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Morrison HA, Eden K, Trusiano B, Rothschild DE, Qin Y, Wade PA, Rowe AJ, Mounzer C, Stephens MC, Hanson KM, Brown SL, Holl EK, Allen IC. NF-κB Inducing Kinase Attenuates Colorectal Cancer by Regulating Noncanonical NF-κB Mediated Colonic Epithelial Cell Regeneration. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 18:101356. [PMID: 38750899 PMCID: PMC11278896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Dysregulated colonic epithelial cell (CEC) proliferation is a critical feature in the development of colorectal cancer. We show that NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) attenuates colorectal cancer through coordinating CEC regeneration/differentiation via noncanonical NF-κB signaling that is unique from canonical NF-kB signaling. METHODS Initial studies evaluated crypt morphology/functionality, organoid generation, transcriptome profiles, and the microbiome. Inflammation and inflammation-induced tumorigenesis were initiated in whole-body NIK knockout mice (Nik-/-) and conditional-knockout mice following administration of azoxymethane and dextran sulfate sodium. RESULTS Human transcriptomic data revealed dysregulated noncanonical NF-kB signaling. In vitro studies evaluating Nik-/- crypts and organoids derived from mature, nondividing CECs, and colonic stem cells exhibited increased accumulation and stunted growth, respectively. Transcriptomic analysis of Nik-/- cells revealed gene expression signatures associated with altered differentiation-regeneration. When assessed in vivo, Nik-/- mice exhibited more severe colitis with dextran sulfate sodium administration and an altered microbiome characterized by increased colitogenic microbiota. In the inflammation-induced tumorigenesis model, we observed both increased tumor burdens and inflammation in mice where NIK is knocked out in CECs (NikΔCEC). Interestingly, this was not recapitulated when NIK was conditionally knocked out in myeloid cells (NikΔMYE). Surprisingly, conditional knockout of the canonical pathway in myeloid cells (RelAΔMYE) revealed decreased tumor burden and inflammation and no significant changes when conditionally knocked out in CECs (RelAΔCEC). CONCLUSIONS Dysregulated noncanonical NF-κB signaling is associated with the development of colorectal cancer in a tissue-dependent manner and defines a critical role for NIK in regulating gastrointestinal inflammation and regeneration associated with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Morrison
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Kristin Eden
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Blacksburg, Virginia; Virginia Tech, Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Brie Trusiano
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Daniel E Rothschild
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Yufeng Qin
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Paul A Wade
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Audrey J Rowe
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Christina Mounzer
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Morgan C Stephens
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Katherine M Hanson
- Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Spartanburg, South Carolina
| | - Stephan L Brown
- Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Spartanburg, South Carolina
| | - Eda K Holl
- Duke University, Department of Surgery, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Irving C Allen
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Blacksburg, Virginia; Virginia Tech, Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, Virginia.
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2
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Boyce BF, Li J, Yao Z, Xing L. Nuclear Factor-Kappa B Regulation of Osteoclastogenesis and Osteoblastogenesis. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2023; 38:504-521. [PMID: 37749800 PMCID: PMC10613774 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2023.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of skeletal integrity requires the coordinated activity of multinucleated bone-resorbing osteoclasts and bone-forming osteoblasts. Osteoclasts form resorption lacunae on bone surfaces in response to cytokines by fusion of precursor cells. Osteoblasts are derived from mesenchymal precursors and lay down new bone in resorption lacunae during bone remodeling. Nuclear factorkappa B (NF-κB) signaling regulates osteoclast and osteoblast formation and is activated in osteoclast precursors in response to the essential osteoclastogenic cytokine, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), which can also control osteoblast formation through RANK-RANKL reverse signaling in osteoblast precursors. RANKL and some pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), activate NF-κB signaling to positively regulate osteoclast formation and functions. However, these cytokines also limit osteoclast and osteoblast formation through NF-κB signaling molecules, including TNF receptor-associated factors (TRAFs). TRAF6 mediates RANKL-induced osteoclast formation through canonical NF-κB signaling. In contrast, TRAF3 limits RANKL- and TNF-induced osteoclast formation, and it restricts transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-induced inhibition of osteoblast formation in young and adult mice. During aging, neutrophils expressing TGFβ and C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) increase in bone marrow of mice in response to increased NF-κB-induced CC motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) expression by mesenchymal progenitor cells and injection of these neutrophils into young mice decreased bone mass. TGFβ causes degradation of TRAF3, resulting in decreased glycogen synthase kinase-3β/β-catenin-mediated osteoblast formation and age-related osteoporosis in mice. The CCR5 inhibitor, maraviroc, prevented accumulation of TGFβ+/CCR5+ neutrophils in bone marrow and increased bone mass by inhibiting bone resorption and increasing bone formation in aged mice. This paper updates current understanding of how NF-κB signaling is involved in the positive and negative regulation of cytokine-mediated osteoclast and osteoblast formation and activation with a focus on the role of TRAF3 signaling, which can be targeted therapeutically to enhance bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan F. Boyce
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jinbo Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Zhenqiang Yao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lianping Xing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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3
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Rohwedder I, Wackerbarth LM, Heinig K, Ballweg A, Altstätter J, Ripphahn M, Nussbaum C, Salvermoser M, Bierschenk S, Straub T, Gunzer M, Schmidt-Supprian M, Kolben T, Schulz C, Ma A, Walzog B, Heinig M, Sperandio M. A20 and the noncanonical NF-κB pathway are key regulators of neutrophil recruitment during fetal ontogeny. JCI Insight 2023; 8:155968. [PMID: 36633909 PMCID: PMC9977499 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Newborns are at high risk of developing neonatal sepsis, particularly if born prematurely. This has been linked to divergent requirements the immune system has to fulfill during intrauterine compared with extrauterine life. By transcriptomic analysis of fetal and adult neutrophils, we shed new light on the molecular mechanisms of neutrophil maturation and functional adaption during fetal ontogeny. We identified an accumulation of differentially regulated genes within the noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway accompanied by constitutive nuclear localization of RelB and increased surface expression of TNF receptor type II in fetal neutrophils, as well as elevated levels of lymphotoxin α in fetal serum. Furthermore, we found strong upregulation of the negative inflammatory regulator A20 (Tnfaip3) in fetal neutrophils, which was accompanied by pronounced downregulation of the canonical NF-κB pathway. Functionally, overexpressing A20 in Hoxb8 cells led to reduced adhesion of these neutrophil-like cells in a flow chamber system. Conversely, mice with a neutrophil-specific A20 deletion displayed increased inflammation in vivo. Taken together, we have uncovered constitutive activation of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway with concomitant upregulation of A20 in fetal neutrophils. This offers perfect adaption of neutrophil function during intrauterine fetal life but also restricts appropriate immune responses particularly in prematurely born infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Rohwedder
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter-Brendel-Center of Experimental Medicine, Biomedical Center Munich, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Lou Martha Wackerbarth
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter-Brendel-Center of Experimental Medicine, Biomedical Center Munich, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Kristina Heinig
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter-Brendel-Center of Experimental Medicine, Biomedical Center Munich, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Annamaria Ballweg
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter-Brendel-Center of Experimental Medicine, Biomedical Center Munich, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Johannes Altstätter
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter-Brendel-Center of Experimental Medicine, Biomedical Center Munich, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Myriam Ripphahn
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter-Brendel-Center of Experimental Medicine, Biomedical Center Munich, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Claudia Nussbaum
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Salvermoser
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter-Brendel-Center of Experimental Medicine, Biomedical Center Munich, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Susanne Bierschenk
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter-Brendel-Center of Experimental Medicine, Biomedical Center Munich, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tobias Straub
- Core Facility Bioinformatics, Biomedical Center Munich, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Matthias Gunzer
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | | | | | - Christian Schulz
- Medical Clinic I, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Averil Ma
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Barbara Walzog
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter-Brendel-Center of Experimental Medicine, Biomedical Center Munich, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Matthias Heinig
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Informatics, TU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Sperandio
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter-Brendel-Center of Experimental Medicine, Biomedical Center Munich, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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4
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Papoutsopoulou S, Tang J, Elramli AH, Williams JM, Gupta N, Ikuomola FI, Sheibani-Tezerji R, Alam MT, Hernández-Fernaud JR, Caamaño JH, Probert CS, Muller W, Duckworth CA, Pritchard DM. Nfkb2 deficiency and its impact on plasma cells and immunoglobulin expression in murine small intestinal mucosa. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 323:G306-G317. [PMID: 35916405 PMCID: PMC9485003 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00037.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The alternative (noncanonical) nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway predominantly regulates the function of the p52/RelB heterodimer. Germline Nfkb2 deficiency in mice leads to loss of p100/p52 protein and offers protection against a variety of gastrointestinal conditions, including azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis-associated cancer and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced small intestinal epithelial apoptosis. However, the common underlying protective mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. We applied high-throughput RNA-Seq and proteomic analyses to characterize the transcriptional and protein signatures of the small intestinal mucosa of naïve adult Nfkb2-/- mice. Those data were validated by immunohistochemistry and quantitative ELISA using both small intestinal tissue lysates and serum. We identified a B-lymphocyte defect as a major transcriptional signature in the small intestinal mucosa and immunoglobulin A as the most downregulated protein by proteomic analysis in Nfkb2-/- mice. Small intestinal immunoglobulins were dramatically dysregulated, with undetectable levels of immunoglobulin A and greatly increased amounts of immunoglobulin M being detected. The numbers of IgA-producing, cluster of differentiation (CD)138-positive plasma cells were also reduced in the lamina propria of the small intestinal villi of Nfkb2-/- mice. This phenotype was even more striking in the small intestinal mucosa of RelB-/- mice, although these mice were equally sensitive to LPS-induced intestinal apoptosis as their RelB+/+ wild-type counterparts. NF-κB2/p52 deficiency confers resistance to LPS-induced small intestinal apoptosis and also appears to regulate the plasma cell population and immunoglobulin levels within the gut.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Novel transcriptomic analysis of murine proximal intestinal mucosa revealed an unexpected B cell signature in Nfkb2-/- mice. In-depth analysis revealed a defect in the CD38+ B cell population and a gut-specific dysregulation of immunoglobulin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatia Papoutsopoulou
- 1Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, grid.10025.36University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom,2Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Joseph Tang
- 1Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, grid.10025.36University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed H. Elramli
- 1Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, grid.10025.36University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom,3Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Jonathan M. Williams
- 1Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, grid.10025.36University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom,4Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal
Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Nitika Gupta
- 1Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, grid.10025.36University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Felix I. Ikuomola
- 1Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, grid.10025.36University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mohammad T. Alam
- 6Warwick Medical School, Bioinformatics RTP, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom,7Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Juan R. Hernández-Fernaud
- 6Warwick Medical School, Bioinformatics RTP, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom,8Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Jorge H. Caamaño
- 9College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Chris S. Probert
- 1Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, grid.10025.36University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Werner Muller
- 10Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Carrie A. Duckworth
- 1Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, grid.10025.36University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - D. Mark Pritchard
- 1Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, grid.10025.36University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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5
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Wang B, Shen J. NF-κB Inducing Kinase Regulates Intestinal Immunity and Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:895636. [PMID: 35833111 PMCID: PMC9271571 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.895636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal immunity and homeostasis are maintained through the regulation of cytokine trafficking, microbiota, necrosis and apoptosis. Intestinal immunity and homeostasis participate in host defenses and inflammatory responses locally or systemically through the gut-organ axis. NF-κB functions as a crucial transcription factor mediating the expression of proteins related to the immune responses. The activation of NF-κB involves two major pathways: canonical and non-canonical. The canonical pathway has been extensively studied and reviewed. Here, we present the current knowledge of NIK, a pivotal mediator of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway and its role in intestinal immunity and homeostasis. This review also discusses the novel role of NIK signaling in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingran Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Ottawa-Shanghai Joint School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Ottawa-Shanghai Joint School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Shen,
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6
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LTα, TNF, and ILC3 in Peyer's Patch Organogenesis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121970. [PMID: 35741098 PMCID: PMC9221848 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
TNF and LTα are structurally related cytokines of the TNF superfamily. Their genes are located in close proximity to each other and to the Ltb gene within the TNF/LT locus inside MHC. Unlike Ltb, transcription of Tnf and of Lta is tightly controlled, with the Tnf gene being an immediate early gene that is rapidly induced in response to various inflammatory stimuli. Genes of the TNF/LT locus play a crucial role in lymphoid tissue organogenesis, although some aspects of their specific contribution remain controversial. Here, we present new findings and discuss the distinct contribution of TNF produced by ILC3 cells to Peyer’s patch organogenesis.
