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Zhang W, Luosang C, Yuan C, Guo T, Wei C, Liu J, Lu Z. Selection signatures of wool color in Gangba sheep revealed by genome-wide SNP discovery. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:606. [PMID: 38886664 PMCID: PMC11181613 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10464-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gangba sheep as a famous breed of Tibetan sheep, its wool color is mainly white and black. Gangba wool is economically important as a high-quality raw material for Tibetan blankets and Tibetan serge. However, relatively few studies have been conducted on the wool color of Tibetan sheep. RESULTS To fill this research gap, this study conducted an in-depth analysis of two populations of Gangba sheep (black and white wool color) using whole genome resequencing to identify genetic variation associated with wool color. Utilizing PCA, Genetic Admixture, and N-J Tree analyses, the present study revealed a consistent genetic relationship and structure between black and white wool colored Gangba sheep populations, which is consistent with their breed history. Analysis of selection signatures using multiple methods (FST, π ratio, Tajima's D), 370 candidate genes were screened in the black wool group (GBB vs GBW); among them, MC1R, MLPH, SPIRE2, RAB17, SMARCA4, IRF4, CAV1, USP7, TP53, MYO6, MITF, MC2R, TET2, NF1, JAK1, GABRR1 genes are mainly associated with melanin synthesis, melanin delivery, and distribution. The enrichment results of the candidate genes identified 35 GO entries and 19 KEGG pathways associated with the formation of the black phenotype. 311 candidate genes were screened in the white wool group (GBW vs GBB); among them, REST, POU2F1, ADCY10, CCNB1, EP300, BRD4, GLI3, and SDHA genes were mainly associated with interfering with the differentiation of neural crest cells into melanocytes, affecting the proliferation of melanocytes, and inhibiting melanin synthesis. 31 GO entries and 22 KEGG pathways were associated with the formation of the white phenotype. CONCLUSIONS This study provides important information for understanding the genetic mechanism of wool color in Gangba, and provides genetic knowledge for improving and optimizing the wool color of Tibetan sheep. Genetic improvement and selective breeding to produce wool of specific colors can meet the demand for a diversity of wool products in the Tibetan wool textile market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding On Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, China
- Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Cuicheng Luosang
- Institute of Animal Science, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, 850009, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding On Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, China
- Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Tingting Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding On Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, China
- Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Caihong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jianbin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding On Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, China.
- Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, China.
| | - Zengkui Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding On Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, China.
- Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, China.
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Zhang W, Jin M, Lu Z, Li T, Wang H, Yuan Z, Wei C. Whole Genome Resequencing Reveals Selection Signals Related to Wool Color in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3265. [PMID: 37893989 PMCID: PMC10603731 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Wool color is controlled by a variety of genes. Although the gene regulation of some wool colors has been studied in relative depth, there may still be unknown genetic variants and control genes for some colors or different breeds of wool that need to be identified and recognized by whole genome resequencing. Therefore, we used whole genome resequencing data to compare and analyze sheep populations of different breeds by population differentiation index and nucleotide diversity ratios (Fst and θπ ratio) as well as extended haplotype purity between populations (XP-EHH) to reveal selection signals related to wool coloration in sheep. Screening in the non-white wool color group (G1 vs. G2) yielded 365 candidate genes, among which PDE4B, GMDS, GATA1, RCOR1, MAPK4, SLC36A1, and PPP3CA were associated with the formation of non-white wool; an enrichment analysis of the candidate genes yielded 21 significant GO terms and 49 significant KEGG pathways (p < 0.05), among which 17 GO terms and 21 KEGG pathways were associated with the formation of non-white wool. Screening in the white wool color group (G2 vs. G1) yielded 214 candidate genes, including ABCD4, VSX2, ITCH, NNT, POLA1, IGF1R, HOXA10, and DAO, which were associated with the formation of white wool; an enrichment analysis of the candidate genes revealed 9 significant GO-enriched pathways and 19 significant KEGG pathways (p < 0.05), including 5 GO terms and 12 KEGG pathways associated with the formation of white wool. In addition to furthering our understanding of wool color genetics, this research is important for breeding purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China; (W.Z.); (M.J.); (T.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Meilin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China; (W.Z.); (M.J.); (T.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Zengkui Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China;
| | - Taotao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China; (W.Z.); (M.J.); (T.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Huihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China; (W.Z.); (M.J.); (T.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Zehu Yuan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Caihong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China; (W.Z.); (M.J.); (T.L.); (H.W.)
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3
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Buscà R, Onesto C, Egensperger M, Pouysségur J, Pagès G, Lenormand P. N-terminal alanine-rich (NTAR) sequences drive precise start codon selection resulting in elevated translation of multiple proteins including ERK1/2. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:7714-7735. [PMID: 37414542 PMCID: PMC10450180 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the discovery of N-terminal alanine-rich sequences, which we term NTARs, that act in concert with their native 5'-untranslated regions to promote selection of the proper start codon. NTARs also facilitate efficient translation initiation while limiting the production of non-functional polypeptides through leaky scanning. We first identified NTARs in the ERK1/2 kinases, which are among the most important signaling molecules in mammals. Analysis of the human proteome reveals that hundreds of proteins possess NTARs, with housekeeping proteins showing a particularly high prevalence. Our data indicate that several of these NTARs act in a manner similar to those found in the ERKs and suggest a mechanism involving some or all of the following features: alanine richness, codon rarity, a repeated amino acid stretch and a nearby second AUG. These features may help slow down the leading ribosome, causing trailing pre-initiation complexes (PICs) to pause near the native AUG, thereby facilitating accurate translation initiation. Amplification of erk genes is frequently observed in cancer, and we show that NTAR-dependent ERK protein levels are a rate-limiting step for signal output. Thus, NTAR-mediated control of translation may reflect a cellular need to precisely control translation of key transcripts such as potential oncogenes. By preventing translation in alternative reading frames, NTAR sequences may be useful in synthetic biology applications, e.g. translation from RNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Buscà
- Université Côte d’Azur (UCA), CNRS UMR 7284 and INSERM U 1081, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging Nice (IRCAN), 28 Avenue de Valombrose, 06107 Nice, France
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | - Cercina Onesto
- Université Côte d’Azur (UCA), CNRS UMR 7284 and INSERM U 1081, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging Nice (IRCAN), 28 Avenue de Valombrose, 06107 Nice, France
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
- Polytech’Nice Sophia, Bioengineering Department, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Mylène Egensperger
- Université Côte d’Azur (UCA), CNRS UMR 7284 and INSERM U 1081, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging Nice (IRCAN), 28 Avenue de Valombrose, 06107 Nice, France
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | - Jacques Pouysségur
- Université Côte d’Azur (UCA), CNRS UMR 7284 and INSERM U 1081, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging Nice (IRCAN), 28 Avenue de Valombrose, 06107 Nice, France
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Biomedical Department, Principality of Monaco
| | - Gilles Pagès
- Université Côte d’Azur (UCA), CNRS UMR 7284 and INSERM U 1081, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging Nice (IRCAN), 28 Avenue de Valombrose, 06107 Nice, France
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Biomedical Department, Principality of Monaco
| | - Philippe Lenormand
- Université Côte d’Azur (UCA), CNRS UMR 7284 and INSERM U 1081, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging Nice (IRCAN), 28 Avenue de Valombrose, 06107 Nice, France
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
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4
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Wang JH, Hwang SJ, Lee SK, Choi Y, Byun CK, Son CG. Anti-Melanogenic Effects of Fractioned Cynanchum atratum by Regulation of cAMP/MITF Pathway in a UVB-Stimulated Mice Model. Cells 2023; 12:1390. [PMID: 37408224 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on traditional pharmacological applications and partial in vitro data, Cynanchum atratum (CA) is proposed to act on skin whitening. However, its functional evaluation and underlying mechanisms have yet to be identified. This study aimed to examine the anti-melanogenesis activity of CA fraction B (CAFB) on UVB-induced skin hyperpigmentation. Forty C57BL/6j mice were exposed to UVB (100 mJ/cm2, five times/week) for eight weeks. After irradiation, CAFB was applied to the left ear once a day for 8 weeks (the right ear served as an internal control). The results showed that CAFB significantly reduced melanin production in the ear skin, as indicated by the gray value and Mexameter melanin index. In addition, CAFB treatment notably decreased melanin production in α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 melanocytes, along with a significant reduction in tyrosinase activity. Cellular cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate), MITF (microphthalmia-associated transcription factor), and tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP1) were also noticeably downregulated by CAFB. In conclusion, CAFB is a promising ingredient for treating skin disorders caused by the overproduction of melanin and its underlying mechanisms involving the modulation of tyrosinase, mainly mediated by the regulation of the cAMP cascade and MITF pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hua Wang
- Institute of Bioscience & Integrative Medicine, Daejeon University, 75, Daedeok-daero 176, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35235, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ju Hwang
- Institute of Bioscience & Integrative Medicine, Daejeon University, 75, Daedeok-daero 176, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35235, Republic of Korea
| | - Sam-Keun Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Se-Myung University, Jecheon-si 27136, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Kyu Byun
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Gue Son
- Institute of Bioscience & Integrative Medicine, Daejeon University, 75, Daedeok-daero 176, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35235, Republic of Korea
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5
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Hong C, Yang L, Zhang Y, Li Y, Wu H. Epimedium brevicornum Maxim. Extract exhibits pigmentation by melanin biosynthesis and melanosome biogenesis/transfer. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:963160. [PMID: 36249817 PMCID: PMC9557186 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.963160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epimedium brevicornum Maxim. (Epimedii Folium) is a traditional medicine widely utilized in China for sexual dysfunction and osteoporosis treatment. Recently, studies have reported that Epimedium flavonoid icariin displayed hair growth and melanogenic ability by targeting tyrosinase activity. Nevertheless, icariin hydrolysate icariside II and icaritin cause depigmentation due to their tyrosinase inhibition. These pigment functional discrepancies from Epimedium constituents arouse our great interest. Then, this study focused on the pigmentation effects of Epimedii Folium extract (EFE) on melanin synthesis and melanosome biogenesis/transfer, and further identified the bioactive constituents. First, in in vitro systemic studies, we discovered that the potent melanogenic and repigmented effects of EFE were dependent on concentration and amount of time in multi-melanocytes, normal human skin tissue, and vitiligo perilesional areas. In vivo, EFE exhibited repigmented effect on two kinds of depigmented models of N-phenylthiourea-induced zebrafish and hydroquinone-induced mice. Mechanistically, EFE strongly promoted tyrosinase activity and upregulated the protein expression of tyrosinase families which finally contribute to melanin biosynthesis by activating the MAPK/ERK1/2 signal pathway. In addition, EFE effectively increased melanosome number, accelerated melanosome maturity and cytoplasmic transport through the growth/extension of melanocyte dendrites, and induced melanosome transfer from melanocyte to keratinocyte for pigmentation. The six main flavonoid ingredients were identified among EFE. Compared to others, epimedin B (EB) was confirmed as a high-content, low-toxicity, and effective melanogenic compound in EFE. Taking all these together, this study systematically demonstrates the potential pigmentation effect of Epimedium brevicornum Maxim., and clarifies its related molecular mechanisms and melanogenesis basis. These results give additional insight into Epimedium herb pharmacology and may provide a novel therapy basis for hypopigmentation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Hong
- Department of TCM Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of TCM Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of TCM Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Huali Wu, ; Yiming Li,
| | - Huali Wu
- Department of TCM Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Huali Wu, ; Yiming Li,
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6
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Echinochrome A Inhibits Melanogenesis in B16F10 Cells by Downregulating CREB Signaling. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20090555. [PMID: 36135744 PMCID: PMC9502928 DOI: 10.3390/md20090555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive increase in melanin pigment in the skin can be caused by a variety of environmental factors, including UV radiation, and can result in spots, freckles, and skin cancer. Therefore, it is important to develop functional whitening cosmetic reagents that regulate melanogenesis. In this study, we investigated the effects of echinochrome A (Ech A) on melanogenesis in the B16F10 murine melanoma cell line. We triggered B16F10 cells using α-MSH under Ech A treatment to observe melanin synthesis and analyze expression changes in melanogenesis-related enzymes (tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1), and tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TYRP2)) at the mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, we measured expression changes in the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), CREB, and pCREB proteins. Melanin synthesis in the cells stimulated by α-MSH was significantly reduced by Ech A. The expression of the tyrosinase, TYRP1, and TYRP2 mRNA and proteins was significantly decreased by Ech A, as was that of the MITF, CREB, and pCREB proteins. These results show that Ech A suppresses melanin synthesis by regulating melanogenesis-related enzymes through the CREB signaling pathway and suggest the potential of Ech A as a functional agent to prevent pigmentation and promote skin whitening.
