1
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Greig J, Bates GT, Yin DI, Briant K, Simonetti B, Cullen PJ, Brodsky FM. CHC22 clathrin recruitment to the early secretory pathway requires two-site interaction with SNX5 and p115. EMBO J 2024:10.1038/s44318-024-00198-y. [PMID: 39160272 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00198-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The two clathrin isoforms, CHC17 and CHC22, mediate separate intracellular transport routes. CHC17 performs endocytosis and housekeeping membrane traffic in all cells. CHC22, expressed most highly in skeletal muscle, shuttles the glucose transporter GLUT4 from the ERGIC (endoplasmic-reticulum-to-Golgi intermediate compartment) directly to an intracellular GLUT4 storage compartment (GSC), from where GLUT4 can be mobilized to the plasma membrane by insulin. Here, molecular determinants distinguishing CHC22 from CHC17 trafficking are defined. We show that the C-terminal trimerization domain of CHC22 interacts with SNX5, which also binds the ERGIC tether p115. SNX5, and the functionally redundant SNX6, are required for CHC22 localization independently of their participation in the endosomal ESCPE-1 complex. In tandem, an isoform-specific patch in the CHC22 N-terminal domain separately mediates binding to p115. This dual mode of clathrin recruitment, involving interactions at both N- and C-termini of the heavy chain, is required for CHC22 targeting to ERGIC membranes to mediate the Golgi-bypass route for GLUT4 trafficking. Interference with either interaction inhibits GLUT4 targeting to the GSC, defining a bipartite mechanism regulating a key pathway in human glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Greig
- Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck and University College London, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - George T Bates
- Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck and University College London, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Daowen I Yin
- Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck and University College London, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Kit Briant
- Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck and University College London, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Boris Simonetti
- School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Peter J Cullen
- School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Frances M Brodsky
- Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck and University College London, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.
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2
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Johnson A. Mechanistic divergences of endocytic clathrin-coated vesicle formation in mammals, yeasts and plants. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261847. [PMID: 39161994 PMCID: PMC11361644 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs), generated by clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), are essential eukaryotic trafficking organelles that transport extracellular and plasma membrane-bound materials into the cell. In this Review, we explore mechanisms of CME in mammals, yeasts and plants, and highlight recent advances in the characterization of endocytosis in plants. Plants separated from mammals and yeast over 1.5 billion years ago, and plant cells have distinct biophysical parameters that can influence CME, such as extreme turgor pressure. Plants can therefore provide a wider perspective on fundamental processes in eukaryotic cells. We compare key mechanisms that drive CCV formation and explore what these mechanisms might reveal about the core principles of endocytosis across the tree of life. Fascinatingly, CME in plants appears to more closely resemble that in mammalian cells than that in yeasts, despite plants being evolutionarily further from mammals than yeast. Endocytic initiation appears to be highly conserved across these three systems, requiring similar protein domains and regulatory processes. Clathrin coat proteins and their honeycomb lattice structures are also highly conserved. However, major differences are found in membrane-bending mechanisms. Unlike in mammals or yeast, plant endocytosis occurs independently of actin, highlighting that mechanistic assumptions about CME across different systems should be made with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Johnson
- Division of Anatomy, Center for Anatomy & Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Medical Imaging Cluster (MIC), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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3
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Camus SM, Camus MD, Figueras-Novoa C, Boncompain G, Sadacca LA, Esk C, Bigot A, Gould GW, Kioumourtzoglou D, Perez F, Bryant NJ, Mukherjee S, Brodsky FM. CHC22 clathrin mediates traffic from early secretory compartments for human GLUT4 pathway biogenesis. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133472. [PMID: 31863584 PMCID: PMC7039200 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201812135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood glucose clearance relies on insulin-stimulated exocytosis of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) from sites of sequestration in muscle and fat. This work demonstrates that, in humans, CHC22 clathrin controls GLUT4 traffic from the ER-to-Golgi intermediate compartment to sites of sequestration during GLUT4 pathway biogenesis. Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) is sequestered inside muscle and fat and then released by vesicle traffic to the cell surface in response to postprandial insulin for blood glucose clearance. Here, we map the biogenesis of this GLUT4 traffic pathway in humans, which involves clathrin isoform CHC22. We observe that GLUT4 transits through the early secretory pathway more slowly than the constitutively secreted GLUT1 transporter and localize CHC22 to the ER-to-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC). CHC22 functions in transport from the ERGIC, as demonstrated by an essential role in forming the replication vacuole of Legionella pneumophila bacteria, which requires ERGIC-derived membrane. CHC22 complexes with ERGIC tether p115, GLUT4, and sortilin, and downregulation of either p115 or CHC22, but not GM130 or sortilin, abrogates insulin-responsive GLUT4 release. This indicates that CHC22 traffic initiates human GLUT4 sequestration from the ERGIC and defines a role for CHC22 in addition to retrograde sorting of GLUT4 after endocytic recapture, enhancing pathways for GLUT4 sequestration in humans relative to mice, which lack CHC22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane M Camus
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the G.W. Hooper Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marine D Camus
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the G.W. Hooper Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Gaelle Boncompain
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 144, Paris, France
| | | | - Christopher Esk
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anne Bigot
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Association Institut de Myologie, UMR S974 Centre for Research in Myology, Paris, France
| | - Gwyn W Gould
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Dimitrios Kioumourtzoglou
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Department of Biology and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, UK
| | - Franck Perez
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Nia J Bryant
- Department of Biology and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, UK
| | - Shaeri Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the G.W. Hooper Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Frances M Brodsky
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the G.W. Hooper Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK
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4
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Abstract
Protein coats are supramolecular complexes that assemble on the cytosolic face of membranes to promote cargo sorting and transport carrier formation in the endomembrane system of eukaryotic cells. Several types of protein coats have been described, including COPI, COPII, AP-1, AP-2, AP-3, AP-4, AP-5, and retromer, which operate at different stages of the endomembrane system. Defects in these coats impair specific transport pathways, compromising the function and viability of the cells. In humans, mutations in subunits of these coats cause various congenital diseases that are collectively referred to as coatopathies. In this article, we review the fundamental properties of protein coats and the diseases that result from mutation of their constituent subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban C Dell'Angelica
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Juan S Bonifacino
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
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5
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Fumagalli M, Camus SM, Diekmann Y, Burke A, Camus MD, Norman PJ, Joseph A, Abi-Rached L, Benazzo A, Rasteiro R, Mathieson I, Topf M, Parham P, Thomas MG, Brodsky FM. Genetic diversity of CHC22 clathrin impacts its function in glucose metabolism. eLife 2019; 8:41517. [PMID: 31159924 PMCID: PMC6548504 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
CHC22 clathrin plays a key role in intracellular membrane traffic of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter GLUT4 in humans. We performed population genetic and phylogenetic analyses of the CHC22-encoding CLTCL1 gene, revealing independent gene loss in at least two vertebrate lineages, after arising from gene duplication. All vertebrates retained the paralogous CLTC gene encoding CHC17 clathrin, which mediates endocytosis. For vertebrates retaining CLTCL1, strong evidence for purifying selection supports CHC22 functionality. All human populations maintained two high frequency CLTCL1 allelic variants, encoding either methionine or valine at position 1316. Functional studies indicated that CHC22-V1316, which is more frequent in farming populations than in hunter-gatherers, has different cellular dynamics than M1316-CHC22 and is less effective at controlling GLUT4 membrane traffic, altering its insulin-regulated response. These analyses suggest that ancestral human dietary change influenced selection of allotypes that affect CHC22's role in metabolism and have potential to differentially influence the human insulin response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Fumagalli
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, United Kingdom.,Research Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephane M Camus
- Research Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yoan Diekmann
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Burke
- Research Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marine D Camus
- Research Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Norman
- Division of Bioinformatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Colorado, Aurora, United States
| | - Agnel Joseph
