therapeutic strategies to restore metabolic equilibrium, to help prevent or delay heart disease seen during diabetes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Heart Lipid Metabolism edited by G.D. Lopaschuk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Pei-Ling Chiu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Andrea Wan
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Brian Rodrigues
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Heparanase procoagulant activity as a predictor of wound necrosis following diabetic foot amputation. Thromb Res 2016; 139:148-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Sathanoori R, Swärd K, Olde B, Erlinge D. The ATP Receptors P2X7 and P2X4 Modulate High Glucose and Palmitate-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Endothelial Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125111. [PMID: 25938443 PMCID: PMC4418812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells lining the blood vessels are principal players in vascular inflammatory responses. Dysregulation of endothelial cell function caused by hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hyperinsulinemia often result in impaired vasoregulation, oxidative stress, inflammation, and altered barrier function. Various stressors including high glucose stimulate the release of nucleotides thus initiating signaling via purinergic receptors. However, purinergic modulation of inflammatory responses in endothelial cells caused by high glucose and palmitate remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated whether the effect of high glucose and palmitate is mediated by P2X7 and P2X4 and if they play a role in endothelial cell dysfunction. Transcript and protein levels of inflammatory genes as well as reactive oxygen species production, endothelial-leukocyte adhesion, and cell permeability were investigated in human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to high glucose and palmitate. We report high glucose and palmitate to increase levels of extracellular ATP, expression of P2X7 and P2X4, and inflammatory markers. Both P2X7 and P2X4 antagonists inhibited high glucose and palmitate-induced interleukin-6 levels with the former having a significant effect on interleukin-8 and cyclooxygenase-2. The effect of the antagonists was confirmed with siRNA knockdown of the receptors. In addition, P2X7 mediated both high glucose and palmitate-induced increase in reactive oxygen species levels and decrease in endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Blocking P2X7 inhibited high glucose and palmitate-induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 as well as leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion. Interestingly, high glucose and palmitate enhanced endothelial cell permeability that was dependent on both P2X7 and P2X4. Furthermore, antagonizing the P2X7 inhibited high glucose and palmitate-mediated activation of p38-mitogen activated protein kinase. These findings support a novel role for P2X7 and P2X4 coupled to induction of inflammatory molecules in modulating high glucose and palmitate-induced endothelial cell activation and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasri Sathanoori
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Karl Swärd
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Björn Olde
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - David Erlinge
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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21
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The function of heparanase in diabetes and its complications. Can J Diabetes 2015; 37:332-8. [PMID: 24500561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are ubiquitous glycoproteins that contain several heparan sulfate polysaccharide side chains attached to a core protein. They function not only as a primary structural component of the extracellular matrix, but also provide a storage depot for bioactive molecules, such as basic fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor and lipoprotein lipase. Heparanase is an endoglycosidase that specifically hydrolyzes heparan sulfate into oligosaccharides. Recent studies have indicated that heparanase is engaged in the initiation and progression of diabetes, in addition to its associated complications. This review focuses on the participation of heparanase in the cleavage of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in pancreatic islets promoting beta cell death, promotion of atherosclerosis, and its role in cardiac metabolic switching in the early stage of cardiomyopathy during diabetes. Understanding the mechanisms by which heparanase is regulated in diabetes could provide a drug target to prevent diabetes and its complications.