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7
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Merecz-Sadowska A, Sitarek P, Kowalczyk T, Zajdel K, Kucharska E, Zajdel R. The Modulation of Melanogenesis in B16 Cells Upon Treatment with Plant Extracts and Isolated Plant Compounds. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144360. [PMID: 35889231 PMCID: PMC9324663 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are a rich source of secondary metabolites that exhibit numerous desired properties. The compounds may influence the biology of melanocytes, pigment cells that produce melanin, by modulating numerous signaling pathways, including cAMP/PKA, MAPKs and PI3K/AKT. Its downstream target is microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, responsible for the expression of the tyrosinase enzyme, which plays a major role in melanogenesis. Therefore, this literature review aims to provide insights related to melanogenesis modulation mechanisms of plant extracts and isolated plant compounds in B16 cells. Database searches were conducted using online-based library search instruments from 2012 to 2022, such as NCBI-PubMed and Google Scholar. Upregulation or downregulation of signaling pathways by phytochemicals can influence skin hypo- and hyperpigmentation by changing the level of melanin production, which may pose a significant cosmetic issue. Therefore, plant extracts or isolated plant compounds may be used in the therapy of pigmentation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Merecz-Sadowska
- Department of Computer Science in Economics, University of Lodz, 90-214 Lodz, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Przemysław Sitarek
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Kowalczyk
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Karolina Zajdel
- Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-645 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Ewa Kucharska
- Chair of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Social Work at the Faculty of Pedagogy, Ignatianum Academy in Cracow, 31-501 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Radosław Zajdel
- Department of Computer Science in Economics, University of Lodz, 90-214 Lodz, Poland;
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Youssef ASED, Abdel-Fattah MA, Lotfy MM, Nassar A, Abouelhoda M, Touny AO, Hassan ZK, Mohey Eldin M, Bahnassy AA, Khaled H, Zekri ARN. Multigene Panel Sequencing Reveals Cancer-Specific and Common Somatic Mutations in Colorectal Cancer Patients: An Egyptian Experience. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:1332-1352. [PMID: 35723313 PMCID: PMC8947625 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44030090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims at identifying common pathogenic somatic mutations at different stages of colorectal carcinogenesis in Egyptian patients. Our cohort included colonoscopic biopsies collected from 120 patients: 20 biopsies from patients with inflammatory bowel disease, 38 from colonic polyp patients, and 62 from patients with colorectal cancer. On top of this, the cohort included 20 biopsies from patients with non-specific mild to moderated colitis. Targeted DNA sequencing using a customized gene panel of 96 colorectal related genes running on the Ion Torrent NGS technology was used to process the samples. Our results revealed that 69% of all cases harbored at least one somatic mutation. Fifty-seven genes were found to carry 232 somatic non-synonymous variants. The most frequently pathogenic somatic mutations were localized in TP53, APC, KRAS, and PIK3CA. In total, 16 somatic mutations were detected in the CRC group and in either the IBD or CP group. In addition, our data showed that 51% of total somatic variants were CRC-specific variants. The average number of CRC-specific variants per sample is 2.4. The top genes carrying CRC-specific mutations are APC, TP53, PIK3CA, FBXW7, ATM, and SMAD4. It seems obvious that TP53 and APC genes were the most affected genes with somatic mutations in all groups. Of interest, 85% and 28% of the APC and TP53 deleterious somatic mutations were located in Exon 14 and Exon 3, respectively. Besides, 37% and 28% of the total somatic mutations identified in APC and TP53 were CRC-specific variants, respectively. Moreover, we identified that, in 29 somatic mutations in 21 genes, their association with CRC patients was unprecedented. Ten detected variants were likely to be novel: six in PIK3CA and four variants in FBXW7. The detected P53, Wnt/βcatenin, Angiogenesis, EGFR, TGF-β and Interleukin signaling pathways were the most altered pathways in 22%, 16%, 12%, 10%, 9% and 9% of the CRC patients, respectively. These results would contribute to a better understanding of the colorectal cancer and in introducing personalized therapies for Egyptian CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Salah El-Din Youssef
- Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt; (M.M.L.); (A.N.); (Z.K.H.)
| | | | - Mai M. Lotfy
- Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt; (M.M.L.); (A.N.); (Z.K.H.)
| | - Auhood Nassar
- Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt; (M.M.L.); (A.N.); (Z.K.H.)
| | | | - Ahmed O. Touny
- Surgical Oncology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt;
| | - Zeinab K. Hassan
- Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt; (M.M.L.); (A.N.); (Z.K.H.)
| | - Mohammed Mohey Eldin
- Tropical Medicine Department, El Kasr Al-Aini, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt;
| | - Abeer A. Bahnassy
- Molecular Pathology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt;
| | - Hussein Khaled
- Medical Oncology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt;
| | - Abdel Rahman N. Zekri
- Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt; (M.M.L.); (A.N.); (Z.K.H.)
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9
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Lee HJ, An S, Bae S, Lee JH. Diarylpropionitrile inhibits melanogenesis via protein kinase A/cAMP-response element-binding protein/microphthalmia-associated transcription factor signaling pathway in α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 melanoma cells. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 26:113-123. [PMID: 35203061 PMCID: PMC8890945 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2022.26.2.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diarylpropionitrile (DPN), a selective agonist for estrogen receptor β (ERβ), has been reported to regulate various hormonal responses through activation of ERβ in tissues including the mammary gland and brain. However, the effect of DPN on melanogenesis independent of ERβ has not been studied. The aim of this study is to examine the possibility of anti-melanogenic effect of DPN and its underlying mechanism. Melanin contents and cellular tyrosinase activity assay indicated that DPN inhibited melanin biosynthesis in alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone-stimulated B16F10 melanoma cell line. However, DPN had no direct influence on in vitro tyrosinase catalytic activity. On the other hand, 17β-estradiol had no effect on inhibition of melanogenesis, suggesting that the DPN-mediated suppression of melanin production was not related with estrogen signaling pathway. Immunoblotting analysis showed that DPN down-regulated the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), a central transcription factor of melanogenesis and its down-stream genes including tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1, and TRP-2. Also, DPN attenuated the phosphorylation of protein kinase A (PKA) and cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB). Additionally, DPN suppressed the melanin synthesis in UVB-irradiated HaCaT conditioned media culture system suggesting that DPN has potential as an anti-melanogenic activity in physiological conditions. Collectively, our data show that DPN inhibits melanogenesis via down-regulation of PKA/CREB/MITF signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jeong Lee
- Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Sungkwan An
- Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Seunghee Bae
- Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jae Ho Lee
- Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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10
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Cirinelli A, Wheelan J, Grieg C, Molina CA. Evidence that the transcriptional repressor ICER is regulated via the N-end rule for ubiquitination. Exp Cell Res 2022; 414:113083. [PMID: 35227662 PMCID: PMC8930515 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
ICER is a transcriptional repressor that is mono- or poly-ubiquitinated. This either causes ICER to be translocated from the nucleus, or degraded via the proteasome, respectively. In order to further studies the proteins involved in ICER regulation mass spectrometry analysis was performed to identify potential candidates. We identified twenty eight ICER-interacting proteins in human melanoma cells, Sk-Mel-24. In this study we focus on two proteins with potential roles in ICER proteasomal degradation in response to the N-end rule for ubiquitination: the N-alpha-acetyltransferase 15 (NAA15) and the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase UBR4. Using an HA-tag on the N- or C-terminus of ICER (NHAICER or ICERCHA) it was found that the N-terminus of ICER is important for its interaction to UBR4, whereas NARG1 interaction is independent of HA-tag position. Silencing RNA experiments show that both NAA15 and UBR4 up-regulates ICER levels and that ICER's N-terminus is important for this regulation. The N-terminus of ICER was found to have dire consequences on its regulation by ubiquitination and cellular functions. The half-life of NHAICER was found to be about twice as long as ICERCHA. Polyubiquitination of ICER was found to be dependent on its N-terminus and mediated by UBR4. This data strongly suggests that ICER is ubiquitinated as a response to the N-end rule that governs protein degradation rate through recognition of the N-terminal residue of proteins. Furthermore, we found that NHAICER inhibits transcription two times more efficiently than ICERCHA, and causes apoptosis 5 times more efficiently than ICERCHA. As forced expression of ICER has been shown before to block cells in mitosis, our data represent a potentially novel mechanism for apoptosis of cells in mitotic arrest.
