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Qing T, Xie TC, Zhu QY, Lu HP, Liu JX. Regulation of metal homoeostasis by two F-group bZIP transcription factors bZIP48 and bZIP50 in rice. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:1852-1864. [PMID: 38334305 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) deficiency not only impairs plant growth and development but also has negative effects on human health. Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) is a staple food for over half of the global population, yet the regulation of Zn deficiency response in rice remains largely unknown. In this study, we provide evidence that two F-group bZIP transcription factors, OsbZIP48/50, play a crucial role in Zn deficiency response. Mutations in OsbZIP48/50 result in impaired growth and reduced Zn/Fe/Cu content under Zn deficiency conditions. The N-terminus of OsbZIP48/OsbZIP50 contains two Zn sensor motifs (ZSMs), deletion or mutation of these ZSMs leads to increased nuclear localization. Both OsbZIP48 and OsbZIP50 exhibit transcriptional activation activity, and the upregulation of 1117 genes involved in metal uptake and other processes by Zn deficiency is diminished in the OsbZIP48/50 double mutant. Both OsbZIP48 and OsbZIP50 bind to the promoter of OsZIP10 and activate the ZDRE cis-element. Amino acid substitution mutation of the ZSM domain of OsbZIP48 in OsbZIP50 mutant background increases the content of Zn/Fe/Cu in brown rice seeds and leaves. Therefore, this study demonstrates that OsbZIP48/50 play a crucial role in regulating metal homoeostasis and identifies their downstream genes involved in the Zn deficiency response in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Qing
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian-Ci Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiao-Yun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Ping Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Jin D, Wei X, He Y, Zhong L, Lu H, Lan J, Wei Y, Liu Z, Liu H. The nutritional roles of zinc for immune system and COVID-19 patients. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1385591. [PMID: 38706559 PMCID: PMC11066294 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1385591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is a vital micronutrient that strengthens the immune system, aids cellular activities, and treats infectious diseases. A deficiency in Zn can lead to an imbalance in the immune system. This imbalance is particularly evident in severe deficiency cases, where there is a high susceptibility to various viral infections, including COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. This review article examines the nutritional roles of Zn in human health, the maintenance of Zn concentration, and Zn uptake. As Zn is an essential trace element that plays a critical role in the immune system and is necessary for immune cell function and cell signaling, the roles of Zn in the human immune system, immune cells, interleukins, and its role in SARS-CoV-2 infection are further discussed. In summary, this review paper encapsulates the nutritional role of Zn in the human immune system, with the hope of providing specific insights into Zn research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Jin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Reprogramming and Intelligent Medical Engineering for Chronic Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xinran Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Reprogramming and Intelligent Medical Engineering for Chronic Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Yunyi He
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Luying Zhong
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Huijie Lu
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Jiaxin Lan
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Yuting Wei
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Reprogramming and Intelligent Medical Engineering for Chronic Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
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3
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Rua AJ, Alexandrescu AT. Formerly degenerate seventh zinc finger domain from transcription factor ZNF711 rehabilitated by experimental NMR structure. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.06.588434. [PMID: 38645208 PMCID: PMC11030341 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.06.588434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Domain Z7 of nuclear transcription factor ZNF711 has the consensus last metal-ligand H23 found in odd-numbered zinc-fingers of this protein replaced by a phenylalanine. Ever since the discovery of ZNF711 it has been thought that Z7 is probably non-functional because of the H23F substitution. The presence of H26 three positions downstream prompted us to examine if this histidine could substitute as the last metal ligand. The Z7 domain adopts a stable tertiary structure upon metal binding. The NMR structure of Zn2+-bound Z7 shows the classical ββα-fold of CCHH zinc fingers. Mutagenesis and pH titration experiments indicate that H26 is not involved in metal binding and that Z7 has a tridentate metal-binding site comprised of only residues C3, C6, and H19. By contrast, an F23H mutation that introduces a histidine in the consensus position forms a tetradentate ligand. The structure of the WT Z7 is stable causing restricted ring-flipping of phenyalanines 10 and 23. Dynamics are increased with either the H26A or F23H substitutions and aromatic ring rotation is no longer hindered in the two mutants. The mutations have only small effects on the Kd values for Zn2+ and Co2+ and retain the high thermal stability of the WT domain above 80 °C. Like two previously reported designed zinc fingers with the last ligand replaced by water, the WT Z7 domain is catalytically active, hydrolyzing 4-nitophenyl acetate. We discuss the implications of naturally occurring tridentate zinc fingers for cancer mutations and drug targeting of notoriously undruggable transcription factors. Our findings that Z7 can fold with only a subset of three metal ligands suggests the recent view that most everything about protein structure can be predicted through homology modeling might be premature for at least the resilient and versatile zinc-finger motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Rua
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Connecticut
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4
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Yao R, Li R, Huang Y. Zinc homeostasis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:126. [PMID: 36943461 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03473-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Most metal ions such as iron, calcium, zinc, or copper are essential for all eukaryotes. Organisms must maintain homeostasis of these metal ions because excess or deficiency of metal ions could cause damage to organisms. The steady state of many metal ions such as iron and copper has been well studied in detail. However, how to regulate zinc homeostasis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe is still confusing. In this review, we provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms that how S. pombe is able to maintain the balance of zinc levels in the changes of environment. In response to high levels of zinc, the transcription factor Loz1 represses the expression of several genes involved in the acquisition of zinc. Meanwhile, the CDF family proteins transport excess zinc to the secretory pathway. When zinc levels are limited, Loz1 was inactivated and could not inhibit the expression of zinc acquisition genes, and zinc stored in the secretory pathway is released for use by the cells. Besides, other factors that regulate zinc homeostasis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wen Yuanuan Rd, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Rongrong Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wen Yuanuan Rd, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wen Yuanuan Rd, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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5
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Nagarajan H, Vetrivel U. Deciphering the structural and functional impact of missense mutations in Egr1-DNA interacting interface: an integrative computational approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:11758-11770. [PMID: 34402752 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1965030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Early growth response-1 (Egr1) is a zinc-finger transcription factor that plays a critical role in controlling cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. Egr1 is induced by many growth factors, cytokines, and stress signals and is also known to be involved in several pathological conditions like cancer, neurological and ocular disorders. The DNA binding domain of Egr1 is a highly conserved Cys2His2 (C2H2) zinc finger (ZNF) domain which specifically binds to GC-rich consensus sequence GcG (G/T) GGGCG and activates transcription. As the C2H2 domain specifically recognizes its DNA target, the mutations spanning this region shall perturb DNA recognition and may hinder transcription of target genes. Therefore, in this study, the missense mutations occurring specifically at the DNA binding domain (DBD) of Egr1 were probed by computational approaches involving in silico screening of pathogenic and functional mutants coupled with extensive molecular dynamics simulations, to determine the mutants that affect its structural stability and interactions with DNA. From the pathogenicity analysis of 38 missense mutations spanning Egr1-DBD, 17 were predicted as pathogenic, and 7 amongst these were found to have functional impact on Egr1. On combined analysis of molecular dynamics simulation, Residue interaction analysis and Egr1-DNA interaction analysis results, the mutants R371C and R375C showed least impact, whilst, H382R tend to increase the structural stability, whereas R360H, H390R, E393V, and H414Y conferred greater impact by altering the structural stability and DNA interactions. Hence, this study exposes the prospects of considering these 4 deleterious mutations for clinical significance, but needs further experimental validation.HighlightsEgr1's DNA binding domain is a highly conserved Cys2His2 (C2H2) zinc finger domain that specifically recognizes its DNA target.Mutations spanning in the DNA binding domain shall perturb DNA recognition and may hinder transcription.Among the missense mutations, mutants R360H, H390R, E393V, and H414Y were inferred to have a greater impact on Egr1 by altering the structural stability and DNA interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemavathy Nagarajan