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Puthanveetil P, Wan A, Rodrigues B. Lipoprotein lipase and angiopoietin-like 4 – Cardiomyocyte secretory proteins that regulate metabolism during diabetic heart disease. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2015; 52:138-49. [DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2014.997931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Heparanase activity as a prospective marker for diabetic nephropathy in Egyptian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-014-0246-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Diabetes is a widespread disease with many clinical pathologies. Despite numerous pharmaceutical strategies for treatment, the incidence of diabetes continues to increase. Hyperglycemia, observed in diabetes, causes endothelial injury resulting in microvascular and macrovascular complications such as nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and increased atherosclerosis. RECENT ADVANCES Proteoglycans are chemically diverse macromolecules consisting of a protein core with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) attached. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are important compounds found on the endothelial cell membrane and in the extracellular matrix, which play an important role in growth regulation and serve as a reservoir for cytokines and other bioactive molecules. Endothelial cells are altered in hyperglycemia by a reduction in heparan sulfate and upregulation and secretion of heparanase, an enzyme that degrades heparan sulfate GAGs on proteoglycans. Reactive oxygen species, increased in diabetes, also destroy GAGs. CRITICAL ISSUES Preservation of heparan sulfate proteoglycans on endothelial cells may be a strategy to prevent angiopathy associated with diabetes. The use of GAGs and GAG-like compounds may increase endothelial heparan sulfate and prevent an increase in the heparanase enzyme. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Elucidating the mechanisms of GAG depletion and its significance in endothelial health may help to further understand, prevent, and treat cardiovascular complications associated with diabetes. Further studies examining the role of GAGs and GAG-like compounds in maintaining endothelial health, including their effect on heparanase, will determine the feasibility of these compounds in diabetes treatment. Preservation of heparan sulfate by decreasing heparanase may have important implications not only in diabetes, but also in cardiovascular disease and tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Hiebert
- 1 Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Canada
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Yu Q, Zhou N, Nan Y, Zhang L, Li Y, Hao X, Xiong L, Lau WB, Ma XL, Wang H, Gao F. Effective glycaemic control critically determines insulin cardioprotection against ischaemia/reperfusion injury in anaesthetized dogs. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 103:238-47. [PMID: 24845581 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Experimental evidence has shown significant cardioprotective effects of insulin, whereas clinical trials produced mixed results without valid explanations. This study was designed to examine the effect of hyperglycaemia on insulin cardioprotective action in a preclinical large animal model of myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion (MI/R). METHODS AND RESULTS Anaesthetized dogs were subjected to MI/R (30 min/4 h) and randomized to normal plasma insulin/euglycaemia (NI/NG), normal-insulin/hyperglycaemia (NI/HG), high-insulin/euglycaemia (HI/NG), and high-insulin/hyperglycaemia (HI/HG) achieved by controlled glucose/insulin infusion. Endogenous insulin production was abolished by peripancreatic vessel ligation. Compared with the control animals (NI/NG), hyperglycaemia (NI/HG) significantly aggravated MI/R injury. Insulin elevation at clamped euglycaemia (HI/NG) protected against MI/R injury as evidenced by reduced infarct size, decreased necrosis and apoptosis, and alleviated inflammatory and oxidative stress (leucocyte infiltration, myeloperoxidase, and malondialdehyde levels). However, these cardioprotective effects of insulin were markedly blunted in hyperglycaemic animals (HI/HG). In vitro mechanistic study in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes revealed that insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and Akt was significantly attenuated by high glucose, accompanied by markedly increased IRS-1 O-GlcNAc glycosylation following hypoxia/reoxygenation. Inhibition of hexosamine biosynthesis with 6-diazo-5-oxonorleucine abrogated high glucose-induced O-GlcNAc modification and inactivation of IRS-1/Akt as well as cell injury. CONCLUSIONS Our results, derived from a canine model of MI/R, demonstrate that hyperglycaemia blunts insulin protection against MI/R injury via hyperglycaemia-induced glycosylation and subsequent inactivation of insulin-signalling proteins. Our findings suggest that prevention of hyperglycaemia is critical for achieving maximal insulin cardioprotection for the ischaemic/reperfused hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiujun Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ning Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital of Shaanxi Provincial Corps of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Nan
- Department of Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoke Hao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lize Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wayne Bond Lau
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xin L Ma