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Johnson GP, Jonas KC. Mechanistic insight into how gonadotropin hormone receptor complexes direct signaling†. Biol Reprod 2021; 102:773-783. [PMID: 31882999 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin hormones and their receptors play a central role in the control of male and female reproduction. In recent years, there has been growing evidence surrounding the complexity of gonadotropin hormone/receptor signaling, with it increasingly apparent that the Gαs/cAMP/PKA pathway is not the sole signaling pathway that confers their biological actions. Here we review recent literature on the different receptor-receptor, receptor-scaffold, and receptor-signaling molecule complexes formed and how these modulate and direct gonadotropin hormone-dependent intracellular signal activation. We will touch upon the more controversial issue of extragonadal expression of FSHR and the differential signal pathways activated in these tissues, and lastly, highlight the open questions surrounding the role these gonadotropin hormone receptor complexes and how this will shape future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim Carol Jonas
- Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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Liu JW, Habulieti X, Wang RR, Ma DL, Zhang X. Two novel SASH1 mutations in Chinese families with dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e23803. [PMID: 34028087 PMCID: PMC8183922 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria (DUH) is a rare genodermatosis characterized by hyper‐ and hypo‐pigmented macules on the face, trunk, and extremities. The condition causes severe cosmetic problem which can lead to significant psychological distress to the patients and bear a negative impact on society. DUH is a condition with genetic heterogeneity. The SASH1 gene was recently identified as pathogenic genes in DUH patients. Methods Two families clinically diagnosed with dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria were enrolled. Whole‐exome sequencing combined with Sanger sequencing and bioinformatics analysis was performed in the probands. MutationTaster, CADD, SIFT, PolyPhen‐2, and LRT software, and The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics Standards and Guidelines were employed to assess the pathogenicity of detected missense mutations. One hundred healthy unrelated Chinese individuals were used as controls. All participants signed an informed consent form. Results Genetic screening revealed a heterozygous SASH1 c.1547G>A (p.Ser516Asn) mutation for patients in family 1, and SASH1 c.1547G>T (p.Ser516Ile) for family 2. Both such de novo mutations are located in a highly conserved SLY domain in SASH1, have not been previously reported in any publication, and were not detected in any control databases. Conclusions The novel heterozygous mutations, SASH1 c.1547G>A and c.1547G>T, are likely responsible for the DUH phenotype in these two families. Our study expands the mutation spectrum of DUH. Whole‐exome sequencing showed its efficiency in the diagnostic of hereditary skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaerbati Habulieti
- Mckusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rong-Rong Wang
- Mckusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dong-Lai Ma
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Mckusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Ostojić J, Yoon YS, Sonntag T, Nguyen B, Vaughan JM, Shokhirev M, Montminy M. Transcriptional co-activator regulates melanocyte differentiation and oncogenesis by integrating cAMP and MAPK/ERK pathways. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109136. [PMID: 34010639 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyclic AMP pathway promotes melanocyte differentiation by activating CREB and the cAMP-regulated transcription co-activators 1-3 (CRTC1-3). Differentiation is dysregulated in melanomas, although the contributions of CRTC proteins is unclear. We report a selective differentiation impairment in CRTC3 KO melanocytes and melanoma cells, due to downregulation of oculo-cutaneous albinism II (OCA2) and block of melanosome maturation. CRTC3 stimulates OCA2 expression by binding to CREB on a conserved enhancer, a regulatory site for pigmentation and melanoma risk. CRTC3 is uniquely activated by ERK1/2-mediated phosphorylation at Ser391 and by low levels of cAMP. Phosphorylation at Ser391 is constitutively elevated in human melanoma cells with hyperactivated ERK1/2 signaling; knockout of CRTC3 in this setting impairs anchorage-independent growth, migration, and invasiveness, whereas CRTC3 overexpression supports cell survival in response to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor vemurafenib. As melanomas expressing gain-of-function mutations in CRTC3 are associated with reduced survival, our results suggest that CRTC3 inhibition may provide therapeutic benefit in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Ostojić
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Young-Sil Yoon
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tim Sonntag
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Billy Nguyen
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Joan M Vaughan
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maxim Shokhirev
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Marc Montminy
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Effects of a Traditional Caraway Formulation on Experimental Models of Vitiligo and Mechanisms of Melanogenesis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6675657. [PMID: 33959187 PMCID: PMC8075664 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6675657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Kursi Karwiya or caraway tablet (CWT), a traditional medicine formula, is widely used in Xinjiang, China, for treating vitiligo, a common autoimmune disease for which there is currently no satisfactory cure. Clinical interventions include pharmacological treatment with psoralens, often in conjunction with UVA radiation, but toxic side effects limit this application. Studies on the activities and mechanisms of CWT are scarce. Objective To investigate the in vitro and in vivo effects of CWT in B16 cell line and in animal models of vitiligo, further exploring its mechanisms of regulating melanogenesis. Methods Effects of CWT on melanin synthesis in B16 cells and mushroom tyrosinase activity were investigated in vitro. The signaling pathway of melanogenesis in murine B16 melanoma cells was examined by Western blotting. Two different animal models were used, vitiligo induced by hydroquinone in the mouse model and by hydrogen peroxide in the guinea pig model. Relevant biochemical parameters in blood and skin tissue were measured, and visual inspection, histopathology, and immunohistochemical analysis of treated areas were carried out. Results CWT produced changes in biochemical parameters including TYR, MDA, MAO, AChE, IL-6, INF-α, β-EP, and cAMP in blood and/or skin tissue and in regulating melanogenesis. After treatment with CTW, skin color, melanin containing hair follicles, and expression of TYR, TRP-1, and TRP-2 in the skin of animals were significantly affected. Conclusions CWT alleviated many of detrimental effects in both models of vitiligo. Tyrosinase activity and melanin content in B16 cells were increased, at least in part, via activation of the PKA p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Our results show that CWT produces beneficial effects on parameters of vitiligo and is worthy of further investigation for use in this distressing autoimmune disorder which currently has no effective cure.
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Abstract
Melanogenesis is a highly regulated process through which the pigment melanin is produced in skin cells. Irregularities in the molecular events that govern the process of skin pigmentation can cause disorders like vitiligo. In order to understand the biology of disease progression, it is important to have an in depth understanding of intracellular events. Mathematical models provide an integrated view of intracellular signalling. There are very few models to date that incorporate intracellular processes relevant to melanogenesis and only one to our knowledge that simulates the dynamics of response to varying levels of input. Here, we report the formulation of the largest Boolean model (265 nodes) for melanogenesis to date. The model was built on the basis of a detailed interaction network graph published by Raghunath et al. Through additional manual curation of the reported interactions, we converted the graph into a set of Boolean rules, following the procedure of the first Boolean model (62 nodes) for melanogenesis published by Lee et al. Simulations show that the predicted response to varying UV levels for most of the nodes is similar to the predictions of the existing model. The greater complexity allows investigation of the sensitivity of melanin to additional nodes. We carried out perturbation analysis of the network through node deletion and constitutive activation to identify sensitivity of outcomes, and compared the nodes identified as sensitive to previous reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Dnyane
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad 201002, India
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Brown SL, Kendrick S. The i-Motif as a Molecular Target: More Than a Complementary DNA Secondary Structure. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14020096. [PMID: 33513764 PMCID: PMC7911047 DOI: 10.3390/ph14020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Stretches of cytosine-rich DNA are capable of adopting a dynamic secondary structure, the i-motif. When within promoter regions, the i-motif has the potential to act as a molecular switch for controlling gene expression. However, i-motif structures in genomic areas of repetitive nucleotide sequences may play a role in facilitating or hindering expansion of these DNA elements. Despite research on the i-motif trailing behind the complementary G-quadruplex structure, recent discoveries including the identification of a specific i-motif antibody are pushing this field forward. This perspective reviews initial and current work characterizing the i-motif and providing insight into the biological function of this DNA structure, with a focus on how the i-motif can serve as a molecular target for developing new therapeutic approaches to modulate gene expression and extension of repetitive DNA.
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Mei XL, Wei FL, Jia LL, Ji YZ. An alternative pathway for cellular protection in BRAF inhibitor resistance in aggressive melanoma type skin cancer. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 323:109061. [PMID: 32194039 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic alterations in the BRAF gene are identified in an estimate of 50% of melanomas and cause melanoma development. BRAF kinase inhibitors (BRAFi), including vemurafenib and dabrafenib, were discovered and used in the clinical treatment of BRAF-mutant metastatic melanoma. Though, BRAFi's therapeutic advantages are short term and short-lived associated with drug resistance. Although a few pathways of developed BRAFi resistance have also been established, in approximately 40% of melanomas, the cause for inherited resistance remains unclear. Recognizing a new process of developed BRAFi resistance might provide new possibilities to successfully treat BRAF mutant melanoma. In this study, we are exploring the compensatory alternative pathway followed by BRAFi/MEKi treated resistant cell for maintaining the long-term integrity and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Lin Mei
- Department of Pathology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fang-Li Wei
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Tai'an Medical College, Tai'an, China
| | - Li-Li Jia
- Department of dermatology, FAW General Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Yong-Zhi Ji
- Department of Dermatology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Du B, Liu X, Khan A, Wan S, Guo X, Xue J, Fan R. miRNA-183∼96∼182 regulates melanogenesis, cell proliferation and migration in B16 cells. Acta Histochem 2020; 122:151508. [PMID: 31980137 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2020.151508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly invasive malignant skin tumor having high metastatic rate and poor prognosis. The biology of melanoma is controled by miRNAs. The miRNA-183 cluster, which is composed of miRNA-183∼96∼182 genes, plays an important roles in tumor development. In order to investigate the role and action of miRNA-183 cluster in B16 cells, we overexpressed and knocked down miRNA-183 cluster in B16 cells. Using bioinformatics analysis, we predicted that the key framscript factor of melangenic genes. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is one of the targets of miRNA-183 cluster. The results of Luciferase activity assays confirmed that MITF was targeted by miRNA-183 cluster. Overexpression and knockdown of miRNA-183 cluster in B16 cells resulted in down and up regulation of MITF expression, respectively at both mRNA and protein levels. Furthmore, overexpression and knockdown of the miRNA-183 cluster in B16 cells decreased and increased the expression of mRNA and protein of melangenic genes tyrosinase (TYR), and tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1), dopachrome-tautomerase (DCT), as well as the production of melanins and eumelanin production, respectively. On the proliferation and migration pathway, overexpression and knockdown of miRNA-183 cluster increased and decreased, respectively the expression of mRNA and protein of mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MEK1), extracellular regulated protein kinases1/2 (ERK1/2) and cAMP-responsive-element binding protein (CREB). These results indicated that miRNA-183 cluster regulated melanogenesis in B16 cells as well as cell proliferation and migration by directly targeting MITF through migration pathway.