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Umashankar Vetrivel
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.,National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research (Govt. of India), Belagavi, Karnataka, India
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6
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Gaspar-Cordeiro A, Amaral C, Pobre V, Antunes W, Petronilho A, Paixão P, Matos AP, Pimentel C. Copper Acts Synergistically With Fluconazole in Candida glabrata by Compromising Drug Efflux, Sterol Metabolism, and Zinc Homeostasis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:920574. [PMID: 35774458 PMCID: PMC9237516 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.920574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The synergistic combinations of drugs are promising strategies to boost the effectiveness of current antifungals and thus prevent the emergence of resistance. In this work, we show that copper and the antifungal fluconazole act synergistically against Candida glabrata, an opportunistic pathogenic yeast intrinsically tolerant to fluconazole. Analyses of the transcriptomic profile of C. glabrata after the combination of copper and fluconazole showed that the expression of the multidrug transporter gene CDR1 was decreased, suggesting that fluconazole efflux could be affected. In agreement, we observed that copper inhibits the transactivation of Pdr1, the transcription regulator of multidrug transporters and leads to the intracellular accumulation of fluconazole. Copper also decreases the transcriptional induction of ergosterol biosynthesis (ERG) genes by fluconazole, which culminates in the accumulation of toxic sterols. Co-treatment of cells with copper and fluconazole should affect the function of proteins located in the plasma membrane, as several ultrastructural alterations, including irregular cell wall and plasma membrane and loss of cell wall integrity, were observed. Finally, we show that the combination of copper and fluconazole downregulates the expression of the gene encoding the zinc-responsive transcription regulator Zap1, which possibly, together with the membrane transporters malfunction, generates zinc depletion. Supplementation with zinc reverts the toxic effect of combining copper with fluconazole, underscoring the importance of this metal in the observed synergistic effect. Overall, this work, while unveiling the molecular basis that supports the use of copper to enhance the effectiveness of fluconazole, paves the way for the development of new metal-based antifungal strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gaspar-Cordeiro
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina Amaral
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Vânia Pobre
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Wilson Antunes
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação da Academia Militar (CINAMIL), Unidade Militar Laboratorial de Defesa Biológica e Química (UMLDBQ), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Petronilho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Paulo Paixão
- Unidade de Infeção, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Chronic Diseases Research Centre – CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratório de Patologia Clínica – SYNLAB, Hospital da Luz, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - António P. Matos
- Egas Moniz Interdisciplinary Research Centre, Egas Moniz Higher Education Cooperative, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Catarina Pimentel
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Catarina Pimentel,
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7
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Gaspar-Cordeiro A, Afonso G, Amaral C, da Silva SM, Pimentel C. Zap1 is required for Candida glabrata response to fluconazole. FEMS Yeast Res 2022; 22:6510815. [PMID: 35040997 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foab068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of fluconazole-resistant clinical isolates of Candida spp. strongly hinders the widespread use of the drug. To tackle this problem, great efforts have been made to fully understand the fungal response to fluconazole. In this work, we show that the role of Zap1 in Candida glabrata goes beyond regulating yeast adaptation to zinc deficiency. In line with our previous observation that deletion of ZAP1 makes yeast cells more sensitive to fluconazole, we found that the mutant CgΔzap1 accumulates higher levels of the drug, which correlates well with its lower levels of ergosterol. Surprisingly, Zap1 is a negative regulator of the drug efflux transporter gene CDR1 and of its regulator, PDR1. The apparent paradox of drug accumulation in cells where genes encoding transporters relevant for drug extrusion are being overexpressed led us to postulate that their activity could be impaired. In agreement, Zap1-depleted cells present, in addition to decreased ergosterol levels, an altered composition of membrane phospholipids, which together should impact membrane function and impair the detoxification of fluconazole. Overall, our study brings to light Zap1 as an important hub in Candida glabrata response to fluconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gaspar-Cordeiro
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - G Afonso
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - C Amaral
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - S M da Silva
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - C Pimentel
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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8
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Hepatocyte-Specific Co-Delivery of Zinc Ions and Plasmid DNA by Lactosylated Poly(1-vinylimidazole) for Suppression of Insulin Receptor Internalization. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122084. [PMID: 34959365 PMCID: PMC8704993 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The lactosylated poly(1-vinylimidazole) (PVIm-Lac) with various lactosylated degrees has been synthesized for the co-delivery of zinc ions (Zn) and plasmid DNA (pDNA). The Zn/DNA/PVIm-Lac complex formation has achieved the specific delivery of zinc ions to HepG2 cells. Especially, the resulting hepatocyte-specific delivery of zinc ions has increased the number of insulin receptors on the cell surface. Consequently, the Zn/DNA/PVIm-Lac complexes have suppressed insulin receptor internalization on the surface of the HepG2 cells, expecting to offer unique therapy to inhibit hepatic insulin clearance.
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9
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Zinc Signaling in the Mammary Gland: For Better and for Worse. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091204. [PMID: 34572390 PMCID: PMC8469023 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn2+) plays an essential role in epithelial physiology. Among its many effects, most prominent is its action to accelerate cell proliferation, thereby modulating wound healing. It also mediates affects in the gastrointestinal system, in the testes, and in secretory organs, including the pancreas, salivary, and prostate glands. On the cellular level, Zn2+ is involved in protein folding, DNA, and RNA synthesis, and in the function of numerous enzymes. In the mammary gland, Zn2+ accumulation in maternal milk is essential for supporting infant growth during the neonatal period. Importantly, Zn2+ signaling also has direct roles in controlling mammary gland development or, alternatively, involution. During breast cancer progression, accumulation or redistribution of Zn2+ occurs in the mammary gland, with aberrant Zn2+ signaling observed in the malignant cells. Here, we review the current understanding of the role of in Zn2+ the mammary gland, and the proteins controlling cellular Zn2+ homeostasis and signaling, including Zn2+ transporters and the Gq-coupled Zn2+ sensing receptor, ZnR/GPR39. Significant advances in our understanding of Zn2+ signaling in the normal mammary gland as well as in the context of breast cancer provides new avenues for identification of specific targets for breast cancer therapy.