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Haichang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China Department of Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Lopez-Quintero SV, Cancel LM, Pierides A, Antonetti D, Spray DC, Tarbell JM. High glucose attenuates shear-induced changes in endothelial hydraulic conductivity by degrading the glycocalyx. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78954. [PMID: 24260138 PMCID: PMC3832508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease; however, the mechanisms through which diabetes impairs homeostasis of the vasculature have not been completely elucidated. The endothelium interacts with circulating blood through the surface glycocalyx layer, which serves as a mechanosensor/transducer of fluid shear forces leading to biomolecular responses. Atherosclerosis localizes typically in regions of low or disturbed shear stress, but in diabetics, the distribution is more diffuse, suggesting that there is a fundamental difference in the way cells sense shear forces. In the present study, we examined the effect of hyperglycemia on mechanotranduction in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC). After six days in high glucose media, we observed a decrease in heparan sulfate content coincident with a significant attenuation of the shear-induced hydraulic conductivity response, lower activation of eNOS after exposure to shear, and reduced cell alignment with shear stress. These studies are consistent with a diabetes-induced change to the glycocalyx altering endothelial response to shear stress that could affect the distribution of atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra V. Lopez-Quintero
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of The City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Limary M. Cancel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of The City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexis Pierides
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of The City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David Antonetti
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - David C. Spray
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - John M. Tarbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of The City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhang D, Wan A, Chiu APL, Wang Y, Wang F, Neumaier K, Lal N, Bround MJ, Johnson JD, Vlodavsky I, Rodrigues B. Hyperglycemia-induced secretion of endothelial heparanase stimulates a vascular endothelial growth factor autocrine network in cardiomyocytes that promotes recruitment of lipoprotein lipase. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:2830-8. [PMID: 24115032 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE During diabetes mellitus, coronary lipoprotein lipase increases to promote the predominant use of fatty acids. We have reported that high glucose stimulates active heparanase secretion from endothelial cells to cleave cardiomyocyte heparan sulfate and release bound lipoprotein lipase for transfer to the vascular lumen. In the current study, we examined whether heparanase also has a function to release cardiomyocyte vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and whether this growth factor influences cardiomyocyte fatty acid delivery in an autocrine manner. APPROACH AND RESULTS Acute, reversible hyperglycemia was induced in rats, and a modified Langendorff heart perfusion was used to separate the coronary perfusate from the interstitial effluent. Coronary artery endothelial cells were exposed to high glucose to generate conditioned medium, and VEGF release from isolated cardiomyocytes was tested using endothelial cell conditioned medium or purified active and latent heparanase. Autocrine signaling of myocyte-derived VEGF on cardiac metabolism was studied. High glucose promoted latent and active heparanase secretion into endothelial cell conditioned medium, an effective stimulus for releasing cardiomyocyte VEGF. Intriguingly, latent heparanase was more efficient than active heparanase in releasing VEGF from a unique cell surface pool. VEGF augmented cardiomyocyte intracellular calcium and AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation and increased heparin-releasable lipoprotein lipase. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the heparanase-lipoprotein lipase-VEGF axis amplifies fatty acid delivery, a rapid and adaptive mechanism that is geared to overcome the loss of glucose consumption by the diabetic heart. If prolonged, the resultant lipotoxicity could lead to cardiovascular disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahai Zhang
- From the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.Z., A.W., A.P.-L.C., Y.W., F.W., K.N., N.L., B.R.), and Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences (M.J.B., J.D.J.), University of British Columbia, Canada; and Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Israel (I.V.)
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Signaling mechanisms of glucose-induced F-actin remodeling in pancreatic islet β cells. Exp Mol Med 2013; 45:e37. [PMID: 23969997 PMCID: PMC3789261 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2013.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of whole-body glucose homeostasis is critical for survival, and is controlled by the coordination of multiple organs and endocrine systems. Pancreatic islet β cells secrete insulin in response to nutrient stimuli, and insulin then travels through the circulation promoting glucose uptake into insulin-responsive tissues such as liver, skeletal muscle and adipose. Many of the genes identified in human genome-wide association studies of diabetic individuals are directly associated with β cell survival and function, giving credence to the idea that β-cell dysfunction is central to the development of type 2 diabetes. As such, investigations into the mechanisms by which β cells sense glucose and secrete insulin in a regulated manner are a major focus of current diabetes research. In particular, recent discoveries of the detailed role and requirements for reorganization/remodeling of filamentous actin (F-actin) in the regulation of insulin release from the β cell have appeared at the forefront of islet function research, having lapsed in prior years due to technical limitations. Recent advances in live-cell imaging and specialized reagents have revealed localized F-actin remodeling to be a requisite for the normal biphasic pattern of nutrient-stimulated insulin secretion. This review will provide an historical look at the emergent focus on the role of the actin cytoskeleton and its regulation of insulin secretion, leading up to the cutting-edge research in progress in the field today.