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Krayem M, Aftimos P, Najem A, van den Hooven T, van den Berg A, Hovestad-Bijl L, de Wijn R, Hilhorst R, Ruijtenbeek R, Sabbah M, Kerger J, Awada A, Journe F, Ghanem GE. Kinome Profiling to Predict Sensitivity to MAPK Inhibition in Melanoma and to Provide New Insights into Intrinsic and Acquired Mechanism of Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E512. [PMID: 32098410 PMCID: PMC7072684 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibition with the combination of BRAF (Rapidly Accelerated Fibrosarcoma) and MEK (Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibitors has become the standard of first-line therapy of metastatic melanoma harbouring BRAF V600 mutations. However, about half of the patients present with primary resistance while the remaining develop secondary resistance under prolonged treatment. Thus, there is a need for predictive biomarkers for sensitivity and/or resistance to further refine the patient population likely to benefit from MAPK inhibitors. In this study, we explored a top-down approach using a multiplex kinase assay, first, to discover a kinome signature predicting sensitivity, intrinsic and acquired resistance to MAPK inhibitors in melanoma, and second, to understand the mechanism of resistance using cell lines. Pre-dose tissues from patients (four responders and three non-responders to BRAFi monotherapy) were profiled for phosphotyrosine kinase (PTK) and serine-threonine kinase (STK) activities on a PamChip® peptide microarray in the presence and absence of ex vivo BRAFi. In addition, molecular studies were conducted on four sensitive parental lines, their offspring with acquired resistance to BRAFi and two lines with intrinsic resistance. PTK and STK activities in cell lysates were measured in the presence and absence of ex vivo BRAFi and/or MEKi. In tissue lysates, concentration-dependent ex vivo inhibition of STK and PTK activities with dabrafenib was stronger in responders than in non-responders. This difference was confirmed in cell lines comparing sensitive and resistant ones. Interestingly, common features of resistance were increased activity of receptor tyrosine kinases, Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (Src) family kinases and protein kinase B (PKB, AKT) signalling. These latter results were confirmed by Western blots. While dabrafenib alone showed an inhibition of STK and PTK activities in both tissues and cell lines, the combination of dabrafenib and trametinib showed an antagonism on the STK activities and a synergism on PTK activities, resulting in stronger inhibitions of overall tyrosine kinase activities. Altogether; these data reveal that resistance of tumours and cell lines to MAPK inhibitors can be predicted using a multiplex kinase assay and is associated with an increase in specific tyrosine kinase activities and globally to AKT signalling in the patient's tissue. Thus, such a predictive kinome signature would help to identify patients with innate resistance to MAPK double inhibition in order to propose other therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Krayem
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (A.N.); (M.S.); (A.A.); (F.J.); (G.E.G.)
| | - Philippe Aftimos
- Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (P.A.); (J.K.)
| | - Ahmad Najem
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (A.N.); (M.S.); (A.A.); (F.J.); (G.E.G.)
| | - Tim van den Hooven
- PamGene International BV, 5211HH ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands; (T.v.d.H.); (A.v.d.B.); (L.H.-B.); (R.d.W.); (R.H.); (R.R.)
| | - Adriënne van den Berg
- PamGene International BV, 5211HH ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands; (T.v.d.H.); (A.v.d.B.); (L.H.-B.); (R.d.W.); (R.H.); (R.R.)
| | - Liesbeth Hovestad-Bijl
- PamGene International BV, 5211HH ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands; (T.v.d.H.); (A.v.d.B.); (L.H.-B.); (R.d.W.); (R.H.); (R.R.)
| | - Rik de Wijn
- PamGene International BV, 5211HH ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands; (T.v.d.H.); (A.v.d.B.); (L.H.-B.); (R.d.W.); (R.H.); (R.R.)
| | - Riet Hilhorst
- PamGene International BV, 5211HH ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands; (T.v.d.H.); (A.v.d.B.); (L.H.-B.); (R.d.W.); (R.H.); (R.R.)
| | - Rob Ruijtenbeek
- PamGene International BV, 5211HH ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands; (T.v.d.H.); (A.v.d.B.); (L.H.-B.); (R.d.W.); (R.H.); (R.R.)
| | - Malak Sabbah
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (A.N.); (M.S.); (A.A.); (F.J.); (G.E.G.)
| | - Joseph Kerger
- Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (P.A.); (J.K.)
| | - Ahmad Awada
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (A.N.); (M.S.); (A.A.); (F.J.); (G.E.G.)
- Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (P.A.); (J.K.)
| | - Fabrice Journe
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (A.N.); (M.S.); (A.A.); (F.J.); (G.E.G.)
| | - Ghanem E. Ghanem
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (A.N.); (M.S.); (A.A.); (F.J.); (G.E.G.)
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Gündüz D, Troidl C, Tanislav C, Rohrbach S, Hamm C, Aslam M. Role of PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK Signalling in cAMP/Epac-Mediated Endothelial Barrier Stabilisation. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1387. [PMID: 31787905 PMCID: PMC6855264 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Activation of the cAMP/Epac signalling stabilises endothelial barrier function. Moreover, its activation is accompanied by an activation of PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK signalling in diverse cell types but their impact on endothelial barrier function is largely unknown. Here the role of PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK signalling in cAMP/Epac-mediated endothelial barrier stabilisation was analysed. Methods Endothelial barrier function was analysed in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by measuring flux of albumin. A modified cAMP analogue 8-pCPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP (Epac agonist) was used to specifically activate cAMP/Epac signalling. Results Epac agonist reduces the basal and attenuates thrombin-induced endothelial hyperpermeability accompanied by an activation of PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK signalling. The qPCR data demonstrate HUVECs express PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, and PI3Kγ but not PI3Kδ isoforms. The western blot data demonstrate Epac agonist activates PI3Kα and PI3Kβ isoforms. Inhibition of MEK/ERK but not PI3K/Akt pathway potentiates the endothelial barrier protective effects of cAMP/Epac signalling. Inhibition of MEK/ERK signalling in the presence of Epac agonist induces a reorganisation of actin cytoskeleton to the cell periphery, enhanced VE-cadherin localisation at cell-cell junctions, and dephosphorylation of myosin light chains (MLC) but not inhibition of RhoA/Rock signalling. Moreover, Epac agonist promotes endothelial cell (EC) survival via reduction in activities of pro-apoptotic caspases in a PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK signalling-dependent manner. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that the Epac agonist simultaneously activates diverse signalling pathways in ECs, which may have differential effects on endothelial barrier function. It activates PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK signalling which mainly govern its pro-survival effects on ECs. Inhibition of MEK/ERK but not PI3K/Akt signalling enhances barrier stabilising and barrier protective effects of cAMP/Epac activation. Chemical Compounds Used In This Study 8-pCPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP (PubChem CID: 9913268); Akt inhibitor VIII (PubChem CID: 10196499); AS-252424 (PubChem CID: 11630874); IC-87114 (PubChem CID: 9908783); PD 98059 (PubChem CID: 4713); PIK-75 (PubChem CID: 10275789); TGX-221 (PubChem CID: 9907093); Thrombin (PubChem CID: 90470996); U0126 (PubChem CID: 3006531); Wortmannin (PubChem CID: 312145).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dursun Gündüz
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany.,Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Evangelisches Jung Stilling Krankenhaus GmbH, Siegen, Germany
| | - Christian Troidl
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany.,Experimental Cardiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Tanislav
- Department of Neurology, Evangelisches Jung Stilling Krankenhaus GmbH, Siegen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Rohrbach
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Hamm
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany
| | - Muhammad Aslam
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany.,Experimental Cardiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Structure-activity relationship for vanilloid compounds from extract of Zingiber officinale var rubrum rhizomes: effect on extracellular melanogenesis inhibitory activity. Med Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02380-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Spathis A, Katoulis AC, Damaskou V, Liakou AI, Kottaridi C, Leventakou D, Sgouros D, Mamantopoulos A, Rigopoulos D, Karakitsos P, Panayiotides IG. BRAF Mutation Status in Primary, Recurrent, and Metastatic Malignant Melanoma and Its Relation to Histopathological Parameters. Dermatol Pract Concept 2019; 9:54-62. [PMID: 30775150 PMCID: PMC6368075 DOI: 10.5826/dpc.0901a13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background BRAF mutations are a common finding in malignant melanoma (MM). Nevertheless, apart from their significance as a therapeutic target in advanced melanoma, their prognostic value is still debated. Objective To assess BRAF mutation status in primary, recurrent, or metastatic MM and its correlations with histopathological findings. Methods We analyzed 203 samples from 178 consecutive patients: 129 primary cutaneous MM, 49 metastatic and recurrent MM of unknown primary site, and 25 cases of recurrences or metastases of primary MM. BRAF mutations in exon 15 were identified with real-time polymerase chain reaction and/or direct sequencing or pyrosequencing. Histopathological examination was performed according to standard procedures. Results We observed a 42.1% prevalence of BRAF mutations at codon 600 among our patients, 84% of whom harbored the V600E mutation. Mutations showed a statistically significant increase in younger patients (P = 0.011), in ulcerated tumors (P = 0.020), and in tumors lacking solar elastosis in adjacent dermis (P = 0.008). Mutations were also more common in male patients, as well as in primary MMs of the torso, and in nonvisceral metastases, however without reaching statistical significance. Logistic regression analysis identified type and ulceration as the only significant predictors of BRAF mutation. The highest frequencies of mutated BRAF were identified in superficial spreading and nodular types, and the lowest in acral lentiginous and lentigo maligna types. In situ MM and primary dermal melanoma displayed intermediate frequencies. Conclusion Frequency of mutated BRAF is type-related and correlated with ulceration, a known adverse prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aris Spathis
- Second Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexander C Katoulis
- Second Department of Dermatology and Venereology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasileia Damaskou
- Second Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini I Liakou
- Second Department of Dermatology and Venereology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christine Kottaridi
- Second Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Danai Leventakou
- Second Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Sgouros
- Second Department of Dermatology and Venereology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios Rigopoulos
- Second Department of Dermatology and Venereology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros Karakitsos
- Department of Cytopathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis G Panayiotides
- Second Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Ma M, Dai J, Tang H, Xu T, Yu S, Si L, Cui C, Sheng X, Chi Z, Mao L, Wu X, Yang L, Yu H, Li S, Lian B, Tang B, Wang X, Yan X, Bai X, Zhou L, Kong Y, Guo J. MicroRNA-23a-3p Inhibits Mucosal Melanoma Growth and Progression through Targeting Adenylate Cyclase 1 and Attenuating cAMP and MAPK Pathways. Theranostics 2019; 9:945-960. [PMID: 30867808 PMCID: PMC6401396 DOI: 10.7150/thno.30516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal melanoma (MM) is the second most common melanoma subtype in Asian populations. Deregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been extensively investigated in various cancers, including cutaneous melanoma. However, the roles of miRNAs in MM are unclear. In this study, we carried out miRNA profiling in MM, and we investigated the clinical and biological roles of miR-23a-3p in MM. Methods: miRNA expression in MM was profiled by miRNA microarray analysis. The expression of miR-23a-3p was quantitated by qRT-PCR in a cohort of 117 patients with MM, and its prognostic significance was evaluated. The biological effect of miR-23a-3p was demonstrated by both in vitro and in vivo studies through ectopic expression of miR-23a-3p. The target gene of miR-23a-3p and molecular pathway influenced by it was characterized using in silico target prediction tools, dual luciferase reporter assays, knockdown, and rescue experiments. Results: Microarray and qRT-PCR results showed that the miR-23a-3p level was substantially lower in MM, and low miR-23a-3p expression was significantly associated with poor outcomes. Ectopic expression of miR-23a-3p suppressed MM cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumorigenicity, indicating that miR-23a-3p has a tumor-suppressive role in MM. Mechanistic investigations identified adenylate cyclase 1 (ADCY1) as a direct target of miR-23a-3p in MM, and knockdown of ADCY1 recapitulated all the phenotypic characteristics of miR-23a-3p overexpression. Targeting of ADCY1 by miR-23a-3p resulted in the suppression of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Conclusions: Our data highlight the molecular etiology and clinical significance of miR-23a-3p in MM and reveal its major target and biological function. miR-23a-3p may represent a new prognostic biomarker or therapeutic target in MM.