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10
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Alamir OF, Oladele RO, Ibe C. Nutritional immunity: targeting fungal zinc homeostasis. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07805. [PMID: 34466697 PMCID: PMC8384899 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metals, such as Zn2+, are essential dietary constituents of all biological life, including mammalian hosts and the pathogens that infect them. Therefore, to thrive and cause infection, pathogens must successfully assimilate these elements from the host milieu. Consequently, mammalian immunity has evolved to actively restrict and/or pool metals to toxic concentrations in an effort to attenuate microbial pathogenicity - a process termed nutritional immunity. Despite host-induced Zn2+ nutritional immunity, pathogens such as Candida albicans, are still capable of causing disease and thus must be equipped with robust Zn2+ sensory, uptake and detoxification machinery. This review will discuss the strategies employed by mammalian hosts to limit Zn2+ during infection, and the subsequent fungal interventions that counteract Zn2+ nutritional immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omran F Alamir
- Department of Natural Sciences, College of Health Sciences, The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, Al Asimah, Kuwait
| | - Rita O Oladele
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - C Ibe
- Department of Microbiology, Abia State University, PMB 2000, Uturu, Abia State, Nigeria
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11
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Yang YS, Shang Q, Zhang YP, Niu WY, Xue JJ. Synthesis and self-assembly of Salen type Schiff based on o-phenylenediamine organogels in response to Zn2+. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2020.108402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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12
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Lilay GH, Persson DP, Castro PH, Liao F, Alexander RD, Aarts MGM, Assunção AGL. Arabidopsis bZIP19 and bZIP23 act as zinc sensors to control plant zinc status. NATURE PLANTS 2021. [PMID: 33594269 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.29.177287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for plants and animals owing to its structural and catalytic roles in many proteins1. Zn deficiency affects around 2 billion people, mainly those who live on plant-based diets relying on crops from Zn-deficient soils2,3. Plants maintain adequate Zn levels through tightly regulated Zn homeostasis mechanisms involving Zn uptake, distribution and storage4, but evidence of how they sense Zn status is lacking. Here, we use in vitro and in planta approaches to show that the Arabidopsis thaliana F-group bZIP transcription factors bZIP19 and bZIP23, which are the central regulators of the Zn deficiency response, function as Zn sensors by binding Zn2+ ions to a Zn-sensor motif. Deletions or modifications of this Zn-sensor motif disrupt Zn binding, leading to a constitutive transcriptional Zn deficiency response, which causes a significant increase in plant and seed Zn accumulation. As the Zn-sensor motif is highly conserved in F-group bZIP proteins across land plants, the identification of this plant Zn sensor will promote new strategies to improve the Zn nutritional quality of plant-derived food and feed, and contribute to tackling the global Zn-deficiency health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grmay H Lilay
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Daniel P Persson
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Pedro Humberto Castro
- CIBIO-InBIO, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Feixue Liao
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ross D Alexander
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Institute for Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geosciences, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark G M Aarts
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ana G L Assunção
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
- CIBIO-InBIO, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal.
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13
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Lilay GH, Persson DP, Castro PH, Liao F, Alexander RD, Aarts MGM, Assunção AGL. Arabidopsis bZIP19 and bZIP23 act as zinc sensors to control plant zinc status. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:137-143. [PMID: 33594269 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00856-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for plants and animals owing to its structural and catalytic roles in many proteins1. Zn deficiency affects around 2 billion people, mainly those who live on plant-based diets relying on crops from Zn-deficient soils2,3. Plants maintain adequate Zn levels through tightly regulated Zn homeostasis mechanisms involving Zn uptake, distribution and storage4, but evidence of how they sense Zn status is lacking. Here, we use in vitro and in planta approaches to show that the Arabidopsis thaliana F-group bZIP transcription factors bZIP19 and bZIP23, which are the central regulators of the Zn deficiency response, function as Zn sensors by binding Zn2+ ions to a Zn-sensor motif. Deletions or modifications of this Zn-sensor motif disrupt Zn binding, leading to a constitutive transcriptional Zn deficiency response, which causes a significant increase in plant and seed Zn accumulation. As the Zn-sensor motif is highly conserved in F-group bZIP proteins across land plants, the identification of this plant Zn sensor will promote new strategies to improve the Zn nutritional quality of plant-derived food and feed, and contribute to tackling the global Zn-deficiency health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grmay H Lilay
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Daniel P Persson
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Pedro Humberto Castro
- CIBIO-InBIO, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Feixue Liao
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ross D Alexander
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Institute for Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geosciences, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark G M Aarts
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ana G L Assunção
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
- CIBIO-InBIO, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal.
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Soares LW, Bailão AM, Soares CMDA, Bailão MGS. Zinc at the Host-Fungus Interface: How to Uptake the Metal? J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040305. [PMID: 33233335 PMCID: PMC7711662 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential nutrient for all living organisms. However, firm regulation must be maintained since micronutrients also can be toxic in high concentrations. This notion is reinforced when we look at mechanisms deployed by our immune system, such as the use of chelators or membrane transporters that capture zinc, when threatened with pathogens, like fungi. Pathogenic fungi, on the other hand, also make use of a variety of transporters and specialized zinc captors to survive these changes. In this review, we sought to explain the mechanisms, grounded in experimental analysis and described to date, utilized by pathogenic fungi to maintain optimal zinc levels.
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15
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Vahidi Ferdowsi P, Ng R, Adulcikas J, Sohal SS, Myers S. Zinc Modulates Several Transcription-Factor Regulated Pathways in Mouse Skeletal Muscle Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215098. [PMID: 33153045 PMCID: PMC7663025 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential metal ion involved in many biological processes. Studies have shown that zinc can activate several molecules in the insulin signalling pathway and the concomitant uptake of glucose in skeletal muscle cells. However, there is limited information on other potential pathways that zinc can activate in skeletal muscle. Accordingly, this study aimed to identify other zinc-activating pathways in skeletal muscle cells to further delineate the role of this metal ion in cellular processes. Mouse C2C12 skeletal muscle cells were treated with insulin (10 nM), zinc (20 µM), and the zinc chelator TPEN (various concentrations) over 60 min. Western blots were performed for the zinc-activation of pAkt, pErk, and pCreb. A Cignal 45-Reporter Array that targets 45 signalling pathways was utilised to test the ability of zinc to activate pathways that have not yet been described. Zinc and insulin activated pAkt over 60 min as expected. Moreover, the treatment of C2C12 skeletal muscle cells with TPEN reduced the ability of zinc to activate pAkt and pErk. Zinc also activated several associated novel transcription factor pathways including Nrf1/Nrf2, ATF6, CREB, EGR1, STAT1, AP-1, PPAR, and TCF/LEF, and pCREB protein over 120 min of zinc treatment. These studies have shown that zinc’s activity extends beyond that of insulin signalling and plays a role in modulating novel transcription factor activated pathways. Further studies to determine the exact role of zinc in the activation of transcription factor pathways will provide novel insights into this metal ion actions.