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7
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Pisani LF, Tontini G, Vecchi M, Croci GA, Pastorelli L. NF-kB pathway is involved in microscopic colitis pathogenesis. J Int Med Res 2022; 50:3000605221080104. [PMID: 35301900 PMCID: PMC8935566 DOI: 10.1177/03000605221080104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential inflammatory pathways involved in the development of microscopic colitis (MC). METHODS This prospective study analysed human intestinal tissue that was collected and classified as healthy controls (HC), microscopic colitis (MC) and ulcerative colitis (UC). An RT2 Profiler PCR Array for human inflammatory response and autoimmunity was used to evaluate the expression of 84 specific genes related to the inflammatory and autoimmunity pathways. Data were validated by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction on an independent group of MC intestinal tissue samples. RESULTS This study measured the expression of inflammatory genes in HC (n = 10), in patients with MC (n = 8) and in patients with active UC (n = 10). Of the 84 genes included in the array, the expression of the C-C motif chemokine ligand 19, C-C motif chemokine ligand 21, lymphotoxin beta and complement C3 genes that are involved in the non-canonical nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-kB) pathway was increased by 2.96, 6.05, 5.96 and 5.93 times in MC compared with HC, respectively. These results were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that an impairment of the non-canonical NF-kB pathway is involved in the development of MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Francesca Pisani
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
- Laura Francesca Pisani, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Malan, San Donato Milanese, Lombardy 20097, Milano, Italy.
| | - Gianeugenio Tontini
- Department of Medical-Surgical Physiopathology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Vecchi
- Department of Medical-Surgical Physiopathology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgio Alberto Croci
- Department of Medical-Surgical Physiopathology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Pastorelli
- Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milano, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine Ospedale San Paolo, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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8
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The Immune Underpinnings of Barrett's-Associated Adenocarcinogenesis: a Retrial of Nefarious Immunologic Co-Conspirators. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 13:1297-1315. [PMID: 35123116 PMCID: PMC8933845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
There is no doubt that chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease increases the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) by several fold (odds ratio, 6.4; 95% CI, 4.6-9.1), and some relationships between reflux disease-mediated inflammation and oncogenic processes have been explored; however, the precise interconnections between the immune response and genomic instabilities underlying these pathologic processes only now are emerging. Furthermore, the precise cell of origin of the precancerous stages associated with EAC development, Barrett's esophagus, be it cardia resident or embryonic remnant, may shape our interpretation of the likely immune drivers. This review integrates the current collective knowledge of the immunology underlying EAC development and outlines a framework connecting proinflammatory pathways, such as those mediated by interleukin 1β, tumor necrosis factor α, leukemia inhibitory factor, interleukin 6, signal transduction and activator of transcription 3, nuclear factor-κB, cyclooxygenase-2, and transforming growth factor β, with oncogenic pathways in the gastroesophageal reflux disease-Barrett's esophagus-EAC cancer sequence. Further defining these immune and molecular railroads may show a map of the routes taken by gastroesophageal cells on their journey toward EAC tumor phylogeny. The selective pressures applied by this immune-induced journey likely impact the phenotype and genotype of the resulting oncogenic destination and further exploration of lesser-defined immune drivers may be useful in future individualized therapies or enhanced selective application of recent immune-driven therapeutics.
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9
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Ghosh G, Wang VYF. Origin of the Functional Distinctiveness of NF-κB/p52. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:764164. [PMID: 34888310 PMCID: PMC8650618 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.764164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription regulators of the NF-κB family have emerged as a critical factor affecting the function of various adult tissues. The NF-κB family transcription factors are homo- and heterodimers made up of five monomers (p50, p52, RelA, cRel and RelB). The family is distinguished by sequence homology in their DNA binding and dimerization domains, which enables them to bind similar DNA response elements and participate in similar biological programs through transcriptional activation and repression of hundreds of genes. Even though the family members are closely related in terms of sequence and function, they all display distinct activities. In this review, we discuss the sequence characteristics, protein and DNA interactions, and pathogenic involvement of one member of family, NF-κB/p52, relative to that of other members. We pinpoint the small sequence variations within the conserved region that are mostly responsible for its distinct functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourisankar Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Vivien Ya-Fan Wang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China.,Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
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10
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Brischetto C, Krieger K, Klotz C, Krahn I, Kunz S, Kolesnichenko M, Mucka P, Heuberger J, Scheidereit C, Schmidt-Ullrich R. NF-κB determines Paneth versus goblet cell fate decision in the small intestine. Development 2021; 148:273388. [PMID: 34751748 PMCID: PMC8627599 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although the role of the transcription factor NF-κB in intestinal inflammation and tumor formation has been investigated extensively, a physiological function of NF-κB in sustaining intestinal epithelial homeostasis beyond inflammation has not been demonstrated. Using NF-κB reporter mice, we detected strong NF-κB activity in Paneth cells, in ‘+4/+5’ secretory progenitors and in scattered Lgr5+ crypt base columnar stem cells of small intestinal (SI) crypts. To examine NF–κB functions in SI epithelial self-renewal, mice or SI crypt organoids (‘mini-guts’) with ubiquitously suppressed NF-κB activity were used. We show that NF-κB activity is dispensable for maintaining SI epithelial proliferation, but is essential for ex vivo organoid growth. Furthermore, we demonstrate a dramatic reduction of Paneth cells in the absence of NF-κB activity, concomitant with a significant increase in goblet cells and immature intermediate cells. This indicates that NF-κB is required for proper Paneth versus goblet cell differentiation and for SI epithelial homeostasis, which occurs via regulation of Wnt signaling and Sox9 expression downstream of NF-κB. The current study thus presents evidence for an important role for NF-κB in intestinal epithelial self-renewal. Summary: The transcription factor NF-κB, together with downstream Wnt and Sox9, is required for Paneth and goblet cell fate decisions and for maintenance of the small intestinal stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Brischetto
- Signal Transduction in Tumor Cells, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Krieger
- Signal Transduction in Tumor Cells, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Klotz
- Unit for Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch-Institute (RKI), 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Inge Krahn
- Signal Transduction in Tumor Cells, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Séverine Kunz
- CF Electron Microscopy, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Kolesnichenko
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Mucka
- Signal Transduction in Tumor Cells, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Heuberger
- Signal Transduction in Development and Cancer, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany.,Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Charité University Medicine, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claus Scheidereit
- Signal Transduction in Tumor Cells, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruth Schmidt-Ullrich
- Signal Transduction in Tumor Cells, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
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11
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Mockenhaupt K, Gonsiewski A, Kordula T. RelB and Neuroinflammation. Cells 2021; 10:1609. [PMID: 34198987 PMCID: PMC8307460 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation within the central nervous system involves multiple cell types that coordinate their responses by secreting and responding to a plethora of inflammatory mediators. These factors activate multiple signaling cascades to orchestrate initial inflammatory response and subsequent resolution. Activation of NF-κB pathways in several cell types is critical during neuroinflammation. In contrast to the well-studied role of p65 NF-κB during neuroinflammation, the mechanisms of RelB activation in specific cell types and its roles during neuroinflammatory response are less understood. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of RelB activation in specific cell types of the CNS and the specialized effects this transcription factor exerts during neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tomasz Kordula
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VI 23298, USA; (K.M.); (A.G.)
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12
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Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 Regulates Genes Necessary for Intestinal Microfold Cell (M Cell) Development. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:873-889. [PMID: 34058415 PMCID: PMC8346665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Microfold cells (M cells) are immunosurveillance epithelial cells located in the Peyer's patches (PPs) in the intestine and are responsible for monitoring and transcytosis of antigens, microorganisms, and pathogens. Mature M cells use the receptor glycoprotein 2 (GP2) to aid in transcytosis. Recent studies have shown transcription factors, Spi-B and SRY-Box Transcription Factor 8 (Sox8). are necessary for M-cell differentiation, but not sufficient. An exhaustive set of factors sufficient for differentiation and development of a mature GP2+ M cell remains elusive. Our aim was to understand the role of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) as an epigenetic regulator of M-cell development. Estrogen-related-receptor γ (Esrrg), identified as a PRC2-regulated gene, was studied in depth, in addition to its relationship with Spi-B and Sox8. METHODS Comparative chromatin immunoprecipitation and global run-on sequencing analysis of mouse intestinal organoids were performed in stem condition, enterocyte conditions, and receptor activator of nuclear factor κ B ligand-induced M-cell condition. Esrrg, which was identified as one of the PRC2-regulated transcription factors, was studied in wild-type mice and knocked out in intestinal organoids using guide RNA's. Sox8 null mice were used to study Esrrg and its relation to Sox8. RESULTS chromatin immunoprecipitation and global run-on sequencing analysis showed 12 novel PRC2 regulated transcription factors, PRC2-regulated Esrrg is a novel M-cell-specific transcription factor acting on a receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand-receptor activator of nuclear factor κB-induced nuclear factor-κB pathway, upstream of Sox8, and necessary but not sufficient for a mature M-cell marker of Gp2 expression. CONCLUSIONS PRC2 regulates a significant set of genes in M cells including Esrrg, which is critical for M-cell development and differentiation. Loss of Esrrg led to an immature M-cell phenotype lacking in Sox8 and Gp2 expression. Transcript profiling: the data have been deposited in the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus database (GSE157629).