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College and University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laurent Abi-Rached
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Andrea Benazzo
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rita Rasteiro
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Mathieson
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Maya Topf
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College and University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Parham
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Mark G Thomas
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frances M Brodsky
- Research Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College and University College London, London, United Kingdom
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6
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Abstract
The entry of pathogens into nonphagocytic host cells has received much attention in the past three decades, revealing a vast array of strategies employed by bacteria and viruses. A method of internalization that has been extensively studied in the context of viral infections is the use of the clathrin-mediated pathway. More recently, a role for clathrin in the entry of some intracellular bacterial pathogens was discovered. Classically, clathrin-mediated endocytosis was thought to accommodate internalization only of particles smaller than 150 nm; however, this was challenged upon the discovery that Listeria monocytogenes requires clathrin to enter eukaryotic cells. Now, with discoveries that clathrin is required during other stages of some bacterial infections, another paradigm shift is occurring. There is a more diverse impact of clathrin during infection than previously thought. Much of the recent data describing clathrin utilization in processes such as bacterial attachment, cell-to-cell spread and intracellular growth may be due to newly discovered divergent roles of clathrin in the cell. Not only does clathrin act to facilitate endocytosis from the plasma membrane, but it also participates in budding from endosomes and the Golgi apparatus and in mitosis. Here, the manipulation of clathrin processes by bacterial pathogens, including its traditional role during invasion and alternative ways in which clathrin supports bacterial infection, is discussed. Researching clathrin in the context of bacterial infections will reveal new insights that inform our understanding of host-pathogen interactions and allow researchers to fully appreciate the diverse roles of clathrin in the eukaryotic cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor A Latomanski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hayley J Newton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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7
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Latomanski EA, Newton HJ. Interaction between autophagic vesicles and the Coxiella-containing vacuole requires CLTC (clathrin heavy chain). Autophagy 2018; 14:1710-1725. [PMID: 29973118 PMCID: PMC6135622 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1483806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is an intracellular bacterial pathogen which causes Q fever, a human infection with the ability to cause chronic disease with potentially life-threatening outcomes. In humans, Coxiella infects alveolar macrophages where it replicates to high numbers in a unique, pathogen-directed lysosome-derived vacuole. This compartment, termed the Coxiella-containing vacuole (CCV), has a low internal pH and contains markers both of lysosomes and autophagosomes. The CCV membrane is also enriched with CLTC (clathrin heavy chain) and this contributes to the success of the CCV. Here, we describe a role for CLTC, a scaffolding protein of clathrin-coated vesicles, in facilitating the fusion of autophagosomes with the CCV. During gene silencing of CLTC, CCVs are unable to fuse with each other, a phenotype also seen when silencing genes involved in macroautophagy/autophagy. MAP1LC3B/LC3B, which is normally observed inside the CCV, is excluded from CCVs in the absence of CLTC. Additionally, this study demonstrates that autophagosome fusion contributes to CCV size as cell starvation and subsequent autophagy induction leads to further CCV expansion. This is CLTC dependent, as the absence of CLTC renders autophagosomes no longer able to contribute to the expansion of the CCV. This investigation provides a functional link between CLTC and autophagy in the context of Coxiella infection and highlights the CCV as an important tool to explore the interactions between these vesicular trafficking pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor A Latomanski
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Hayley J Newton
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
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8
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Anders E, Dahl S, Svensson D, Nilsson BO. LL-37-induced human osteoblast cytotoxicity and permeability occurs independently of cellular LL-37 uptake through clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 501:280-285. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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9
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Dannhauser PN, Camus SM, Sakamoto K, Sadacca LA, Torres JA, Camus MD, Briant K, Vassilopoulos S, Rothnie A, Smith CJ, Brodsky FM. CHC22 and CHC17 clathrins have distinct biochemical properties and display differential regulation and function. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:20834-20844. [PMID: 29097553 PMCID: PMC5743061 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.816256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrins are cytoplasmic proteins that play essential roles in endocytosis and other membrane traffic pathways. Upon recruitment to intracellular membranes, the canonical clathrin triskelion assembles into a polyhedral protein coat that facilitates vesicle formation and captures cargo molecules for transport. The triskelion is formed by trimerization of three clathrin heavy-chain subunits. Most vertebrates have two isoforms of clathrin heavy chains, CHC17 and CHC22, generating two clathrins with distinct cellular functions. CHC17 forms vesicles at the plasma membrane for receptor-mediated endocytosis and at the trans-Golgi network for organelle biogenesis. CHC22 plays a key role in intracellular targeting of the insulin-regulated glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), accumulates at the site of GLUT4 sequestration during insulin resistance, and has also been implicated in neuronal development. Here, we demonstrate that CHC22 and CHC17 share morphological features, in that CHC22 forms a triskelion and latticed vesicle coats. However, cellular CHC22-coated vesicles were distinct from those formed by CHC17. The CHC22 coat was more stable to pH change and was not removed by the enzyme complex that disassembles the CHC17 coat. Moreover, the two clathrins were differentially recruited to membranes by adaptors, and CHC22 did not support vesicle formation or transferrin endocytosis at the plasma membrane in the presence or absence of CHC17. Our findings provide biochemical evidence for separate regulation and distinct functional niches for CHC17 and CHC22 in human cells. Furthermore, the greater stability of the CHC22 coat relative to the CHC17 coat may be relevant to its excessive accumulation with GLUT4 during insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip N Dannhauser
- From the Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.,the Institute of Cell Biology/Electron Microscopy, Centre of Anatomy, Hanover Medical School, 30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Stéphane M Camus
- From the Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.,the Departments of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology and The G.W. Hooper Foundation, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Kazuho Sakamoto
- the Departments of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology and The G.W. Hooper Foundation, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143.,the Department of Pharmacology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - L Amanda Sadacca
- From the Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge A Torres
- the Departments of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology and The G.W. Hooper Foundation, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Marine D Camus
- From the Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.,the Departments of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology and The G.W. Hooper Foundation, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Kit Briant
- From the Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphane Vassilopoulos
- the Departments of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology and The G.W. Hooper Foundation, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143.,the Institut de Myologie, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Alice Rothnie
- Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom, and
| | - Corinne J Smith
- the Department of Biological Sciences, Warwick University, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Frances M Brodsky
- From the Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom, .,the Departments of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology and The G.W. Hooper Foundation, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
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10
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Ybe JA. Novel clathrin activity: developments in health and disease. Biomol Concepts 2015; 5:175-82. [PMID: 25372751 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2013-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin self-assembles into a coat around vesicles filled with cargo such as nutrients, hormones, and proteins destined for degradation. Recent developments indicate clathrin is not a specialist, but is involved in different processes relevant to health and disease. Clathrin is used to strengthen centrosomes and mitotic spindles essential for chromosome segregation in cell division. In Wnt signaling, clathrin is a component of signalosomes on the plasma membrane needed to produce functional Wnt receptors. In glucose metabolism, a muscle-specific isoform, CHC22 clathrin, is key to the formation of storage compartments for GLUT4 receptor, and CHC22 dysfunction has been tied to type 2 diabetes. The activity of clathrin to self-assemble and to work with huntingtin-interacting proteins to organize actin is exploited by Listeria and enteropathic Escherichia coli in their infection pathways. Finally, there is an important connection between clathrin and human malignancies. Clathrin is argued to help transactivate tumor suppressor p53 that controls specific genes in DNA repair and apoptosis. However, this is debatable because trimeric clathrin must be made monomeric. To get insight on how the clathrin structure could be converted, the crystal structure of the trimerization domain is used in the development of the detrimerization switch hypothesis. This novel hypothesis will be relevant if connections continue to be found between CHC17 and p53 anti-cancer activity in the nucleus.