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16
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Eide DJ. Transcription factors and transporters in zinc homeostasis: lessons learned from fungi. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 55:88-110. [PMID: 32192376 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2020.1742092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential nutrient for all organisms because this metal serves as a critical structural or catalytic cofactor for many proteins. These zinc-dependent proteins are abundant in the cytosol as well as within organelles of eukaryotic cells such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, and storage compartments such as the fungal vacuole. Therefore, cells need zinc transporters so that they can efficiently take up the metal and move it around within cells. In addition, because zinc levels in the environment can vary drastically, the activity of many of these transporters and other components of zinc homeostasis is regulated at the level of transcription by zinc-responsive transcription factors. Mechanisms of post-transcriptional control are also important for zinc homeostasis. In this review, the focus will be on our current knowledge of zinc transporters and their regulation by zinc-responsive transcription factors and other mechanisms in fungi because these organisms have served as useful paradigms of zinc homeostasis in all organisms. With this foundation, extension to other organisms will be made where warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Eide
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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17
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Identification of the Genetic Requirements for Zinc Tolerance and Toxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:479-488. [PMID: 31836620 PMCID: PMC7003084 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Zinc is essential for almost all living organisms, since it serves as a crucial cofactor for transcription factors and enzymes. However, it is toxic to cell growth when present in excess. The present work aims to investigate the toxicity mechanisms induced by zinc stress in yeast cells. To this end, 108 yeast single-gene deletion mutants were identified sensitive to 6 mM ZnCl2 through a genome-wide screen. These genes were predominantly related to the biological processes of vacuolar acidification and transport, polyphosphate metabolic process, cytosolic transport, the process utilizing autophagic mechanism. A result from the measurement of intracellular zinc content showed that 64 mutants accumulated higher intracellular zinc under zinc stress than the wild-type cells. We further measured the intracellular ROS (reactive oxygen species) levels of 108 zinc-sensitive mutants treated with 3 mM ZnCl2. We showed that the intracellular ROS levels in 51 mutants were increased by high zinc stress, suggesting their possible involvement in regulating ROS homeostasis in response to high zinc. The results also revealed that excess zinc could generate oxidative damage and then activate the expression of several antioxidant defenses genes. Taken together, the data obtained indicated that excess zinc toxicity might be mainly due to the high intracellular zinc levels and ROS levels induced by zinc stress in yeast cells. Our current findings would provide a basis to understand the molecular mechanisms of zinc toxicity in yeast cells.
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18
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Wilson S, Liu YH, Cardona-Soto C, Wadhwa V, Foster MP, Bird AJ. The Loz1 transcription factor from Schizosaccharomyces pombe binds to Loz1 response elements and represses gene expression when zinc is in excess. Mol Microbiol 2019; 112:1701-1717. [PMID: 31515876 PMCID: PMC6904500 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the expression of the zrt1 zinc uptake gene is tightly regulated by zinc status. When intracellular zinc levels are low, zrt1 is highly expressed. However, when zinc levels are high, transcription of zrt1 is blocked in a manner that is dependent upon the transcription factor Loz1. To gain additional insight into the mechanism by which Loz1 inhibits gene expression in high zinc, we used RNA-seq to identify Loz1-regulated genes, and ChIP-seq to analyze the recruitment of Loz1 to target gene promoters. We find that Loz1 is recruited to the promoters of 27 genes that are also repressed in high zinc in a Loz1-dependent manner. We also find that the recruitment of Loz1 to the majority of target gene promoters is dependent upon zinc and the motif 5'-CGN(A/C)GATCNTY-3', which we have named the Loz1 response element (LRE). Using reporter assays, we show that LREs are both required and sufficient for Loz1-mediated gene repression, and that the level of gene repression is dependent upon the number and sequence of LREs. Our results elucidate the Loz1 regulon in fission yeast and provide new insight into how eukaryotic cells are able to respond to changes in zinc availability in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevin Wilson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Yi-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Carlos Cardona-Soto
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Vibhuti Wadhwa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Mark P. Foster
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Amanda J. Bird
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
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19
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Mammadova-Bach E, Braun A. Zinc Homeostasis in Platelet-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215258. [PMID: 31652790 PMCID: PMC6861892 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zn2+ deficiency in the human population is frequent in underdeveloped countries. Worldwide, approximatively 2 billion people consume Zn2+-deficient diets, accounting for 1-4% of deaths each year, mainly in infants with a compromised immune system. Depending on the severity of Zn2+ deficiency, clinical symptoms are associated with impaired wound healing, alopecia, diarrhea, poor growth, dysfunction of the immune and nervous system with congenital abnormalities and bleeding disorders. Poor nutritional Zn2+ status in patients with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma or with advanced non-Hodgkin lymphoma, was accompanied by cutaneous bleeding and platelet dysfunction. Forcing Zn2+ uptake in the gut using different nutritional supplementation of Zn2+ could ameliorate many of these pathological symptoms in humans. Feeding adult rodents with a low Zn2+ diet caused poor platelet aggregation and increased bleeding tendency, thereby attracting great scientific interest in investigating the role of Zn2+ in hemostasis. Storage protein metallothionein maintains or releases Zn2+ in the cytoplasm, and the dynamic change of this cytoplasmic Zn2+ pool is regulated by the redox status of the cell. An increase of labile Zn2+ pool can be toxic for the cells, and therefore cytoplasmic Zn2+ levels are tightly regulated by several Zn2+ transporters located on the cell surface and also on the intracellular membrane of Zn2+ storage organelles, such as secretory vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus. Although Zn2+ is a critical cofactor for more than 2000 transcription factors and 300 enzymes, regulating cell differentiation, proliferation, and basic metabolic functions of the cells, the molecular mechanisms of Zn2+ transport and the physiological role of Zn2+ store in megakaryocyte and platelet function remain elusive. In this review, we summarize the contribution of extracellular or intracellular Zn2+ to megakaryocyte and platelet function and discuss the consequences of dysregulated Zn2+ homeostasis in platelet-related diseases by focusing on thrombosis, ischemic stroke and storage pool diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmina Mammadova-Bach
- University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Attila Braun
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, German Center for Lung Research, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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20
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Park G, Amaris ZN, Eiken MK, Baumgartner KV, Johnston KA, Williams MA, Markwordt JG, Millstone JE, Splan KE, Wheeler KE. Emerging investigator series: characterization of silver and silver nanoparticle interactions with zinc finger peptides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. NANO 2019; 6:2367-2378. [PMID: 31528351 PMCID: PMC6746224 DOI: 10.1039/c9en00065h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In biological systems, chemical and physical transformations of engineered silver nanomaterials (AgENMs) are mediated, in part, by proteins and other biomolecules. Metalloprotein interactions with AgENMs are also central in understanding toxicity and antimicrobial and resistance mechanisms. Despite their readily available thiolate and amine ligands, zinc finger (ZF) peptides have thus far escaped study in reaction with AgENMs and their Ag(I) oxidative dissolution product. We report spectroscopic studies that characterize AgENM and Ag(I) interactions with two ZF peptides that differ in sequence, but not in metal binding ligands: the ZF consensus peptide CP-CCHC and the C-terminal zinc finger domain of HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein p7 (NCp7_C). Both ZF peptides catalyze AgENM (10 and 40 nm, citrate coated) dissolution and agglomeration, two important AgENM transformations that impact bioreactivity. AgENMs and their oxidative dissolution product, Ag(I)(aq), mediate changes to ZF peptide structure and metalation as well. Spectroscopic titrations of Ag(I) into apo-ZF peptides show an Ag(I)-thiolate charge transfer band, indicative of Ag(I)-ZF binding. Fluorescence studies of the Zn(II)-NCp_7 complex indicate that the Ag(I) also effectively competes with the Zn(II) to drive Zn(II) displacement from the ZFs. Upon interaction with AgENMs, Zn(II) bound ZF peptides show a secondary structural change in circular dichroism spectroscopy toward an apo-like structure. The results suggest that Ag(I) and AgENMs may alter ZF protein function within the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Park
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Santa Clara University Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA
| | - Zoe N Amaris
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Santa Clara University Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA
| | - Madeline K Eiken
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Santa Clara University Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA
| | - Karl V Baumgartner
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Santa Clara University Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA
| | - Kathryn A Johnston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Mari A Williams
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Santa Clara University Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA
| | - Jasmine G Markwordt