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13
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Aoyama S, Nakagawa R, Mulé JJ, Mailloux AW. Inducible Tertiary Lymphoid Structures: Promise and Challenges for Translating a New Class of Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:675538. [PMID: 34054863 PMCID: PMC8160316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.675538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are ectopically formed aggregates of organized lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells that occur in solid tissues as part of a chronic inflammation response. Sharing structural and functional characteristics with conventional secondary lymphoid organs (SLO) including discrete T cell zones, B cell zones, marginal zones with antigen presenting cells, reticular stromal networks, and high endothelial venues (HEV), TLS are prominent centers of antigen presentation and adaptive immune activation within the periphery. TLS share many signaling axes and leukocyte recruitment schemes with SLO regarding their formation and function. In cancer, their presence confers positive prognostic value across a wide spectrum of indications, spurring interest in their artificial induction as either a new form of immunotherapy, or as a means to augment other cell or immunotherapies. Here, we review approaches for inducible (iTLS) that utilize chemokines, inflammatory factors, or cellular analogues vital to TLS formation and that often mirror conventional SLO organogenesis. This review also addresses biomaterials that have been or might be suitable for iTLS, and discusses remaining challenges facing iTLS manufacturing approaches for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Aoyama
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Nakagawa
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - James J. Mulé
- Immunology Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
- Cutaneous Oncology Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Adam W. Mailloux
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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14
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Clathrin- and dynamin-dependent endocytosis limits canonical NF-κB signaling triggered by lymphotoxin β receptor. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:176. [PMID: 33148272 PMCID: PMC7640449 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00664-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lymphotoxin β receptor (LTβR) is a member of tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily which regulates the immune response. At the cellular level, upon ligand binding, the receptor activates the pro-inflammatory NF-κB and AP-1 pathways. Yet, the intracellular distribution of LTβR, the routes of its endocytosis and their connection to the signaling activation are not characterized. Here, we investigated the contribution of LTβR internalization to its signaling potential. Methods Intracellular localization of LTβR in unstimulated and stimulated cells was analyzed by confocal microscopy. Endocytosis impairment was achieved through siRNA- or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated depletion, or chemical inhibition of proteins regulating endocytic routes. The activation of LTβR-induced signaling was examined. The levels of effector proteins of the canonical and non-canonical branches of the NF-κB pathway, and the phosphorylation of JNK, Akt, ERK1/2, STAT1 and STAT3 involved in diverse signaling cascades, were measured by Western blotting. A transcriptional response to LTβR stimulation was assessed by qRT-PCR analysis. Results We demonstrated that LTβR was predominantly present on endocytic vesicles and the Golgi apparatus. The ligand-bound pool of the receptor localized to endosomes and was trafficked towards lysosomes for degradation. Depletion of regulators of different endocytic routes (clathrin-mediated, dynamin-dependent or clathrin-independent) resulted in the impairment of LTβR internalization, indicating that this receptor uses multiple entry pathways. Cells deprived of clathrin and dynamins exhibited enhanced activation of canonical NF-κB signaling represented by increased degradation of IκBα inhibitor and elevated expression of LTβR target genes. We also demonstrated that clathrin and dynamin deficiency reduced to some extent LTβR-triggered activation of the non-canonical branch of the NF-κB pathway. Conclusions Our work shows that the impairment of clathrin- and dynamin-dependent internalization amplifies a cellular response to LTβR stimulation. We postulate that receptor internalization restricts responsiveness of the cell to subthreshold stimuli. Video Abstract
Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary information Supplementary information accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s12964-020-00664-0.
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15
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Ji B, Zhang Y, Zhen C, Fagan MJ, Yang Q. Mathematical modeling of canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathways in TNF stimulation. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 196:105677. [PMID: 32795746 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE NF-κB can be activated by the canonical and non-canonical pathways. These two pathways interplay via the TRAF1|NIK complex after stimulation by TNF. However existing mathematical models of two pathways are inadequate. In this context, an improved mathematical model is constructed to simulate these two pathways and their coupling stimulated by TNF. METHODS A schematic description of two NF-κB pathways and their relation after TNF stimulation is constructed at first. Then twenty-eight ordinary differential equations are utilized to build the mathematical model. Model equations are solved via the ordinary differential equation solver (ode23). RESULTS The proposed model firstly reconstructs the changes in concentrations of NF-κB pathway related biochemical factors with time, and further investigates the underlying mechanism of interaction between two pathways through the TRAF1|NIK complex after stimulation. CONCLUSIONS The model is validated through good agreement between simulation results and published experimental observations. This study helps to well understand the canonical and non-canonical pathways and their interaction. It also provides a potential tool to investigate how the dysregulated pathways act in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Ji
- School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China
| | - Yao Zhang
- School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China
| | - Changqing Zhen
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, PR China
| | | | - Qing Yang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, PR China.
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16
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Yu H, Lin L, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Hu H. Targeting NF-κB pathway for the therapy of diseases: mechanism and clinical study. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:209. [PMID: 32958760 PMCID: PMC7506548 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00312-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 824] [Impact Index Per Article: 206.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
NF-κB pathway consists of canonical and non-canonical pathways. The canonical NF-κB is activated by various stimuli, transducing a quick but transient transcriptional activity, to regulate the expression of various proinflammatory genes and also serve as the critical mediator for inflammatory response. Meanwhile, the activation of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway occurs through a handful of TNF receptor superfamily members. Since the activation of this pathway involves protein synthesis, the kinetics of non-canonical NF-κB activation is slow but persistent, in concordance with its biological functions in the development of immune cell and lymphoid organ, immune homeostasis and immune response. The activation of the canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathway is tightly controlled, highlighting the vital roles of ubiquitination in these pathways. Emerging studies indicate that dysregulated NF-κB activity causes inflammation-related diseases as well as cancers, and NF-κB has been long proposed as the potential target for therapy of diseases. This review attempts to summarize our current knowledge and updates on the mechanisms of NF-κB pathway regulation and the potential therapeutic application of inhibition of NF-κB signaling in cancer and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Liangbin Lin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Huiyuan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.
| | - Hongbo Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.
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17
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Comprehensive Targeted Sequencing Identifies Monogenic Disorders in Patients With Early-onset Refractory Diarrhea. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2020; 71:333-339. [PMID: 32487952 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000002796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Causes of early-onset refractory diarrhea include exudative diarrhea associated with very early-onset inflammatory bowel diseases, osmotic or secretory diarrhea, and protein-losing enteropathy. Monogenic disorders are included in these diseases, yet a comprehensive genetic analysis has not been fully established. METHODS We established targeted gene panels covering all responsible genes for early-onset diarrhea. In total, 108 patients from 15 institutions were enrolled in this study. We collected clinical data from all patients. Seventy-three patients with exudative diarrhea, 4 with osmotic or secretory diarrhea and 8 with protein-losing enteropathy were subjected to genetic analysis. RESULTS A total of 15 out of the 108 enrolled patients (13.9%) were identified as monogenic. We identified 1 patient with RELA, 2 with TNFAIP3, 1 with CTLA4, 1 with SLCO2A1, 4 with XIAP, 3 with IL10RA, 1 with HPS1, 1 with FOXP3, and 1 with CYBB gene mutations. We also identified 1 patient with NFKB2 and 1 with TERT mutations from the gene panel for primary immunodeficiency syndromes. The patient with refractory diarrhea caused by heterozygous truncated RelA protein expression is the first case identified worldwide, and functional analysis revealed that the mutation affected nuclear factor kappa B signaling. Genotypes were significantly associated with the clinical and pathological findings in each patient. CONCLUSIONS We identified variable monogenic diseases in the patients and found that genes responsible for primary immunodeficiency diseases were frequently involved in molecular pathogenesis. Comprehensive genetic analysis was useful for accurate molecular diagnosis, understanding of underlying pathogenesis, and selecting the optimal treatment for patients with early-onset refractory diarrhea.An infographic for this article is available at: http://links.lww.com/MPG/B853.
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Yang MG, Sun L, Han J, Zheng C, Liang H, Zhu J, Jin T. Biological characteristics of transcription factor RelB in different immune cell types: implications for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Mol Brain 2019; 12:115. [PMID: 31881915 PMCID: PMC6935142 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-019-0532-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor RelB is a member of the nuclear factror-kappa B (NF-κB) family, which plays a crucial role in mediating immune responses. Plenty of studies have demonstrated that RelB actively contributes to lymphoid organ development, dendritic cells maturation and function and T cells differentiation, as well as B cell development and survival. RelB deficiency may cause a variety of immunological disorders in both mice and humans. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system which involves a board of immune cell populations. Thereby, RelB may exert an impact on MS by modulating the functions of dendritic cells and the differentiation of T cells and B cells. Despite intensive research, the role of RelB in MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, is still unclear. Herein, we give an overview of the biological characters of RelB, summarize the updated knowledge regarding the role of RelB in different cell types that contribute to MS pathogenesis and discuss the potential RelB-targeted therapeutic implications for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ge Yang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jinming Han
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China.,Present address: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chao Zheng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Hudong Liang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China.
