1
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Liu S, Nguyen JB, Zhao Y, Schussler S, Kim S, Qiu H, Li N, Rosconi MP, Pyles EA. Development of a platform method for rapid detection and characterization of domain-specific post-translational modifications in bispecific antibodies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 244:116120. [PMID: 38547650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Charge heterogeneity is inherent to all therapeutic antibodies and arises from post-translational modifications (PTMs) and/or protein degradation events that may occur during manufacturing. Among therapeutic antibodies, the bispecific antibody (bsAb) containing two unique Fab arms directed against two different targets presents an additional layer of complexity to the charge profile. In the context of a bsAb, a single domain-specific PTM within one of the Fab domains may be sufficient to compromise target binding and could potentially impact the stability, safety, potency, and efficacy of the drug product. Therefore, characterization and routine monitoring of domain-specific modifications is critical to ensure the quality of therapeutic bispecific antibody products. We developed a Digestion-assisted imaged Capillary isoElectric focusing (DiCE) method to detect and quantitate domain-specific charge variants of therapeutic bispecific antibodies (bsAbs). The method involves enzymatic digestion using immunoglobulin G (IgG)-degrading enzyme of S. pyogenes (IdeS) to generate F(ab)2 and Fc fragments, followed by imaged capillary isoelectric focusing (icIEF) under reduced, denaturing conditions to separate the light chains (LCs) from the Fd domains. Our results suggest that DiCE is a highly sensitive method that is capable of quantitating domain-specific PTMs of a bsAb. In one case study, DiCE was used to quantitate unprocessed C-terminal lysine and site-specific glycation of Lys98 in the complementarity-determining region (CDR) of a bsAb that could not be accurately quantitated using conventional, platform-based charge variant analysis, such as intact icIEF. Quantitation of these PTMs by DiCE was comparable to results from peptide mapping, demonstrating that DiCE is a valuable orthogonal method for ensuring product quality. This method may also have potential applications for characterizing fusion proteins, antibody-drug conjugates, and co-formulated antibody cocktails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Liu
- Protein Biochemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Jennifer B Nguyen
- Protein Biochemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States.
| | - Yimeng Zhao
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Svetlana Schussler
- Preclinical Manufacturing and Process Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Sunnie Kim
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Haibo Qiu
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Michael P Rosconi
- Protein Biochemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Erica A Pyles
- Protein Biochemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
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2
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Sun J, Chen C, Pan P, Zhang K, Xu J, Chen C. The potential of bacterial anti-phagocytic proteins in suppressing the clearance of extracellular vesicles mediated by host phagocytosis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1418061. [PMID: 38903499 PMCID: PMC11186983 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1418061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), characterized by low immunogenicity, high biocompatibility and targeting specificity along with excellent blood-brain barrier permeability, are increasingly recognized as promising drug delivery vehicles for treating a variety of diseases, such as cancer, inflammation and viral infection. However, recent findings demonstrate that the intracellular delivery efficiency of EVs fall short of expectations due to phagocytic clearance mediated by the host mononuclear phagocyte system through Fcγ receptors, complement receptors as well as non-opsonic phagocytic receptors. In this text, we investigate a range of bacterial virulence proteins that antagonize host phagocytic machinery, aiming to explore their potential in engineering EVs to counteract phagocytosis. Special emphasis is placed on IdeS secreted by Group A Streptococcus and ImpA secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as they not only counteract phagocytosis but also bind to highly upregulated surface biomarkers αVβ3 on cancer cells or cleave the tumor growth and metastasis-promoting factor CD44, respectively. This suggests that bacterial anti-phagocytic proteins, after decorated onto EVs using pre-loading or post-loading strategies, can not only improve EV-based drug delivery efficiency by evading host phagocytosis and thus achieve better therapeutic outcomes but also further enable an innovative synergistic EV-based cancer therapy approach by integrating both phagocytosis antagonism and cancer targeting or deactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacong Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Congcong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Pengpeng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Keyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jinrui Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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3
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Smith TJ, Elmore ZC, Fusco RM, Hull JA, Rosales A, Martinez M, Tarantal AF, Asokan A. Engineered IgM and IgG cleaving enzymes for mitigating antibody neutralization and complement activation in AAV gene transfer. Mol Ther 2024:S1525-0016(24)00305-8. [PMID: 38715362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic dosing of adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors poses potential risk of adverse side effects including complement activation triggered by anti-capsid immunity. Due to the multifactorial nature of toxicities observed in this setting, a wide spectrum of immune modulatory regimens are being investigated in the clinic. Here, we discover an IgM cleaving enzyme (IceM) that degrades human IgM, a key trigger in the anti-AAV immune cascade. We then engineer a fusion enzyme (IceMG) with dual proteolytic activity against human IgM and IgG. IceMG cleaves B cell surface antigen receptors and inactivates phospholipase gamma signaling in vitro. Importantly, IceMG is more effective at inhibiting complement activation compared with an IgG cleaving enzyme alone. Upon IV dosing, IceMG rapidly and reversibly clears circulating IgM and IgG in macaques. Antisera from these animals treated with IceMG shows decreased ability to neutralize AAV and activate complement. Consistently, pre-conditioning with IceMG restores AAV transduction in mice passively immunized with human antisera. Thus, IgM cleaving enzymes show promise in simultaneously addressing multiple aspects of anti-AAV immunity mediated by B cells, circulating antibodies and complement. These studies have implications for improving safety of AAV gene therapies and possibly broader applications including organ transplantation and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Smith
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Zachary C Elmore
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert M Fusco
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Joshua A Hull
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Alan Rosales
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Michele Martinez
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, and California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alice F Tarantal
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, and California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Aravind Asokan
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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4
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Sudol ASL, Crispin M, Tews I. The IgG-specific endoglycosidases EndoS and EndoS2 are distinguished by conformation and antibody recognition. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107245. [PMID: 38569940 PMCID: PMC11063906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The IgG-specific endoglycosidases EndoS and EndoS2 from Streptococcus pyogenes can remove conserved N-linked glycans present on the Fc region of host antibodies to inhibit Fc-mediated effector functions. These enzymes are therefore being investigated as therapeutics for suppressing unwanted immune activation, and have additional application as tools for antibody glycan remodeling. EndoS and EndoS2 differ in Fc glycan substrate specificity due to structural differences within their catalytic glycosyl hydrolase domains. However, a chimeric EndoS enzyme with a substituted glycosyl hydrolase from EndoS2 loses catalytic activity, despite high structural homology between the two enzymes, indicating either mechanistic divergence of EndoS and EndoS2, or improperly-formed domain interfaces in the chimeric enzyme. Here, we present the crystal structure of the EndoS2-IgG1 Fc complex determined to 3.0 Å resolution. Comparison of complexed and unliganded EndoS2 reveals relative reorientation of the glycosyl hydrolase, leucine-rich repeat and hybrid immunoglobulin domains. The conformation of the complexed EndoS2 enzyme is also different when compared to the earlier EndoS-IgG1 Fc complex, and results in distinct contact surfaces between the two enzymes and their Fc substrate. These findings indicate mechanistic divergence of EndoS2 and EndoS. It will be important to consider these differences in the design of IgG-specific enzymes, developed to enable customizable antibody glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail S L Sudol
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - Ivo Tews
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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5
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Martin KE, Hammer Q, Perica K, Sadelain M, Malmberg KJ. Engineering immune-evasive allogeneic cellular immunotherapies. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-024-01022-8. [PMID: 38658708 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Allogeneic cellular immunotherapies hold a great promise for cancer treatment owing to their potential cost-effectiveness, scalability and on-demand availability. However, immune rejection of adoptively transferred allogeneic T and natural killer (NK) cells is a substantial obstacle to achieving clinical responses that are comparable to responses obtained with current autologous chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies. In this Perspective, we discuss strategies to confer cell-intrinsic, immune-evasive properties to allogeneic T cells and NK cells in order to prevent or delay their immune rejection, thereby widening the therapeutic window. We discuss how common viral and cancer immune escape mechanisms can serve as a blueprint for improving the persistence of off-the-shelf allogeneic cell therapies. The prospects of harnessing genome editing and synthetic biology to design cell-based precision immunotherapies extend beyond programming target specificities and require careful consideration of innate and adaptive responses in the recipient that may curtail the biodistribution, in vivo expansion and persistence of cellular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Martin
- Precision Immunotherapy Alliance, The University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Quirin Hammer
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karlo Perica
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Cell Therapy Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michel Sadelain
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karl-Johan Malmberg
- Precision Immunotherapy Alliance, The University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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6
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Hartley B, Bassiouni W, Roczkowsky A, Fahlman R, Schulz R, Julien O. N-Terminomic Identification of Intracellular MMP-2 Substrates in Cardiac Tissue. J Proteome Res 2024. [PMID: 38647137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Proteases are enzymes that induce irreversible post-translational modifications by hydrolyzing amide bonds in proteins. One of these proteases is matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), which has been shown to modulate extracellular matrix remodeling and intracellular proteolysis during myocardial injury. However, the substrates of MMP-2 in heart tissue are limited, and lesser known are the cleavage sites. Here, we used degradomics to investigate the substrates of intracellular MMP-2 in rat ventricular extracts. First, we designed a novel, constitutively active MMP-2 fusion protein (MMP-2-Fc) that we expressed and purified from mammalian cells. Using this protease, we proteolyzed ventricular extracts and used subtiligase-mediated N-terminomic labeling which identified 95 putative MMP-2-Fc proteolytic cleavage sites using mass spectrometry. The intracellular MMP-2 cleavage sites identified in heart tissue extracts were enriched for proteins primarily involved in metabolism, as well as the breakdown of fatty acids and amino acids. We further characterized the cleavage of three of these MMP-2-Fc substrates based on the gene ontology analysis. We first characterized the cleavage of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA2a), a known MMP-2 substrate in myocardial injury. We then characterized the cleavage of malate dehydrogenase (MDHM) and phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), representing new cardiac tissue substrates. Our findings provide insights into the intracellular substrates of MMP-2 in cardiac cells, suggesting that MMP-2 activation plays a role in cardiac metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette Hartley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Wesam Bassiouni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Andrej Roczkowsky
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Richard Fahlman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Richard Schulz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Olivier Julien
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2H7, Canada
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7