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Santa Clara University Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA
| | - Jill E Millstone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Kathryn E Splan
- Department of Chemistry, Macalester College, 1600 Grand Avenue, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55105, USA
| | - Korin E Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Santa Clara University Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA
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21
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Chasen NM, Stasic AJ, Asady B, Coppens I, Moreno SNJ. The Vacuolar Zinc Transporter TgZnT Protects Toxoplasma gondii from Zinc Toxicity. mSphere 2019; 4:e00086-19. [PMID: 31118298 PMCID: PMC6531880 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00086-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn2+) is the most abundant biological metal ion aside from iron and is an essential element in numerous biological systems, acting as a cofactor for a large number of enzymes and regulatory proteins. Zn2+ must be tightly regulated, as both the deficiency and overabundance of intracellular free Zn2+ are harmful to cells. Zn2+ transporters (ZnTs) play important functions in cells by reducing intracellular Zn2+ levels by transporting the ion out of the cytoplasm. We characterized a Toxoplasma gondii gene (TgGT1_251630, TgZnT), which is annotated as the only ZnT family Zn2+ transporter in T. gondii TgZnT localizes to novel vesicles that fuse with the plant-like vacuole (PLV), an endosome-like organelle. Mutant parasites lacking TgZnT exhibit reduced viability in in vitro assays. This phenotype was exacerbated by increasing zinc concentrations in the extracellular media and was rescued by media with reduced zinc. Heterologous expression of TgZnT in a Zn2+-sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strain partially restored growth in media with higher Zn2+ concentrations. These results suggest that TgZnT transports Zn2+ into the PLV and plays an important role in the Zn2+ tolerance of T. gondii extracellular tachyzoites.IMPORTANCEToxoplasma gondii is an intracellular pathogen of human and animals. T. gondii pathogenesis is associated with its lytic cycle, which involves invasion, replication, egress out of the host cell, and invasion of a new one. T. gondii must be able to tolerate abrupt changes in the composition of the surrounding milieu as it progresses through its lytic cycle. We report the characterization of a Zn2+ transporter of T. gondii (TgZnT) that is important for parasite growth. TgZnT restored Zn2+ tolerance in yeast mutants that were unable to grow in media with high concentrations of Zn2+ We propose that TgZnT plays a role in Zn2+ homeostasis during the T. gondii lytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M Chasen
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrew J Stasic
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Beejan Asady
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Isabelle Coppens
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Silvia N J Moreno
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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22
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Vicentefranqueira R, Leal F, Marín L, Sánchez CI, Calera JA. The interplay between zinc and iron homeostasis in
Aspergillus fumigatus
under zinc‐replete conditions relies on the iron‐mediated regulation of alternative transcription units of
zafA
and the basal amount of the ZafA zinc‐responsiveness transcription factor. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:2787-2808. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Vicentefranqueira
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG‐CSIC)Universidad de Salamanca Salamanca Spain
| | - Fernando Leal
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG‐CSIC)Universidad de Salamanca Salamanca Spain
- Departamento de Microbiología y GenéticaUniversidad de Salamanca Salamanca Spain
| | - Laura Marín
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG‐CSIC)Universidad de Salamanca Salamanca Spain
| | - Clara Inés Sánchez
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG‐CSIC)Universidad de Salamanca Salamanca Spain
| | - José Antonio Calera
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG‐CSIC)Universidad de Salamanca Salamanca Spain
- Departamento de Microbiología y GenéticaUniversidad de Salamanca Salamanca Spain
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23
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Kluska K, Adamczyk J, Krężel A. Metal binding properties of zinc fingers with a naturally altered metal binding site. Metallomics 2019; 10:248-263. [PMID: 29230465 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00256d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Zinc fingers (ZFs) are among the most abundant motifs found in proteins, and are commonly known for their structural role. Classical ZFs (CCHH) are part of the transcription factors that participate in DNA binding. Although biochemical studies of classical ZFs have a long history, there is limited knowledge about the sequential and structural diversity of ZFs. We have found that classical ZFs, with metal binding sites consisting of amino acids other than conserved Cys or His residues, are frequently encoded in the human genome, and we refer to these peptides as ZFs with a naturally altered metal binding site. The biological role of the altered ZFs remains undiscovered. In this study, we characterized nine natural XCHH, CXHH, CCXH and CCHX ZFs in terms of their Zn(ii) and Co(ii) binding properties, such as complex stoichiometry, spectroscopic properties and metal-to-peptide affinity. We revealed that XCHH and CXHH ZFs form ML complexes that are 4-5 orders of magnitude weaker in comparison to CCHH ZFs. Nevertheless, spectroscopic studies demonstrate that, depending on the altered position, they may adopt an open coordination geometry with one or two water molecules bound to a central metal ion, which has not been demonstrated in natural ZFs before. Stability data show that both CCXH and CCHX peptides have high Zn(ii) affinity (with a Kd of 10-9 to 10-11 M), suggesting their potential biological function. This study is a comprehensive overview of the relationship between the sequence, structure, and stability of ZFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kluska
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland.
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24
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Kluska K, Adamczyk J, Krężel A. Metal binding properties, stability and reactivity of zinc fingers. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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25
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Lilay GH, Castro PH, Campilho A, Assunção AGL. The Arabidopsis bZIP19 and bZIP23 Activity Requires Zinc Deficiency - Insight on Regulation From Complementation Lines. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1955. [PMID: 30723487 PMCID: PMC6349776 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
All living organisms require zinc as an essential micronutrient. Maintaining appropriate intracellular zinc supply, and avoiding deficiency or toxic excess, requires a tight regulation of zinc homeostasis. In Arabidopsis, bZIP19 and bZIP23 (basic-leucine zipper) transcription factors are the central regulators of the zinc deficiency response. Their targets include members of the ZIP (Zrt/Irt-like Protein) transporter family, involved in cellular zinc uptake, which are up-regulated at zinc deficiency. However, the mechanisms by which these transcription factors are regulated by cellular zinc status are not yet known. Here, to further our insight, we took advantage of the zinc deficiency hypersensitive phenotype of the bzip19 bzip23 double mutant, and used it as background to produce complementation lines of each Arabidopsis F-bZIP transcription factor, including bZIP24. On these lines, we performed complementation and localization studies, analyzed the transcript level of a subset of putative target genes, and performed elemental tissue profiling. We find evidence supporting that the zinc-dependent activity of bZIP19 and bZIP23 is modulated by zinc at protein level, in the nucleus, where cellular zinc sufficiency represses their activity and zinc deficiency is required. In addition, we show that these two transcription factors are functionally redundant to a large extent, and that differential tissue-specific expression patterns might, at least partly, explain distinct regulatory activities. Finally, we show that bZIP24 does not play a central role in the Zn deficiency response. Overall, we provide novel information that advances our understanding of the regulatory activity of bZIP19 and bZIP23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grmay H. Lilay
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Pedro Humberto Castro
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ana Campilho
- CIBIO/InBIO – Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- Department of Biology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana G. L. Assunção
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- CIBIO/InBIO – Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Ana G. L. Assunção,
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26
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Taggart J, MacDiarmid CW, Haws S, Eide DJ. Zap1-dependent transcription from an alternative upstream promoter controls translation of RTC4 mRNA in zinc-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Microbiol 2017; 106:678-689. [PMID: 28963784 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining zinc homeostasis is an important property of all organisms. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the Zap1 transcriptional activator is a central player in this process. In response to zinc deficiency, Zap1 activates transcription of many genes and consequently increases accumulation of their encoded proteins. In this report, we describe a new mechanism of Zap1-mediated regulation whereby increased transcription of certain target genes results in reduced protein expression. Transcription of the Zap1-responsive genes RTC4 and RAD27 increases markedly in zinc-deficient cells but, surprisingly, their protein levels decrease. We examined the underlying mechanism further for RTC4 and found that this unusual regulation results from altered transcription start site selection. In zinc-replete cells, RTC4 transcription begins near the protein-coding region and the resulting short transcript leader allows for efficient translation. In zinc-deficient cells, RTC4 RNA with longer transcript leaders are expressed that are not efficiently translated due to the presence of multiple small open reading frames upstream of the coding region. This regulation requires a potential Zap1 binding site located farther upstream of the promoter. Thus, we present evidence for a new mechanism of Zap1-mediated gene regulation and another way that this activator protein can repress protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Taggart
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Colin W MacDiarmid