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19
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Banach-Orłowska M, Wyszyńska R, Pyrzyńska B, Maksymowicz M, Gołąb J, Miączyńska M. Cholesterol restricts lymphotoxin β receptor-triggered NF-κB signaling. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:171. [PMID: 31878945 PMCID: PMC6933913 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0460-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphotoxin β receptor (LTβR) plays important roles in the development of the immune system and immune response. At the cellular level, ligand-bound LTβR activates the pro-inflammatory NF-κB pathway but the detailed mechanisms regulating its signaling remain unknown. Understanding them is of high importance since LTβR and its ligands are promising therapeutic targets. Here, we studied the consequences of perturbed cellular cholesterol content on LTβR-induced NF-κB signaling. METHODS To modulate cholesterol availability and/or level in lung carcinoma A549 and H2228, and endothelial HUVEC cells different treatment regimens with filipin, methyl-β-cyclodextrin and simvastatin were applied. LTβR localization was studied by confocal microscopy. The activity of LTβR-induced NF-κB pathway was assessed by measuring the levels of NF-κB pathway inhibitor IκBα and phosphorylation of RelA transcription factor by Western blotting. The NF-κB transcriptional response, production of chemokines and adhesion molecules were examined by qRT-PCR, ELISA, and Western blotting, respectively. Adherence of different types of primary immune cells to epithelial A549 cells and endothelial HUVECs was measured fluorometrically. Interactions of LTβR with its protein partners were investigated by immunoprecipitation. RESULTS We showed that filipin-mediated sequestration of cholesterol or its depletion from the plasma membrane with methyl-β-cyclodextrin impaired LTβR internalization and potentiated LTβR-dependent activation of the canonical branch of the NF-κB pathway. The latter was manifested by enhanced degradation of IκBα inhibitor, elevated RelA phosphorylation, substantial increase in the expression of NF-κB target genes encoding, among others, cytokines and adhesion molecules known to play important roles in immune response. It was followed by robust secretion of CXCL8 and upregulation of ICAM1, that favored the adhesion of immune cells (NK and T cells, neutrophils) to A549 cells and HUVECs. Mechanistically, we showed that cholesterol depletion stabilized interactions of ligand-stimulated LTβR with modified forms of TRAF2 and NEMO proteins. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that the reduction of the plasma membrane content of cholesterol or its sequestration strongly potentiated signaling outcome initiated by LTβR. Thus, drugs modulating cholesterol levels could potentially improve efficacy of LTβR-based therapies. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Banach-Orłowska
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Renata Wyszyńska
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Pyrzyńska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Maksymowicz
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Gołąb
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Miączyńska
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
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20
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Pareek S, Traboulsi H, Allard B, Rico de Souza A, Eidelman DH, Baglole CJ. Pulmonary neutrophilia caused by absence of the NF-κB member RelB is dampened by exposure to cigarette smoke. Mol Immunol 2019; 114:395-409. [PMID: 31476634 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a response to injury and infection. Although protective under physiological conditions, excessive and persistent inflammation is linked to numerous diseases. As the lungs are continuously exposed to the external environment, the respiratory system is particularly liable to damage from inflammation. RelB is a member of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway that may control lung inflammation caused by cigarette smoke (CS), a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Our lab has previously shown that RelB protects against CS-induced inflammation in vitro, leading us to hypothesize that RelB would protect against acute CS-induced pulmonary inflammation in vivo. We exposed wild-type (Relb+/+) and RelB-deficient mice (Relb-/-) mice to room air or to CS and found that CS exposure caused a sustained decrease in pulmonary granulocytes in Relb-/- mice that was predominated by a decrease in neutrophils. Pulmonary inflammation caused by other irritants, including chlorine, ovalbumin (OVA; to mimic features of asthma) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was not controlled by RelB. Differential cytokine analysis suggests that alterations in chemotactic cytokines do not fully account for the CS-specific decrease in neutrophils in Relb-/- mice. Flow cytometric analysis of the bronchoalveolar lavage and bone marrow cells also reveal that it is unlikely that the sustained decrease is caused by excessive cell death or decreased hematopoiesis from the bone marrow. Overall, our results indicate that RelB regulates acute CS-induced pulmonary inflammation. Understanding how RelB regulates CS-induced inflammation may potentiate the discovery of new therapeutic strategies for many of the inflammatory diseases caused by CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Pareek
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Departments of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hussein Traboulsi
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benoit Allard
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Angela Rico de Souza
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Carolyn J Baglole
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Departments of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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21
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Gupta AS, Biswas DD, Brown LSN, Mockenhaupt K, Marone M, Hoskins A, Siebenlist U, Kordula T. A detrimental role of RelB in mature oligodendrocytes during experimental acute encephalomyelitis. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:161. [PMID: 31362762 PMCID: PMC6664766 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1548-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). It is firmly established that overactivation of the p65 (RelA) nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) transcription factor upregulates expression of inflammatory mediators in both immune and non-immune resident CNS cells and promotes inflammation during MS. In contrast to p65, NF-κB family member RelB regulates immune cell development and can limit inflammation. Although RelB expression is induced during inflammation in the CNS, its role in MS remains unknown. Methods To examine the role of RelB in non-immune CNS cells, we generated mice with RelB specifically deleted in astrocytes (RelBΔAST), oligodendrocytes (RelBΔOLIGO), or neural progenitor-derived cells (RelBΔNP). We used experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an accepted mouse model of MS, to assess the effect of RelB deletion on disease outcomes and performed analysis on the histological, cellular, and molecular level. Results Despite being a negative regulator of inflammation, conditional knockout of RelB in non-immune resident CNS cells surprisingly decreased the severity of EAE. This protective effect was recapitulated by conditional deletion of RelB in oligodendrocytes but not astrocytes. Deletion of RelB in oligodendrocytes reduced disease severity, promoted survival of mature oligodendrocytes, and correlated with increased activation of p65 NF-κB. Conclusions These findings suggest that RelB fine tunes inflammation and cell death/survival during EAE. Importantly, our data points out the detrimental role RelB plays in controlling survival of mature oligodendrocytes, which could be explored as a viable option to treat MS in the future. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1548-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela S Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Debolina D Biswas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - La Shardai N Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Karli Mockenhaupt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Michael Marone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Andrew Hoskins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Ulrich Siebenlist
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tomasz Kordula
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
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Dillon A, Lo DD. M Cells: Intelligent Engineering of Mucosal Immune Surveillance. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1499. [PMID: 31312204 PMCID: PMC6614372 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
M cells are specialized intestinal epithelial cells that provide the main machinery for sampling luminal microbes for mucosal immune surveillance. M cells are usually found in the epithelium overlying organized mucosal lymphoid tissues, but studies have identified multiple distinct lineages of M cells that are produced under different conditions, including intestinal inflammation. Among these lineages there is a common morphology that helps explain the efficiency of M cells in capturing luminal bacteria and viruses; in addition, M cells recruit novel cellular mechanisms to transport the particles across the mucosal barrier into the lamina propria, a process known as transcytosis. These specializations used by M cells point to a novel engineering of cellular machinery to selectively capture and transport microbial particles of interest. Because of the ability of M cells to effectively violate the mucosal barrier, the circumstances of M cell induction have important consequences. Normal immune surveillance insures that transcytosed bacteria are captured by underlying myeloid/dendritic cells; in contrast, inflammation can induce development of new M cells not accompanied by organized lymphoid tissues, resulting in bacterial transcytosis with the potential to amplify inflammatory disease. In this review, we will discuss our own perspectives on the life history of M cells and also raise a few questions regarding unique aspects of their biology among epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dillon
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - David D Lo
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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23
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Mitchell S, Hoffmann A. Substrate complex competition is a regulatory motif that allows NFκB RelA to license but not amplify NFκB RelB. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:10592-10597. [PMID: 31048505 PMCID: PMC6535030 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1816000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling pathways often share molecular components, tying the activity of one pathway to the functioning of another. In the NFκB signaling system, distinct kinases mediate inflammatory and developmental signaling via RelA and RelB, respectively. Although the substrates of the developmental, so-called noncanonical, pathway are induced by inflammatory/canonical signaling, crosstalk is limited. Through dynamical systems modeling, we identified the underlying regulatory mechanism. We found that as the substrate of the noncanonical kinase NIK, the nfkb2 gene product p100, transitions from a monomer to a multimeric complex, it may compete with and inhibit p100 processing to the active p52. Although multimeric complexes of p100 (IκBδ) are known to inhibit preexisting RelA:p50 through sequestration, here we report that p100 complexes can inhibit the enzymatic formation of RelB:p52. We show that the dose-response systems properties of this complex substrate competition motif are poorly accounted for by standard Michaelis-Menten kinetics, but require more detailed mass action formulations. In sum, although tonic inflammatory signaling is required for adequate expression of the noncanonical pathway precursors, the substrate complex competition motif identified here can prevent amplification of the active RelB:p52 dimer in elevated inflammatory conditions to ensure reliable RelB-dependent developmental signaling independent of inflammatory context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Mitchell
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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24
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Ramakrishnan SK, Zhang H, Ma X, Jung I, Schwartz AJ, Triner D, Devenport SN, Das NK, Xue X, Zeng MY, Hu Y, Mortensen RM, Greenson JK, Cascalho M, Wobus CE, Colacino JA, Nunez G, Rui L, Shah YM. Intestinal non-canonical NFκB signaling shapes the local and systemic immune response. Nat Commun 2019; 10:660. [PMID: 30737385 PMCID: PMC6368617 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08581-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfold cells (M-cells) are specialized cells of the intestine that sample luminal microbiota and dietary antigens to educate the immune cells of the intestinal lymphoid follicles. The function of M-cells in systemic inflammatory responses are still unclear. Here we show that epithelial non-canonical NFkB signaling mediated by NFkB-inducing kinase (NIK) is highly active in intestinal lymphoid follicles, and is required for M-cell maintenance. Intestinal NIK signaling modulates M-cell differentiation and elicits both local and systemic IL-17A and IgA production. Importantly, intestinal NIK signaling is active in mouse models of colitis and patients with inflammatory bowel diseases; meanwhile, constitutive NIK signaling increases the susceptibility to inflammatory injury by inducing ectopic M-cell differentiation and a chronic increase of IL-17A. Our work thus defines an important function of non-canonical NFkB and M-cells in immune homeostasis, inflammation and polymicrobial sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huabing Zhang
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Michigan, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Xiaoya Ma
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Michigan, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Inkyung Jung
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Michigan, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Andrew J Schwartz
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Michigan, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Daniel Triner
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Michigan, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Samantha N Devenport
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Michigan, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Nupur K Das
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Michigan, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Xiang Xue
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Michigan, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Melody Y Zeng
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yinling Hu
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Richard M Mortensen
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Michigan, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Joel K Greenson
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Marilia Cascalho
- Transplantation Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Christiane E Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Justin A Colacino
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Gabriel Nunez
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Liangyou Rui
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Michigan, MI, 48109, USA
- Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yatrik M Shah
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Michigan, MI, 48109, USA.
- Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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25
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Bogdanova D, Takeuchi A, Ozawa M, Kanda Y, Rahman MA, Ludewig B, Kinashi T, Katakai T. Essential Role of Canonical NF-κB Activity in the Development of Stromal Cell Subsets in Secondary Lymphoid Organs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:3580-3586. [PMID: 30397032 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Organized tissue structure in the secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) tightly depends on the development of fibroblastic stromal cells (FSCs) of mesenchymal origin; however, the mechanisms of this relationship are poorly understood. In this study, we specifically inactivated the canonical NF-κB pathway in FSCs in vivo by conditionally inducing IκBα mutant in a Ccl19-IκBSR mouse system in which NF-κB activity is likely to be suppressed in fetal FSC progenitors. Given that NF-κB activation in fetal FSCs is essential for SLO development, the animals were expected to lack SLOs. However, all SLOs were preserved in Ccl19-IκBSR mice. Instead, the T cell area was severely disturbed by the lack of CCL21-expressing FSCs, whereas the follicles and associated FSC networks were formed. Fate mapping revealed that IκBSR-expressing cells constituted only a small fraction of stromal compartment outside the follicles. Taken together, our findings indicate an essential role of the canonical NF-κB pathway activity in the development of three FSC subsets common to SLOs and suggest transient or stochastic CCL19 expression in FSC progenitors and a compensatory differentiation program of follicular FSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Bogdanova
- Department of Immunology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Arata Takeuchi
- Department of Immunology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Madoka Ozawa
- Department of Immunology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kanda
- Department of Immunology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - M Azizur Rahman
- Department of Immunology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, CH-9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland; and
| | - Tatsuo Kinashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Tomoya Katakai
- Department of Immunology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan;
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STIM- and Orai-mediated calcium entry controls NF-κB activity and function in lymphocytes. Cell Calcium 2018; 74:131-143. [PMID: 30048879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The central role of Ca2+ signaling in the development of functional immunity and tolerance is well established. These signals are initiated by antigen binding to cognate receptors on lymphocytes that trigger store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). The underlying mechanism of SOCE in lymphocytes involves TCR and BCR mediated activation of Stromal Interaction Molecule 1 and 2 (STIM1/2) molecules embedded in the ER membrane leading to their activation of Orai channels in the plasma membrane. STIM/Orai dependent Ca2+ signals guide key antigen induced lymphocyte development and function principally through direct regulation of Ca2+ dependent transcription factors. The role of Ca2+ signaling in NFAT activation and signaling is well known and has been studied extensively, but a wide appreciation and mechanistic understanding of how Ca2+ signals also shape the activation and specificity of NF-κB dependent gene expression has lagged. Here we discuss and interpret what is known about Ca2+ dependent mechanisms of NF-kB activation, including what is known and the gaps in our understanding of how these signals control lymphocyte development and function.
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27
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Noncanonical NF-κB in Cancer. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6020066. [PMID: 29874793 PMCID: PMC6027307 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6020066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The NF-κB pathway is a critical regulator of immune responses and is often dysregulated in cancer. Two NF-κB pathways have been described to mediate these responses, the canonical and the noncanonical. While understudied compared to the canonical NF-κB pathway, noncanonical NF-κB and its components have been shown to have effects, usually protumorigenic, in many different cancer types. Here, we review noncanonical NF-κB pathways and discuss its important roles in promoting cancer. We also discuss alternative NF-κB-independent functions of some the components of noncanonical NF-κB signaling. Finally, we discuss important crosstalk between canonical and noncanonical signaling, which blurs the two pathways, indicating that understanding the full picture of NF-κB regulation is critical to deciphering how this broad pathway promotes oncogenesis.
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28
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Andreas N, Riemann M, Castro CN, Groth M, Koliesnik I, Engelmann C, Sparwasser T, Kamradt T, Haenold R, Weih F. A new RelB-dependent CD117 + CD172a + murine DC subset preferentially induces Th2 differentiation and supports airway hyperresponses in vivo. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:923-936. [PMID: 29485182 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The NF-κB transcription factor subunit RelB is important for the full activation of conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) during T-cell-dependent immune responses. Although the number of splenic DCs is greatly reduced in RelBnull mice, the cause and consequences of this deficiency are currently unknown. To circumvent the impact of the pleiotropic defects in RelBnull mice we used a reporter model for RelB expression (RelBKatushka mice) and conditionally deleted RelB in DCs (RelBCD11c-Cre mice). Thereby, we can show here that RelB is essential for the differentiation of a CD117+ CD172a+ cDC subpopulation that highly expresses RelB. Surprisingly, these DCs depend on p50 for their development and are negatively regulated by a constitutive p52 activation in absence of p100. The absence of p52/p100 had no influence on the homeostasis of CD117+ CD172a+ cDCs. RelB-dependent CD117+ CD172a+ DCs strongly induce the production of the type 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13, as well as GM-CSF from naïve Th cells. Consequently, mice lacking RelB in cDCs show an attenuated bronchial hyperresponsiveness with reduced eosinophil infiltration. Taken together, we have identified a new splenic RelB-dependent CD117+ CD172a+ cDC population that preferentially induces Th2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Andreas
- Research Group Immunology, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Marc Riemann
- Research Group Immunology, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Carla N Castro
- Institute of Infection Immunology/TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research GmbH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marco Groth
- High-Throughput Sequencing (HTS) Core Facility, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Ievgen Koliesnik
- Research Group Immunology, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Engelmann
- Research Group Immunology, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Institute of Infection Immunology/TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research GmbH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Kamradt
- Institute of Immunology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Ronny Haenold
- Research Group Immunology, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Falk Weih
- Research Group Immunology, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
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29
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Xiao X, Putatunda R, Zhang Y, Soni PV, Li F, Zhang T, Xin M, Luo JJ, Bethea JR, Cheng Y, Hu W. Lymphotoxin β receptor-mediated NFκB signaling promotes glial lineage differentiation and inhibits neuronal lineage differentiation in mouse brain neural stem/progenitor cells. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:49. [PMID: 29463313 PMCID: PMC5819232 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1074-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphotoxin (LT) is a lymphokine mainly expressed in lymphocytes. LTα binds one or two membrane-associated LTβ to form LTα2β1 or LTα1β2 heterotrimers. The predominant LTα1β2 binds to LTβ receptor (LTβR) primarily expressed in epithelial and stromal cells. Most studies on LTβR signaling have focused on the organization, development, and maintenance of lymphoid tissues. However, the roles of LTβR signaling in the nervous system, particularly in neurogenesis, remain unknown. Here, we investigated the role of LTβR-mediated NFκB signaling in regulating neural lineage differentiation. METHODS The C57BL/6J wild-type and GFAP-dnIκBα transgenic mice were used. Serum-free embryoid bodies were cultured from mouse embryonic stem cells and further induced into neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs/NPCs). Primary neurospheres were cultured from embryonic and adult mouse brains followed by monolayer culture for amplification/passage. NFκB activation was determined by adenovirus-mediated NFκB-firefly-luciferase reporter assay and p65/RelB/p52 nuclear translocation assay. LTβR mRNA expression was evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR and LTβR protein expression was determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. Multilabeled immunocytochemistry or immunohistochemistry followed by fluorescent confocal microscopy and quantitative analysis of neural lineage differentiation were performed. Graphing and statistical analysis were performed with GraphPad Prism software. RESULTS In cultured NSCs/NPCs, LTα1β2 stimulation induced an activation of classical and non-classical NFκB signaling. The expression of LTβR-like immunoreactivity in GFAP+/Sox2+ NSCs was identified in well-established neurogenic zones of adult mouse brain. Quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis validated the expression of LTβR in cultured NSCs/NPCs and brain neurogenic regions. LTβR expression was significantly increased during neural induction. LTα1β2 stimulation in cultured NSCs/NPCs promoted astroglial and oligodendrocytic lineage differentiation, but inhibited neuronal lineage differentiation. Astroglial NFκB inactivation in GFAP-dnIκBα transgenic mice rescued LTβR-mediated abnormal phenotypes of cultured NSCs/NPCs. CONCLUSION This study provides the first evidence for the expression and function of LTβR signaling in NSCs/NPCs. Activation of LTβR signaling promotes glial lineage differentiation. Our results suggest that neurogenesis is regulated by the adaptive immunity and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Raj Putatunda
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Priya V Soni
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Fang Li
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ting Zhang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Mingyang Xin
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jin Jun Luo
- Department of Neurology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3401 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John R Bethea
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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30
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Kanaya T, Sakakibara S, Jinnohara T, Hachisuka M, Tachibana N, Hidano S, Kobayashi T, Kimura S, Iwanaga T, Nakagawa T, Katsuno T, Kato N, Akiyama T, Sato T, Williams IR, Ohno H. Development of intestinal M cells and follicle-associated epithelium is regulated by TRAF6-mediated NF-κB signaling. J Exp Med 2018; 215:501-519. [PMID: 29339448 PMCID: PMC5789402 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
TRAF6 is essential for RANK-mediated NF-κB activation and is involved in the development of several types of cells. Kanaya et al. demonstrate that RANK–TRAF6-mediated NF-κB is essential for the development of M cells and FAE. M cells are located in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) that covers Peyer’s patches (PPs) and are responsible for the uptake of intestinal antigens. The differentiation of M cells is initiated by receptor activator of NF-κB. However, the intracellular pathways involved in M cell differentiation are still elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that the NF-κB pathway activated by RANK is essential for M cell differentiation using in vitro organoid culture. Overexpression of NF-κB transcription factors enhances the expression of M cell–associated molecules but is not sufficient to complete M cell differentiation. Furthermore, we evaluated the requirement for tumor necrosis factor receptor–associated factor 6 (TRAF6). Conditional deletion of TRAF6 in the intestinal epithelium causes a complete loss of M cells in PPs, resulting in impaired antigen uptake into PPs. In addition, the expression of FAE-associated genes is almost silenced in TRAF6-deficient mice. This study thus demonstrates the crucial role of TRAF6-mediated NF-κB signaling in the development of M cells and FAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kanaya
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.,Division of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Life Science, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sayuri Sakakibara
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshi Jinnohara
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.,Division of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Life Science, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masami Hachisuka
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.,Division of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Life Science, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoko Tachibana
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shinya Hidano