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Wang Y, Zhang D, Chiu APL, Wan A, Neumaier K, Vlodavsky I, Rodrigues B. Endothelial heparanase regulates heart metabolism by stimulating lipoprotein lipase secretion from cardiomyocytes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:894-902. [PMID: 23471235 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE After diabetes mellitus, transfer of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) from cardiomyocytes to the coronary lumen increases, and this requires liberation of LPL from the myocyte surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans with subsequent replenishment of this reservoir. At the lumen, LPL breaks down triglyceride to meet the increased demand of the heart for fatty acid. Here, we examined the contribution of coronary endothelial cells (ECs) toward regulation of cardiomyocyte LPL secretion. APPROACH AND RESULTS Bovine coronary artery ECs were exposed to high glucose, and the conditioned medium was used to treat cardiomyocytes. EC-conditioned medium liberated LPL from the myocyte surface, in addition to facilitating its replenishment. This effect was attributed to the increased heparanase content in EC-conditioned medium. Of the 2 forms of heparanase secreted from EC in response to high glucose, active heparanase released LPL from the myocyte surface, whereas latent heparanase stimulated reloading of LPL from an intracellular pool via heparan sulfate proteoglycan-mediated RhoA activation. CONCLUSIONS Endothelial heparanase is a participant in facilitating LPL increase at the coronary lumen. These observations provide an insight into the cross-talk between ECs and cardiomyocytes to regulate cardiac metabolism after diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
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30
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Li Y, Liu H, Huang YY, Pu LJ, Zhang XD, Jiang CC, Jiang ZW. Suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced invasion and migration of breast cancer cells through the downregulation of heparanase. Int J Mol Med 2013; 31:1234-42. [PMID: 23467544 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is the ultimate stage of cancer, and the primary cause of mortality in patients. Tumor cells breaking through the natural barrier consisting of the basement membrane (BM) and extracellular matrix (ECM) is the a crucial step in tumor invasion and metastasis. Thus, protecting this barrier is the key to reducing mortality. Heparanase is a mammalian endo-β-glucuronidase which has been found to promote the cleavage of heparan sulfate (HS), and plays a significant role in tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Although chemotherapeutic reagents have a strong antitumor activity, they may promote the invasion and migration of cancer cells, as has been observed during clinical treatment. Chemotherapeutic reagents can induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress; in this study, we used adriamycin (ADM) and a classical ER stress inducer, tunicamycin (TM). We report that the activation of ER stress is involved in the enhanced invasion and migration ability of breast cancer cells and we hypothesized that this effect is associated with the activation of heparanase. In support of this, we used the heparanase inhibitor, OGT2115, and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) to inhibit the expression and activity of heparanase, and we found that the invasion and migration ability of the cells was suppressed. Our findings demonstrate that heparanase inhibitors suppress breast cancer cell invasion and migration induced by ER stress, and provide a strong rationale for the development of heparanase-based therapeutics for the prevention of metastasis induced by chemotherapeutic reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, P.R. China
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31
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Bizzarro V, Fontanella B, Carratù A, Belvedere R, Marfella R, Parente L, Petrella A. Annexin A1 N-terminal derived peptide Ac2-26 stimulates fibroblast migration in high glucose conditions. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45639. [PMID: 23029153 PMCID: PMC3448638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficient wound healing in diabetic patients is very frequent, but the cellular and molecular causes are poorly defined. In this study, we have evaluated whether Annexin A1 derived peptide Ac2-26 stimulates fibroblast migration in high glucose conditions. Using normal human skin fibroblasts WS1 in low glucose (LG) or high glucose (HG) we observed the enrichment of Annexin A1 protein at cell movement structures like lamellipodial extrusions and interestingly, a significant decrease in levels of the protein in HG conditions. The analysis of the translocation of Annexin A1 to cell membrane showed lower levels of Annexin A1 in both membrane pool and supernatants of WS1 cells treated with HG. Wound-healing assays using cell line transfected with Annexin A1 siRNAs indicated a slowing down in migration speed of cells suggesting that Annexin A1 has a role in the migration of WS1 cells. In order to analyze the role of extracellular Annexin A1 in cell migration, we have performed wound-healing assays using Ac2-26 showing that peptide was able to increase fibroblast cell migration in HG conditions. Experiments on the mobilization of intracellular calcium and analysis of p-ERK expression confirmed the activity of the FPR1 following stimulation with the peptide Ac2-26. A wound-healing assay on WS1 cells in the presence of the FPR agonist fMLP, of the FPR antagonist CsH and in the presence of Ac2-26 indicated that Annexin A1 influences fibroblast cell migration under HG conditions acting through FPR receptors whose expression was slightly increased in HG. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that (i) Annexin A1 is involved in migration of WS1 cells, through interaction with FPRs; (ii) N- terminal peptide of Annexin A1 Ac2-26 is able to stimulate direct migration of WS1 cells in high glucose treatment possibly due to the increased receptor expression observed in hyperglycemia conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bizzarro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Anna Carratù
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Raffaella Belvedere
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Raffaele Marfella
- Department of Geriatrics and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Parente
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Antonello Petrella
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
- * E-mail:
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32
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Shafat I, Agbaria A, Boaz M, Schwartz D, Baruch R, Nakash R, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I, Weinstein T. Elevated urine heparanase levels are associated with proteinuria and decreased renal allograft function. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44076. [PMID: 23028487 PMCID: PMC3441528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparanase is an endo-β-glucuronidase that cleaves heparan sulfate side chains, leading to structural modifications that loosen the extracellular matrix barrier and associated with tumor metastasis, inflammation and angiogenesis. In addition, the highly sulfated heparan sulfate proteoglycans are important constituents of the glomerular basement membrane and its permselective properties. Recent studies suggest a role for heparanase in several experimental and human glomerular diseases associated with proteinuria such as diabetes, minimal change disease, and membranous nephropathy. Here, we quantified blood and urine heparanase levels in renal transplant recipients and patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and assessed whether alterations in heparanase levels correlate with proteinuria and renal function. We report that in transplanted patients, urinary heparanase was markedly elevated, inversely associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), suggesting a relationship between heparanase and graft function. In CKD patients, urinary heparanase was markedly elevated and associated with proteinuria, but not with eGFR. In addition, urinary heparanase correlated significantly with plasma heparanase in transplanted patients. Such a systemic spread of heparanase may lead to damage of cells and tissues alongside the kidney.The newly described association between heparanase, proteinuria and decreased renal function is expected to pave the way for new therapeutic options aimed at attenuating chronic renal allograft nephropathy, leading to improved graft survival and patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Shafat
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Amir Agbaria
- Department of Nephrology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mona Boaz
- Epidemiology Unit, E. Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Doron Schwartz
- Department of Nephrology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ronny Baruch
- Department of Nephrology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Richard Nakash
- Transplant Clinic, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
- * E-mail: (IV); (TW)
| | - Talia Weinstein
- Department of Nephrology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail: (IV); (TW)
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Wang F, Wang Y, Zhang D, Puthanveetil P, Johnson JD, Rodrigues B. Fatty acid-induced nuclear translocation of heparanase uncouples glucose metabolism in endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 32:406-14. [PMID: 22116097 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.240770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Heparanase is an endoglycosidase that specifically cleaves carbohydrate chains of heparan sulfate. We have recently reported that high fatty acid increased the nuclear content of endothelial heparanase. Here, we examined the mechanism and the consequences behind this nuclear translocation of heparanase. METHODS AND RESULTS Bovine coronary artery endothelial cells were grown to confluence and incubated with palmitic acid. Palmitic acid induced rapid nuclear accumulation of heparanase that was dependent on Bax activation and lysosome permeabilization. Heat shock protein 90 was an important mediator of palmitic acid-induced shuttling of heparanase to the nucleus. Nuclear heparanase