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Wang JH, Gessler DJ, Zhan W, Gallagher TL, Gao G. Adeno-associated virus as a delivery vector for gene therapy of human diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:78. [PMID: 38565561 PMCID: PMC10987683 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01780-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has emerged as a pivotal delivery tool in clinical gene therapy owing to its minimal pathogenicity and ability to establish long-term gene expression in different tissues. Recombinant AAV (rAAV) has been engineered for enhanced specificity and developed as a tool for treating various diseases. However, as rAAV is being more widely used as a therapy, the increased demand has created challenges for the existing manufacturing methods. Seven rAAV-based gene therapy products have received regulatory approval, but there continue to be concerns about safely using high-dose viral therapies in humans, including immune responses and adverse effects such as genotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, thrombotic microangiopathy, and neurotoxicity. In this review, we explore AAV biology with an emphasis on current vector engineering strategies and manufacturing technologies. We discuss how rAAVs are being employed in ongoing clinical trials for ocular, neurological, metabolic, hematological, neuromuscular, and cardiovascular diseases as well as cancers. We outline immune responses triggered by rAAV, address associated side effects, and discuss strategies to mitigate these reactions. We hope that discussing recent advancements and current challenges in the field will be a helpful guide for researchers and clinicians navigating the ever-evolving landscape of rAAV-based gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Hui Wang
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia
| | - Dominic J Gessler
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Wei Zhan
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Thomas L Gallagher
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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8
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Schairer J, Römer J, Lang D, Neusüß C. CE-MS/MS and CE-timsTOF to separate and characterize intramolecular disulfide bridges of monoclonal antibody subunits and their application for the assessment of subunit reduction protocols. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1599-1612. [PMID: 38296860 PMCID: PMC10899284 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Characterization at the subunit level enables detailed mass spectrometric characterization of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The implemented reduction often leaves the intramolecular disulfide bridges intact. Here, we present a capillary electrophoretic (CE) method based on a neutral-coated capillary for the separation of immunoglobulin G-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus pyogenes (IdeS) digested and reduced mAb subunits followed by mass spectrometry (MS), MS/MS identification, and trapped ion mobility mass spectrometry (timsTOF). Our CE approach enables the separation of (i) different subunit moieties, (ii) various reduction states, and (iii) positional isomers of these partly reduced subunit moieties. The location of the remaining disulfide bridges can be determined by middle-down electron transfer higher energy collisional dissociation (EThcD) experiments. All these CE-separated variants show differences in ion mobility in the timsTOF measurements. Applying the presented CE-MS/MS method, reduction parameters such as the use of chaotropic salts were studied. For the investigated antibodies, urea improved the subunit reduction significantly, whereas guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) leads to multiple signals of the same subunit in the CE separation. The presented CE-MS method is a powerful tool for the disulfide-variant characterization of mAbs on the subunit level. It enables understanding disulfide bridge reduction processes in antibodies and potentially other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Schairer
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Aalen, Germany
- Faculty of Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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9
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de Weerd AE, Roelen DL, van de Wetering J, Betjes MGH, Heidt S, Reinders MEJ. Imlifidase Desensitization in HLA-incompatible Kidney Transplantation: Finding the Sweet Spot. Transplantation 2024; 108:335-345. [PMID: 37340532 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Imlifidase, derived from a Streptococcus pyogenes enzyme, cleaves the entire immunoglobulin G pool within hours after administration in fully cleaved antigen-binding and crystallizable fragments. These cleaved fragments can no longer exert their antibody-dependent cytotoxic functions, thereby creating a window to permit HLA-incompatible kidney transplantation. Imlifidase is labeled, in Europe only, for deceased donor kidney transplantation in highly sensitized patients, whose chances for an HLA-compatible transplant are negligible. This review discusses outcomes of preclinical and clinical studies on imlifidase and describes the phase III desensitization trials that are currently enrolling patients. A comparison is made with other desensitization methods. The review discusses the immunological work-up of imlifidase candidates and especially the "delisting strategy" of antigens that shift from unacceptable to acceptable with imlifidase desensitization. Other considerations for clinical implementation, such as adaptation of induction protocols, are also discussed. Imlifidase cleaves most of the currently used induction agents except for horse antithymocyte globulin, and rebound of donor-specific antibodies should be managed. Another consideration is the timing and interpretation of (virtual) crossmatches when bringing this novel desensitization agent into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies E de Weerd
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Transplant Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dave L Roelen
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline van de Wetering
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Transplant Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel G H Betjes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Transplant Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Heidt
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marlies E J Reinders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Transplant Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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10
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Dhenin J, Lafont V, Dupré M, Krick A, Mauriac C, Chamot-Rooke J. Monitoring mAb proteoforms in mouse plasma using an automated immunocapture combined with top-down and middle-down mass spectrometry. Proteomics 2024; 24:e2300069. [PMID: 37480175 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have established themselves as the leading biopharmaceutical therapeutic modality. Once the developability of a mAb drug candidate has been assessed, an important step is to check its in vivo stability through pharmacokinetics (PK) studies. The gold standard is ligand-binding assay (LBA) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) performed at the peptide level (bottom-up approach). However, these analytical techniques do not allow to address the different mAb proteoforms that can arise from biotransformation. In recent years, top-down and middle-down mass spectrometry approaches have gained popularity to characterize proteins at the proteoform level but are not yet widely used for PK studies. We propose here a workflow based on an automated immunocapture followed by top-down and middle-down liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approaches to characterize mAb proteoforms spiked in mouse plasma. We demonstrate the applicability of our workflow on a large concentration range using pembrolizumab as a model. We also compare the performance of two state-of-the-art Orbitrap platforms (Tribrid Eclipse and Exploris 480) for these studies. The added value of our workflow for an accurate and sensitive characterization of mAb proteoforms in mouse plasma is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Dhenin
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UAR2024, Mass Spectrometry for Biology, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- DMPK, Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Julia Chamot-Rooke
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UAR2024, Mass Spectrometry for Biology, Paris, France
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11
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Windgassen T, Kruse N, Ferrer B, Du F, Kumar H, Silverman AP. Identification of bacterial protease domains that cleave human IgM. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 173:110366. [PMID: 38061198 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin-degrading proteases are secreted by pathogenic bacteria to weaken the host immune response, contributing to immune evasion mechanisms during an infection. Proteases specific to IgG and IgA immunoglobulin classes have previously been identified and characterized, and only a single report exists on a porcine specific IgM-degrading enzyme. It is unclear whether human pathogens also produce enzymes that can break down human IgM. Here, we have identified four novel IgM-degrading proteases from different genera of human-infecting bacterial pathogens. All four protease domains cleave human IgM at a conserved and unique site in the constant region of IgM. These human IgM proteases may be a useful biochemical tool for the study of early immune responses and have therapeutic potential in IgM-mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikki Kruse
- Codexis Inc., 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA.
| | - Brian Ferrer
- Codexis Inc., 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Faye Du
- Codexis Inc., 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Hirdesh Kumar
- Codexis Inc., 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
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12
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Happonen L, Collin M. Immunomodulating Enzymes from Streptococcus pyogenes-In Pathogenesis, as Biotechnological Tools, and as Biological Drugs. Microorganisms 2024; 12:200. [PMID: 38258026 PMCID: PMC10818452 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes, or Group A Streptococcus, is an exclusively human pathogen that causes a wide variety of diseases ranging from mild throat and skin infections to severe invasive disease. The pathogenesis of S. pyogenes infection has been extensively studied, but the pathophysiology, especially of the more severe infections, is still somewhat elusive. One key feature of S. pyogenes is the expression of secreted, surface-associated, and intracellular enzymes that directly or indirectly affect both the innate and adaptive host immune systems. Undoubtedly, S. pyogenes is one of the major bacterial sources for immunomodulating enzymes. Major targets for these enzymes are immunoglobulins that are destroyed or modified through proteolysis or glycan hydrolysis. Furthermore, several enzymes degrade components of the complement system and a group of DNAses degrade host DNA in neutrophil extracellular traps. Additional types of enzymes interfere with cellular inflammatory and innate immunity responses. In this review, we attempt to give a broad overview of the functions of these enzymes and their roles in pathogenesis. For those enzymes where experimentally determined structures exist, the structural aspects of the enzymatic activity are further discussed. Lastly, we also discuss the emerging use of some of the enzymes as biotechnological tools as well as biological drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Happonen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mattias Collin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
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13
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Zhang Q, Bin S, Budge K, Petrosyan A, Villani V, Aguiari P, Vink C, Wetzels J, Soloyan H, La Manna G, Podestà MA, Molinari P, Sedrakyan S, Lemley KV, De Filippo RE, Perin L, Cravedi P, Da Sacco S. C3aR-initiated signaling is a critical mechanism of podocyte injury in membranous nephropathy. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e172976. [PMID: 38227377 PMCID: PMC11143932 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.172976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The deposition of antipodocyte autoantibodies in the glomerular subepithelial space induces primary membranous nephropathy (MN), the leading cause of nephrotic syndrome worldwide. Taking advantage of the glomerulus-on-a-chip system, we modeled human primary MN induced by anti-PLA2R antibodies. Here we show that exposure of primary human podocytes expressing PLA2R to MN serum results in IgG deposition and complement activation on their surface, leading to loss of the chip permselectivity to albumin. C3a receptor (C3aR) antagonists as well as C3AR gene silencing in podocytes reduced oxidative stress induced by MN serum and prevented albumin leakage. In contrast, inhibition of the formation of the membrane-attack-complex (MAC), previously thought to play a major role in MN pathogenesis, did not affect permselectivity to albumin. In addition, treatment with a C3aR antagonist effectively prevented proteinuria in a mouse model of MN, substantiating the chip findings. In conclusion, using a combination of pathophysiologically relevant in vitro and in vivo models, we established that C3a/C3aR signaling plays a critical role in complement-mediated MN pathogenesis, indicating an alternative therapeutic target for MN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and Cell Therapeutics in Urology, Saban Research Institute, Division of Urology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sofia Bin
- Translational Transplant Research Center and Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS - Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Kelly Budge
- Translational Transplant Research Center and Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Astgik Petrosyan
- GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and Cell Therapeutics in Urology, Saban Research Institute, Division of Urology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Valentina Villani
- GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and Cell Therapeutics in Urology, Saban Research Institute, Division of Urology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Paola Aguiari
- GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and Cell Therapeutics in Urology, Saban Research Institute, Division of Urology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Coralien Vink
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jack Wetzels
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hasmik Soloyan
- GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and Cell Therapeutics in Urology, Saban Research Institute, Division of Urology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Gaetano La Manna
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS - Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Manuel Alfredo Podestà
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paolo Molinari
- Translational Transplant Research Center and Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sargis Sedrakyan
- GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and Cell Therapeutics in Urology, Saban Research Institute, Division of Urology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kevin V. Lemley
- GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and Cell Therapeutics in Urology, Saban Research Institute, Division of Urology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Roger E. De Filippo
- GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and Cell Therapeutics in Urology, Saban Research Institute, Division of Urology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Laura Perin
- GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and Cell Therapeutics in Urology, Saban Research Institute, Division of Urology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Paolo Cravedi
- Translational Transplant Research Center and Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stefano Da Sacco
- GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and Cell Therapeutics in Urology, Saban Research Institute, Division of Urology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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14
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Heggi MT, Nour El-Din HT, Morsy DI, Abdelaziz NI, Attia AS. Microbial evasion of the complement system: a continuous and evolving story. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1281096. [PMID: 38239357 PMCID: PMC10794618 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1281096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a fundamental part of the innate immune system that plays a key role in the battle of the human body against invading pathogens. Through its three pathways, represented by the classical, alternative, and lectin pathways, the complement system forms a tightly regulated network of soluble proteins, membrane-expressed receptors, and regulators with versatile protective and killing mechanisms. However, ingenious pathogens have developed strategies over the years to protect themselves from this complex part of the immune system. This review briefly discusses the sequence of the complement activation pathways. Then, we present a comprehensive updated overview of how the major four pathogenic groups, namely, bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, control, modulate, and block the complement attacks at different steps of the complement cascade. We shed more light on the ability of those pathogens to deploy more than one mechanism to tackle the complement system in their path to establish infection within the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam T. Heggi
- Clinical Pharmacy Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanzada T. Nour El-Din
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Ahmed S. Attia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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15
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Kim S, Kim S, Kim S, Kim N, Lee SW, Yi H, Lee S, Sim T, Kwon Y, Lee HS. Affinity-Directed Site-Specific Protein Labeling and Its Application to Antibody-Drug Conjugates. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306401. [PMID: 38032124 PMCID: PMC10811483 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Chemically modified proteins have diverse applications; however, conventional chemo-selective methods often yield heterogeneously labeled products. To address this limitation, site-specific protein labeling holds significant potential, driving extensive research in this area. Nevertheless, site-specific modification of native proteins remains challenging owing to the complexity of their functional groups. Therefore, a method for site-selective labeling of intact proteins is aimed to design. In this study, a novel approach to traceless affinity-directed intact protein labeling is established, which leverages small binding proteins and genetic code expansion technology. By applying this method, a site-specific antibody labeling with a drug, which leads to the production of highly effective antibody-drug conjugates specifically targeting breast cancer cell lines is achieved. This approach enables traceless conjugation of intact target proteins, which is a critical advantage in pharmaceutical applications. Furthermore, small helical binding proteins can be easily engineered for various target proteins, thereby expanding their potential applications in diverse fields. This innovative approach represents a significant advancement in site-specific modification of native proteins, including antibodies. It also bears immense potential for facilitating the development of therapeutic agents for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooin Kim
- Department of ChemistrySogang University35 Baekbeom‐ro, Mapo‐guSeoul04107Republic of Korea
| | - Sanggil Kim
- New Drug Development CenterOsong Medical Innovation Foundation123 Osongsaengmyeong‐ro, Heungdeok‐guCheongjuChungbuk28160Republic of Korea
| | - Sangji Kim
- School of PharmacySungkyunkwan University2066 Seobu‐ro, Jangan‐guSuwon16419Republic of Korea
| | - Namkyoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical SciencesGraduate School of Medical ScienceBrain Korea 21 ProjectYonsei University College of Medicine50 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐guSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Lee
- Department of ChemistrySogang University35 Baekbeom‐ro, Mapo‐guSeoul04107Republic of Korea
| | - Hanbin Yi
- Department of ChemistrySogang University35 Baekbeom‐ro, Mapo‐guSeoul04107Republic of Korea
| | - Seungeun Lee
- Department of ChemistrySogang University35 Baekbeom‐ro, Mapo‐guSeoul04107Republic of Korea
| | - Taebo Sim
- Department of Biomedical SciencesGraduate School of Medical ScienceBrain Korea 21 ProjectYonsei University College of Medicine50 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐guSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Yongseok Kwon
- School of PharmacySungkyunkwan University2066 Seobu‐ro, Jangan‐guSuwon16419Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Lee
- Department of ChemistrySogang University35 Baekbeom‐ro, Mapo‐guSeoul04107Republic of Korea
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DeLaura I, Zikos J, Anwar IJ, Yoon J, Ladowski J, Jackson A, Van Rompay K, Magnani D, Knechtle SJ, Kwun J. The impact of IdeS (imlifidase) on allo-specific, xeno-reactive, and protective antibodies in a sensitized rhesus macaque model. Xenotransplantation 2024; 31:e12833. [PMID: 37864433 PMCID: PMC10999173 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highly sensitized patients face many barriers to kidney transplantation, including higher rates of antibody-mediated rejection after HLA-incompatible transplant. IdeS, an endopeptidase that cleaves IgG nonspecifically, has been trialed as desensitization prior to kidney transplant, and successfully cleaves donor-specific antibody (DSA), albeit with rebound. METHODS IdeS was generated and tested (2 mg/kg, IV) in two naïve and four allosensitized nonhuman primates (NHP). Peripheral blood samples were collected at regular intervals following IdeS administration. Total IgG, total IgM, and anti-CMV antibodies were quantified with ELISA, and donor-specific antibody (DSA) and anti-pig antibodies were evaluated using flow cytometric crossmatch. B cell populations were assessed using flow cytometry. RESULTS IdeS successfully cleaved rhesus IgG in vitro. In allosensitized NHP, robust reduction of total, DSA, anti-pig, and anti-CMV IgG was observed within one day following IdeS administration. Rapid rebound of all IgG antibody populations was observed, with antibody levels returning to baseline around day 14 post-infusion. Total IgM level was not affected by IdeS. Interestingly, a comparable reduction in antibody populations was observed after the second dose of IdeS. However, we have not observed any significant modulation of B cell subpopulations after IdeS. CONCLUSIONS This study evaluated efficacy of IdeS in the allosensitized NHP in IgG with various specificities, mirroring antibody kinetics in human patients. The efficacy of IdeS on preexisting anti-pig antibodies may be useful in clinical xenotransplantation. However, given the limitation of IdeS on its durability as a monotherapy, optimization of IdeS with other agents targeting the humoral response is further needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel DeLaura
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Joanna Zikos
- MassBiologics of University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, 02126, USA
| | - Imran J. Anwar
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Janghoon Yoon
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Joseph Ladowski
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Annette Jackson
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Koen Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Diogo Magnani
- MassBiologics of University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, 02126, USA
| | - Stuart J. Knechtle
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Jean Kwun
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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Chen H, Lee SJ, Ouyang B, Suen N, Ye J, Lu C, Li Y. Effects of Fc glycosylation on the activity of WNT mimetic agonistic antibodies. Antib Ther 2024; 7:88-95. [PMID: 38371954 PMCID: PMC10873268 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies have been explored in a broad range of applications including receptor agonism. Given the importance of receptor conformation in signaling, the agonistic activity of antibodies that engage these receptors are influenced by many parameters. Tetravalent bispecific antibodies that target the frizzled and lipoprotein receptor-related protein receptors and subsequently activate WNT ("Wingless-related integration site" or "Wingless and Int-1" or "Wingless-Int") signaling have been constructed. Because WNT activation stimulates stem cell proliferation and tissue regeneration, immune effector functions should be eliminated from therapeutic antibodies targeting this pathway. Here, we report an unexpected effect of Fc glycosylation on the agonistic activity of WNT mimetic antibodies. Our findings underscore the importance of antibody format, geometry and epitope in agonistic antibody design, and highlight the need to establish appropriate early discovery screening strategies to identify hits for further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Protein Sciences, Surrozen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sung-Jin Lee
- Discovery Biology, Surrozen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Brian Ouyang
- Protein Sciences, Surrozen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Nicholas Suen
- Protein Sciences, Surrozen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jay Ye
- Protein Sciences, Surrozen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Chenggang Lu
- Discovery Biology, Surrozen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Research, Surrozen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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18
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Tyrberg L, Andersson F, Uhlin F, Hellmark T, Segelmark M. Using imlifidase to elucidate the characteristics and importance of anti-GBM antibodies produced after start of treatment. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2023; 39:45-54. [PMID: 37385828 PMCID: PMC10730795 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfad132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoantibodies are common in glomerulonephritis, but the clinical benefit of rapid elimination has not been determined, even in anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) disease. Even less is known about the importance of autoantibody characteristics, including epitope specificity and immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass distribution. We aimed to address this by characterizing the autoantibody profile in anti-GBM patients: we utilized samples from the GOOD-IDES-01 (treating GOODpasture's disease with Imunoglobulin G Degrading Enzyme of Streptococcus pyogenous) (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03157037) trial , where imlifidase, which cleaves all IgG in vivo within hours, was given to 15 anti-GBM patients. METHODS In the GOOD-IDES-01 trial, plasmapheresis was (re)started if anti-GBM antibodies rebounded. Serum samples were collected prospectively for 6 months and analyzed for anti-GBM epitope specificity using recombinant constructs of the EA and EB epitopes, IgG subclass using monoclonal antibodies, and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA). The results were correlated with clinical data. RESULTS Patients with a rebound (n = 10) tended to have lower eGFR at 6 months (11 vs 34 mL/min/1.73 m2, P = .055), and patients with dialysis at 6 months had a higher EB/EA ratio at rebound (0.8 vs 0.5, P = .047). Moreover, two patients demonstrated increasing epitope restriction and several patients displayed a shift in subclass distribution at rebound. Six patients were double positive for ANCA. ANCA rebound was seen in 50% of patients; only one patient remained ANCA positive at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS In this study, rebound of anti-GBM antibodies, especially if directed against the EB epitope, was associated with a worse outcome. This supports the notion that all means should be used to eliminate anti-GBM antibodies. In this study ANCA was removed early and long-term by imlifidase and cyclophosphamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnéa Tyrberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- AT-unit, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden
| | - Fanny Andersson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Uhlin
- Department of Nephrology and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Health Technologies, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Thomas Hellmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mårten Segelmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Nephrology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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19
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Loh JM, Aghababa H, Proft T. Eluding the immune system's frontline defense: Secreted complement evasion factors of pathogenic Gram-positive cocci. Microbiol Res 2023; 277:127512. [PMID: 37826985 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The human complement system is an important part of the innate immune response in the fight against invasive bacteria. Complement responses can be activated independently by the classical pathway, the lectin pathway, or the alternative pathway, each resulting in the formation of a C3 convertase that produces the anaphylatoxin C3a and the opsonin C3b by specifically cutting C3. Other important features of complement are the production of the chemotactic C5a peptide and the generation of the membrane attack complex to lyse intruding pathogens. Invasive pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and several species of the genus Streptococcus have developed a variety of complement evasion strategies to resist complement activity thereby increasing their virulence and potential to cause disease. In this review, we focus on secreted complement evasion factors that assist the bacteria to avoid opsonization and terminal pathway lysis. We also briefly discuss the potential role of complement evasion factors for the development of vaccines and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacelyn Ms Loh
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Haniyeh Aghababa
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Thomas Proft
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand.