- Department of Infectious Diseases Control, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of Infectious Diseases Control, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kimura
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Iwanaga
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoo Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Katsuno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naoya Kato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Taishin Akiyama
- Laboratory for Immune Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshiro Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ifor R Williams
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan .,Division of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Life Science, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
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Miraghazadeh B, Cook MC. Nuclear Factor-kappaB in Autoimmunity: Man and Mouse. Front Immunol 2018; 9:613. [PMID: 29686669 PMCID: PMC5900062 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-κB (nuclear factor-kappa B) is a transcription complex crucial for host defense mediated by innate and adaptive immunity, where canonical NF-κB signaling, mediated by nuclear translocation of RelA, c-Rel, and p50, is important for immune cell activation, differentiation, and survival. Non-canonical signaling mediated by nuclear translocation of p52 and RelB contributes to lymphocyte maturation and survival and is also crucial for lymphoid organogenesis. We outline NF-κB signaling and regulation, then summarize important molecular contributions of NF-κB to mechanisms of self-tolerance. We relate these mechanisms to autoimmune phenotypes described in what is now a substantial catalog of immune defects conferred by mutations in NF-κB pathways in mouse models. Finally, we describe Mendelian autoimmune syndromes arising from human NF-κB mutations, and speculate on implications for understanding sporadic autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Miraghazadeh
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- Translational Research Unit, Canberra Hospital, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Matthew C. Cook
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- Translational Research Unit, Canberra Hospital, Acton, ACT, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Canberra Hospital, Acton, ACT, Australia
- *Correspondence: Matthew C. Cook,
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32
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Mukherjee T, Chatterjee B, Dhar A, Bais SS, Chawla M, Roy P, George A, Bal V, Rath S, Basak S. A TNF-p100 pathway subverts noncanonical NF-κB signaling in inflamed secondary lymphoid organs. EMBO J 2017; 36:3501-3516. [PMID: 29061763 PMCID: PMC5709727 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201796919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphotoxin-beta receptor (LTβR) present on stromal cells engages the noncanonical NF-κB pathway to mediate RelB-dependent expressions of homeostatic chemokines, which direct steady-state ingress of naïve lymphocytes to secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs). In this pathway, NIK promotes partial proteolysis of p100 into p52 that induces nuclear translocation of the RelB NF-κB heterodimers. Microbial infections often deplete homeostatic chemokines; it is thought that infection-inflicted destruction of stromal cells results in the downregulation of these chemokines. Whether inflammation per se also regulates these processes remains unclear. We show that TNF accumulated upon non-infectious immunization of mice similarly downregulates the expressions of these chemokines and consequently diminishes the ingress of naïve lymphocytes in inflamed SLOs. Mechanistically, TNF inactivated NIK in LTβR-stimulated cells and induced the synthesis of Nfkb2 mRNA encoding p100; these together potently accumulated unprocessed p100, which attenuated the RelB activity as inhibitory IκBδ. Finally, a lack of p100 alleviated these TNF-mediated inhibitions in inflamed SLOs of immunized Nfkb2-/- mice. In sum, we reveal that an inhibitory TNF-p100 pathway modulates the adaptive compartment during immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Mukherjee
- Systems Immunology Laboratory National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Budhaditya Chatterjee
- Systems Immunology Laboratory National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, IIT-Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Atika Dhar
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sachendra S Bais
- Systems Immunology Laboratory National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Meenakshi Chawla
- Systems Immunology Laboratory National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Payel Roy
- Systems Immunology Laboratory National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Anna George
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Vineeta Bal
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Soumen Basak
- Systems Immunology Laboratory National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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33
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Mitchell JP, Carmody RJ. NF-κB and the Transcriptional Control of Inflammation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 335:41-84. [PMID: 29305014 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The NF-κB transcription factor was discovered 30 years ago and has since emerged as the master regulator of inflammation and immune homeostasis. It achieves this status by means of the large number of important pro- and antiinflammatory factors under its transcriptional control. NF-κB has a central role in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and autoimmunity, as well as diseases comprising a significant inflammatory component such as cancer and atherosclerosis. Here, we provide an overview of the studies that form the basis of our understanding of the role of NF-κB subunits and their regulators in controlling inflammation. We also describe the emerging importance of posttranslational modifications of NF-κB in the regulation of inflammation, and highlight the future challenges faced by researchers who aim to target NF-κB transcriptional activity for therapeutic benefit in treating chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer P Mitchell
- Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis Centre of Excellence, Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ruaidhrí J Carmody
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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34
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The non-canonical NF-κB pathway in immunity and inflammation. NATURE REVIEWS. IMMUNOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28580957 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2017.52)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) family of transcription factors is activated by canonical and non-canonical signalling pathways, which differ in both signalling components and biological functions. Recent studies have revealed important roles for the non-canonical NF-κB pathway in regulating different aspects of immune functions. Defects in non-canonical NF-κB signalling are associated with severe immune deficiencies, whereas dysregulated activation of this pathway contributes to the pathogenesis of various autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Here we review the signalling mechanisms and the biological function of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway. We also discuss recent progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms regulating non-canonical NF-κB pathway activation, which may provide new opportunities for therapeutic strategies.
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35
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Petersheim D, Massaad MJ, Lee S, Scarselli A, Cancrini C, Moriya K, Sasahara Y, Lankester AC, Dorsey M, Di Giovanni D, Bezrodnik L, Ohnishi H, Nishikomori R, Tanita K, Kanegane H, Morio T, Gelfand EW, Jain A, Secord E, Picard C, Casanova JL, Albert MH, Torgerson TR, Geha RS. Mechanisms of genotype-phenotype correlation in autosomal dominant anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immune deficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28629746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal dominant anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immune deficiency (AD EDA-ID) is caused by heterozygous point mutations at or close to serine 32 and serine 36 or N-terminal truncations in IκBα that impair its phosphorylation and degradation and thus activation of the canonical nuclear factor κ light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway. The outcome of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is poor in patients with AD EDA-ID despite achievement of chimerism. Mice heterozygous for the serine 32I mutation in IκBα have impaired noncanonical NF-κB activity and defective lymphorganogenesis. OBJECTIVE We sought to establish genotype-phenotype correlation in patients with AD EDA-ID. METHODS A disease severity scoring system was devised. Stability of IκBα mutants was examined in transfected cells. Immunologic, biochemical, and gene expression analyses were performed to evaluate canonical and noncanonical NF-κB signaling in skin-derived fibroblasts. RESULTS Disease severity was greater in patients with IκBα point mutations than in those with truncation mutations. IκBα point mutants were expressed at significantly higher levels in transfectants compared with truncation mutants. Canonical NF-κB-dependent IL-6 secretion and upregulation of the NF-κB subunit 2/p100 and RELB proto-oncogene, NF-κB subunit (RelB) components of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway were diminished significantly more in patients with point mutations compared with those with truncations. Noncanonical NF-κB-driven generation of the transcriptionally active p100 cleavage product p52 and upregulation of CCL20, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), which are important for lymphorganogenesis, were diminished significantly more in LPS plus α-lymphotoxin β receptor-stimulated fibroblasts from patients with point mutations compared with those with truncations. CONCLUSIONS IκBα point mutants accumulate at higher levels compared with truncation mutants and are associated with more severe disease and greater impairment of canonical and noncanonical NF-κB activity in patients with AD EDA-ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Petersheim
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Michel J Massaad
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Saetbyul Lee
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Alessia Scarselli
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, and University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Cancrini
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, and University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Yoji Sasahara
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University, Tohoku, Japan
| | - Arjan C Lankester
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Morna Dorsey
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Daniela Di Giovanni
- Immunology Service, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana Bezrodnik
- Immunology Service, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Kay Tanita
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kanegane
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Morio
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Erwin W Gelfand
- Immunodeficiency Diagnosis and Treatment Program, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Ashish Jain
- Merck Research Laboratories Boston, Boston, Mass
| | - Elizabeth Secord
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Mich
| | - Capucine Picard
- Pediatric Hematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker Hospital, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Pediatric Hematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker Hospital, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France; St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Michael H Albert
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Dr von Hauner University Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Troy R Torgerson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash
| | - Raif S Geha
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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36
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Abstract
The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) family of transcription factors is activated by canonical and non-canonical signalling pathways, which differ in both signalling components and biological functions. Recent studies have revealed important roles for the non-canonical NF-κB pathway in regulating different aspects of immune functions. Defects in non-canonical NF-κB signalling are associated with severe immune deficiencies, whereas dysregulated activation of this pathway contributes to the pathogenesis of various autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Here we review the signalling mechanisms and the biological function of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway. We also discuss recent progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms regulating non-canonical NF-κB pathway activation, which may provide new opportunities for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Cong Sun
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Heath Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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37