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11
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Li S, Wang L, Ma Z, Ma Y, Zhao J, Peng BO, Qiao Z. Sequencing study on familial lung squamous cancer. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:2634-2638. [PMID: 26622902 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The majority of lung cancers are sporadic, and familial cases are extremely rare. Previous studies have mainly focused on sporadic lung cancer and identified a large quantity of driver genes. However, familial lung cancers are rarer and studied less. The present study recruited a Chinese family in which multiple members had developed lung squamous carcinoma. To find the causative mutations, whole exome sequencing was conducted using a peripheral blood sample of one lung squamous carcinoma patient, and certain variants were validated in more samples. Whole exome sequencing analysis obtained ~2.0 Gb of data (an average of 60x depth for each targeted base), and further validation experiments identified two functional variants in two cancer-related genes (c.1218delA:p.E406fs in PDE4DIP and C1342A:p.L448I in CLTCL1). This study therefore provides useful sources for the further study of hereditary lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomin Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Emergency, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Zhenchuan Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yuefeng Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Jiangman Zhao
- Zhangjiang Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - B O Peng
- Zhangjiang Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Qiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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12
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Nahorski MS, Al-Gazali L, Hertecant J, Owen DJ, Borner GHH, Chen YC, Benn CL, Carvalho OP, Shaikh SS, Phelan A, Robinson MS, Royle SJ, Woods CG. A novel disorder reveals clathrin heavy chain-22 is essential for human pain and touch development. Brain 2015; 138:2147-60. [PMID: 26068709 PMCID: PMC4511860 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital inability to feel pain is very rare but the identification of causative genes has yielded significant insights into pain pathways and also novel targets for pain treatment. We report a novel recessive disorder characterized by congenital insensitivity to pain, inability to feel touch, and cognitive delay. Affected individuals harboured a homozygous missense mutation in CLTCL1 encoding the CHC22 clathrin heavy chain, p.E330K, which we demonstrate to have a functional effect on the protein. We found that CLTCL1 is significantly upregulated in the developing human brain, displaying an expression pattern suggestive of an early neurodevelopmental role. Guided by the disease phenotype, we investigated the role of CHC22 in two human neural crest differentiation systems; human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived nociceptors and TRKB-dependant SH-SY5Y cells. In both there was a significant downregulation of CHC22 upon the onset of neural differentiation. Furthermore, knockdown of CHC22 induced neurite outgrowth in neural precursor cells, which was rescued by stable overexpression of small interfering RNA-resistant CHC22, but not by mutant CHC22. Similarly, overexpression of wild-type, but not mutant, CHC22 blocked neurite outgrowth in cells treated with retinoic acid. These results reveal an essential and non-redundant role for CHC22 in neural crest development and in the genesis of pain and touch sensing neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Nahorski
- 1 Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Lihadh Al-Gazali
- 2 Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | | | - David J Owen
- 1 Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Georg H H Borner
- 1 Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK 4 Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ya-Chun Chen
- 1 Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Caroline L Benn
- 5 Neusentis, The Portway Building, Granta Park, Cambridge. CB21 6GS, UK
| | - Ofélia P Carvalho
- 1 Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Samiha S Shaikh
- 1 Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Anne Phelan
- 5 Neusentis, The Portway Building, Granta Park, Cambridge. CB21 6GS, UK
| | - Margaret S Robinson
- 1 Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Stephen J Royle
- 6 Division of Biomedical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - C Geoffrey Woods
- 1 Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
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13
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Brodsky FM, Sosa RT, Ybe JA, O'Halloran TJ. Unconventional functions for clathrin, ESCRTs, and other endocytic regulators in the cytoskeleton, cell cycle, nucleus, and beyond: links to human disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 6:a017004. [PMID: 25183831 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a017004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The roles of clathrin, its regulators, and the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) proteins are well defined in endocytosis. These proteins can also participate in intracellular pathways that are independent of endocytosis and even independent of the membrane trafficking function of these proteins. These nonendocytic functions involve unconventional biochemical interactions for some endocytic regulators, but can also exploit known interactions for nonendocytic functions. The molecular basis for the involvement of endocytic regulators in unconventional functions that influence the cytoskeleton, cell cycle, signaling, and gene regulation are described here. Through these additional functions, endocytic regulators participate in pathways that affect infection, glucose metabolism, development, and cellular transformation, expanding their significance in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances M Brodsky
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Microbiology and Immunology, The G.W. Hooper Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0552
| | - R Thomas Sosa
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712-1095
| | - Joel A Ybe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Theresa J O'Halloran
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712-1095
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14
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Hoshino S, Sakamoto K, Vassilopoulos S, Camus SM, Griffin CA, Esk C, Torres JA, Ohkoshi N, Ishii A, Tamaoka A, Funke BH, Kucherlapati R, Margeta M, Rando TA, Brodsky FM. The CHC22 clathrin-GLUT4 transport pathway contributes to skeletal muscle regeneration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77787. [PMID: 24204966 PMCID: PMC3813726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mobilization of the GLUT4 glucose transporter from intracellular storage vesicles provides a mechanism for insulin-responsive glucose import into skeletal muscle. In humans, clathrin isoform CHC22 participates in formation of the GLUT4 storage compartment in skeletal muscle and fat. CHC22 function is limited to retrograde endosomal sorting and is restricted in its tissue expression and species distribution compared to the conserved CHC17 isoform that mediates endocytosis and several other membrane traffic pathways. Previously, we noted that CHC22 was expressed at elevated levels in regenerating rat muscle. Here we investigate whether the GLUT4 pathway in which CHC22 participates could play a role in muscle regeneration in humans and we test this possibility using CHC22-transgenic mice, which do not normally express CHC22. We observed that GLUT4 expression is elevated in parallel with that of CHC22 in regenerating skeletal muscle fibers from patients with inflammatory and other myopathies. Regenerating human myofibers displayed concurrent increases in expression of VAMP2, another regulator of GLUT4 transport. Regenerating fibers from wild-type mouse skeletal muscle injected with cardiotoxin also showed increased levels of GLUT4 and VAMP2. We previously demonstrated that transgenic mice expressing CHC22 in their muscle over-sequester GLUT4 and VAMP2 and have defective GLUT4 trafficking leading to diabetic symptoms. In this study, we find that muscle regeneration rates in CHC22 mice were delayed compared to wild-type mice, and myoblasts isolated from these mice did not proliferate in response to glucose. Additionally, CHC22-expressing mouse muscle displayed a fiber type switch from oxidative to glycolytic, similar to that observed in type 2 diabetic patients. These observations implicate the pathway for GLUT4 transport in regeneration of both human and mouse skeletal muscle, and demonstrate a role for this pathway in maintenance of muscle fiber type. Extrapolating these findings, CHC22 and GLUT4 can be considered markers of muscle regeneration in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Hoshino
- The G.W. Hooper Foundation, Departments of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuho Sakamoto
- The G.W. Hooper Foundation, Departments of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Stéphane Vassilopoulos
- The G.W. Hooper Foundation, Departments of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Stéphane M. Camus
- The G.W. Hooper Foundation, Departments of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Christine A. Griffin
- The G.W. Hooper Foundation, Departments of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher Esk
- The G.W. Hooper Foundation, Departments of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jorge A. Torres
- The G.W. Hooper Foundation, Departments of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Norio Ohkoshi
- Department of Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, National University Corporation Tsukuba University of Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akiko Ishii
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akira Tamaoka
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Birgit H. Funke
- Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Raju Kucherlapati
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Marta Margeta
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Rando
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Frances M. Brodsky
- The G.W. Hooper Foundation, Departments of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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15
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Zlatic SA, Grossniklaus EJ, Ryder PV, Salazar G, Mattheyses AL, Peden AA, Faundez V. Chemical-genetic disruption of clathrin function spares adaptor complex 3-dependent endosome vesicle biogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:2378-88. [PMID: 23761069 PMCID: PMC3727930 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-12-0860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin–AP-3 association is dispensable for AP-3 vesicle budding from endosomes, which suggests that AP-3–clathrin interactions differ from those by which AP-1 and AP-2 adaptors productively engage clathrin in vesicle biogenesis. A role for clathrin in AP-3–dependent vesicle biogenesis has been inferred from biochemical interactions and colocalization between this adaptor and clathrin. The functionality of these molecular associations, however, is controversial. We comprehensively explore the role of clathrin in AP-3–dependent vesicle budding, using rapid chemical-genetic perturbation of clathrin function with a clathrin light chain–FKBP chimera oligomerizable by the drug AP20187. We find that AP-3 interacts and colocalizes with endogenous and recombinant FKBP chimeric clathrin polypeptides in PC12-cell endosomes. AP-3 displays, however, a divergent behavior from AP-1, AP-2, and clathrin chains. AP-3 cofractionates with clathrin-coated vesicle fractions isolated from PC12 cells even after clathrin function is acutely inhibited by AP20187. We predicted that AP20187 would inhibit AP-3 vesicle formation from endosomes after a brefeldin A block. AP-3 vesicle formation continued, however, after brefeldin A wash-out despite impairment of clathrin function by AP20187. These findings indicate that AP-3–clathrin association is dispensable for endosomal AP-3 vesicle budding and suggest that endosomal AP-3–clathrin interactions differ from those by which AP-1 and AP-2 adaptors productively engage clathrin in vesicle biogenesis.