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Amplification of the Melanocortin-1 Receptor in Nephrotic Syndrome Identifies a Target for Podocyte Cytoskeleton Stabilization. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15731. [PMID: 30356069 PMCID: PMC6200758 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) in podocytes has been suggested as the mediator of the ACTH renoprotective effect in patients with nephrotic syndrome with the mechanism of action beeing stabilization of the podocyte actin cytoskeleton. To understand how melanocortin receptors are regulated in nephrotic syndrome and how they are involved in restoration of filtration barrier function, melanocortin receptor expression was evaluated in patients and a rat model of nephrotic syndrome in combination with cell culture analysis. Phosphoproteomics was applied and identified MC1R pathways confirmed using biochemical analysis. We found that glomerular MC1R expression was increased in nephrotic syndrome, both in humans and in a rat model. A MC1R agonist protected podocytes from protamine sulfate induced stress fiber loss with the top ranked phoshoproteomic MC1R activated pathway beeing actin cytoskeleton signaling. Actin stabilization through the MC1R consisted of ERK1/2 dependent phosphorylation and inactivation of EGFR signaling with stabilization of synaptopodin and stressfibers in podocytes. These results further explain how patients with nephrotic syndrome show responsiveness to MC1R receptor activation by decreasing EGFR signaling and as a consequence restore filtration barrier function by stabilizing the podocyte actin cytoskeleton.
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25
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Chung YC, Ko JH, Kang HK, Kim S, Kang CI, Lee JN, Park SM, Hyun CG. Antimelanogenic Effects of Polygonum tinctorium Flower Extract from Traditional Jeju Fermentation via Upregulation of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase and Protein Kinase B Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102895. [PMID: 30249988 PMCID: PMC6213794 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out to investigate the antimelanogenic effects of a Polygonum tinctorium flower extract obtained using red nuruk, a traditional Jeju barley-based fermentation starter. We also studied the mechanism of action of the P. tinctorium fermented flower extract (PTFFE) in mouse melanoma cells (B16F10). Cells were treated with various concentrations (62.5, 125 and 250 μg/mL) of PTFFE and the results showed that PTFFE significantly decreased the melanin content and tyrosinase activity without being cytotoxic. In addition, PTFFE strongly inhibited the expression of tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein 2 by decreasing the expression of the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, as shown by a western blot assay. Furthermore, PTFFE inhibited melanogenesis via upregulation of the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and protein kinase B, also known as AKT. We also used inhibitors such as PD98059 (a specific ERK inhibitor) or LY294002 (an AKT inhibitor) to determine whether the signaling pathways are involved. High-performance liquid chromatography fingerprinting showed the presence of a quercetin glucoside (isoquercitrin) and quercetin in PTFFE. To test the potential for PTFFE application as a cosmetic material, we also performed a primary skin irritation test on human skin. In this assay, PTFFE did not induce any adverse reactions at the treatment dose. Based on these results, we suggest that PTFFE may be considered a potential antimelanogenesis candidate for topical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Chul Chung
- Department of Chemistry and Cosmetics, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
| | - Ji-Hye Ko
- Department of Chemistry and Cosmetics, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
| | - Hyun-Kyu Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Cosmetics, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
| | - Seoyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Cosmetics, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
| | | | - Jung No Lee
- R&D Center, CoSeedBioPham Co., Chungbuk 28161, Korea.
| | - Sung-Min Park
- R&D Center, CoSeedBioPham Co., Chungbuk 28161, Korea.
| | - Chang-Gu Hyun
- Department of Chemistry and Cosmetics, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
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26
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Mamat N, Lu XY, Kabas M, Aisa HA. Potential anti-vitiligo properties of cynarine extracted from Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:2665-2675. [PMID: 30226537 PMCID: PMC6192770 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is a depigmentation disorder of the skin. It is primarily caused by the destruction of melanocytes or obstruction of the melanin synthesis pathway. Melanin is a type of skin pigment that determines skin color. The seeds of Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd (Kaliziri) are used for treating skin diseases including vitiligo in traditional Uyghur medicine. 1,5‑Dicaffeoylquinic acid (1,5‑diCQA) is a natural polyphenolic compound widely distributed in plants and extracted from Kaliziri seeds. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of 1,5‑diCQA on melanin synthesis in B16 cell was evaluated, and its molecular mechanism was explored. The results indicated that 1,5‑diCQA treatment of B16 cells stimulated an increase of intracellular melanin level and tyrosinase (TYR) activity without cytotoxicity. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction results also indicated that 1,5‑diCQA may markedly improve the protein expression and RNA transcription of microphthalmia‑associated transcription factor (MITF), melanogenic enzyme Tyr, tyrosinase‑related protein 1 (TRP 1) and tyrosinase‑related protein 2 (TRP 2). Additional results identified that 1,5‑diCQA may promote the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen‑activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and extracellular signal‑regulated kinase (ERK) MAPK. Notably, the increased levels of intracellular melanin synthesis and tyrosinase expression induced by 1,5‑diCQA treatment were significantly attenuated by the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H‑89. Intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentration and phosphorylation of cAMP‑response element binding protein was increased following 1,5‑diCQA treatment. These results indicated that 1,5‑diCQA stimulated melanogenesis via the MAPK and cAMP/PKA signaling pathways in B16 cells, which has potential therapeutic implications for vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuramina Mamat
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ürümqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Xue Ying Lu
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ürümqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Maidina Kabas
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ürümqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Haji Akber Aisa
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ürümqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
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Cyclic AMP-Epac signaling pathway contributes to repression of PUMA transcription in melanoma cells. Melanoma Res 2018; 27:411-416. [PMID: 28489680 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The universal second messenger cAMP regulates numerous cellular processes. Although the cAMP-signaling pathway leads to induction of gene transcription, it remains unknown whether this pathway contributes toward suppression of transcription. Here, we show that blockade of cAMP signaling using MDL12330A led to an increase in PUMA transcript levels, but not p21 in melanoma cells. cAMP downstream component Epac activation was essential for suppression of PUMA transcription as an Epac agonist reversed the effects of MDL12330A. These results suggest that transcriptional repression is one of the functions of the cAMP-Epac signaling pathway.
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28
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Isola AL, Eddy K, Zembrzuski K, Goydos JS, Chen S. Exosomes released by metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (GRM1) expressing melanoma cells increase cell migration and invasiveness. Oncotarget 2018; 9:1187-1199. [PMID: 29416686 PMCID: PMC5787429 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are naturally occurring membrane-bound nanovesicles generated constitutively and released by various cell types, and often in higher quantities by tumor cells. Exosomes may facilitate communication between the primary tumor and its local microenvironment, supporting cell invasion and other early events in metastasis. A neuronal receptor, metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (GRM1), when ectopically expressed in melanocytes, induces in vitro melanocytic transformation and spontaneous malignant melanoma development in vivo in a transgenic mouse model. Our earlier studies showed that genetic modulation in GRM1 expression by siRNA or disruption of GRM1-mediated glutamate signaling interfere with downstream effectors resulting in a decrease in both cell proliferation in vitro and tumor progression in vivo. In this study, we sought to determine whether exosome formation might play a role in GRM1 mediated melanoma development and progression. To test this, we utilized in vitro cultured cells in which GRM1 expression and function could be modulated by pharmacological and genetic means and determined effects on exosome production. We also tested the effects of exosomes from GRM1 expressing melanoma cells on growth, migration and invasion of GRM1 negative cells. Our results show that although GRM1 expression has no influence on exosome quantity, exosomes produced by GRM1-positive cells modulate the ability of the recipient cell to migrate, invade and exhibit anchorage-independent cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L. Isola
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kevinn Eddy
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Krzysztof Zembrzuski
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - James S. Goydos
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Suzie Chen
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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29
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Human melanocortin 1 receptor-mediated ubiquitination of nonvisual arrestins. Role of Mahogunin Ring Finger 1 E3 ligase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:76-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Hwang I, Hong S. Neural Stem Cells and Its Derivatives as a New Material for Melanin Inhibition. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010036. [PMID: 29271951 PMCID: PMC5795986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pigment molecule, melanin, is produced from melanosomes of melanocytes through melanogenesis, which is a complex process involving a combination of chemical and enzymatically catalyzed reactions. The synthesis of melanin is primarily influenced by tyrosinase (TYR), which has attracted interest as a target molecule for the regulation of pigmentation or depigmentation in skin. Thus, direct inhibitors of TYR activity have been sought from various natural and synthetic materials. However, due to issues with these inhibitors, such as weak or permanent ability for depigmentation, allergy, irritant dermatitis and rapid oxidation, in vitro and in vivo, the development of new materials that inhibit melanin production is essential. A conditioned medium (CM) derived from stem cells contains many cell-secreted factors, such as cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and extracellular vesicles including exosomes. In addition, the secreted factors could negatively regulate melanin production through stimulation of a microenvironment of skin tissue in a paracrine manner, which allows the neural stem cell CM to be explored as a new material for skin depigmentation. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge regulating depigmentation, and discuss the potential of neural stem cells and their derivatives, as a new material for skin depigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insik Hwang
- School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, 22 Gil Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02855, Korea.