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20
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Frick IM, Happonen L, Wrighton S, Nordenfelt P, Björck L. IdeS, a secreted proteinase of Streptococcus pyogenes, is bound to a nuclease at the bacterial surface where it inactivates opsonizing IgG antibodies. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105345. [PMID: 37838172 PMCID: PMC10654033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The important bacterial pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes secretes IdeS (immunoglobulin G-degrading enzyme of S. pyogenes), a proteinase that cleaves human immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in the hinge region resulting in Fc (fragment crystallizable) and F(ab')2 (fragment antigen-binding) fragments and protects the bacteria against phagocytic killing. Experiments with radiolabeled IdeS and flow cytometry demonstrated that IdeS binds to the surface of S. pyogenes, and the interaction was most prominent in conditions resembling those in the pharynx (acidic pH and low salt), the habitat for S. pyogenes. SpnA (S. pyogenes nuclease A) is a cell wall-anchored DNase. A dose-dependent interaction between purified SpnA and IdeS was demonstrated in slot binding and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy experiments. Gel filtration showed that IdeS forms proteolytically active complexes with SpnA in solution, and super-resolution fluorescence microscopy revealed the presence of SpnA-IdeS complexes at the surface of S. pyogenes. Finally, specific IgG antibodies binding to S. pyogenes surface antigens were efficiently cleaved by surface-associated IdeS. IdeS is secreted by all S. pyogenes isolates and cleaves IgG antibodies with a unique degree of specificity and efficiency. These properties and the finding here that the proteinase is present and fully active at the bacterial surface in complex with SpnA implicate an important role for IdeS in S. pyogenes biology and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga-Maria Frick
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Lotta Happonen
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Wrighton
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pontus Nordenfelt
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Björck
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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21
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Toledo AG, Bratanis E, Velásquez E, Chowdhury S, Olofsson B, Sorrentino JT, Karlsson C, Lewis NE, Esko JD, Collin M, Shannon O, Malmström J. Pathogen-driven degradation of endogenous and therapeutic antibodies during streptococcal infections. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6693. [PMID: 37872209 PMCID: PMC10593946 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42572-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Group A streptococcus (GAS) is a major bacterial pathogen responsible for both local and systemic infections in humans. The molecular mechanisms that contribute to disease heterogeneity remain poorly understood. Here we show that the transition from a local to a systemic GAS infection is paralleled by pathogen-driven alterations in IgG homeostasis. Using animal models and a combination of sensitive proteomics and glycoproteomics readouts, we documented the progressive accumulation of IgG cleavage products in plasma, due to extensive enzymatic degradation triggered by GAS infection in vivo. The level of IgG degradation was modulated by the route of pathogen inoculation, and mechanistically linked to the combined activities of the bacterial protease IdeS and the endoglycosidase EndoS, upregulated during infection. Importantly, we show that these virulence factors can alter the structure and function of exogenous therapeutic IgG in vivo. These results shed light on the role of bacterial virulence factors in shaping GAS pathogenesis, and potentially blunting the efficacy of antimicrobial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gomez Toledo
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eleni Bratanis
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erika Velásquez
- IPSC Laboratory for CNS Disease Modeling, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sounak Chowdhury
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Berit Olofsson
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - James T Sorrentino
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christofer Karlsson
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Departments of Pediatrics and Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mattias Collin
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oonagh Shannon
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Malmström
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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22
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Bou-Jaoudeh M, Mimoun A, Delignat S, Peyron I, Capdevila L, Daventure V, Deligne C, Dimitrov JD, Christophe OD, Denis CV, Lenting PJ, Proulle V, Lacroix-Desmazes S. Imlifidase, a new option to optimize the management of patients with hemophilia A on emicizumab. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:2776-2783. [PMID: 37473843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emicizumab is a bispecific, chimeric, humanized immunoglobulin G (IgG)4 that mimics the procoagulant activity of factor (F) VIII (FVIII). Its long half-life and subcutaneous route of administration have been life-changing in treating patients with hemophilia A (HA) with or without FVIII inhibitors. However, emicizumab only partially mimics FVIII activity; it prevents but does not treat acute bleeds. Emergency management is particularly complicated in patients with FVIII inhibitors receiving emicizumab prophylaxis in whom exogenous FVIII is inefficient. We have shown recently that Imlifidase (IdeS), a bacterial IgG-degrading enzyme, efficiently eliminates human anti-FVIII IgG in a mouse model of severe HA with inhibitors and opens a therapeutic window for the administration of exogenous FVIII. OBJECTIVES To investigate the impact of IdeS treatment in inhibitor-positive HA mice injected with emicizumab. METHODS IdeS was injected to HA mice reconstituted with human neutralizing anti-FVIII IgG and treated with emicizumab. RESULTS IdeS hydrolyzed emicizumab in vitro and in vivo, albeit, at slower rates than another recombinant human monoclonal IgG4. While F(ab')2 fragments were rapidly cleared from the circulation, thus leading to a rapid loss of emicizumab procoagulant activity, low amounts of single-cleaved intermediate IgG persisted for several days. Moreover, the IdeS-mediated elimination of the neutralizing anti-FVIII IgG and restoration of the hemostatic efficacy of exogenous FVIII were not impaired by the presence of emicizumab and polyclonal human IgG in inhibitor-positive HA mice. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that IdeS could be administered to inhibitor-positive patients with HA receiving emicizumab prophylaxis to improve and ease the management of breakthrough bleeds or programmed major surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bou-Jaoudeh
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Angelina Mimoun
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Delignat
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Ivan Peyron
- Laboratory for Hemostasis, Inflammation & Thrombosis, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1176, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Ladislas Capdevila
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Service d'Hématologie Biologique et Unité Fonctionnelle d'Hémostase, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP Centre, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Victoria Daventure
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Claire Deligne
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jordan D Dimitrov
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Olivier D Christophe
- Laboratory for Hemostasis, Inflammation & Thrombosis, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1176, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Cécile V Denis
- Laboratory for Hemostasis, Inflammation & Thrombosis, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1176, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Peter J Lenting
- Laboratory for Hemostasis, Inflammation & Thrombosis, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1176, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Valérie Proulle
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Service d'Hématologie Biologique et Unité Fonctionnelle d'Hémostase, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP Centre, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Lacroix-Desmazes
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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23
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Kline JT, Melani RD, Fornelli L. Mass spectrometry characterization of antibodies at the intact and subunit levels: from targeted to large-scale analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 492:117117. [PMID: 38855125 PMCID: PMC11160972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2023.117117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Antibodies are one of the most formidable molecular weapons available to our immune system. Their high specificity against a target (antigen) and capability of triggering different immune responses (e.g., complement system activation and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) make them ideal drugs to fight many different human diseases. Currently, both monoclonal antibodies and more complex molecules based on the antibody scaffold are used as biologics. Naturally, such highly heterogeneous molecules require dedicated analytical methodologies for their accurate characterization. Mass spectrometry (MS) can define the presence and relative abundance of multiple features of antibodies, including critical quality attributes. The combination of small and large variations within a single molecule can only be determined by analyzing intact antibodies or their large (25 to 100 kDa) subunits. Hence, top-down (TD) and middle-down (MD) MS approaches have gained popularity over the last decade. In this Young Scientist Feature we discuss the evolution of TD and MD MS analysis of antibodies, including the new frontiers that go beyond biopharma applications. We will show how this field is now moving from the "quality control" analysis of a known, single antibody to the high-throughput investigation of complex antibody repertoires isolated from clinical samples, where the ultimate goal is represented by the complete gas-phase sequencing of antibody molecules without the need of any a priori knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake T. Kline
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Rafael D. Melani
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, California 95134, United States
| | - Luca Fornelli
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
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24
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Sundar S, Piramanayagam S, Natarajan J. A comprehensive review on human disease-causing bacterial proteases and their impeding agents. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:276. [PMID: 37414902 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03618-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are enzymes that catalyze the amide bond dissociation in polypeptide and protein peptide units. They are categorized into seven families and are responsible for a wide spectrum of human ailments, such as various types of cancers, skin infections, urinary tract infections etc. Specifically, the bacterial proteases cause a huge impact in the disease progression. Extracellular bacterial proteases break down the host defense proteins, while intracellular proteases are essential for pathogens virulence. Due to its involvement in disease pathogenesis and virulence, bacterial proteases are considered to be potential drug targets. Several studies have reported potential bacterial protease inhibitors in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative disease causing pathogens. In this study, we have comprehensively reviewed about the various human disease-causing cysteine, metallo, and serine bacterial proteases as well as their potential inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobana Sundar
- Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
| | | | - Jeyakumar Natarajan
- Data Mining and Text Mining Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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25
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Sécher T, Heuzé-Vourc'h N. Barriers for orally inhaled therapeutic antibodies. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1071-1084. [PMID: 37609943 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2249821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Respiratory diseases represent a worldwide health issue. The recent Sars-CoV-2 pandemic, the burden of lung cancer, and inflammatory respiratory diseases urged the development of innovative therapeutic solutions. In this context, therapeutic antibodies (Abs) offer a tremendous opportunity to benefit patients with respiratory diseases. Delivering Ab through the airways has been demonstrated to be relevant to improve their therapeutic index. However, few inhaled Abs are on the market. AREAS COVERED This review describes the different barriers that may alter the fate of inhaled therapeutic Abs in the lungs at steady state. It addresses both physical and biological barriers and discusses the importance of taking into consideration the pathological changes occurring during respiratory disease, which may reinforce these barriers. EXPERT OPINION The pulmonary route remains rare for delivering therapeutic Abs, with few approved inhaled molecules, despite promising evidence. Efforts must focus on the intertwined barriers associated with lung diseases to develop appropriate Ab-formulation-device combo, ensuring optimal Ab deposition in the respiratory tract. Finally, randomized controlled clinical trials should be carried out to establish inhaled Ab therapy as prominent against respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sécher