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16
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Ybe JA, Fontaine SN, Stone T, Nix J, Lin X, Mishra S. Nuclear localization of clathrin involves a labile helix outside the trimerization domain. FEBS Lett 2012. [PMID: 23178717 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Clathrin is a trimeric protein involved in receptor-mediated-endocytosis, but can function as a non-trimer outside of endocytosis. We have discovered that the subcellular distribution of a clathrin cysteine mutant we previously studied is altered and a proportion is also localized to nuclear spaces. MALS shows C1573A hub is a mixture of trimer-like and detrimerized molecules. The X-ray structure of the trimerization domain reveals that without light chains, a helix harboring cysteine-1573 is reoriented. We propose clathrin has a detrimerization switch, which suggests clathrin topology can be altered naturally for new functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A Ybe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, 212 S. Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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17
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Foraker AB, Camus SM, Evans TM, Majeed SR, Chen CY, Taner SB, Corrêa IR, Doxsey SJ, Brodsky FM. Clathrin promotes centrosome integrity in early mitosis through stabilization of centrosomal ch-TOG. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 198:591-605. [PMID: 22891263 PMCID: PMC3514040 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201205116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Clathrin inactivation during S phase destabilizes the microtubule-binding protein
ch-TOG, affecting its centrosomal localization and centrosome integrity during
early mitosis. Clathrin depletion by ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi) impairs mitotic
spindle stability and cytokinesis. Depletion of several clathrin-associated
proteins affects centrosome integrity, suggesting a further cell cycle function
for clathrin. In this paper, we report that RNAi depletion of CHC17 (clathrin
heavy chain 17) clathrin, but not the CHC22 clathrin isoform, induced centrosome
amplification and multipolar spindles. To stage clathrin function within the
cell cycle, a cell line expressing SNAP-tagged clathrin light chains was
generated. Acute clathrin inactivation by chemical dimerization of the SNAP-tag
during S phase caused reduction of both clathrin and ch-TOG (colonic, hepatic
tumor overexpressed gene) at metaphase centrosomes, which became fragmented.
This was phenocopied by treatment with Aurora A kinase inhibitor, suggesting a
centrosomal role for the Aurora A–dependent complex of clathrin, ch-TOG,
and TACC3 (transforming acidic coiled-coil protein 3). Clathrin inactivation in
S phase also reduced total cellular levels of ch-TOG by metaphase. Live-cell
imaging showed dynamic clathrin recruitment during centrosome maturation.
Therefore, we propose that clathrin promotes centrosome maturation by
stabilizing the microtubule-binding protein ch-TOG, defining a novel role for
the clathrin–ch-TOG–TACC3 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy B Foraker
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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18
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Abstract
Clathrin is considered the prototype vesicle coat protein whose self-assembly mediates sorting of membrane cargo and recruitment of lipid modifiers. Detailed knowledge of clathrin biochemistry, structure, and interacting proteins has accumulated since the first observation, almost 50 years ago, of its role in receptor-mediated endocytosis of yolk protein. This review summarizes that knowledge, and focuses on properties of the clathrin heavy and light chain subunits and interaction of the latter with Hip proteins, to address the diversity of clathrin function beyond conventional receptor-mediated endocytosis. The distinct functions of the two human clathrin isoforms (CHC17 and CHC22) are discussed, highlighting CHC22's specialized involvement in traffic of the GLUT4 glucose transporter and consequent role in human glucose metabolism. Analysis of clathrin light chain function and interaction with the actin-binding Hip proteins during bacterial infection defines a novel actin-organizing function for CHC17 clathrin. By considering these diverse clathrin functions, along with intracellular sorting roles and influences on mitosis, further relevance of clathrin function to human health and disease is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances M Brodsky
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0552, USA.
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19
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Down-regulation of ANAPC13 and CLTCL1: Early Events in the Progression of Preinvasive Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast. Transl Oncol 2012; 5:113-23. [PMID: 22496928 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.11280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the gene expression profile in epithelial cells during breast ductal carcinoma (DC) progression have been shown to occur mainly between pure ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to the in situ component of a lesion with coexisting invasive ductal carcinoma (DCIS-IDC) implying that the molecular program for invasion is already established in the preinvasive lesion. For assessing early molecular alterations in epithelial cells that trigger tumorigenesis and testing them as prognostic markers for breast ductal carcinoma progression, we analyzed, by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, eight genes previously identified as differentially expressed between epithelial tumor cells populations captured from preinvasive lesions with distinct malignant potential, pure DCIS and the in situ component of DCIS-IDC. ANAPC13 and CLTCL1 down-regulation revealed to be early events of DC progression that anticipated the invasiveness manifestation. Further down-regulation of ANAPC13 also occurred after invasion appearance and the presence of the protein in invasive tumor samples was associated with higher rates of overall and disease-free survival in breast cancer patients. Furthermore, tumors with low levels of ANAPC13 displayed increased copy number alterations, with significant gains at 1q (1q23.1-1q32.1), 8q, and 17q (17q24.2), regions that display common imbalances in breast tumors, suggesting that down-regulation of ANAPC13 contributes to genomic instability in this disease.