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Korea University Graduate School, 22 Gil Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02855, Korea.
| | - Sunghoi Hong
- School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, 22 Gil Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02855, Korea.
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Korea University Graduate School, 22 Gil Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02855, Korea.
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Korea University Graduate School, 22 Gil Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02855, Korea.
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31
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Kong JS, Kim HJ, Kim MJ, Kim A, Lee D, Han K, Park S, Koh JS, Myung JK. The Significance of TROP2 Expression in Predicting BRAF Mutations in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. J Pathol Transl Med 2017; 52:14-20. [PMID: 29228520 PMCID: PMC5784227 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2017.10.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trophoblast antigen 2 (TROP2) is a human trophoblast cell-surface glycoprotein that is overexpressed in several types of epithelial cancers, and is suggested to be associated with an unfavorable prognosis. BRAF mutations are the most common genetic alteration in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). We evaluated the correlation between TROP2 expression and BRAF mutation in PTC. METHODS First, we carried out pyrosequencing for BRAF mutations and immunohistochemistry for TROP2 expression with a tissue microarray consisting of 52 PTC cases. Membranous staining in at least 5% of tumor cells was designated as positive staining and we analyzed the relationship between TROP2 expression and diverse clinicopathological factors, including BRAF mutation. Second, we tested TROP2 mRNA expression in three thyroid cancer cell lines with BRAF mutations (BCPAP, SNU790, and 8505C) and a normal thyroid cell line. Additionally, we checked TROP2 protein levels in a normal thyroid cell line after introduction of the BRAF V600E mutation. RESULTS In this study, 21 of 26 cases with BRAF mutation showed TROP2 immunoreactivity, whereas all 26 cases without BRAF mutation showed no immunoreactivity for TROP2 with a statistically significant difference (p<.001). Upregulation of TROP2 mRNA was observed in all three thyroid cancer cell lines, but not in the normal thyroid cell line. Interestingly, however, the TROP2 expression was increased in the normal thyroid cell line after introduction of the BRAF V600E mutation. CONCLUSIONS Based on these results, we concluded that TROP2 expression is significantly associated with BRAF mutation and that TROP2 immunohistochemistry could be used for predicting BRAF mutations or diagnosing papillary thyroid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Seog Kong
- Department of Pathology, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeon Jin Kim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure and Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure and Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Areumnuri Kim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure and Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dalnim Lee
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure and Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kanghee Han
- Department of Pathology, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunhoo Park
- Department of Pathology, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Radiation Exposure and Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Soo Koh
- Department of Pathology, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Myung
- Department of Pathology, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Radiation Exposure and Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
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32
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Precise role of dermal fibroblasts on melanocyte pigmentation. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 88:159-166. [PMID: 28711237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dermal fibroblasts are traditionally recognized as synthesizing, remodeling and depositing collagen and extracellular matrix, the structural framework for tissues, helping to bring thickness and firmness to the skin. However, the role of fibroblasts on skin pigmentation arouses concern recently. More is known about the interactions between epidermal melanocytes and keratinocytes. This review highlights the importance of fibroblast-derived melanogenic paracrine mediators in the regulation of melanocyte activities. Fibroblasts act on melanocytes directly and indirectly through neighboring cells by secreting a large number of cytokines (SCF), proteins (DKK1, sFRP, Sema7a, CCN, FAP-α) and growth factors (KGF, HGF, bFGF, NT-3, NRG-1, TGF-β) which bind to receptors and modulate intracellular signaling cascades (MAPK/ERK, cAMP/PKA, Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/Akt) related to melanocyte functions. These factors influence the growth, the pigmentation of melanocytes via the expression of melanin-producing enzymes and melanosome transfer, as well as their dendricity, mobility and adhesive properties. Thus, fibroblasts are implicated in both skin physiological and pathological pigmentation. In order to investigate their contribution, various in vitro models have been developed, based on cellular senescence. UV exposure, a major factor implicated in pigmentary disorders, may affect the secretory crosstalk between dermal and epithelial cells. Therefore, identification of the interactions between fibroblasts and melanocytes could provide novel insights not only for the development of melanogenic agents in the clinical and cosmetic fields, but also for a better understanding of the melanocyte biology and melanogenesis regulation.
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33
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Ferguson J, Smith M, Zudaire I, Wellbrock C, Arozarena I. Glucose availability controls ATF4-mediated MITF suppression to drive melanoma cell growth. Oncotarget 2017; 8:32946-32959. [PMID: 28380427 PMCID: PMC5464841 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well know that cancer cells have adopted an altered metabolism and that glucose is a major source of energy for these cells. In melanoma, enhanced glucose usage is favoured through the hyper-activated MAPK pathway, which suppresses OXPHOS and stimulates glycolysis. However, it has not been addressed how glucose availability impacts on melanoma specific signaling pathways that drive melanoma cell proliferation. Here we show that melanoma cells are dependent on high glucose levels for efficient growth. Thereby, glucose metabolism controls the expression of the melanoma fate transcription factor MITF, a master regulator of melanoma cell survival and proliferation, invasion and therapy resistance. Restriction of glucose availability to physiological concentrations induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increased ROS levels lead to the up-regulation of AFT4, which in turn suppresses MITF expression by competing with CREB, an otherwise potent inducer of the MITF promoter. Our data give new insight into the complex regulation of MITF, a key regulator of melanoma biology, and support previous findings that link metabolic disorders such as hyperglycemia and diabetes with increased melanoma risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ferguson
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael Smith
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Isabel Zudaire
- Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet-Idisna, Calle Irunlarrea, 3 Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Claudia Wellbrock
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Imanol Arozarena
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PT, Manchester, UK
- Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet-Idisna, Calle Irunlarrea, 3 Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
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34
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Zhou D, Kuang Z, Zeng X, Wang K, Ma J, Luo H, Chen M, Li Y, Zeng J, Li S, Luan F, He Y, Dai H, Liu B, Li H, He L, Xing Q. p53 regulates ERK1/2/CREB cascade via a novel SASH1/MAP2K2 crosstalk to induce hyperpigmentation. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:2465-2480. [PMID: 28382689 PMCID: PMC5618682 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that three point mutations in SASH1 and mutated SASH1 promote melanocyte migration in dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria (DUH) and a novel p53/POMC/Gαs/SASH1 autoregulatory positive feedback loop is regulated by SASH1 mutations to induce pathological hyperpigmentation phenotype. However, the underlying mechanism of molecular regulation to cause this hyperpigmentation disorder still remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism undergirding hyperpigmentation in the dyschromatosis disorder. Our results revealed that SASH1 binds with MAP2K2 and is induced by p53-POMC-MC1R signal cascade to enhance the phosphorylation level of ERK1/2 and CREB. Moreover, increase in phosphorylated ERK1/2 and CREB levels and melanogenesis-specific molecules is induced by mutated SASH1 alleles. Together, our results suggest that a novel SASH1/MAP2K2 crosstalk connects ERK1/2/CREB cascade with p53-POMC-MC1R cascade to cause hyperpigmentation phenotype of DUH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding'an Zhou
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.,Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongshu Kuang
- Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xing Zeng
- Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiangshu Ma
- Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huangchao Luo
- Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mei Chen
- Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiawei Zeng
- Dujiangyan People's Hospital, Cheng du, Sichuan, China
| | - Shu Li
- Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fujun Luan
- Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong He
- Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongying Dai
- Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Beizhong Liu
- Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, the First People's Hospital, Chenzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Lin He
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Bio-X Institute, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinghe Xing
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Herraiz C, Garcia-Borron JC, Jiménez-Cervantes C, Olivares C. MC1R signaling. Intracellular partners and pathophysiological implications. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2448-2461. [PMID: 28259754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) preferentially expressed in melanocytes is best known as a key regulator of the synthesis of epidermal melanin pigments. Its paracrine stimulation by keratinocyte-derived melanocortins also activates DNA repair pathways and antioxidant defenses to build a complex, multifaceted photoprotective response. Many MC1R actions rely on cAMP-dependent activation of two transcription factors, MITF and PGC1α, but pleiotropic MC1R signaling also involves activation of mitogen-activated kinases and AKT. MC1R partners such as β-arrestins, PTEN and the E3 ubiquitin ligase MGRN1 differentially regulate these pathways. The MC1R gene is complex and polymorphic, with frequent variants associated with skin phenotypes and increased cancer risk. We review current knowledge of signaling from canonical MC1R, its splice isoforms and natural polymorphic variants. Recently discovered intracellular targets and partners are also discussed, to highlight the diversity of mechanisms that may contribute to normal and pathological variation of pigmentation and sensitivity to solar radiation-induced damage. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Melanocortin Receptors - edited by Ya-Xiong Tao.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Herraiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose C Garcia-Borron
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Celia Jiménez-Cervantes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Conchi Olivares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
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Gomisin N Inhibits Melanogenesis through Regulating the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK Signaling Pathways in Melanocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020471. [PMID: 28241436 PMCID: PMC5344003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gomisin N, one of the lignan compounds found in Schisandra chinensis has been shown to possess anti-oxidative, anti-tumorigenic, and anti-inflammatory activities in various studies. Here we report, for the first time, the anti-melenogenic efficacy of Gomisin N in mammalian cells as well as in zebrafish embryos. Gomisin N significantly reduced the melanin content without cellular toxicity. Although it was not capable of modulating the catalytic activity of mushroom tyrosinase in vitro, Gomisin N downregulated the expression levels of key proteins that function in melanogenesis. Gomisin N downregulated melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), adenylyl cyclase 2, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), and tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2). In addition, Gomisin N-treated Melan-A cells exhibited increased p-Akt and p-ERK levels, which implies that the activation of the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK pathways may function to inhibit melanogenesis. We also validated that Gomisin N reduced melanin production by repressing the expression of MITF, tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2 in mouse and human cells as well as in developing zebrafish embryos. Collectively, we conclude that Gomisin N inhibits melanin synthesis by repressing the expression of MITF and melanogenic enzymes, probably through modulating the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK pathways.