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Tours, France
- Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Nathalie Heuzé-Vourc'h
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Tours, France
- Université de Tours, Tours, France
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26
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Habibabady Z, McGrath G, Kinoshita K, Maenaka A, Ikechukwu I, Elias GF, Zaletel T, Rosales I, Hara H, Pierson RN, Cooper DKC. Antibody-mediated rejection in xenotransplantation: Can it be prevented or reversed? Xenotransplantation 2023; 30:e12816. [PMID: 37548030 PMCID: PMC11101061 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is the commonest cause of failure of a pig graft after transplantation into an immunosuppressed nonhuman primate (NHP). The incidence of AMR compared to acute cellular rejection is much higher in xenotransplantation (46% vs. 7%) than in allotransplantation (3% vs. 63%) in NHPs. Although AMR in an allograft can often be reversed, to our knowledge there is no report of its successful reversal in a pig xenograft. As there is less experience in preventing or reversing AMR in models of xenotransplantation, the results of studies in patients with allografts provide more information. These include (i) depletion or neutralization of serum anti-donor antibodies, (ii) inhibition of complement activation, (iii) therapies targeting B or plasma cells, and (iv) anti-inflammatory therapy. Depletion or neutralization of anti-pig antibody, for example, by plasmapheresis, is effective in depleting antibodies, but they recover within days. IgG-degrading enzymes do not deplete IgM. Despite the expression of human complement-regulatory proteins on the pig graft, inhibition of systemic complement activation may be necessary, particularly if AMR is to be reversed. Potential therapies include (i) inhibition of complement activation (e.g., by IVIg, C1 INH, or an anti-C5 antibody), but some complement inhibitors are not effective in NHPs, for example, eculizumab. Possible B cell-targeted therapies include (i) B cell depletion, (ii) plasma cell depletion, (iii) modulation of B cell activation, and (iv) enhancing the generation of regulatory B and/or T cells. Among anti-inflammatory agents, anti-IL6R mAb and TNF blockers are increasingly being tested in xenotransplantation models, but with no definitive evidence that they reverse AMR. Increasing attention should be directed toward testing combinations of the above therapies. We suggest that treatment with a systemic complement inhibitor is likely to be most effective, possibly combined with anti-inflammatory agents (if these are not already being administered). Ultimately, it may require further genetic engineering of the organ-source pig to resolve the problem entirely, for example, knockout or knockdown of SLA, and/or expression of PD-L1, HLA E, and/or HLA-G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Habibabady
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gannon McGrath
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kohei Kinoshita
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Akihiro Maenaka
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ileka Ikechukwu
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gabriela F. Elias
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tjasa Zaletel
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ivy Rosales
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hidetaka Hara
- Yunnan Xenotransplantation Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Richard N. Pierson
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David K. C. Cooper
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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27
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Qerqez AN, Silva RP, Maynard JA. Outsmarting Pathogens with Antibody Engineering. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2023; 14:217-241. [PMID: 36917814 PMCID: PMC10330301 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-101121-084508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in identifying antibodies that protect against infectious diseases, especially for high-risk individuals and pathogens for which no vaccine is yet available. However, pathogens that manifest as opportunistic or latent infections express complex arrays of virulence-associated proteins and are adept at avoiding immune responses. Some pathogens have developed strategies to selectively destroy antibodies, whereas others create decoy epitopes that trick the host immune system into generating antibodies that are at best nonprotective and at worst enhance pathogenesis. Antibody engineering strategies can thwart these efforts by accessing conserved neutralizing epitopes, generating Fc domains that resist capture or degradation and even accessing pathogens hidden inside cells. Design of pathogen-resistant antibodies can enhance protection and guide development of vaccine immunogens against these complex pathogens. Here, we discuss general strategies for design of antibodies resistant to specific pathogen defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam N Qerqez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA;
| | - Rui P Silva
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer A Maynard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA;
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28
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Miyai-Murai Y, Okamoto-Shibayama K, Sato T, Kikuchi Y, Kokubu E, Potempa J, Ishihara K. Localization and pathogenic role of the cysteine protease dentipain in Treponema denticola. Mol Oral Microbiol 2023; 38:212-223. [PMID: 36641800 PMCID: PMC10175099 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The Msp protein complex and the serine protease dentilisin are the best-characterized virulence factors in Treponema denticola, the major etiological agent of chronic periodontitis. In addition to these outer sheath factors, the cysteine protease dentipain contributes to pathogenicity, but its secretion, processing, cellular localization, and role in T. denticola virulence are not fully understood. In this study, we found that full-sized dentipain (74-kDa) and the 52-kDa truncated form of the enzyme are located, respectively, in the outer sheath derived from T. denticola dentilisin- and the Msp-deficient mutants. Furthermore, dentipain was barely detected in the wild-type strain. These results suggest that dentilisin and Msp, the major outer sheath proteins, are involved in the secretion and maturation of dentipain. Inactivation of the dentipain gene slowed the growth of T. denticola, and the effect was more profound in serum-free medium than in serum-containing medium. Several genes, including those encoding transporters and methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins, were differentially expressed in the dentipain-deficient mutant. Furthermore, the mutant strain was more hydrophobic than the wild-type strain. Finally, the mutant showed less autoaggregation activity and adhesion to IgG in a serum-free medium than the wild-type strain. These findings suggest that dentipain contributes to the virulence of T. denticola by facilitating adhesion and acquisition of nutrients essential for colonization and proliferation in the gingival crevice under serum-rich conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Miyai-Murai
- Department of Crown and Bridge Prosthodontics, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Kazuko Okamoto-Shibayama
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-1-14 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Toru Sato
- Department of Crown and Bridge Prosthodontics, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Kikuchi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-1-14 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Eitoyo Kokubu
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-1-14 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland and Department of Oral Immunity and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Kazuyuki Ishihara
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-1-14 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
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29
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Spanov B, Baartmans B, Olaleye O, Nicolardi S, Govorukhina N, Wuhrer M, van de Merbel NC, Bischoff R. Revealing charge heterogeneity of stressed trastuzumab at the subunit level. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1505-1513. [PMID: 36693954 PMCID: PMC9974696 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04547-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Trastuzumab is known to be heterogeneous in terms of charge. Stressing trastuzumab under physiological conditions (pH 7.4 and 37 °C) increases charge heterogeneity further. Separation of charge variants of stressed trastuzumab at the intact protein level is challenging due to increasing complexity making it difficult to obtain pure charge variants for further characterization. Here we report an approach for revealing charge heterogeneity of stressed trastuzumab at the subunit level by pH gradient cation-exchange chromatography. Trastuzumab subunits were generated after limited proteolytic cleavage with papain, IdeS, and GingisKHAN®. The basic pI of Fab and F(ab)2 fragments allowed to use the same pH gradient for intact protein and subunit level analysis. Baseline separation of Fab subunits was obtained after GingisKHAN® and papain digestion and the corresponding modifications were determined by LC-MS/MS peptide mapping and middle-down MALDI-ISD FT-ICR MS. The described approach allows a comprehensive charge variant analysis of therapeutic antibodies that have two or more modification sites in the Fab region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baubek Spanov
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Baartmans
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oladapo Olaleye
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Nicolardi
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Natalia Govorukhina
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nico C van de Merbel
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Bioanalytical Laboratory, ICON, Amerikaweg 18, 9407 TK, Assen, The Netherlands
| | - Rainer Bischoff
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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30
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Dhenin J, Dupré M, Druart K, Krick A, Mauriac C, Chamot-Rooke J. A multiparameter optimization in middle-down analysis of monoclonal antibodies by LC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2023; 58:e4909. [PMID: 36822210 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In antibody-based drug research, a complete characterization of antibody proteoforms covering both the amino acid sequence and all posttranslational modifications remains a major concern. The usual mass spectrometry-based approach to achieve this goal is bottom-up proteomics, which relies on the digestion of antibodies but does not allow the diversity of proteoforms to be assessed. Middle-down and top-down approaches have recently emerged as attractive alternatives but are not yet mastered and thus used in routine by many analytical chemistry laboratories. The work described here aims at providing guidelines to achieve the best sequence coverage for the fragmentation of intact light and heavy chains generated from a simple reduction of intact antibodies using Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Three parameters were found crucial to this aim: the use of an electron-based activation technique, the multiplex selection of precursor ions of different charge states, and the combination of replicates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Dhenin
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UAR2024, Mass Spectrometry for Biology, Paris, 75015, France
- Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- DMPK, Sanofi, Chilly-Mazarin, 91385, France
| | - Mathieu Dupré
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UAR2024, Mass Spectrometry for Biology, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Karen Druart
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UAR2024, Mass Spectrometry for Biology, Paris, 75015, France
| | | | | | - Julia Chamot-Rooke
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UAR2024, Mass Spectrometry for Biology, Paris, 75015, France
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31