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20
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Brown FC, Schindelhaim CH, Pfeffer SR. GCC185 plays independent roles in Golgi structure maintenance and AP-1-mediated vesicle tethering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 194:779-87. [PMID: 21875948 PMCID: PMC3171126 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201104019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
GCC185 is a long coiled-coil protein localized to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) that functions in maintaining Golgi structure and tethering mannose 6-phosphate receptor (MPR)-containing transport vesicles en route to the Golgi. We report the identification of two distinct domains of GCC185 needed either for Golgi structure maintenance or transport vesicle tethering, demonstrating the independence of these two functions. The domain needed for vesicle tethering binds to the clathrin adaptor AP-1, and cells depleted of GCC185 accumulate MPRs in transport vesicles that are AP-1 decorated. This study supports a previously proposed role of AP-1 in retrograde transport of MPRs from late endosomes to the Golgi and indicates that docking may involve the interaction of vesicle-associated AP-1 protein with the TGN-associated tethering protein GCC185.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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21
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Foley K, Boguslavsky S, Klip A. Endocytosis, recycling, and regulated exocytosis of glucose transporter 4. Biochemistry 2011; 50:3048-61. [PMID: 21405107 DOI: 10.1021/bi2000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) is responsible for the uptake of glucose into muscle and adipose tissues. Under resting conditions, GLUT4 is dynamically retained through idle cycling among selective intracellular compartments, from whence it undergoes slow recycling to the plasma membrane (PM). This dynamic retention can be released by command from intracellular signals elicited by insulin and other stimuli, which result in 2-10-fold increases in the surface level of GLUT4. Insulin-derived signals promote translocation of GLUT4 to the PM from a specialized compartment termed GLUT4 storage vesicles (GSV). Much effort has been devoted to the characterization of the intracellular compartments and dynamics of GLUT4 cycling and to the signals by which GLUT4 is sorted into, and recruited from, GSV. This review summarizes our understanding of intracellular GLUT4 traffic during its internalization from the membrane, its slow, constitutive recycling, and its regulated exocytosis in response to insulin. In spite of specific differences in GLUT4 dynamic behavior in adipose and muscle cells, the generalities of its endocytic and exocytic itineraries are consistent and an array of regulatory proteins that regulate each vesicular traffic event emerges from these cell systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Foley
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M4G 1X8, Canada
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22
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Hsu VW, Prekeris R. Transport at the recycling endosome. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2010; 22:528-34. [PMID: 20541925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The recycling endosome (RE) has long been considered as a sub-compartment of the early endosome that recycles internalized cargoes to the plasma membrane. The RE is now appreciated to participate in a more complex set of intracellular itineraries. Key cargo molecules and transport factors that act in these pathways are being identified. These advancements are beginning to reveal complexities in pathways involving the RE, and also suggest ways of further delineating functional domains of this compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor W Hsu
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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23
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Vassilopoulos S, Esk C, Hoshino S, Brodsky FM. [The CHC22 human clathrin heavy chain isoform, intracellular traffic of the glucose transporter GLUT4, and type 2 diabetes]. Med Sci (Paris) 2010; 26:33-6. [PMID: 20132771 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/201026133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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24
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Esk C, Chen CY, Johannes L, Brodsky FM. The clathrin heavy chain isoform CHC22 functions in a novel endosomal sorting step. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 188:131-44. [PMID: 20065094 PMCID: PMC2812854 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200908057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Clathrin heavy chain 22 (CHC22) is an isoform of the well-characterized CHC17 clathrin heavy chain, a coat component of vesicles that mediate endocytosis and organelle biogenesis. CHC22 has a distinct role from CHC17 in trafficking glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) in skeletal muscle and fat, though its transfection into HEK293 cells suggests functional redundancy. Here, we show that CHC22 is eightfold less abundant than CHC17 in muscle, other cell types have variably lower amounts of CHC22, and endogenous CHC22 and CHC17 function independently in nonmuscle and muscle cells. CHC22 was required for retrograde trafficking of certain cargo molecules from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN), defining a novel endosomal-sorting step distinguishable from that mediated by CHC17 and retromer. In muscle cells, depletion of syntaxin 10 as well as CHC22 affected GLUT4 targeting, establishing retrograde endosome-TGN transport as critical for GLUT4 trafficking. Like CHC22, syntaxin 10 is not expressed in mice but is present in humans and other vertebrates, implicating two species-restricted endosomal traffic proteins in GLUT4 transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Esk
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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25
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Vassilopoulos S, Esk C, Hoshino S, Funke BH, Chen CY, Plocik AM, Wright WE, Kucherlapati R, Brodsky FM. A role for the CHC22 clathrin heavy-chain isoform in human glucose metabolism. Science 2009; 324:1192-6. [PMID: 19478182 DOI: 10.1126/science.1171529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular trafficking of the glucose transporter GLUT4 from storage compartments to the plasma membrane is triggered in muscle and fat during the body's response to insulin. Clathrin is involved in intracellular trafficking, and in humans, the clathrin heavy-chain isoform CHC22 is highly expressed in skeletal muscle. We found a role for CHC22 in the formation of insulin-responsive GLUT4 compartments in human muscle and adipocytes. CHC22 also associated with expanded GLUT4 compartments in muscle from type 2 diabetic patients. Tissue-specific introduction of CHC22 in mice, which have only a pseudogene for this protein, caused aberrant localization of GLUT4 transport pathway components in their muscle, as well as features of diabetes. Thus, CHC22-dependent membrane trafficking constitutes a species-restricted pathway in human muscle and fat with potential implications for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Vassilopoulos
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, School of Pharmacy, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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26
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Hood FE, Royle SJ. Functional equivalence of the clathrin heavy chains CHC17 and CHC22 in endocytosis and mitosis. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:2185-90. [PMID: 19509056 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.046177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin is crucial for endocytosis and plays a recently described role in mitosis. Two clathrin heavy chains (CHCs) are found in humans: the ubiquitous CHC17, and CHC22, a CHC that is enriched in skeletal muscle. Functional differences have been proposed for these clathrins despite high sequence similarity. Here, we compared each paralogue in functional assays of endocytosis and mitosis. We find that CHC17 and CHC22 are functionally equivalent. We also describe how previous work on CHC22 has involved a splice variant that is not usually expressed in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona E Hood
- The Physiological Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
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27
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Falkowska-Hansen B, Falkowski M, Metharom P, Krunic D, Goerdt S. Clathrin-coated vesicles form a unique net-like structure in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells by assembling along undisrupted microtubules. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:1745-57. [PMID: 17433812 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2006] [Revised: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) are highly active professional scavenger cells using clathrin-mediated endocytosis to clear the blood from macromolecular waste products. Using confocal microscopy, we observed a remarkable net-like distribution of clathrin heavy chain (CHC) in LSECs while all other cell types examined including various primary endothelial cells and cell lines showed the well-known punctuate staining pattern representing clathrin-coated vesicles (CCV). The net-like distribution of CHC in LSECs co-localized fully with microtubules, but not with actin. Upon 3D imaging, the net-like distribution of CHC resolved into numerous CCVs organized along the microtubules. The CCVs only partially co-localized with early endosome antigen 1 (EEA1) and adaptor protein 2 (AP-2). Endocytic vesicles containing ligand destined for degradation (FITC-AHGG) were organized along the clathrin/tubulin net-like structures, whereas transferrin-containing recycling vesicles co-localized to a much lower extent. Disruption of the microtubules by nocodazole treatment caused a collapse of the net-like organization of CCVs as well as a profound redistribution of EEA1, AP-2 and FITC-AHGG-containing vesicles, while transferrin internalization and recycling remained unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Falkowska-Hansen
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68163 Mannheim, Germany.