promoted cleavage of heparan sulfate, a potent inhibitor of histone acetyltransferase activity and gene transcription. A TaqMan gene expression assay revealed an increase in genes related to glucose metabolism and inflammation. In addition, glycolysis was uncoupled from glucose oxidation, resulting in accumulation of lactate. CONCLUSIONS The results presented in this study demonstrate that fatty acid can provoke lysosomal release of heparanase, its nuclear translocation, activation of genes controlling glucose metabolism, and accumulation of lactate. Given that lactate and inflammation have been implicated in the progression of atherosclerosis, our data may serve to reduce the associated cardiovascular complications seen during diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2146 East Mall, Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6T 1Z3
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Arvatz G, Shafat I, Levy-Adam F, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I. The heparanase system and tumor metastasis: is heparanase the seed and soil? Cancer Metastasis Rev 2011; 30:253-68. [PMID: 21308479 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-011-9288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor metastasis, the leading cause of cancer patients' death, is still insufficiently understood. While concepts and mechanisms of tumor metastasis are evolving, it is widely accepted that cancer metastasis is accompanied by orchestrated proteolytic activity executed by array of proteases. While matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) attracted much attention, other proteases constitute the tumor milieu, of which a large family consists of cysteine proteases named cathepsins. Like MMPs, some cathepsins are often upregulated in cancer and, once secreted or localized to the cell surface, can degrade components of the extracellular matrix. In addition, cathepsin L is held responsible for processing and activation of heparanase, an endo-β-glucuronidase capable of cleaving heparan sulfate side chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans, activity that is strongly implicated in cell dissemination associated with tumor metastasis, angiogenesis, and inflammation. In this review, we discuss recent progress in heparanase research focusing on heparanase-related molecules namely, cathepsin L and heparanase 2 (Hpa2), a heparanase homolog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Arvatz
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, P. O. Box 9649, Haifa, 31096, Israel
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35
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An XF, Zhou L, Jiang PJ, Yan M, Huang YJ, Zhang SN, Niu YF, Ten SC, Yu JY. Advanced glycation end-products induce heparanase expression in endothelial cells by the receptor for advanced glycation end products and through activation of the FOXO4 transcription factor. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 354:47-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0804-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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36
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Shafat I, Ilan N, Zoabi S, Vlodavsky I, Nakhoul F. Heparanase levels are elevated in the urine and plasma of type 2 diabetes patients and associate with blood glucose levels. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17312. [PMID: 21364956 PMCID: PMC3043098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparanase is an endoglycosidase that specifically cleaves heparan sulfate side chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Utilizing an ELISA method capable of detection and quantification of heparanase, we examined heparanase levels in the plasma and urine of a cohort of 29 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), 14 T2DM patients who underwent kidney transplantation, and 47 healthy volunteers. We provide evidence that heparanase levels in the urine of T2DM patients are markedly elevated compared to healthy controls (1162 ± 181 vs. 156 ± 29.6 pg/ml for T2DM and healthy controls, respectively), increase that is statistically highly significant (P<0.0001). Notably, heparanase levels were appreciably decreased in the urine of T2DM patients who underwent kidney transplantation, albeit remained still higher than healthy individuals (P<0.0001). Increased heparanase levels were also found in the plasma of T2DM patients. Importantly, urine heparanase was associated with elevated blood glucose levels, implying that glucose mediates heparanase upregulation and secretion into the urine and blood. Utilizing an in vitro system, we show that insulin stimulates heparanase secretion by kidney 293 cells, and even higher secretion is observed when insulin is added to cells maintained under high glucose conditions. These results provide evidence for a significant involvement of heparanase in diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Shafat
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Samih Zoabi
- Clinical Transplantation Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Farid Nakhoul
- Department of Nephrology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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