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Schulz M, Levy DI, Petropoulos CJ, Bashirians G, Winburn I, Mahn M, Somanathan S, Cheng SH, Byrne BJ. Binding and neutralizing anti-AAV antibodies: Detection and implications for rAAV-mediated gene therapy. Mol Ther 2023; 31:616-630. [PMID: 36635967 PMCID: PMC10014285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessment of anti-adeno-associated virus (AAV) antibodies in patients prior to systemic gene therapy administration is an important consideration regarding efficacy and safety of the therapy. Approximately 30%-60% of individuals have pre-existing anti-AAV antibodies. Seroprevalence is impacted by multiple factors, including geography, age, capsid serotype, and assay type. Anti-AAV antibody assays typically measure (1) transduction inhibition by detecting the neutralizing capacity of antibodies and non-antibody neutralizing factors, or (2) total anti-capsid binding antibodies, regardless of neutralizing activity. Presently, there is a paucity of head-to-head data and standardized approaches associating assay results with clinical outcomes. In addition, establishing clinically relevant screening titer cutoffs is complex. Thus, meaningful comparisons across assays are nearly impossible. Although complex, establishing screening assays in routine clinical practice to identify patients with antibody levels that may impact favorable treatment outcomes is achievable for both transduction inhibition and total antibody assays. Formal regulatory approval of such assays as companion diagnostic tests will confirm their suitability for specific recombinant AAV gene therapies. This review covers current approaches to measure anti-AAV antibodies in patient plasma or serum, their potential impact on therapeutic safety and efficacy, and investigative strategies to mitigate the effects of pre-existing anti-AAV antibodies in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schulz
- Pfizer, 235 East 42nd Street, New York, NY 10017, USA
| | - Daniel I Levy
- Pfizer, 235 East 42nd Street, New York, NY 10017, USA
| | | | | | - Ian Winburn
- Pfizer, 235 East 42nd Street, New York, NY 10017, USA
| | - Matthias Mahn
- Pfizer, 235 East 42nd Street, New York, NY 10017, USA
| | | | - Seng H Cheng
- Pfizer, 235 East 42nd Street, New York, NY 10017, USA
| | - Barry J Byrne
- University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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32
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Hahn PA, Martins MA. Adeno-associated virus-vectored delivery of HIV biologics: the promise of a "single-shot" functional cure for HIV infection. J Virus Erad 2023; 9:100316. [PMID: 36915910 PMCID: PMC10005911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2023.100316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of immunoglobulin-based HIV biologics (Ig-HIV), including broadly neutralizing antibodies, to suppress viral replication in pre-clinical and clinical studies illustrates how these molecules can serve as alternatives or adjuncts to antiretroviral therapy for treating HIV infection. However, the current paradigm for delivering Ig-HIVs requires repeated passive infusions, which faces both logistical and economic challenges to broad-scale implementation. One promising way to overcome these obstacles and achieve sustained expression of Ig-HIVs in vivo involves the transfer of Ig-HIV genes to host cells utilizing adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. Because AAV vectors are non-pathogenic and their genomes persist in the cell nucleus as episomes, transgene expression can last for as long as the AAV-transduced cell lives. Given the long lifespan of myocytes, skeletal muscle is a preferred tissue for AAV-based immunotherapies aimed at achieving persistent delivery of Ig-HIVs. Consistent with this idea, recent studies suggest that lifelong immunity against HIV can be achieved from a one-time intramuscular dose of AAV/Ig-HIV vectors. However, realizing the promise of this approach faces significant hurdles, including the potential of AAV-delivered Ig-HIVs to induce anti-drug antibodies and the high AAV seroprevalence in the human population. Here we describe how these host immune responses can hinder AAV/Ig-HIV therapies and review current strategies for overcoming these barriers. Given the potential of AAV/Ig-HIV therapy to maintain ART-free virologic suppression and prevent HIV reinfection in people living with HIV, optimizing this strategy should become a greater priority in HIV/AIDS research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A. Hahn
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
- The Skaggs Graduate School, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Mauricio A. Martins
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
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van Schaick G, Domínguez-Vega E, Castel J, Wuhrer M, Hernandez-Alba O, Cianférani S. Online Collision-Induced Unfolding of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody Glyco-Variants through Direct Hyphenation of Cation Exchange Chromatography with Native Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3932-3939. [PMID: 36791123 PMCID: PMC9979139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) not only substantially increase structural heterogeneity of proteins but can also alter the conformation or even biological functions. Monitoring of these PTMs is particularly important for therapeutic products, including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), since their efficacy and safety may depend on the PTM profile. Innovative analytical strategies should be developed to map these PTMs as well as explore possible induced conformational changes. Cation-exchange chromatography (CEX) coupled with native mass spectrometry has already emerged as a valuable asset for the characterization of mAb charge variants. Nevertheless, questions regarding protein conformation cannot be explored using this approach. Thus, we have combined CEX separation with collision-induced unfolding (CIU) experiments to monitor the unfolding pattern of separated mAbs and thereby pick up subtle conformational differences without impairing the CEX resolution. Using this novel strategy, only four CEX-CIU runs had to be recorded for a complete CIU fingerprint either at the intact mAb level or after enzymatic digestion at the mAb subunit level. As a proof of concept, CEX-CIU was first used for an isobaric mAb mixture to highlight the possibility to acquire individual CIU fingerprints of CEX-separated species without compromising CEX separation performances. CEX-CIU was next successfully applied to conformational characterization of mAb glyco-variants, in order to derive glycoform-specific information on the gas-phase unfolding, and CIU patterns of Fc fragments, revealing increased resistance of sialylated glycoforms against gas-phase unfolding. Altogether, we demonstrated the possibilities and benefits of combining CEX with CIU for in-depth characterization of mAb glycoforms, paving the way for linking conformational changes and resistance to gas-phase unfolding charge variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guusje van Schaick
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden
University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Domínguez-Vega
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden
University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jérôme Castel
- Laboratoire
de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg 67087, France,Infrastructure
Nationale de Protéomique ProFI, FR2048
CNRS CEA, Strasbourg 67087, France
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden
University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire
de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg 67087, France,Infrastructure
Nationale de Protéomique ProFI, FR2048
CNRS CEA, Strasbourg 67087, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire
de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg 67087, France,Infrastructure
Nationale de Protéomique ProFI, FR2048
CNRS CEA, Strasbourg 67087, France,
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Couvidou A, Rojas-Jiménez G, Dupuis A, Maître B. Anti-HLA Class I alloantibodies in platelet transfusion refractoriness: From mechanisms and determinants to therapeutic prospects. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1125367. [PMID: 36845153 PMCID: PMC9947338 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1125367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with hematological disorders and severe thrombocytopenia require extensive and iterative platelet transfusion support. In these patients, platelet transfusion refractoriness represents a serious adverse transfusion event with major outcomes for patient care. Recipient alloantibodies against the donor HLA Class I antigens expressed at the cell surface of platelets result in a rapid removal of transfused platelets from the circulation and thus, therapeutic and prophylactic transfusion failure leading to a major bleeding risk. In this case, the only way to support the patient relies on the selection of HLA Class I compatible platelets, an approach restricted by the limited number of HLA-typed donors available and the difficulty of meeting the demand in an emergency. However, not all patients with anti-HLA Class I antibodies develop refractoriness to platelet transfusions, raising the question of the intrinsic characteristics of the antibodies and the immune-mediated mechanisms of platelet clearance associated with a refractory state. In this review, we examine the current challenges in platelet transfusion refractoriness and detail the key features of the antibodies involved that should be considered. Finally, we also provide an overview of future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adèle Couvidou
- UMR_S1255, INSERM, Strasbourg, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang-Grand Est, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gabriel Rojas-Jiménez
- UMR_S1255, INSERM, Strasbourg, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang-Grand Est, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Arnaud Dupuis
- UMR_S1255, INSERM, Strasbourg, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang-Grand Est, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Blandine Maître
- UMR_S1255, INSERM, Strasbourg, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang-Grand Est, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Frost H, Excler JL, Sriskandan S, Fulurija A. Correlates of immunity to Group A Streptococcus: a pathway to vaccine development. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:1. [PMID: 36650164 PMCID: PMC9844947 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00593-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding immunity in humans to Group A Streptococcus (Strep A) is critical for the development of successful vaccines to prevent the morbidity and mortality attributed to Strep A infections. Despite decades of effort, no licensed vaccine against Strep A exists and immune correlates of protection are lacking; a major impediment to vaccine development. In the absence of a vaccine, we can take cues from the development of natural immunity to Strep A in humans to identify immune correlates of protection. The age stratification of incidence of acute Strep A infections, peaking in young children and waning in early adulthood, coincides with the development of specific immune responses. Therefore, understanding the immune mechanisms involved in natural protection from acute Strep A infection is critical to identifying immune correlates to inform vaccine development. This perspective summarises the findings from natural infection studies, existing assays of immunity to Strep A, and highlights the gaps in knowledge to guide the development of Strep A vaccines and associated correlates of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Frost
- grid.1058.c0000 0000 9442 535XMurdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Jean-Louis Excler
- grid.30311.300000 0000 9629 885XInternational Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shiranee Sriskandan
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK ,grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology & Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alma Fulurija
- grid.414659.b0000 0000 8828 1230Telethon Kid’s Institute, Perth, WA Australia ,grid.1012.20000 0004 1936 7910The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA Australia
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Abstract
Gene therapy is poised to revolutionize modern medicine, with seemingly unlimited potential for treating and curing genetic disorders. For otherwise incurable indications, including most inherited metabolic liver disorders, gene therapy provides a realistic therapeutic option. In this Review, we discuss gene supplementation and gene editing involving the use of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors for the treatment of inherited liver diseases, including updates on several ongoing clinical trials that are producing promising results. Clinical testing has been essential in highlighting many key translational challenges associated with this transformative therapy. In particular, the interaction of a patient's immune system with the vector raises issues of safety and the duration of treatment efficacy. Furthermore, several serious adverse events after the administration of high doses of rAAVs suggest greater involvement of innate immune responses and pre-existing hepatic conditions than initially anticipated. Finally, permanent modification of the host genome associated with rAAV genome integration and gene editing raises concerns about the risk of oncogenicity that require careful evaluation. We summarize the main progress, challenges and pathways forward for gene therapy for liver diseases.