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Keogh CE, Scholz CC, Rodriguez J, Selfridge AC, von Kriegsheim A, Cummins EP. Carbon dioxide-dependent regulation of NF-κB family members RelB and p100 gives molecular insight into CO 2-dependent immune regulation. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:11561-11571. [PMID: 28507099 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.755090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CO2 is a physiological gas normally produced in the body during aerobic respiration. Hypercapnia (elevated blood pCO2 >≈50 mm Hg) is a feature of several lung pathologies, e.g. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Hypercapnia is associated with increased susceptibility to bacterial infections and suppression of inflammatory signaling. The NF-κB pathway has been implicated in these effects; however, the molecular mechanisms underpinning cellular sensitivity of the NF-κB pathway to CO2 are not fully elucidated. Here, we identify several novel CO2-dependent changes in the NF-κB pathway. NF-κB family members p100 and RelB translocate to the nucleus in response to CO2 A cohort of RelB protein-protein interactions (e.g. with Raf-1 and IκBα) are altered by CO2 exposure, although others are maintained (e.g. with p100). RelB is processed by CO2 in a manner dependent on a key C-terminal domain located in its transactivation domain. Loss of the RelB transactivation domain alters NF-κB-dependent transcriptional activity, and loss of p100 alters sensitivity of RelB to CO2 Thus, we provide molecular insight into the CO2 sensitivity of the NF-κB pathway and implicate altered RelB/p100-dependent signaling in the CO2-dependent regulation of inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara E Keogh
- From the School of Medicine and Conway Institute and
| | - Carsten C Scholz
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,the Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Javier Rodriguez
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,the Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, Scotland, United Kingdom, and
| | | | - Alexander von Kriegsheim
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,the Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, Scotland, United Kingdom, and
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38
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Castanedo GM, Blaquiere N, Beresini M, Bravo B, Brightbill H, Chen J, Cui HF, Eigenbrot C, Everett C, Feng J, Godemann R, Gogol E, Hymowitz S, Johnson A, Kayagaki N, Kohli PB, Knüppel K, Kraemer J, Krüger S, Loke P, McEwan P, Montalbetti C, Roberts DA, Smith M, Steinbacher S, Sujatha-Bhaskar S, Takahashi R, Wang X, Wu LC, Zhang Y, Staben ST. Structure-Based Design of Tricyclic NF-κB Inducing Kinase (NIK) Inhibitors That Have High Selectivity over Phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K). J Med Chem 2017; 60:627-640. [PMID: 28005357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We report here structure-guided optimization of a novel series of NF-κB inducing kinase (NIK) inhibitors. Starting from a modestly potent, low molecular weight lead, activity was improved by designing a type 11/2 binding mode that accessed a back pocket past the methionine-471 gatekeeper. Divergent binding modes in NIK and PI3K were exploited to dampen PI3K inhibition while maintaining NIK inhibition within these series. Potent compounds were discovered that selectively inhibit the nuclear translocation of NF-κB2 (p52/REL-B) but not canonical NF-κB1 (REL-A/p50).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole Blaquiere
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Maureen Beresini
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Brandon Bravo
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hans Brightbill
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jacob Chen
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hai-Feng Cui
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd . 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, P.R. China
| | - Charles Eigenbrot
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Christine Everett
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jianwen Feng
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Robert Godemann
- Manfred Eigen Campus, Evotec AG , Essener Bogen, 22419 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Emily Gogol
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sarah Hymowitz
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Adam Johnson
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Nobuhiko Kayagaki
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Pawan Bir Kohli
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kathleen Knüppel
- Manfred Eigen Campus, Evotec AG , Essener Bogen, 22419 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Kraemer
- Manfred Eigen Campus, Evotec AG , Essener Bogen, 22419 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susan Krüger
- Manfred Eigen Campus, Evotec AG , Essener Bogen, 22419 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pui Loke
- Evotec (U.K.) Ltd , 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon OX14 4Rz, U.K
| | - Paul McEwan
- Evotec (U.K.) Ltd , 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon OX14 4Rz, U.K
| | | | - David A Roberts
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Myron Smith
- Evotec (U.K.) Ltd , 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon OX14 4Rz, U.K
| | - Stefan Steinbacher
- Proteros Biostructures GmbH , Bunsenstrasse 7a, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Ryan Takahashi
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- Manfred Eigen Campus, Evotec AG , Essener Bogen, 22419 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lawren C Wu
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yamin Zhang
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd . 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, P.R. China
| | - Steven T Staben
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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39
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Chatterjee B, Banoth B, Mukherjee T, Taye N, Vijayaragavan B, Chattopadhyay S, Gomes J, Basak S. Late-phase synthesis of IκBα insulates the TLR4-activated canonical NF-κB pathway from noncanonical NF-κB signaling in macrophages. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra120. [PMID: 27923915 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaf1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) transcription factors coordinate the inflammatory immune response during microbial infection. Pathogenic substances engage canonical NF-κB signaling through the heterodimer RelA:p50, which is subjected to rapid negative feedback by inhibitor of κBα (IκBα). The noncanonical NF-κB pathway is required for the differentiation of immune cells; however, cross-talk between both pathways can occur. Concomitantly activated noncanonical signaling generates p52 from the p100 precursor. The synthesis of p100 is induced by canonical signaling, leading to the formation of the late-acting RelA:p52 heterodimer. This cross-talk prolongs inflammatory RelA activity in epithelial cells to ensure pathogen clearance. We found that the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-activated canonical NF-κB signaling pathway is insulated from lymphotoxin β receptor (LTβR)-induced noncanonical signaling in mouse macrophage cell lines. Combined computational and biochemical studies indicated that the extent of NF-κB-responsive expression of Nfkbia, which encodes IκBα, inversely correlated with cross-talk. The Nfkbia promoter showed enhanced responsiveness to NF-κB activation in macrophages compared to that in fibroblasts. We found that this hyperresponsive promoter engaged the RelA:p52 dimer generated during costimulation of macrophages through TLR4 and LTβR to trigger synthesis of IκBα at late time points, which prevented the late-acting RelA cross-talk response. Together, these data suggest that, despite the presence of identical signaling networks in cells of diverse lineages, emergent cross-talk between signaling pathways is subject to cell type-specific regulation. We propose that the insulation of canonical and noncanonical NF-κB pathways limits the deleterious effects of macrophage-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Budhaditya Chatterjee
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India.,Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, IIT-Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Balaji Banoth
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Tapas Mukherjee
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
| | | | - Bharath Vijayaragavan
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
| | | | - James Gomes
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, IIT-Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Soumen Basak
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
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40
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Sehgal A, Kobayashi A, Donaldson DS, Mabbott NA. c-Rel is dispensable for the differentiation and functional maturation of M cells in the follicle-associated epithelium. Immunobiology 2016; 222:316-326. [PMID: 27663963 PMCID: PMC5152706 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
M cells reside within the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) overlying the gut-associated lymphoid tissues. These unique phagocytic epithelial cells enable the mucosal immune system to sample antigens within the lumen of the intestine. The differentiation of M cells from uncommitted precursors in the FAE is dependent on the production of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) by subepithelial stromal cells. The ligation of a variety of cell surface receptors activates the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) family of transcription factors which in-turn induce the transcription of multiple target genes. RANKL-stimulation can stimulate the nuclear translocation of the NF-κB subunit c-Rel. We therefore used c-Rel-deficient mice to determine whether the differentiation and functional maturation of M cells in the Peyer's patches was dependent on c-Rel. Our data show that c-Rel-deficiency does not influence the expression of RANKL or RANK in Peyer's patches, or the induction of M-cell differentiation in the FAE. RANKL-stimulation in the differentiating M cells induces the expression of SpiB which is essential for their subsequent maturation. However, SpiB expression in the FAE was also unaffected in the absence of c-Rel. As a consequence, the functional maturation of M cells was not impaired in the Peyer's patches of c-Rel-deficient mice. Although our data showed that the specific expression of CCL20 and ubiquitin D in the FAE was not impeded in the absence of c-Rel, the expression of ubiquitin D was dramatically reduced in the B cell-follicles of c-Rel-deficient mice. Coincident with this, we also observed that the status of follicular dendritic cells in the B cell-follicles was dramatically reduced in Peyer's patches from c-Rel-deficient mice. Taken together, our data show that c-Rel is dispensable for the RANKL-mediated differentiation and functional maturation of M cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Sehgal
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - David S Donaldson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
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41
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Merga YJ, O'Hara A, Burkitt MD, Duckworth CA, Probert CS, Campbell BJ, Pritchard DM. Importance of the alternative NF-κB activation pathway in inflammation-associated gastrointestinal carcinogenesis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G1081-90. [PMID: 27102559 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00026.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a common factor in the development of many gastrointestinal malignancies. Examples include inflammatory bowel disease predisposing to colorectal cancer, Barrett's esophagus as a precursor of esophageal adenocarcinoma, and Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric cancer. The classical activation pathway of NF-κB signaling has been identified as regulating several sporadic and inflammation-associated gastrointestinal tract malignancies. Emerging evidence suggests that the alternative NF-κB signaling pathway also exerts a distinct influence on these processes. This review brings together current knowledge of the role of the alternative NF-κB signaling pathway in the gastrointestinal tract, with a particular emphasis on inflammation-associated cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette J Merga
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian O'Hara
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D Burkitt
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Carrie A Duckworth
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher S Probert
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Barry J Campbell
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - D Mark Pritchard
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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42
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Baud V, Collares D. Post-Translational Modifications of RelB NF-κB Subunit and Associated Functions. Cells 2016; 5:cells5020022. [PMID: 27153093 PMCID: PMC4931671 DOI: 10.3390/cells5020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of NF-κB transcription factors plays a key role in diverse biological processes, such as inflammatory and immune responses, cell survival and tumor development. Beyond the classical NF-κB activation pathway, a second NF-κB pathway has more recently been uncovered, the so-called alternative NF-κB activation pathway. It has been shown that this pathway mainly controls the activity of RelB, a member of the NF-κB family. Post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, ubiquitination and SUMOylation, have recently emerged as a strategy for the fine-tuned regulation of NF-κB. Our review discusses recent progress in the understanding of RelB regulation by post-translational modifications and the associated functions in normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Baud
- NF-κB, Differentiation and Cancer, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France.