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Razzak MA, Hossain MS, Radzi ZB, Yahya NAB, Czernuszka J, Rahman MT. Cellular and Molecular Responses to Mechanical Expansion of Tissue. Front Physiol 2016; 7:540. [PMID: 27899897 PMCID: PMC5111402 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The increased use of tissue expander in the past decades and its potential market values in near future give enough reasons to sum up the consequences of tissue expansion. Furthermore, the patients have the right to know underlying mechanisms of adaptation of inserted biomimetic, its bioinspired materials and probable complications. The mechanical strains during tissue expansion are related to several biological phenomena. Tissue remodeling during the expansion is highly regulated and depends on the signal transduction. Any alteration may lead to tumor formation, necrosis and/or apoptosis. In this review, stretch induced cell proliferation, apoptosis, the roles of growth factors, stretch induced ion channels, and roles of second messengers are organized. It is expected that readers from any background can understand and make a decision about tissue expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abdur Razzak
- Department of Children's Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Md Sanower Hossain
- Department of Children's Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zamri Bin Radzi
- Department of Children's Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noor Azlin B Yahya
- Department of Children's Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jan Czernuszka
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
| | - Mohammad T Rahman
- Department of Children's Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Li Y, Dillon TJ, Takahashi M, Earley KT, Stork PJS. Protein Kinase A-independent Ras Protein Activation Cooperates with Rap1 Protein to Mediate Activation of the Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinases (ERK) by cAMP. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:21584-21595. [PMID: 27531745 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.730978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is an important mediator of hormonal stimulation of cell growth and differentiation through its activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascade. Two small G proteins, Ras and Rap1, have been proposed to mediate this activation, with either Ras or Rap1 acting in distinct cell types. Using Hek293 cells, we show that both Ras and Rap1 are required for cAMP signaling to ERKs. The roles of Ras and Rap1 were distinguished by their mechanism of activation, dependence on the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), and the magnitude and kinetics of their effects on ERKs. Ras was required for the early portion of ERK activation by cAMP and was activated independently of PKA. Ras activation required the Ras/Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) PDZ-GEF1. Importantly, this action of PDZ-GEF1 was disrupted by mutation within its putative cyclic nucleotide-binding domain within PDZ-GEF1. Compared with Ras, Rap1 activation of ERKs was of longer duration. Rap1 activation was dependent on PKA and required Src family kinases and the Rap1 exchanger C3G. This is the first report of a mechanism for the cooperative actions of Ras and Rap1 in cAMP activation of ERKs. One physiological role for the sustained activation of ERKs is the transcription and stabilization of a range of transcription factors, including c-FOS. We show that the induction of c-FOS by cAMP required both the early and sustained phases of ERK activation, requiring Ras and Rap1, as well as for each of the Raf isoforms, B-Raf and C-Raf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Li
- From the Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098
| | - Tara J Dillon
- From the Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098
| | - Maho Takahashi
- From the Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098
| | - Keith T Earley
- From the Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098
| | - Philip J S Stork
- From the Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098
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Whalen MM, Odman-Ghazi SO. Effects of adenylyl cyclase and protein kinase A inhibition on signaling enzymes in natural killer cells: comparison to tributyltin. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 25:333-40. [PMID: 16866191 DOI: 10.1191/0960327106ht630oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes capable of destroying tumor cells and virally-infected cells without prior sensitization. In a previous study, we found that inhibition of adenylyl cyclase (AC) or cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) decreased the ability of NK cells to destroy tumor cells. We also found that the environmental contaminant tributyltin (TBT), at concentrations of 300 500 nM, decreased tumor-cell lysis by NK cells, as well as their intracellular levels of cAMP. This suggested that the decreases in cAMP associated with TBT (300 500 nM) may, in part, be responsible for loss of cytotoxic function. Here, we investigated the effects of inhibition of AC or PKA on enzymes that are required in the NK tumorolytic process and compared them to those of TBT exposure. The enzymes studied were: the protein tyrosine kinase (PTK), syk; phospholipase C gamma1 (PLCg1); and the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), p44/42. Exposure of NK cells to the AC inhibitor 2?,5?-dideoxyadenosine (DDA) significantly increased the total level of PLCg1 by 67% after 60 min and the level of p44/42 by about 30%. Exposure to the PKA inhibitor H-89 significantly increased the levels of the phosphorylated (activated) p44/42 (90%) after 60 min. Exposure to TBT increased the levels of PLCg1 by about 50%. Previously, we found that exposure to TBT increased the phosphorylation of p44/42 within 5 min. These results indicate that AC inhibition caused alterations of the levels of key enzymes, while decreased PKA activity caused an increase in p44/42 activation. They also suggest that the effects of decreased levels of cAMP on these key cytotoxic signaling proteins may overlap, to a very limited extent, with those of TBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Whalen
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
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Thyrostimulin-TSHR signaling promotes the proliferation of NIH:OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cells via trans-regulation of the EGFR pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27471. [PMID: 27273257 PMCID: PMC4895341 DOI: 10.1038/srep27471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin signaling plays an indispensable role in ovarian cancer progression. We previously have demonstrated that thyrostimulin and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), the most ancient glycoprotein hormone and receptor pair that evolved much earlier than the gonadotropin systems, co-exist in the ovary. However, whether thyrostimulin-driven TSHR activation contributes to ovarian cancer progression in a similar way to gonadotropin receptors has never been explored. In this study, we first found that TSHR is expressed in both rat normal ovarian surface epithelium and human epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs). Using human NIH:OVCAR-3 as a cell model, we demonstrated that thyrostimulin promotes EOC cell proliferation as strongly as gonadotropins. Thyrostimulin treatment not only activated adenylyl cyclase and the subsequent PKA, MEK-ERK1/2 and PI3K-AKT signal cascades, but also trans-activated EGFR signaling. Signaling dissection using diverse inhibitors indicated that EOC cell proliferation driven by thyrostimulin-TSHR signaling is PKA independent, but does require the involvement of the MEK-ERK and PI3K-AKT signal cascades, which are activated mainly via the trans-activation of EGFR. Thus, not only have we proved that this ancient glycoprotein hormone system is involved in NIH:OVCAR-3 cell proliferation for the first time, but also that it may possibly become a novel oncotarget when studying ovarian cancer.
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41
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Wellbrock C, Arozarena I. The Complexity of the ERK/MAP-Kinase Pathway and the Treatment of Melanoma Skin Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:33. [PMID: 27200346 PMCID: PMC4846800 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The central role played by the ERK/MAPK pathway downstream of RAS in human neoplasias is best exemplified in the context of melanoma skin cancer. Signaling through the MAPK pathway is crucial for the proliferation of melanocytes, the healthy pigment cells that give rise to melanoma. However, hyper-activation of the MAPK-pathway is found in over 90% of melanomas with approximately 50% of all patients displaying mutations in the kinase BRAF, and approximately 28% of all patients harboring mutations in the MAPK-pathway up-stream regulator NRAS. This finding has led to the development of BRAF and MEK inhibitors whose application in the clinic has shown unprecedented survival responses. Unfortunately the responses to MAPK pathway inhibitors are transient with most patients progressing within a year and a median progression free survival of 7-10 months. The disease progression is due to the development of drug-resistance based on various mechanisms, many of them involving a rewiring of the MAPK pathway. In this article we will review the complexity of MAPK signaling in melanocytic cells as well as the mechanisms of action of different MAPK-pathway inhibitors and their correlation with clinical response. We will reflect on mechanisms of innate and acquired resistance that limit patient's response, with a focus on the MAPK signaling network. Because of the resurgence of antibody-based immune-therapies there is a growing feeling of failure in the targeted therapy camp. However, recent studies have revealed new windows of therapeutic opportunity for melanoma sufferers treated with drugs targeting the MAPK pathway, and these opportunities will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Wellbrock
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, The University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | - Imanol Arozarena
- School of Applied Sciences, University of HuddersfieldHuddersfield, UK
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42
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Yu LJ, Wall BA, Wangari-Talbot J, Chen S. Metabotropic glutamate receptors in cancer. Neuropharmacology 2016; 115:193-202. [PMID: 26896755 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are widely known for their roles in synaptic signaling. However, accumulating evidence suggests roles of mGluRs in human malignancies in addition to synaptic transmission. Somatic cell homeostasis presents intriguing possibilities of mGluRs and glutamate signaling as novel targets for human cancers. More recently, aberrant glutamate signaling has been shown to participate in the transformation and maintenance of various cancer types, including glioma, melanoma skin cancer, breast cancer, and prostate cancer, indicating that genes encoding mGluRs, GRMs, can function as oncogenes. Here, we provide a review on the interactions of mGluRs and their ligand, glutamate, in processes that promote the growth of tumors of neuronal and non-neuronal origins. Further, we discuss the evolution of riluzole, a glutamate release inhibitor approved for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but now fashioned as an mGluR1 inhibitor for melanoma therapy and as a radio-sensitizer for tumors that have metastasized to the brain. With the success of riluzole, it is not far-fetched to believe that other drugs that may act directly or indirectly on other mGluRs can be beneficial for multiple applications. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors, 5 years on'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumeng J Yu
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | - Brian A Wall
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, NJ, USA; Global Product Safety, Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Janet Wangari-Talbot
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | - Suzie Chen
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, NJ, USA; The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
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Rodriguez P, Rojas J. cAMP-Induced Histones H3 Dephosphorylation Is Independent of PKA and MAP Kinase Activations and Correlates With mTOR Inactivation. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:741-50. [PMID: 26335579 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