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Breitfelder AK, Schrödl W, Rungelrath V, Baums CG, Alber G, Schütze N, Müller U. Immunoglobulin M-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus suis (Ide Ssuis ) impairs porcine B cell signaling. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1122808. [PMID: 36875121 PMCID: PMC9980343 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1122808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is an important porcine pathogen, causing severe disease like meningitis and septicemia primarily in piglets. Previous work showed that the IgM-degrading enzyme of S. suis (Ide Ssuis ) specifically cleaves soluble porcine IgM and is involved in complement evasion. The objective of this study was to investigate Ide Ssuis cleavage of the IgM B cell receptor and subsequent changes in B cell receptor mediated signaling. Flow cytometry analysis revealed cleavage of the IgM B cell receptor by recombinant (r) Ide Ssuis _homologue as well as Ide Ssuis derived from culture supernatants of S. suis serotype 2 on porcine PBMCs and mandibular lymph node cells. Point-mutated rIde Ssuis _homologue_C195S did not cleave the IgM B cell receptor. After receptor cleavage by rIde Ssuis _homologue, it took at least 20 h for mandibular lymph node cells to restore the IgM B cell receptor to levels comparable to cells previously treated with rIde Ssuis _homologue_C195S. B cell receptor mediated signaling after specific stimulation via the F(ab')2 portion was significantly inhibited by rIde Ssuis _homologue receptor cleavage in IgM+ B cells, but not in IgG+ B cells. Within IgM+ cells, CD21+ B2 cells and CD21- B1-like cells were equally impaired in their signaling capacity upon rIde Ssuis _homologue B cell receptor cleavage. In comparison, intracellular B cell receptor independent stimulation with tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor pervanadate increased signaling in all investigated B cell types. In conclusion, this study demonstrates Ide Ssuis cleavage efficacy on the IgM B cell receptor and its consequences for B cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Katharina Breitfelder
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Schrödl
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Viktoria Rungelrath
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Georg Baums
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gottfried Alber
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicole Schütze
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uwe Müller
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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38
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Becker HEF, Demers K, Derijks LJJ, Jonkers DMAE, Penders J. Current evidence and clinical relevance of drug-microbiota interactions in inflammatory bowel disease. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1107976. [PMID: 36910207 PMCID: PMC9996055 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1107976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing-remitting disease. An adverse immune reaction toward the intestinal microbiota is involved in the pathophysiology and microbial perturbations are associated with IBD in general and with flares specifically. Although medical drugs are the cornerstone of current treatment, responses vary widely between patients and drugs. The intestinal microbiota can metabolize medical drugs, which may influence IBD drug (non-)response and side effects. Conversely, several drugs can impact the intestinal microbiota and thereby host effects. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current evidence on bidirectional interactions between the microbiota and relevant IBD drugs (pharmacomicrobiomics). Methods Electronic literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane databases to identify relevant publications. Studies reporting on microbiota composition and/or drug metabolism were included. Results The intestinal microbiota can both enzymatically activate IBD pro-drugs (e.g., in case of thiopurines), but also inactivate certain drugs (e.g., mesalazine by acetylation via N-acetyltransferase 1 and infliximab via IgG-degrading enzymes). Aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, thiopurines, calcineurin inhibitors, anti-tumor necrosis factor biologicals and tofacitinib were all reported to alter the intestinal microbiota composition, including changes in microbial diversity and/or relative abundances of various microbial taxa. Conclusion Various lines of evidence have shown the ability of the intestinal microbiota to interfere with IBD drugs and vice versa. These interactions can influence treatment response, but well-designed clinical studies and combined in vivo and ex vivo models are needed to achieve consistent findings and evaluate clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike E F Becker
- Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School of Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Infection Prevention, NUTRIM School of Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Karlijn Demers
- Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School of Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Luc J J Derijks
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Daisy M A E Jonkers
- Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School of Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - John Penders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Infection Prevention, NUTRIM School of Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Infection Prevention, CAPHRI School of Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Lindh T, Collin M, Lood R, Carlquist M. Expression of the Bacterial Enzyme IdeS Using a GFP Fusion in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2674:131-146. [PMID: 37258965 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3243-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial proteases are important enzymes used in several technical applications where controlled cleavage of proteins is needed. They are challenging enzymes to express recombinantly as parts of the proteome can be hydrolyzed by their activity. The eukaryotic model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae is potentially a good expression host as it tolerates several stress conditions and is known to better express insoluble proteins compared to bacterial systems. In this chapter we describe how the protease IdeS from Streptococcus pyogenes can be expressed in S. cerevisiae. The expression of IdeS was followed by constructing a fused protein with GFP and measuring the fluorescence with flow cytometry. The protease presence was confirmed with a Western blot assay and activity was measured with an in vitro assay. To reduce potentially toxic effect on the host cell, the growth and production phases were separated by using the inducible promoter GAL1p to control recombinant gene expression. The protocol provided may be adopted for other bacterial proteases through minor modifications of the fused protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tova Lindh
- Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Genovis AB, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mattias Collin
- Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rolf Lood
- Genovis AB, Lund, Sweden
- Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Magnus Carlquist
- Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Pernow G, Shannon O, Öberg J, Nilson B, Rasmussen M. Platelet Activation and Aggregation Induced by Streptococcus bovis /Streptococcus equinus Complex. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0186122. [PMID: 36374116 PMCID: PMC9769897 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01861-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex (SBSEC) is a common cause of infective endocarditis (IE). For IE-pathogens, the capacity to activate and aggregate platelets is believed to be an important virulence mechanism. While the interactions between bacteria and platelets have been described in detail for many Gram-positive pathogens, little research has been carried out with SBSEC in this respect. Twenty-six isolates of the four most common species and subspecies of SBSEC identified in bacteremia were collected, and interactions with platelets were investigated in platelet rich plasma (PRP) from three donors. Aggregation was studied using light-transmission aggregometry and platelet activation using flow cytometry detecting surface upregulation of CD62P. Platelets and serum were treated with different inhibitors to determine mechanisms involved in platelet aggregation and activation. Twenty-two of 26 isolates induced aggregation in at least one donor, and four isolates induced aggregation in all three donors. In PRP from donor 1, isolate SL1 induced a rapid aggregation with a median time of 70 s to reach 50% aggregation. Blockade of the platelet Fc-receptor or enzymatic cleavage of IgG abolished platelet activation and aggregation. The capacity for bacteria-induced platelet aggregation was also shown to be transferable between donors through serum. SBSEC mediates platelet aggregation in an IgG and IgG-Fc-receptor dependent manner. Bacterial activation of platelets through this pathway is common for many bacteria causing IE and could be a potential therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of this infection. IMPORTANCE The capacity of bacteria to activate and aggregate platelets is believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of IE. The Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex (SBSEC) contains known IE-pathogens, but there is limited research on the different subspecies ability to interact with platelets and what signaling pathways are involved. This study reports that 22 of 26 tested isolates of different subspecies within SBSEC can induce aggregation, and that aggregation is host dependent. The Fc-IgG-receptor pathway was shown essential for platelet activation and aggregation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that reports on platelet interactions of SBSEC-isolates other than Streptococcus gallolyticus subspecies gallolyticus as well as the first study to report of mechanisms of platelet interaction of SBSEC-isolates. It adds SBSEC to a group of bacteria that activate and aggregate platelets via the platelet Fc-receptor. This could be a potential therapeutic target for prevention of IE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Pernow
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Helsingborg Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oonagh Shannon
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jonas Öberg
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Helsingborg Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bo Nilson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Office for Medical Services, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine Lund, Medical Faculty, Lund University, Office for Medical Services, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | - Magnus Rasmussen
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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41
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Sudol ASL, Butler J, Ivory DP, Tews I, Crispin M. Extensive substrate recognition by the streptococcal antibody-degrading enzymes IdeS and EndoS. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7801. [PMID: 36528711 PMCID: PMC9759587 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35340-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic cleavage of IgG antibodies is a common strategy used by pathogenic bacteria to ablate immune effector function. The Streptococcus pyogenes bacterium secretes the protease IdeS and the glycosidase EndoS, which specifically catalyse cleavage and deglycosylation of human IgG, respectively. IdeS has received clinical approval for kidney transplantation in hypersensitised individuals, while EndoS has found application in engineering antibody glycosylation. We present crystal structures of both enzymes in complex with their IgG1 Fc substrate, which was achieved using Fc engineering to disfavour preferential Fc crystallisation. The IdeS protease displays extensive Fc recognition and encases the antibody hinge. Conversely, the glycan hydrolase domain in EndoS traps the Fc glycan in a "flipped-out" conformation, while additional recognition of the Fc peptide is driven by the so-called carbohydrate binding module. In this work, we reveal the molecular basis of antibody recognition by bacterial enzymes, providing a template for the development of next-generation enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail S. L. Sudol
- grid.5491.90000 0004 1936 9297School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - John Butler
- grid.5491.90000 0004 1936 9297School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Dylan P. Ivory
- grid.5491.90000 0004 1936 9297School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Ivo Tews
- grid.5491.90000 0004 1936 9297School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Max Crispin
- grid.5491.90000 0004 1936 9297School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
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Wang Z, Gu J, Xiao K, Zhu W, Lin Y, Wen S, He Q, Xu X, Cai X. Glaesserella parasuis autotransporters EspP1 and EspP2 are novel IgA-specific proteases. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1041774. [PMID: 36590439 PMCID: PMC9797811 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1041774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glaesserella parasuis causes Glässer's disease, which is associated with severe polyarthritis, fibrinous polyserositis and meningitis, and leads to significant economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. IgA is one of the most important humoral immune factors present on mucosal surfaces, and it plays a crucial role in neutralizing and removing pathogens. G. parasuis is able to colonize the mucosal membrane of respiratory tract without being eliminated. Nevertheless, the immune evasion mechanism of G. parasuis in thwarting IgA remains unclear. Aims The object of this study is to characterize the IgA degradation activity of Mac-1-containing autotransporter EspP1 and EspP2 from G. parasuis. Methods The swine IgA was purified and incubated with EspP1 and EspP2 respectively. Western blotting was used to detect the cleavage of swine IgA. Generation of EspP1 and EspP2 mutant protein were used to explore the putative active sites of EspPs. LC-MS/MS based N/C-terminal sequencing was performed to measure the cleavage sites in swine IgA. Result Our results show that G. parasuis EspP1 and EspP2 cleave swine IgA in a dose- and time- dependent manner. G. parasuis lose the IgA protease activity after simultaneously delete espP1 and espP2 indicating that EspP1 and EspP2 are the only two IgA proteases in G. parasuis. The IgA protease activity of EspP1 and EspP2 is affected by the putative active sites which contain Cys47, His172 and Asp194/195. Swine IgA is cleaved within Cα1 and Cα3 domains upon incubation with EspPs. Moreover, EspPs can degrade neither IgG nor IgM while G. parasuis possess the ability to degrade IgM unexpectedly. It suggests that G. parasuis can secrete other proteases to cleave IgM which have never been reported. Conclusion We report for the first time that both EspP1 and EspP2 are novel IgA-specific proteases and cleave swine IgA within the Cα1 and Cα3 domains. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the EspPs-induced immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiayun Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Kunxue Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenlong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Siting Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuwang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Xuwang Cai,
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Bahnan W, Happonen L, Khakzad H, Kumra Ahnlide V, de Neergaard T, Wrighton S, André O, Bratanis E, Tang D, Hellmark T, Björck L, Shannon O, Malmström L, Malmström J, Nordenfelt P. A human monoclonal antibody bivalently binding two different epitopes in streptococcal M protein mediates immune function. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 15:e16208. [PMID: 36507602 PMCID: PMC9906385 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202216208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A streptococci have evolved multiple strategies to evade human antibodies, making it challenging to create effective vaccines or antibody treatments. Here, we have generated antibodies derived from the memory B cells of an individual who had successfully cleared a group A streptococcal infection. The antibodies bind with high affinity in the central region of the surface-bound M protein. Such antibodies are typically non-opsonic. However, one antibody could effectively promote vital immune functions, including phagocytosis and in vivo protection. Remarkably, this antibody primarily interacts through a bivalent dual-Fab cis mode, where the Fabs bind to two distinct epitopes in the M protein. The dual-Fab cis-binding phenomenon is conserved across different groups of M types. In contrast, other antibodies binding with normal single-Fab mode to the same region cannot bypass the M protein's virulent effects. A broadly binding, protective monoclonal antibody could be a candidate for anti-streptococcal therapy. Our findings highlight the concept of dual-Fab cis binding as a means to access conserved, and normally non-opsonic regions, regions for protective antibody targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Bahnan
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Lotta Happonen
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Hamed Khakzad
- Equipe Signalisation Calcique et Infections MicrobiennesÉcole Normale Supérieure Paris‐SaclayGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1282Gif‐sur‐YvetteFrance,Present address:
Université de Lorraine, Inria, LORIANancyFrance
| | - Vibha Kumra Ahnlide
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Therese de Neergaard
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Sebastian Wrighton
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Oscar André
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Eleni Bratanis
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Di Tang
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Thomas Hellmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of NephrologyLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Lars Björck
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Oonagh Shannon
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Lars Malmström
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Johan Malmström
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Pontus Nordenfelt
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
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44
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Butré CI, Delobel A. New 2D-LC–MS Approaches for the Analysis of In-Process Samples and for the Characterization of mAbs in a Regulated Environment. LCGC NORTH AMERICA 2022. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.na.ie6781m8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biologics, and in particular monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), are an important class of therapeutics, and their market share keeps growing. The production of antibodies is a complex and lengthy process. In-process characterization of the mAb would help in optimizing the production steps. Efficiency in mAb characterization can be obtained by automating analysis and reducing hands-on time. Although mass spectrometry (MS) is an essential technique for detailed characterization of biomolecules, its use is limited to purified samples. However, the hyphenation of an MS system to two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) allows for the analysis of more complex samples. The first dimension of a 2D-LC system can be used to purify the sample from its matrix or separate compounds using mobile phases that are not MS-compatible, whereas the second dimension coupled to MS can be used to desalt or separate the different variants or species obtained on the first dimension. A 2D-LC–MS system installed in a full good manufacturing practice (GMP)-compliant environment using validated software was used for the characterization of mAbs in complex mixtures at the intact and subunit levels using a Protein A affinity column with no sample preparation steps. In the second application, MS characterization of mAb subunits was made possible by digestion of the mAb online by an immobilized IdeS enzyme. The addition of a disulfide bridge reduction step online led to analyzing smaller molecules to access fine characterization.