| | - Davi Collares
- NF-κB, Differentiation and Cancer, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
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43
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Al-Sadi R, Guo S, Ye D, Rawat M, Ma TY. TNF-α Modulation of Intestinal Tight Junction Permeability Is Mediated by NIK/IKK-α Axis Activation of the Canonical NF-κB Pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:1151-65. [PMID: 26948423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, a key mediator of intestinal inflammation, causes an increase in intestinal epithelial tight junction (TJ) permeability by activating myosin light chain kinase (MLCK; official name MYLK3) gene. However, the precise signaling cascades that mediate the TNF-α-induced activation of MLCK gene and increase in TJ permeability remain unclear. Our aims were to delineate the upstream signaling mechanisms that regulate the TNF-α modulation of intestinal TJ barrier function with the use of in vitro and in vivo intestinal epithelial model systems. TNF-α caused a rapid activation of both canonical and noncanonical NF-κB pathway. NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-1 (MEKK-1) were activated in response to TNF-α. NIK mediated the TNF-α activation of inhibitory κB kinase (IKK)-α, and MEKK1 mediated the activation of IKK complex, including IKK-β. NIK/IKK-α axis regulated the activation of both NF-κB p50/p65 and RelB/p52 pathways. Surprisingly, the siRNA induced knockdown of NIK, but not MEKK-1, prevented the TNF-α activation of both NF-κB p50/p65 and RelB/p52 and the increase in intestinal TJ permeability. Moreover, NIK/IKK-α/NF-κB p50/p65 axis mediated the TNF-α-induced MLCK gene activation and the subsequent MLCK increase in intestinal TJ permeability. In conclusion, our data show that NIK/IKK-α/regulates the activation of NF-κB p50/p65 and plays an integral role in the TNF-α-induced activation of MLCK gene and increase in intestinal TJ permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Al-Sadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine and Albuquerque Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Shuhong Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine and Albuquerque Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Dongmei Ye
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine and Albuquerque Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Manmeet Rawat
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine and Albuquerque Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Thomas Y Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine and Albuquerque Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
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Vallabhapurapu SD, Noothi SK, Pullum DA, Lawrie CH, Pallapati R, Potluri V, Kuntzen C, Khan S, Plas DR, Orlowski RZ, Chesi M, Kuehl WM, Bergsagel PL, Karin M, Vallabhapurapu S. Transcriptional repression by the HDAC4-RelB-p52 complex regulates multiple myeloma survival and growth. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8428. [PMID: 26455434 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although transcriptional activation by NF-κB is well appreciated, physiological importance of transcriptional repression by NF-κB in cancer has remained elusive. Here we show that an HDAC4-RelB-p52 complex maintains repressive chromatin around proapoptotic genes Bim and BMF and regulates multiple myeloma (MM) survival and growth. Disruption of RelB-HDAC4 complex by a HDAC4-mimetic polypeptide blocks MM growth. RelB-p52 also represses BMF translation by regulating miR-221 expression. While the NIK-dependent activation of RelB-p52 in MM has been reported, we show that regardless of the activation status of NIK and the oncogenic events that cause plasma cell malignancy, several genetically diverse MM cells including Bortezomib-resistant MM cells are addicted to RelB-p52 for survival. Importantly, RelB is constitutively phosphorylated in MM and ERK1 is a RelB kinase. Phospho-RelB remains largely nuclear and is essential for Bim repression. Thus, ERK1-dependent regulation of nuclear RelB is critical for MM survival and explains the NIK-independent role of RelB in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrahmanya D Vallabhapurapu
- The Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | - Sunil K Noothi
- The Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | - Derek A Pullum
- The Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | - Charles H Lawrie
- Department of Oncology, Biodonostia Research Institute, San Sebastián 20014, Spain.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Rachel Pallapati
- The Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | - Veena Potluri
- The Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | - Christian Kuntzen
- Department of Medicine, Bridgeport Hospital, 267 Grant Street, Bridgeport, Connecticut 06610, USA
| | - Sohaib Khan
- The Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | - David R Plas
- The Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | - Robert Z Orlowski
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Marta Chesi
- Department of Hematology/Oncology , Mayo Clinic, 13400 E. Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA
| | - W Michael Kuehl
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 37, Room 6002C, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - P Leif Bergsagel
- Department of Hematology/Oncology , Mayo Clinic, 13400 E. Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Sivakumar Vallabhapurapu
- The Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
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45
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Non-canonical NF-κB signalling and ETS1/2 cooperatively drive C250T mutant TERT promoter activation. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:1327-38. [PMID: 26389665 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional reactivation of TERT, the catalytic subunit of telomerase, is necessary for cancer progression in about 90% of human cancers. The recent discovery of two prevalent somatic mutations-C250T and C228T-in the TERT promoter in various cancers has provided insight into a plausible mechanism of TERT reactivation. Although the two hotspot mutations create a similar binding motif for E-twenty-six (ETS) transcription factors, we show that they are functionally distinct, in that the C250T unlike the C228T TERT promoter is driven by non-canonical NF-κB signalling. We demonstrate that binding of ETS to the mutant TERT promoter is insufficient in driving its transcription but this process requires non-canonical NF-κB signalling for stimulus responsiveness, sustained telomerase activity and hence cancer progression. Our findings highlight a previously unrecognized role of non-canonical NF-κB signalling in tumorigenesis and elucidate a fundamental mechanism for TERT reactivation in cancers, which if targeted could have immense therapeutic implications.
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46
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Brightbill HD, Jackman JK, Suto E, Kennedy H, Jones C, Chalasani S, Lin Z, Tam L, Roose-Girma M, Balazs M, Austin CD, Lee WP, Wu LC. Conditional Deletion of NF-κB-Inducing Kinase (NIK) in Adult Mice Disrupts Mature B Cell Survival and Activation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:953-64. [PMID: 26116508 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) is a primary regulator of the noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway, which plays a vital role downstream of BAFF, CD40L, lymphotoxin, and other inflammatory mediators. Germline deletion or inactivation of NIK in mice results in the defective development of B cells and secondary lymphoid organs, but the role of NIK in adult animals has not been studied. To address this, we generated mice containing a conditional allele of NIK. Deletion of NIK in adult mice results in decreases in B cell populations in lymph nodes and spleen, similar to what is observed upon blockade of BAFF. Consistent with this, B cells from mice in which NIK is acutely deleted fail to respond to BAFF stimulation in vitro and in vivo. In addition, mice with induced NIK deletion exhibit a significant decrease in germinal center B cells and serum IgA, which is indicative of roles for NIK in additional pathways beyond BAFF signaling. Our conditional NIK-knockout mice may be broadly useful for assessing the postdevelopmental and cell-specific roles of NIK and the noncanonical NF-κB pathway in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans D Brightbill
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080;
| | - Janet K Jackman
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Eric Suto
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Heather Kennedy
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Charles Jones
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Sreedevi Chalasani
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Zhonghua Lin
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Lucinda Tam
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Meron Roose-Girma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Mercedesz Balazs
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Cary D Austin
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Wyne P Lee
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Lawren C Wu
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080;
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Thakar NY, Ovchinnikov DA, Hastie ML, Gorman J, Wolvetang EJ. RELB Alters Proliferation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells via IMP3- and LIN28-Mediated Modulation of the Expression of IGF2 and Other Cell-Cycle Regulators. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1888-900. [PMID: 25794352 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that orchestrate the exit from pluripotency, cell cycle progression, and lineage-specific differentiation in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are poorly understood. RELB, a key protein in the noncanonical nuclear factor-kappaB (NFκB) signaling pathway, was previously implicated in controlling the switch between human embryonic stem cell (hESC) proliferation and differentiation. Here, we show that RELB enhances the proliferation of hESCs and human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) without affecting their pluripotency. We demonstrate that RELB does this by interacting with two RNA-binding proteins LIN28A and IMP3 (IGF2 mRNA-binding protein 3); further, these interactions control mRNA levels and protein expression of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) and key cell-cycle genes. Finally, after stress, these proteins co-localize in stress granules in hESCs and iPSCs. Our data identify RELB as a novel regulator of hPSC proliferation, and suggest a new function for RELB, in addition to its widely accepted role as a transcription factor, that involves recruitment of IMP3 and LIN28 to the cytosolic mRNA translation-control domains for post-transcriptional modulation of IGF2 and cell-cycle gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilay Yogeshkumar Thakar
- 1 Stem Cell Engineering Group, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Dmitry Alexander Ovchinnikov
- 1 Stem Cell Engineering Group, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Marcus Lachlan Hastie
- 2 Protein Discovery Centre, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Gorman
- 2 Protein Discovery Centre, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Ernst Jurgen Wolvetang
- 1 Stem Cell Engineering Group, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
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48
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Visualization of the entire differentiation process of murine M cells: suppression of their maturation in cecal patches. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:650-60. [PMID: 25336168 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The microfold (M) cell residing in the follicle-associated epithelium is a specialized epithelial cell that initiates mucosal immune responses by sampling luminal antigens. The differentiation process of M cells remains unclear due to limitations of analytical methods. Here we found that M cells were classified into two functionally different subtypes based on the expression of Glycoprotein 2 (GP2) by newly developed image cytometric analysis. GP2-high M cells actively took up luminal microbeads, whereas GP2-negative or low cells scarcely ingested them, even though both subsets equally expressed the other M-cell signature genes, suggesting that GP2-high M cells represent functionally mature M cells. Further, the GP2-high mature M cells were abundant in Peyer's patch but sparse in the cecal patch: this was most likely due to a decrease in the nuclear translocation of RelB, a downstream transcription factor for the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB signaling. Given that murine cecum contains a protrusion of beneficial commensals, the restriction of M-cell activity might contribute to preventing the onset of any excessive immune response to the commensals through decelerating the M-cell-dependent uptake of microorganisms.
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49
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Banoth B, Chatterjee B, Vijayaragavan B, Prasad MVR, Roy P, Basak S. Stimulus-selective crosstalk via the NF-κB signaling system reinforces innate immune response to alleviate gut infection. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25905673 PMCID: PMC4432492 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue microenvironment functions as an important determinant of the inflammatory response elicited by the resident cells. Yet, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain obscure. Our systems-level analyses identified a duration code that instructs stimulus specific crosstalk between TLR4-activated canonical NF-κB pathway and lymphotoxin-β receptor (LTβR) induced non-canonical NF-κB signaling. Indeed, LTβR costimulation synergistically enhanced the late RelA/NF-κB response to TLR4 prolonging NF-κB target gene-expressions. Concomitant LTβR signal targeted TLR4-induced newly synthesized p100, encoded by Nfkb2, for processing into p52 that not only neutralized p100 mediated inhibitions, but potently generated RelA:p52/NF-κB activity in a positive feedback loop. Finally, Nfkb2 connected lymphotoxin signal within the intestinal niche in reinforcing epithelial innate inflammatory RelA/NF-κB response to Citrobacter rodentium infection, while Nfkb2−/− mice succumbed to gut infections owing to stromal defects. In sum, our results suggest that signal integration via the pleiotropic NF-κB system enables tissue microenvironment derived cues in calibrating physiological responses. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05648.001 The innate immune system is the body's first line of defense against infection and disease. Innate immune cells are found in every tissue type, poised to respond immediately to damaged, stressed, or infected host cells. When innate immune cells recognize any injury or infection, one of the first things they do is trigger the inflammatory response. Fluid and other immune cells then move from the blood into the injured tissues. This movement can cause redness and swelling. But the response helps to establish a physical barrier against the spread of infection, promotes the elimination of both invading microbes and damaged host cells, and encourages the repair of the tissue. Inflammation is tightly controlled. If the response is too weak, it could leave an individual prone to serious infection. On the other hand, excessive inflammation can severely damage healthy cells and tissues. Inflammation is regulated differently in different tissue types, and the environment within the tissue itself influences the activity of local innate immune cells and the inflammatory response. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for receiving and interpreting the signals derived from the host tissue remain unknown. Now, Banoth et al., have revealed that the integration of inflammation-provoking signals, such as injury or infection and cues from the tissue environment occurs via the so-called ‘NF-κB signaling system’. NF-κB is a protein found in almost all cell types, and when activated it is able to switch on the expression of many different genes. Banoth et al. explain that signal integration via the NF-κB system enables cues from the tissue environment to tune a cell's responses. Further experiments confirmed the importance of this signal integration by showing how a signal coming from intestinal tissue can influence the activity of innate immune cells and inflammation in the gut. These findings suggest that a breakdown in the NF-κB signaling system's ability to integrate multiple signals, including those derived from the tissue environment, may be responsible for many inflammatory disorders, and in particular those that involve the gut. Future work is now needed to explore this possibility. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05648.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Banoth
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - M V R Prasad
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Payel Roy
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Soumen Basak
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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50
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Falk Herbert Weih (1959-2014). Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:650-1. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201570035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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