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28
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Borner GHH, Harbour M, Hester S, Lilley KS, Robinson MS. Comparative proteomics of clathrin-coated vesicles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 175:571-8. [PMID: 17116749 PMCID: PMC2064594 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200607164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) facilitate the transport of cargo between the trans-Golgi network, endosomes, and the plasma membrane. This study presents the first comparative proteomics investigation of CCVs. A CCV-enriched fraction was isolated from HeLa cells and a "mock CCV" fraction from clathrin-depleted cells. We used a combination of 2D difference gel electrophoresis and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) in conjunction with mass spectrometry to analyze and compare the two fractions. In total, 63 bona fide CCV proteins were identified, including 28 proteins whose association with CCVs had not previously been established. These include numerous post-Golgi SNAREs; subunits of the AP-3, retromer, and BLOC-1 complexes; lysosomal enzymes; CHC22; and five novel proteins of unknown function. The strategy outlined in this paper should be widely applicable as a means of distinguishing genuine organelle components from contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg H H Borner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2XY, England, UK
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Myromslien FD, Grøvdal LM, Raiborg C, Stenmark H, Madshus IH, Stang E. Both clathrin-positive and -negative coats are involved in endosomal sorting of the EGF receptor. Exp Cell Res 2006; 312:3036-48. [PMID: 16859684 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Revised: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 06/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sorting of endocytosed EGF receptor (EGFR) to internal vesicles of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) depends on sustained activation and ubiquitination of the EGFR. Ubiquitination of EGFR is mediated by the ubiquitin ligase Cbl, being recruited to the EGFR both directly and indirectly through association with Grb2. Endosomal sorting of ubiquitinated proteins further depends on interaction with ubiquitin binding adaptors like Hrs. Hrs localizes to flat, clathrin-coated domains on the limiting membrane of endosomes. In the present study, we have investigated the localization of EGFR, Cbl and Grb2 with respect to coated and non-coated domains of the endosomal membrane and to vesicles within MVBs. Both EGFR, Grb2, and Cbl were concentrated in coated domains of the limiting membrane before translocation to inner vesicles of MVBs. While almost all Hrs was in clathrin-positive coats, EGFR and Grb2 in coated domains only partially colocalized with Hrs and clathrin. The extent of colocalization of EGFR and Grb2 with Hrs and clathrin varied with time of incubation with EGF. These results demonstrate that both clathrin-positive and clathrin-negative electron dense coats exist on endosomes and are involved in endosomal sorting of the EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frøydis D Myromslien
- Institute of Pathology, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet HF, 0027 Oslo, Norway
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Wakeham DE, Abi-Rached L, Towler MC, Wilbur JD, Parham P, Brodsky FM. Clathrin heavy and light chain isoforms originated by independent mechanisms of gene duplication during chordate evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:7209-14. [PMID: 15883369 PMCID: PMC1091751 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0502058102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, there are two isoforms each of clathrin heavy chain (CHC17 and CHC22) and light chain (LCa and LCb) subunits, all encoded by separate genes. CHC17 forms the ubiquitous clathrin-coated vesicles that mediate membrane traffic. CHC22 is implicated in specialized membrane organization in skeletal muscle. CHC17 is bound and regulated by LCa and LCb, whereas CHC22 does not functionally interact with either light chain. The imbalanced interactions between clathrin subunit isoforms suggest a distinct evolutionary history for each isoform pair. Phylogenetic and sequence analysis placed both heavy and light chain gene duplications during chordate evolution, 510-600 million years ago. Genes encoding CHC22 orthologues were found in several vertebrate species, with only a pseudogene present in mice. Multiple paralogons surrounding the CHC genes (CLTC and CLTD) were identified, evidence that genomic or large-scale gene duplication produced the two CHC isoforms. In contrast, clathrin light chain genes (CLTA and CLTB) apparently arose by localized duplication, within 1-11 million years of CHC gene duplication. Analysis of sequence divergence patterns suggested that structural features of the CHCs were maintained after gene duplication, but new interactions with regulatory proteins evolved for the CHC22 isoform. Thus, independent mechanisms of gene duplication expanded clathrin functions, concomitant with development of neuromuscular sophistication in chordates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Wakeham
- The G. W. Hooper Foundation and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0552, USA
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31
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Stoddart A, Jackson AP, Brodsky FM. Plasticity of B cell receptor internalization upon conditional depletion of clathrin. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 16:2339-48. [PMID: 15716350 PMCID: PMC1087239 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e05-01-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell antigen receptor (BCR) association with lipid rafts, the actin cytoskeleton, and clathrin-coated pits influences B cell signaling and antigen presentation. Although all three cellular structures have been separately implicated in BCR internalization, the relationship between them has not been clearly defined. In this study, internalization pathways were characterized by specifically blocking each potential mechanism of internalization. BCR uptake was reduced by approximately 70% in B cells conditionally deficient in clathrin heavy chain expression. Actin or raft antagonists were both able to block the residual, clathrin-independent BCR internalization. These agents also affected clathrin-dependent internalization, indicating that clathrin-coated pits, in concert with mechanisms dependent on rafts and actin, mediate the majority of BCR internalization. Clustering G(M1) gangliosides enhanced clathrin-independent BCR internalization, and this required actin. Thus, although rafts or actin independently did not mediate BCR internalization, they apparently cooperate to promote some internalization even in the absence of clathrin. Simultaneous inhibition of all BCR uptake pathways resulted in sustained tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), strongly suggesting that downstream BCR signaling can occur without receptor translocation to endosomes and that internalization leads to signal attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Stoddart
- G. W. Hooper Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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32
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Abstract
Skeletal muscle tissue is made up of highly organized multinuclear cells. The internal organization of the muscle cell is dictated by the necessary regular arrangement of repeated units within the protein myofibrils that mediate muscle contraction. Skeletal muscle cells have the usual membrane traffic pathways for partitioning newly synthesized proteins, internalizing cell surface receptors for hormones and nutrients, and mediating membrane repair. However, in muscle, these pathways must be further specialized to deal with targeting to and organizing muscle-specific membrane structures, satisfying the unique metabolic requirements of muscle and meeting the high demand for membrane repair in a tissue that is constantly under mechanical stress. Specialized membrane traffic pathways in muscle also play a role in the formation of muscle through fusion of myoblast membranes and the development of internal muscle-specific membrane structures during myogenesis and regeneration. It has recently become apparent that muscle-specific isoforms of proteins that are known to mediate ubiquitous membrane traffic pathways, as well as novel muscle-specific proteins, are involved in tissue-specific aspects of muscle membrane traffic. Here we describe the specialized membrane structures of skeletal muscle, how these are developed, maintained and repaired by specialized and generic membrane traffic pathways, and how defects in these pathways result in muscle disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mhairi C Towler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Wang J, Virta VC, Riddelle-Spencer K, O'Halloran TJ. Compromise of clathrin function and membrane association by clathrin light chain deletion. Traffic 2004; 4:891-901. [PMID: 14617352 DOI: 10.1046/j.1600-0854.2003.00144.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
While clathrin heavy chains from different species are highly conserved in amino acid sequence, clathrin light chains are much more divergent. Thus clathrin light chain may have different functions in different organisms. To investigate clathrin light chain function, we cloned the clathrin light chain, clcA, from Dictyostelium and examined clathrin function in clcA-mutants. Phenotypic deficiencies in development, cytokinesis, and osmoregulation showed that light chain was critical for clathrin function in Dictyostelium. In contrast with budding yeast, we found the light chain did not influence steady-state levels of clathrin, triskelion formation, or contribute to clathrin over-assembly on intracellular membranes. Imaging GFP-CHC in clcA- mutants showed that the heavy chain formed dynamic punctate structures that were remarkably similar to those found in wild-type cells. However, clathrin light chain knockouts showed a decreased association of clathrin with intracellular membranes. Unlike wild-type cells, half of the clathrin in clcA- mutants was cytosolic, suggesting that the absence of light chain compromised the assembly of triskelions onto intracellular membranes. Taken together, these results suggest a role for the Dictyostelium clathrin light chain in regulating the self-assembly of triskelions onto intracellular membranes, and demonstrate a crucial contribution of the light chain to clathrin function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshan Wang