cAMP is a second messenger well documented to be involved in the phosphorylation of PKA, MAP kinase, and histone H3 (H3). Early, we reported that cAMP also induced H3 dephosphorylation in a variety of proliferating cell lines. Herein, it is shown that cAMP elicits a biphasic H3 dephosphorylation independent of PKA activation in cycling cells. H89, a potent inhibitor of PKA catalytic sub-unite, could not abolish this effect. Additionally, H89 induces a rapid and biphasic H3 serine 10 dephosphorylation, while a decline in the basal phosphorylation of CREB/ATF-1 is observed. Rp-cAMPS, an analog of cAMP and specific inhibitor of PKA, is unable to suppress cAMP-mediated H3 dephosphorylation, whereas Rp-cAMPS effectively blocks CREB/ATF-1 hyper-phosphorylation by cAMP and its inducers. Interestingly, cAMP exerts a rapid and profound H3 dephosphorylation at much lower concentration (50-fold lower, 0.125 mM) than the concentration required for maximal CREB/ATF-1 phosphorylation (5 mM). Much higher cAMP concentration is required to fully induce CREB/ATF-1 gain in phosphate (5 mM), which correlates with the inhibition of H3 dephosphorylation. Also, the dephosphorylation of H3 does not overlap at onset of MAP kinase phosphorylation pathways, p38 and ERK. Surprisingly, rapamycin (an mTOR inhibitor), cAMP, and its natural inducer isoproterenol, elicit identical dephosphorylation kinetics on both S6K1 ribosomal kinase (a downstream mTOR target) and H3. Finally, cAMP-induced H3 dephosphorylation is PP1/2-dependent. The results suggest that a pathway, requiring much lower cAMP concentration to that required for CREB/ATF-1 hyper-phosphorylation, is responsible for histone H3 dephosphorylation and may be linked to mTOR down regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Rodriguez
- Facultad de Ciencias M, é, dicas, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), el Belloto 3530, segundo piso. Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins n°3363, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Rojas
- Facultad de Ciencias M, é, dicas, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), el Belloto 3530, segundo piso. Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins n°3363, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile
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Yo J, Hay KSL, Vinayagamoorthy D, Maryanski D, Carter M, Wiegel J, Vinayagamoorthy T. Detection of BRAF mutations from solid tumors using Tumorplex™ technology. MethodsX 2015; 2:316-22. [PMID: 26258049 PMCID: PMC4522617 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Allele specific multiplex sequencing (Tumorplex™) is a new molecular platform for the detection of single base mutation in tumor biopsies with high sensitivity for clinical testing. Tumorplex™ is a novel modification of Sanger sequencing technology that generates both mutant and wild type nucleotide sequences simultaneously in the same electropherogram. The molecular weight of the two sequencing primers are different such that the two sequences generated are separated, thus eliminating possible suppression of mutant signal by the more abundant wild type signal. Tumorplex™ platform technology was tested using BRAF mutation V600E. These studies were performed with cloned BRAF mutations and genomic DNA extracted from tumor cells carrying 50% mutant allele. The lower limit of detection for BRAF V600E was found to be 20 genome equivalents (GE) using genomic DNA extracted from mutation specific cell lines. Sensitivity of the assay was tested by challenging the mutant allele with wild type allele at 20 GE, and was able to detect BRAF mutant signal at a GE ration of 20:1 × 107 (mutant to wild-type). This level of sensitivity can detect low abundance of clonal mutations in tumor biopsies and eliminate the need for cell enrichment. Tumorplex™ is a single tube assay that permits the recognition of mutant allele without suppression by wildtype signal. Tumorplex™ provides a high level of sensitivity. Tumorplex™ can be used with small sample size with mixed population of cells carrying heterogeneous gDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Yo
- MultiGEN Diagnostics LLC, 854 Paragon Way, Rock Hill, SC 29730, United States
| | - Katie S L Hay
- MultiGEN Diagnostics LLC, 854 Paragon Way, Rock Hill, SC 29730, United States
| | | | - Danielle Maryanski
- MultiGEN Diagnostics LLC, 854 Paragon Way, Rock Hill, SC 29730, United States
| | - Mark Carter
- MultiGEN Diagnostics LLC, 854 Paragon Way, Rock Hill, SC 29730, United States
| | - Joseph Wiegel
- MultiGEN Diagnostics LLC, 854 Paragon Way, Rock Hill, SC 29730, United States
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Kottler VA, Künstner A, Koch I, Flötenmeyer M, Langenecker T, Hoffmann M, Sharma E, Weigel D, Dreyer C. Adenylate cyclase 5
is required for melanophore and male pattern development in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata
). Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:545-58. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Axel Künstner
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology; Tübingen Germany
| | - Iris Koch
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology; Tübingen Germany
| | | | | | | | - Eshita Sharma
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology; Tübingen Germany
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology; Tübingen Germany
| | - Christine Dreyer
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology; Tübingen Germany
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Wellbrock C, Arozarena I. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor in melanoma development and MAP-kinase pathway targeted therapy. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:390-406. [PMID: 25818589 PMCID: PMC4692100 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is a neoplasm of melanocytes, and the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is essential for the existence of melanocytes. MITF's relevance for this cell lineage is maintained in melanoma, where it is an important regulator of survival and balances melanoma cell proliferation with terminal differentiation (pigmentation). The MITF gene is amplified in ~20% of melanomas and MITF mutation can predispose to melanoma development. Furthermore, the regulation of MITF expression and function is strongly linked to the BRAF/MEK/ERK/MAP-kinase (MAPK) pathway, which is deregulated in >90% of melanomas and central target of current therapies. MITF expression in melanoma is heterogeneous, and recent findings highlight the relevance of this heterogeneity for the response of melanoma to MAPK pathway targeting drugs, as well as for MITF's role in melanoma progression. This review aims to provide an updated overview on the regulation of MITF function and plasticity in melanoma with a focus on its link to MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Wellbrock
- Manchester Cancer Research CentreWellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix ResearchFaculty of Life SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Imanol Arozarena
- Manchester Cancer Research CentreWellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix ResearchFaculty of Life SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
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Yu LJ, Wall BA, Chen S. The current management of brain metastasis in melanoma: a focus on riluzole. Expert Rev Neurother 2015; 15:779-92. [PMID: 26092602 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2015.1055321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Brain metastasis is a common endpoint in human malignant melanoma, and the prognosis for patients remains poor despite advancements in therapy. Current treatment for melanoma metastatic to the brain is grouped into those providing symptomatic relief such as corticosteroids and antiepileptic agents, to those that are disease modifying. Related to the latter group, recent studies have demonstrated that aberrant glutamate signaling plays a role in the transformation and maintenance of various cancer types, including melanoma. Glutamate secretion from these and surrounding cells have been found to stimulate regulatory pathways that control tumor growth, proliferation and survival in vitro and in vivo. The antiglutamatergic actions of an inhibitor of glutamate release, riluzole, have been detected by its ability to clear glutamate from the synapse, and it has been shown to inhibit glutamate release rather than directly inhibiting glutamate receptors. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the ability of riluzole to act as a radiosensitizing agent in melanoma. The effect of riluzole on downstream glutamatergic signaling has pointed to cross talk between the metabotropic G-protein-coupled glutamate receptors implicated in a subset of human melanomas with other signaling pathways, including apoptotic, angiogenic, ROS and cell invasion mechanisms, thus establishing its potential to be further explored in combination therapy regimens for both primary human melanoma and melanoma metastatic to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumeng J Yu
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
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Sekine Y, Togi S, Muromoto R, Kon S, Kitai Y, Yoshimura A, Oritani K, Matsuda T. STAP-2 Protein Expression in B16F10 Melanoma Cells Positively Regulates Protein Levels of Tyrosinase, Which Determines Organs to Infiltrate in the Body. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:17462-73. [PMID: 26023234 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.658575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer, with a highly metastatic phenotype. In this report, we show that signal transducing adaptor protein 2 (STAP-2) is involved in cell migration, proliferation, and melanogenesis as well as chemokine receptor expression and tumorigenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells. This was evident in mice injected with STAP-2 shRNA (shSTAP-2)-expressing B16F10 cells, which infiltrated organs in a completely different pattern from the original cells, showing massive colonization in the liver, kidney, and neck but not in the lung. The most important finding was that STAP-2 expression determined tyrosinase protein content. STAP-2 colocalized with tyrosinase in lysosomes and protected tyrosinase from protein degradation. It is noteworthy that B16F10 cells with knocked down tyrosinase showed similar cell characteristics as shSTAP-2 cells. These results indicated that tyrosinase contributed to some cellular events beyond melanogenesis. Taken together, one possibility is that STAP-2 positively regulates the protein levels of tyrosinase, which determines tumor invasion via controlling chemokine receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Sekine
- From the Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Sumihito Togi
- From the Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Ryuta Muromoto
- From the Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Kon
- From the Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kitai
- From the Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kenji Oritani
- the Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tadashi Matsuda
- From the Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan,
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Maresca V, Flori E, Picardo M. Skin phototype: a new perspective. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:378-89. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Maresca
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Centre of Metabolomics Research; San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute; Rome Italy
| | - Enrica Flori
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Centre of Metabolomics Research; San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute; Rome Italy
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Centre of Metabolomics Research; San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute; Rome Italy
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Rodrigues AR, Almeida H, Gouveia AM. Intracellular signaling mechanisms of the melanocortin receptors: current state of the art. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1331-45. [PMID: 25504085 PMCID: PMC11113477 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1800-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin system is composed by the agonists adrenocorticotropic hormone and α, β and γ-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and two naturally occurring antagonists, agouti and agouti-related protein. These ligands act by interaction with a family of five melanocortin receptors (MCRs), assisted by MCRs accessory proteins (MRAPs). MCRs stimulation activates different signaling pathways that mediate a diverse array of physiological processes, including pigmentation, energy metabolism, inflammation and exocrine secretion. This review focuses on the regulatory mechanisms of MCRs signaling, highlighting the differences among the five receptors. MCRs signal through G-dependent and independent mechanisms and their functional coupling to agonists at the cell surface is regulated by interacting proteins, namely MRAPs and β-arrestins. The knowledge of the distinct modulation pattern of MCRs signaling and function may be helpful for the future design of novel drugs able to combine specificity, safety and effectiveness in the course of their therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana R Rodrigues
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal,
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