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45
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van Vugt LK, Schagen MR, de Weerd A, Reinders ME, de Winter BC, Hesselink DA. Investigational drugs for the treatment of kidney transplant rejection. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2022; 31:1087-1100. [PMID: 36175360 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2022.2130751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Kidney transplant rejection remains an important clinical problem despite the development of effective immunosuppressive drug combination therapy. Two major types of rejection are recognized, namely T-cell-mediated rejection (TCMR) and antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR), which have a different pathophysiology and are treated differently. Unfortunately, long-term outcomes of both TCMR and ABMR remain unsatisfactory despite current therapy. Hence, alternative therapeutic drugs are urgently needed. AREAS COVERED This review covers novel and investigational drugs for the pharmacological treatment of kidney transplant rejection. Potential therapeutic strategies and future directions are discussed. EXPERT OPINION The development of alternative pharmacologic treatment of rejection has focused mostly on ABMR, since this is the leading cause of kidney allograft loss and currently lacks an effective, evidence-based therapy. At present, there is insufficient high-quality evidence for any of the covered investigational drugs to support their use in ABMR. However, with the emergence of targeted therapies, this potential arises for individualized treatment strategies. In order to generate more high-quality evidence for such strategies and overcome the obstacles of classic, randomized, controlled trials, we advocate the implementation of adaptive trial designs and surrogate clinical endpoints. We believe such adaptive trial designs could help to understand the risks and benefits of promising drugs such as tocilizumab, clazakizumab, belimumab, and imlifidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas K van Vugt
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike R Schagen
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annelies de Weerd
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marlies Ej Reinders
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Brenda Cm de Winter
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis A Hesselink
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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46
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De novo Fc-based receptor dimerizers differentially modulate PlexinB1 function. Structure 2022; 30:1411-1423.e4. [PMID: 35981535 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Signaling by single-pass transmembrane receptors often involves a formation of ligand-induced receptor dimers with particular conformation, and bivalent receptor binders can modulate receptor functions by inducing different receptor dimer conformations, although such agents are difficult to design. Here, we describe the generation of both antagonistic and agonistic receptor dimerizers toward PlexinB1 (PlxnB1), a receptor for semaphorin 4D (Sema4D), by grafting two different PlxnB1-binding peptides onto the human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) Fc protein. The function-modulating activity of a peptide Fc was strongly dependent on the type of the peptide as well as the grafting site, with the best variants showing activity at an nM concentration range. Structural analysis of each peptide-PlxnB1 complex revealed that the agonistic Fc dimerizes PlxnB1 in a face-to-face fashion similar to that induced by Sema4D, whereas antagonistic Fc would induce signaling-incompetent PlxnB1 dimer conformation, enforcing the idea that plexin activation is primarily controlled by the receptor orientation within the dimer.
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47
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Lynch DR, Stringham EN, Zhang B, Balbin-Cuesta G, Curtis BR, Palumbo JS, Greineder CF, Tourdot BE. Anchoring IgG-degrading enzymes to the surface of platelets selectively neutralizes antiplatelet antibodies. Blood Adv 2022; 6:4645-4656. [PMID: 35737875 PMCID: PMC9636316 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022007195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an acquired bleeding disorder characterized by immunoglobulin G (IgG)-mediated platelet destruction. Current therapies primarily focus on reducing antiplatelet antibodies using immunosuppression or increasing platelet production with thrombopoietin mimetics. However, there are no universally safe and effective treatments for patients presenting with severe life-threatening bleeding. The IgG-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus pyogenes (IdeS), a protease with strict specificity for IgG, prevents IgG-driven immune disorders in murine models, including ITP. In clinical trials, IdeS prevented IgG-mediated kidney transplant rejection; however, the concentration of IdeS used to remove pathogenic antibodies causes profound hypogammaglobulinemia, and IdeS is immunogenic, which limits its use. Therefore, this study sought to determine whether targeting IdeS to FcγRIIA, a low-affinity IgG receptor on the surface of platelets, neutrophils, and monocytes, would be a viable strategy to decrease the pathogenesis of antiplatelet IgG and reduce treatment-related complications of nontargeted IdeS. We generated a recombinant protein conjugate by site-specifically linking the C-terminus of a single-chain variable fragment from an FcγRIIA antibody, clone IV.3, to the N-terminus of IdeS (scIV.3-IdeS). Platelets treated with scIV.3-IdeS had reduced binding of antiplatelet IgG from patients with ITP and decreased platelet phagocytosis in vitro, with no decrease in normal IgG. Treatment of mice expressing human FcγRIIA with scIV.3-IdeS reduced thrombocytopenia in a model of ITP and significantly improved the half-life of transfused platelets expressing human FcγRIIA. Together, these data suggest that scIV.3-IdeS can selectively remove pathogenic antiplatelet IgG and may be a potential treatment for patients with ITP and severe bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R. Lynch
- Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Emily N. Stringham
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Boya Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology
- Department of Emergency Medicine
- BioInterfaces Institute
| | - Ginette Balbin-Cuesta
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Brian R. Curtis
- Platelet & Neutrophil Immunology Laboratory
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Joseph S. Palumbo
- Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Colin F. Greineder
- Department of Pharmacology
- Department of Emergency Medicine
- BioInterfaces Institute
| | - Benjamin E. Tourdot
- Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
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48
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Klontz EH. Chop-chop: The future of bacterial enzymes in transfusion medicine. Transfus Med Rev 2022; 36:246-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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49
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Bockermann R, Järnum S, Runström A, Lorant T, Winstedt L, Palmqvist N, Kjellman C. Imlifidase-generated Single-cleaved IgG: Implications for Transplantation. Transplantation 2022; 106:1485-1496. [PMID: 34966107 PMCID: PMC9213077 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Imlifidase is an immunoglobulin G (IgG)-specific protease conditionally approved in the EU for desensitization in highly sensitized crossmatch positive kidney transplant patients. Imlifidase efficiently cleaves both heavy chains of IgG in a 2-step process. However, low levels of the intermediate cleavage product, single-cleaved IgG (scIgG), may persist in the circulation. The study objective was to investigate Fc-mediated effector functions of scIgG and its potential impact on common clinical immunologic assays used to assess transplant eligibility. METHODS Imlifidase-generated scIgG, obtained by in vitro cleavage of HLA-sensitized patient serum or selected antibodies, was investigated in different complement- and FcγR-dependent assays and models, including clinical tests used to evaluate HLA-specific antibodies. RESULTS ScIgG had significantly reduced Fc-mediated effector function compared with intact IgG, although some degree of activity in complement- and FcγR-dependent models was still detectable. A preparation of concentrated scIgG generated from a highly HLA-sensitized individual gave rise to a positive signal in the anti-HLA IgG LABScreen, which uses anti-Fc detection, but was entirely negative in the C1qScreen. The same high-concentration HLA-binding scIgG preparation also generated positive complement-dependent cytotoxicity responses against 80%-100% of donor T and B cells, although follow-up titrations demonstrated a much lower intrinsic activity than for intact anti-HLA IgG. CONCLUSIONS ScIgG has a significantly reduced capacity to mediate Fc-dependent effector functions. However, remaining HLA-reactive scIgG in plasma after imlifidase treatment can cause positive assay results equivalent to intact IgG in clinical assays. Therefore, complete IgG cleavage after imlifidase treatment is essential to allow correct decision-making in relation to transplant eligibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tomas Lorant
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Transplantation Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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50
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Gross DA, Tedesco N, Leborgne C, Ronzitti G. Overcoming the Challenges Imposed by Humoral Immunity to AAV Vectors to Achieve Safe and Efficient Gene Transfer in Seropositive Patients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:857276. [PMID: 35464422 PMCID: PMC9022790 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.857276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major goals of in vivo gene transfer is to achieve long-term expression of therapeutic transgenes in terminally differentiated cells. The extensive clinical experience and the recent approval of Luxturna® (Spark Therapeutics, now Roche) and Zolgensma® (AveXis, now Novartis) place vectors derived from adeno-associated viruses (AAV) among the best options for gene transfer in multiple tissues. Despite these successes, limitations remain to the application of this therapeutic modality in a wider population. AAV was originally identified as a promising virus to derive gene therapy vectors because, despite infecting humans, it was not associated with any evident disease. Thee large proportion of AAV infections in the human population is now revealing as a limitation because after exposure to wild-type AAV, anti-AAV antibodies develops and may neutralize the vectors derived from the virus. Injection of AAV in humans is generally well-tolerated although the immune system can activate after the recognition of AAV vectors capsid and genome. The formation of high-titer neutralizing antibodies to AAV after the first injection precludes vector re-administration. Thus, both pre-existing and post-treatment humoral responses to AAV vectors greatly limit a wider application of this gene transfer modality. Different methods were suggested to overcome this limitation. The extensive preclinical data available and the large clinical experience in the control of AAV vectors immunogenicity are key to clinical translation and to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of these methods and ultimately bring a curative treatment to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David-Alexandre Gross
- Genethon, Evry, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare research unit UMR_S951, Evry, France
| | - Novella Tedesco
- Genethon, Evry, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare research unit UMR_S951, Evry, France
| | - Christian Leborgne
- Genethon, Evry, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare research unit UMR_S951, Evry, France
| | - Giuseppe Ronzitti
- Genethon, Evry, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare research unit UMR_S951, Evry, France
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