- Section of Molecular Cell & Developmental Biology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Nori A, Bortoloso E, Frasson F, Valle G, Volpe P. Vesicle budding from endoplasmic reticulum is involved in calsequestrin routing to sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscles. Biochem J 2004; 379:505-12. [PMID: 14728599 PMCID: PMC1224086 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2003] [Accepted: 01/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CS (calsequestrin) is an acidic glycoprotein of the SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum) lumen and plays a crucial role in the storage of Ca2+ and in excitation-contraction coupling of skeletal muscles. CS is synthesized in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) and is targeted to the TC (terminal cisternae) of SR via mechanisms still largely unknown, but probably involving vesicle transport through the Golgi complex. In the present study, two mutant forms of Sar1 and ARF1 (ADP-ribosylation factor 1) were used to disrupt cargo exit from ER-exit sites and intra-Golgi trafficking in skeletal-muscle fibres respectively. Co-expression of Sar1-H79G (His79-->Gly) and recombinant, epitope-tagged CS, CSHA1 (where HA1 stands for nine-amino-acid epitope of the viral haemagglutinin 1), barred segregation of CSHA1 to TC. On the other hand, expression of ARF1-N126I altered the subcellular localization of GM130, a cis -medial Golgi protein in skeletal-muscle fibres and myotubes, without interfering with CSHA1 targeting to either TC or developing SR. Thus active budding from ER-exit sites appears to be involved in CS targeting and routing, but these processes are insensitive to modification of intracellular vesicle trafficking and Golgi complex disruption caused by the mutant ARF1-N126I. It also appears that CS routing from ER to SR does not involve classical secretory pathways through ER-Golgi intermediate compartments, cis -medial Golgi and trans -Golgi network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Nori
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali dell'Università di Padova, viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
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35
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Towler MC, Gleeson PA, Hoshino S, Rahkila P, Manalo V, Ohkoshi N, Ordahl C, Parton RG, Brodsky FM. Clathrin isoform CHC22, a component of neuromuscular and myotendinous junctions, binds sorting nexin 5 and has increased expression during myogenesis and muscle regeneration. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 15:3181-95. [PMID: 15133132 PMCID: PMC452575 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e04-03-0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The muscle isoform of clathrin heavy chain, CHC22, has 85% sequence identity to the ubiquitously expressed CHC17, yet its expression pattern and function appear to be distinct from those of well-characterized clathrin-coated vesicles. In mature muscle CHC22 is preferentially concentrated at neuromuscular and myotendinous junctions, suggesting a role at sarcolemmal contacts with extracellular matrix. During myoblast differentiation, CHC22 expression is increased, initially localized with desmin and nestin and then preferentially segregated to the poles of fused myoblasts. CHC22 expression is also increased in regenerating muscle fibers with the same time course as embryonic myosin, indicating a role in muscle repair. CHC22 binds to sorting nexin 5 through a coiled-coil domain present in both partners, which is absent in CHC17 and coincides with the region on CHC17 that binds the regulatory light-chain subunit. These differential binding data suggest a mechanism for the distinct functions of CHC22 relative to CHC17 in membrane traffic during muscle development, repair, and at neuromuscular and myotendinous junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mhairi C Towler
- The G.W. Hooper Foundation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0552, USA
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36
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da Costa SR, Okamoto CT, Hamm-Alvarez SF. Actin microfilaments et al.--the many components, effectors and regulators of epithelial cell endocytosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2003; 55:1359-83. [PMID: 14597136 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2003.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to introduce the advances made over the past several years regarding the participation of actin and actin-associated proteins in clathrin-mediated endocytosis in simple cell models, and then to consider the evidence for the involvement of these effectors in apical clathrin-mediated endocytosis in epithelial cells. Basic mechanisms of clathrin-mediated endocytosis are initially addressed, followed by a detailed description of the actin cytoskeleton: its organization, function and, most importantly, the essential role played by proteins and signaling pathways responsible for the regulation of actin filament dynamics. Our focus then shifts to the GTPase, dynamin and its pivotal role as a bridge between various components of the clathrin endocytic machinery and the actin cytoskeleton. Mechanisms and effectors of dynamin-dependent endocytosis are then described, with a particular emphasis on novel proteins, which link dynamin to actin filaments. We consider additional effectors proposed to interact with actin to facilitate clathrin-mediated endocytosis in a dynamin-independent manner. The multiple roles which actin filaments are thought to play in endocytosis are addressed followed by a more detailed characterization of actin filament participation specifically in apical endocytosis. We conclude by discussing how these concepts may be integrated to improve drug internalization at the apical plasma membrane of epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia R da Costa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC School of Pharmacy, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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37
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Starcevic M, Nazarian R, Dell'Angelica EC. The molecular machinery for the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles: lessons from Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2003; 13:271-8. [PMID: 12243726 DOI: 10.1016/s1084952102000563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) defines a group of autosomal recessive disorders characterized by defects in lysosome-related organelles such as melanosomes and platelet dense granules. The genes that are defective in each of the different forms of HPS in humans, or in HPS-like disorders in mice, are thought to encode components of a putative molecular machinery required for the formation of specialized organelles of the lysosomal system. This review discusses the biochemical and functional properties of the products of identified HPS genes, which include subunits of the AP-3 complex and the novel proteins HPS1p, HPS3p, HPS4p, pallidin and muted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Starcevic
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Gonda Center, Room 6357B, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7088, USA
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38
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Nishimura N, Plutner H, Hahn K, Balch WE. The delta subunit of AP-3 is required for efficient transport of VSV-G from the trans-Golgi network to the cell surface. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:6755-60. [PMID: 11997454 PMCID: PMC124475 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.092150699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2001] [Accepted: 03/14/2002] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G) is a transmembrane protein that functions as the surface coat of enveloped viral particles. We report the surprising result that VSV-G uses the tyrosine-based di-acidic motif (-YTDIE-) found in its cytoplasmic tail to recruit adaptor protein complex 3 for export from the trans-Golgi network. The same sorting code is used to recruit coat complex II to direct efficient transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. These results demonstrate that a single sorting sequence can interact with sequential coat machineries to direct transport through the secretory pathway. We propose that use of this compact sorting domain reflects a need for both efficient endoplasmic reticulum export and concentration of VSV-G into specialized post-trans-Golgi network secretory-lysosome type transport containers to facilitate formation of viral coats at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Nishimura
- Department of Cell Biology and the Institute for Childhood and Neglected Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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39
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Abstract
Protein transport and sorting in the secretory and endocytic pathways via vesicles is required for organelle biogenesis, constitutive and regulated secretion and constitutive and regulated endocytosis. It is essential for a multicellular organism and the function of its specialised cell types that the multiple transport and sorting events are highly accurate. They determine the protein and lipid composition of specialised compartments, receptor protein function and membrane homeostasis. This review describes the individual events involved in the process of vesicle mediated protein transport and sorting and summarizes the knowledge about the function of proteins and lipids orchestrating the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Schu
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Zentrum Biochemie und Molekulare Zellbiologie, Germany.