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Spencer Haws
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - David J Eide
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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27
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Bird AJ, Labbé S. The Zap1 transcriptional activator negatively regulates translation of the RTC4 mRNA through the use of alternative 5' transcript leaders. Mol Microbiol 2017; 106:673-677. [PMID: 28971534 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The zinc-responsive transcription activator Zap1 plays a central role in zinc homeostasis in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In zinc-deficient cells, Zap1 binds to zinc responsive elements in target gene promoters and activates gene expression. In most cases, Zap1-dependent gene activation results in increased levels of mRNAs and proteins. However, Zap1-dependent activation of RTC4 results in increased levels of the RTC4 mRNA and decreased levels of the Rtc4 protein. This atypical regulation results from Zap1-mediated changes in the transcriptional start site for RTC4 and the production of a RTC4 transcript with a longer 5' leader. This long RTC4 transcript contains small upstream open reading frames that prevent translation of the downstream RTC4 ORF. The new studies with Zap1 highlight how a transcriptional activator can facilitate decreased protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Bird
- Departments of Human Nutrition and Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, 1787 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Simon Labbé
- Département de Biochimie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Pavillon Z-8, 3201, Jean Mignault, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K8, Canada
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28
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Asayama S, Sakata M, Kawakami H. Structure-activity relationship between Zn 2+ -chelated alkylated poly(1-vinylimidazole) and gene transfection. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 173:120-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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29
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Singh N, Yadav KK, Rajasekharan R. Effect of zinc deprivation on the lipid metabolism of budding yeast. Curr Genet 2017; 63:977-982. [PMID: 28500379 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-017-0704-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential micronutrient for all living cells. It serves as a structural and catalytic cofactor for numerous proteins, hence maintaining a proper level of cellular zinc is essential for normal functioning of the cell. Zinc homeostasis is sustained through various ways under severe zinc-deficient conditions. Zinc-dependent proteins play an important role in biological systems and limitation of zinc causes a drastic change in their expression. In budding yeast, a zinc-responsive transcription factor Zap1p controls the expression of genes required for uptake and mobilization of zinc under zinc-limiting conditions. It also regulates the polar lipid levels under zinc-limiting conditions to maintain membrane integrity. Deletion of ZAP1 causes an increase in triacylglyerol levels which is due to the increased biosynthesis of acetate that serves as a precursor for triacylglycerol biosynthesis. In this review, we expanded our recent work role of Zap1p in nonpolar lipid metabolism of budding yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelima Singh
- Department of Lipid Science, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore, 570020, Karnataka, India
| | - Kamlesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Lipid Science, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore, 570020, Karnataka, India
| | - Ram Rajasekharan
- Department of Lipid Science, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore, 570020, Karnataka, India.
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30
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Mendoza AD, Woodruff TK, Wignall SM, O'Halloran TV. Zinc availability during germline development impacts embryo viability in Caenorhabditis elegans. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 191:194-202. [PMID: 27664515 PMCID: PMC5210184 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential metal that serves as a cofactor in a variety of cellular processes, including meiotic maturation. Cellular control of zinc uptake, availability and efflux is closely linked to meiotic progression in rodent and primate reproduction where large fluctuations in zinc levels are critical at several steps in the oocyte-to-embryo transition. Despite these well-documented roles of zinc fluxes during meiosis, only a few of the genes encoding key zinc receptors, membrane-spanning transporters, and downstream signaling pathway factors have been identified to date. Furthermore, little is known about analogous roles for zinc fluxes in the context of a whole organism. Here, we evaluate whether zinc availability regulates germline development and oocyte viability in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, an experimentally flexible model organism. We find that similar to mammals, mild zinc limitation in C. elegans profoundly impacts the reproductive axis: the brood size is significantly reduced under conditions of zinc limitation where other physiological functions are not perturbed. Zinc limitation in this organism has a more pronounced impact on oocytes than sperm and this leads to the decrease in viable embryo production. Moreover, acute zinc limitation of isolated zygotes prevents extrusion of the second polar body during meiosis and leads to aneuploid embryos. Thus, the zinc-dependent steps in C. elegans gametogenesis roughly parallel those described in meiotic-to-mitotic transitions in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelita D Mendoza
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; The Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Teresa K Woodruff
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; The Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Sarah M Wignall
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Thomas V O'Halloran
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; The Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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31
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Abstract
Genetically encoded fluorescent Zn(2+) indicators (GEZIs) are highly attractive research tools for studying Zn(2+) homeostasis and signaling in mammalian cells. Most current GEZIs are based on Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between a select pair of fluorescent proteins (FPs) fused with Zn(2+)-binding motifs. One drawback of such FRET-based GEZIs is their broad spectral profile bandwidths, creating challenges when monitoring multiple targets or parameters. To address this issue, we have engineered a group of intensiometric GEZIs based on single teal and red FPs that can be utilized to monitor subcellular Zn(2+) diffusion and glucose-induced Zn(2+) secretion in pancreatic INS-1E β-cells. These GEZIs offer the simplicity of intensiometric measurements, compatibility in multicolor imaging, large dynamic ranges, and relatively small molecular sizes, making them valuable additions to the molecular toolbox for imaging Zn(2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Hui-wang Ai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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32
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MacDiarmid CW, Taggart J, Jeong J, Kerdsomboon K, Eide DJ. Activation of the Yeast UBI4 Polyubiquitin Gene by Zap1 Transcription Factor via an Intragenic Promoter Is Critical for Zinc-deficient Growth. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18880-96. [PMID: 27432887 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.743120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Stability of many proteins requires zinc. Zinc deficiency disrupts their folding, and the ubiquitin-proteasome system may help manage this stress. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, UBI4 encodes five tandem ubiquitin monomers and is essential for growth in zinc-deficient conditions. Although UBI4 is only one of four ubiquitin-encoding genes in the genome, a dramatic decrease in ubiquitin was observed in zinc-deficient ubi4Δ cells. The three other ubiquitin genes were strongly repressed under these conditions, contributing to the decline in ubiquitin. In a screen for ubi4Δ suppressors, a hypomorphic allele of the RPT2 proteasome regulatory subunit gene (rpt2(E301K)) suppressed the ubi4Δ growth defect. The rpt2(E301K) mutation also increased ubiquitin accumulation in zinc-deficient cells, and by using a ubiquitin-independent proteasome substrate we found that proteasome activity was reduced. These results suggested that increased ubiquitin supply in suppressed ubi4Δ cells was a consequence of more efficient ubiquitin release and recycling during proteasome degradation. Degradation of a ubiquitin-dependent substrate was restored by the rpt2(E301K) mutation, indicating that ubiquitination is rate-limiting in this process. The UBI4 gene was induced ∼5-fold in low zinc and is regulated by the zinc-responsive Zap1 transcription factor. Surprisingly, Zap1 controls UBI4 by inducing transcription from an intragenic promoter, and the resulting truncated mRNA encodes only two of the five ubiquitin repeats. Expression of a short transcript alone complemented the ubi4Δ mutation, indicating that it is efficiently translated. Loss of Zap1-dependent UBI4 expression caused a growth defect in zinc-deficient conditions. Thus, the intragenic UBI4 promoter is critical to preventing ubiquitin deficiency in zinc-deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin W MacDiarmid
- From the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 and
| | - Janet Taggart
- From the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 and
| | - Jeeyon Jeong
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
| | - Kittikhun Kerdsomboon
- From the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 and
| | - David J Eide
- From the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 and
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33
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Zinc sensing and regulation in yeast model systems. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 611:30-36. [PMID: 26940262 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Zap1 transcription factor of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the Loz1 transcription factor of Schizosaccharomyces pombe both play a central role in zinc homeostasis by controlling the expression of genes necessary for zinc metabolism. Zap1 activates gene expression when cells are limited for zinc, while Loz1 is required for gene repression when zinc is in excess. In this review we highlight what is known about the underlying mechanisms by which these factors are regulated by zinc, and how transcriptional activation and repression in eukaryotic cells can be finely tuned according to intracellular zinc availability.