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40
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Sachse M, Urbé S, Oorschot V, Strous GJ, Klumperman J. Bilayered clathrin coats on endosomal vacuoles are involved in protein sorting toward lysosomes. Mol Biol Cell 2002; 13:1313-28. [PMID: 11950941 PMCID: PMC102271 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.01-10-0525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In many cells endosomal vacuoles show clathrin coats of which the function is unknown. Herein, we show that this coat is predominantly present on early endosomes and has a characteristic bilayered appearance in the electron microscope. By immunoelectron microscopy we show that the coat contains clathrin heavy as well as light chain, but lacks the adaptor complexes AP1, AP2, and AP3, by which it differs from clathrin coats on endocytic vesicles and recycling endosomes. The coat is insensitive to short incubations with brefeldin A, but disappears in the presence of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin. No association of endosomal coated areas with tracks of tubulin or actin was found. By quantitative immunoelectron microscopy, we found that the lysosomal-targeted receptors for growth hormone (GHR) and epidermal growth factor are concentrated in the coated membrane areas, whereas the recycling transferrin receptor is not. In addition, we found that the proteasomal inhibitor MG 132 induces a redistribution of a truncated GHR (GHR-369) toward recycling vesicles, which coincided with a redistribution of endosomal vacuole-associated GHR-369 to the noncoated areas of the limiting membrane. Together, these data suggest a role for the bilayered clathrin coat on vacuolar endosomes in targeting of proteins to lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sachse
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht and Institute of Biomembranes, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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41
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Abstract
Adaptor protein (AP) complexes are heterotetrameric assemblies of subunits named adaptins. Four AP complexes, termed AP-1, AP-2, AP-3, and AP-4, have been described in various eukaryotic organisms. Biochemical and morphological evidence indicates that AP complexes play roles in the formation of vesicular transport intermediates and the selection of cargo molecules for inclusion into these intermediates. This understanding is being expanded by the application of genetic interference procedures. Here, we review recent progress in the genetic analysis of the function of AP complexes, focusing on studies that make use of targeted interference or naturally-occurring mutations in various model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Boehm
- Cell Biology and Metabolism Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Building 18T/Room 101, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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42
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Scheele U, Holstein SEH. Functional evidence for the identification of an Arabidopsis clathrin light chain polypeptide. FEBS Lett 2002; 514:355-60. [PMID: 11943181 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)02439-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Clathrin light chains (CLCs) are regulatory subunits of clathrin triskelia. Based on homology searches in Arabidopsis thaliana data bases we have identified three putative CLC clones, and have focused on the one with the highest homology to mammalian CLC sequences. Analysis of its sequence has revealed coiled-coil structures within a region that corresponds to the clathrin heavy chain-binding site. In addition there is a stretch of acidic amino acids, which is required for the regulatory function of CLC in clathrin assembly. This putative plant CLC ortholog, expressed in bacteria as a glutathione-S-transferase- and myc-tagged fusion protein, was shown to bind to CLC-free recombinantly expressed mammalian clathrin hubs. In contrast, purified native mammalian triskelia with endogeneous CLC did not bind the recombinant putative plant CLC. Based on the conserved sequences between the three Arabidopsis candidates it appears that plants, unlike mammals, may have more than two CLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urte Scheele
- Department of Cell Biology, Center of Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, D-30125 Hannover, Germany
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43
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Tuma R, Wells WA. Cells and More Cells. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2002. [PMCID: PMC2199235 DOI: 10.1083/jcb1562mr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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Brodsky FM, Chen CY, Knuehl C, Towler MC, Wakeham DE. Biological basket weaving: formation and function of clathrin-coated vesicles. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2002; 17:517-68. [PMID: 11687498 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.17.1.517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There has recently been considerable progress in understanding the regulation of clathrin-coated vesicle (CCV) formation and function. These advances are due to the determination of the structure of a number of CCV coat components at molecular resolution and the identification of novel regulatory proteins that control CCV formation in the cell. In addition, pathways of (a) phosphorylation, (b) receptor signaling, and (c) lipid modification that influence CCV formation, as well as the interaction between the cytoskeleton and CCV transport pathways are becoming better defined. It is evident that although clathrin coat assembly drives CCV formation, this fundamental reaction is modified by different regulatory proteins, depending on where CCVs are forming in the cell. This regulatory difference likely reflects the distinct biological roles of CCVs at the plasma membrane and trans-Golgi network, as well as the distinct properties of these membranes themselves. Tissue-specific functions of CCVs require even more-specialized regulation and defects in these pathways can now be correlated with human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Brodsky
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
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45
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Razzaq A, Robinson IM, McMahon HT, Skepper JN, Su Y, Zelhof AC, Jackson AP, Gay NJ, O'Kane CJ. Amphiphysin is necessary for organization of the excitation-contraction coupling machinery of muscles, but not for synaptic vesicle endocytosis in Drosophila. Genes Dev 2001; 15:2967-79. [PMID: 11711432 PMCID: PMC312829 DOI: 10.1101/gad.207801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphysins 1 and 2 are enriched in the mammalian brain and are proposed to recruit dynamin to sites of endocytosis. Shorter amphiphysin 2 splice variants are also found ubiquitously, with an enrichment in skeletal muscle. At the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction, amphiphysin is localized postsynaptically and amphiphysin mutants have no major defects in neurotransmission; they are also viable, but flightless. Like mammalian amphiphysin 2 in muscles, Drosophila amphiphysin does not bind clathrin, but can tubulate lipids and is localized on T-tubules. Amphiphysin mutants have a novel phenotype, a severely disorganized T-tubule/sarcoplasmic reticulum system. We therefore propose that muscle amphiphysin is not involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis, but in the structural organization of the membrane-bound compartments of the excitation-contraction coupling machinery of muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Razzaq
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
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46
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Li Y, Yen LF. Plant Golgi-associated vesicles contain a novel alpha-actinin-like protein. Eur J Cell Biol 2001; 80:703-10. [PMID: 11824789 DOI: 10.1078/0171-9335-00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
By using Western blotting, immunofluorescence and immunogold labeling, a novel alpha-actinin-like protein was found in pollen and pollen tubes of Lilium davidii, a model system for cytoskeleton and Golgi apparatus study of plant. As measured by Western blotting, the molecular mass of the a-actinin-like protein was about 80 kDa. Under confocal laser scanning microscopy after immunofluorescence labeling, the distribution of the alpha-actinin-like protein appeared punctated in the cytoplasm of the pollen and pollen tubes. When double labeled, the protein was co-localized with Golgi 58K protein. In addition, some fraction of the alpha-actinin-like protein was found to co-distribute with F-actin bundles in the pollen tubes. Additional studies with immuno-gold labeling and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the alpha-actinin-like protein bound mainly to the membranes of Golgi-associated vesicles. When the pollen tubes were treated with Brefeldin A (BFA), the a-actinin-like proteins were dispersed into the cytoplasm, and the growth of pollen tubes was inhibited. After BFA was removed, the protein was reversibly recovered on the Golgi apparatus. These results suggest that the novel alpha-actinin-like protein is a BFA-sensitive protein on the membranes of Golgi-associated vesicles, and may participate in Golgi-associated vesicles budding and/or sorting, together with actin microfilaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing/PR China.
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47
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Abstract
The hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate, Hrs, has been implicated in intracellular trafficking and signal transduction. Hrs contains a phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate-binding FYVE domain that contributes to its endosomal targeting. Here we show that Hrs and EEA1, a FYVE domain protein involved in endocytic membrane fusion, are localized to different regions of early endosomes. We demonstrate that Hrs co-localizes with clathrin, and that the C-terminus of Hrs contains a functional clathrin box motif that interacts directly with the terminal beta-propeller domain of clathrin heavy chain. A massive recruitment of clathrin to early endosomes was observed in cells transfected with Hrs, but not with Hrs lacking the C-terminus. Furthermore, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin caused the dissociation of both Hrs and clathrin from endosomes. While overexpression of Hrs did not affect endocytosis and recycling of transferrin, endocytosed epidermal growth factor and dextran were retained in early endosomes. These results provide a molecular mechanism for the recruitment of clathrin onto early endosomes and suggest a function for Hrs in trafficking from early to late endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Espen Stang
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo and
Institute of Pathology, The National Hospital, N-0027 Oslo, Norway Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Harald Stenmark
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo and
Institute of Pathology, The National Hospital, N-0027 Oslo, Norway Corresponding author e-mail:
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48
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Abstract
Clathrin plays a key function in membrane and protein trafficking through the endocytic and late secretory pathways. Its role as a molecular scaffold that drives formation of transport vesicles requires binding to a number of proteins with distinct functional and structural properties. Recent studies have revealed that most of these proteins interact with clathrin through surprisingly simple, linear arrangements of acidic and hydrophobic amino acid residues. This article discusses the different types of clathrin-binding proteins and motifs as well as the physiological significance of these proteins in clathrin-dependent events.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Dell'Angelica
- Dept of Human Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine, Gonda Center, Room 6357B, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7088, USA.
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49
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Sevilla LM, Richter SS, Miller J. Intracellular transport of MHC class II and associated invariant chain in antigen presenting cells from AP-3-deficient mocha mice. Cell Immunol 2001; 210:143-53. [PMID: 11520080 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.2001.1817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation requires trafficking of newly synthesized class II-invariant chain complexes from the trans-Golgi network to endosomal, peptide-loading compartments. This transport is mediated by dileucine-like motifs within the cytosolic tail of the invariant chain. Although these signals have been well characterized, the cytosolic proteins that interact with these dileucine signals and mediate Golgi sorting and endosomal transport have not been identified. Recently, an adaptor complex, AP-3, has been identified that interacts with dileucine motifs and mediates endosomal/lysosomal transport in yeast, Drosophila, and mammals. In this report, we have assessed class II-invariant chain trafficking in a strain of mice (mocha) which lacks expression of AP-3. Our studies demonstrate that the lack of AP-3 does not affect the kinetics of invariant chain degradation, the route of class II-invariant chain transport, or the rate and extent of class II-peptide binding as assessed by the generation of SDS-stable dimers. The possible role of other known or unknown adaptor complexes in class II-invariant chain transport is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Sevilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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