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Singh N, Yadav KK, Rajasekharan R. ZAP1-mediated modulation of triacylglycerol levels in yeast by transcriptional control of mitochondrial fatty acid biosynthesis. Mol Microbiol 2016; 100:55-75. [PMID: 26711224 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptional activator Zap1p maintains zinc homeostasis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, we examined the role of Zap1p in triacylglycerol (TAG) metabolism. The expression of ETR1 is reduced in zap1Δ. The altered expression of ETR1 results in reduced mitochondrial fatty acid biosynthesis and reduction in lipoic acid content in zap1Δ. The transcription factor Zap1 positively regulates ETR1 expression. Deletion of ETR1 also causes the accumulation of TAG, and the introduction of ETR1 in zap1Δ strain rescues the TAG level. These results demonstrated that the compromised mitochondrial fatty acid biosynthesis causes a reduction in lipoic acid and loss of mitochondrial function in zap1Δ. Functional mitochondria are required for the ATP production and defect in mitochondria slow down the process which may channeled carbon towards lipid biosynthesis and stored in the form of TAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelima Singh
- Lipidomic Centre, Department of Lipid Science, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Karnataka, Mysore, 570020, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysore, India
| | - Kamlesh Kumar Yadav
- Lipidomic Centre, Department of Lipid Science, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Karnataka, Mysore, 570020, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysore, India
| | - Ram Rajasekharan
- Lipidomic Centre, Department of Lipid Science, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Karnataka, Mysore, 570020, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysore, India
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35
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Arsenic Directly Binds to and Activates the Yeast AP-1-Like Transcription Factor Yap8. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 36:913-22. [PMID: 26711267 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00842-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The AP-1-like transcription factor Yap8 is critical for arsenic tolerance in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, the mechanism by which Yap8 senses the presence of arsenic and activates transcription of detoxification genes is unknown. Here we demonstrate that Yap8 directly binds to trivalent arsenite [As(III)] in vitro and in vivo and that approximately one As(III) molecule is bound per molecule of Yap8. As(III) is coordinated by three sulfur atoms in purified Yap8, and our genetic and biochemical data identify the cysteine residues that form the binding site as Cys132, Cys137, and Cys274. As(III) binding by Yap8 does not require an additional yeast protein, and Yap8 is regulated neither at the level of localization nor at the level of DNA binding. Instead, our data are consistent with a model in which a DNA-bound form of Yap8 acts directly as an As(III) sensor. Binding of As(III) to Yap8 triggers a conformational change that in turn brings about a transcriptional response. Thus, As(III) binding to Yap8 acts as a molecular switch that converts inactive Yap8 into an active transcriptional regulator. This is the first report to demonstrate how a eukaryotic protein couples arsenic sensing to transcriptional activation.
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36
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Cellular sensing and transport of metal ions: implications in micronutrient homeostasis. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:1103-15. [PMID: 26342943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Micronutrients include the transition metal ions zinc, copper and iron. These metals are essential for life as they serve as cofactors for many different proteins. On the other hand, they can also be toxic to cell growth when in excess. As a consequence, all organisms require mechanisms to tightly regulate the levels of these metal ions. In eukaryotes, one of the primary ways in which metal levels are regulated is through changes in expression of genes required for metal uptake, compartmentalization, storage and export. By tightly regulating the expression of these genes, each organism is able to balance metal levels despite fluctuations in the diet or extracellular environment. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of how gene expression can be controlled at a transcriptional, posttranscriptional and posttranslational level in response to metal ions in lower and higher eukaryotes. Specifically, I review what is known about how these metalloregulatory factors sense fluctuations in metal ion levels and how changes in gene expression maintain nutrient homeostasis.
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37
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Kobayashi T, Nishizawa NK. Intracellular iron sensing by the direct binding of iron to regulators. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:155. [PMID: 25815002 PMCID: PMC4356067 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Kobayashi
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTOKawaguchi, Japan
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural UniversityNonoichi, Japan
| | - Naoko K. Nishizawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural UniversityNonoichi, Japan
- *Correspondence: Naoko K. Nishizawa,
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38
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Kochańczyk T, Drozd A, Krężel A. Relationship between the architecture of zinc coordination and zinc binding affinity in proteins – insights into zinc regulation. Metallomics 2015; 7:244-57. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00094c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Relationship between the architecture and stability of zinc proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kochańczyk
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- Faculty of Biotechnology
- University of Wrocław
- 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Drozd
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- Faculty of Biotechnology
- University of Wrocław
- 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Artur Krężel
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- Faculty of Biotechnology
- University of Wrocław
- 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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39
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Chen Y, Bai Y, Han Z, He W, Guo Z. Photoluminescence imaging of Zn2+in living systems. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:4517-46. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00005j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Advances in PL imaging techniques, such as confocal microscopy, two photon microscopy, lifetime and optical imaging techniques, have made remarkable contributions in Zn2+tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuncong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Coordination Chemistry Institute
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
| | - Yang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Coordination Chemistry Institute
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
| | - Zhong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Coordination Chemistry Institute
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
| | - Weijiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Coordination Chemistry Institute
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
| | - Zijian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Coordination Chemistry Institute
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
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40
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Choi S, Bird AJ. Zinc'ing sensibly: controlling zinc homeostasis at the transcriptional level. Metallomics 2014; 6:1198-215. [PMID: 24722954 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00064a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Zinc-responsive transcription factors are found in all kingdoms of life and include the transcriptional activators ZntR, SczA, Zap1, bZip19, bZip23, and MTF-1, and transcriptional repressors Zur, AdcR, Loz1, and SmtB. These factors have two defining features; their activity is regulated by zinc and they all play a central role in zinc homeostasis by controlling the expression of genes that directly affect zinc levels or its availability. This review summarizes what is known about the mechanisms by which each of these factors sense changes in intracellular zinc levels and how they control zinc homeostasis through target gene regulation. Other factors that influence zinc ion sensing are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangyong Choi
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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41
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Harmaza YM, Slobozhanina EI. Zinc essentiality and toxicity. Biophysical aspects. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350914020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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42
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Sun Q, Madan B, Tsai SL, DeLisa MP, Chen W. Creation of artificial cellulosomes on DNA scaffolds by zinc finger protein-guided assembly for efficient cellulose hydrolysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:1423-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc47215a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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Zhu L, Yuan Z, Simmons JT, Sreenath K. Zn(II)-coordination modulated ligand photophysical processes - the development of fluorescent indicators for imaging biological Zn(II) ions. RSC Adv 2014; 4:20398-20440. [PMID: 25071933 PMCID: PMC4111279 DOI: 10.1039/c4ra00354c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular photophysics and metal coordination chemistry are the two fundamental pillars that support the development of fluorescent cation indicators. In this article, we describe how Zn(II)-coordination alters various ligand-centered photophysical processes that are pertinent to developing Zn(II) indicators. The main aim is to show how small organic Zn(II) indicators work under the constraints of specific requirements, including Zn(II) detection range, photophysical requirements such as excitation energy and emission color, temporal and spatial resolutions in a heterogeneous intracellular environment, and fluorescence response selectivity between similar cations such as Zn(II) and Cd(II). In the last section, the biological questions that fluorescent Zn(II) indicators help to answer are described, which have been motivating and challenging this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, United States
| | - Zhao Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, United States
| | - J. Tyler Simmons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, United States
| | - Kesavapillai Sreenath
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, United States
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44
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Staats CC, Kmetzsch L, Schrank A, Vainstein MH. Fungal zinc metabolism and its connections to virulence. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:65. [PMID: 24133658 PMCID: PMC3796257 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is a ubiquitous metal in all life forms, as it is a structural component of the almost 10% of eukaryotic proteins, which are called zinc-binding proteins. In zinc-limiting conditions such as those found during infection, pathogenic fungi activate the expression of several systems to enhance the uptake of zinc. These systems include ZIP transporters (solute carrier 39 family) and secreted zincophores, which are proteins that are able to chelate zinc. The expression of some fungal zinc uptake systems are regulated by a master regulator (Zap1), first characterized in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this review, we highlight features of zinc uptake and metabolism in human fungal pathogens and aspects of the relationship between proper zinc metabolism and the expression of virulence factors and adaptation to the host habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charley C Staats
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre, Brazil ; Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre, Brazil
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45
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Zinc finger protein Loz1 is required for zinc-responsive regulation of gene expression in fission yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:15371-6. [PMID: 24003116 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1300853110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (Adh1) is an abundant zinc-requiring enzyme that catalyses the conversion of acetaldehyde to ethanol during fermentation. In a zinc-replete cell, adh1 is highly expressed. However, in zinc-limited cells, adh1 gene expression is repressed, and cells induce the expression of an alternative alcohol dehydrogenase encoded by the adh4 gene. In our studies examining this zinc-dependent switch in alcohol dehydrogenase gene expression, we isolated an adh1Δ strain containing a partial loss of function mutation that resulted in higher levels of adh4 transcripts in zinc-replete cells. This mutation also led to the aberrant expression of other genes that are typically regulated by zinc. Using linkage analysis, we have mapped the position of this mutation to a single gene called Loss Of Zinc sensing 1 (loz1). Loz1 is a 55-kDa protein that contains a double C2H2-type zinc finger domain. The mapped mutation that disrupts Loz1 function leads to an arginine to glycine substitution in the second zinc finger domain, suggesting that the double zinc finger domain is important for Loz1 function. We show that loz1Δ cells hyperaccumulate zinc and that Loz1 is required for gene repression in zinc-replete cells. We also have found that Loz1 negatively autoregulates its own expression. We propose that Loz1 is a unique metalloregulatory factor that plays a central role in zinc homeostasis in S. pombe.
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46
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Abstract
All living organisms require nutrient minerals for growth and have developed mechanisms to acquire, utilize, and store nutrient minerals effectively. In the aqueous cellular environment, these elements exist as charged ions that, together with protons and hydroxide ions, facilitate biochemical reactions and establish the electrochemical gradients across membranes that drive cellular processes such as transport and ATP synthesis. Metal ions serve as essential enzyme cofactors and perform both structural and signaling roles within cells. However, because these ions can also be toxic, cells have developed sophisticated homeostatic mechanisms to regulate their levels and avoid toxicity. Studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have characterized many of the gene products and processes responsible for acquiring, utilizing, storing, and regulating levels of these ions. Findings in this model organism have often allowed the corresponding machinery in humans to be identified and have provided insights into diseases that result from defects in ion homeostasis. This review summarizes our current understanding of how cation balance is achieved and modulated in baker's yeast. Control of intracellular pH is discussed, as well as uptake, storage, and efflux mechanisms for the alkali metal cations, Na(+) and K(+), the divalent cations, Ca(2+) and Mg(2+), and the trace metal ions, Fe(2+), Zn(2+), Cu(2+), and Mn(2+). Signal transduction pathways that are regulated by pH and Ca(2+) are reviewed, as well as the mechanisms that allow cells to maintain appropriate intracellular cation concentrations when challenged by extreme conditions, i.e., either limited availability or toxic levels in the environment.
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47
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Assunção AGL, Persson DP, Husted S, Schjørring JK, Alexander RD, Aarts MGM. Model of how plants sense zinc deficiency. Metallomics 2013; 5:1110-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00070b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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48
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Iron-induced dissociation of the Aft1p transcriptional regulator from target gene promoters is an initial event in iron-dependent gene suppression. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:4998-5008. [PMID: 23045394 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00726-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aft1p is an iron-responsive transcriptional activator that plays a central role in the regulation of iron metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Aft1p is regulated by accelerated nuclear export in the presence of iron, mediated by Msn5p. However, the transcriptional activity of Aft1p is suppressed under iron-replete conditions in the Δmsn5 strain, although Aft1p remains in the nucleus. Aft1p dissociates from its target promoters under iron-replete conditions due to an interaction between Aft1p and the monothiol glutaredoxin Grx3p or Grx4p (Grx3/4p). The binding of Grx3/4p to Aft1p is induced by iron repletion and requires binding of an iron-sulfur cluster to Grx3/4p. The mitochondrial transporter Atm1p, which has been implicated in the export of iron-sulfur clusters and related molecules, is required not only for iron binding to Grx3p but also for dissociation of Aft1p from its target promoters. These results suggest that iron binding to Grx3p (and presumably Grx4p) is a prerequisite for the suppression of Aft1p. Since Atm1p plays crucial roles in the delivery of iron-sulfur clusters from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm and nucleus, these results support the previous observations that the mitochondrial iron-sulfur cluster assembly machinery is involved in cellular iron sensing.
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49
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Frey AG, Eide DJ. Zinc-responsive coactivator recruitment by the yeast Zap1 transcription factor. Microbiologyopen 2012; 1:105-14. [PMID: 22950018 PMCID: PMC3426420 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The zinc-responsive Zap1 transcription factor of Saccharomyces cerevisiae controls many genes involved in zinc homeostasis. Zap1 has two activation domains, AD1 and AD2, which are independently regulated by zinc. While AD1 can fully activate most Zap1 target genes, AD2 is active only on a subset of those genes. One hypothesis explaining this promoter specificity was that AD1 and AD2 recruit different coactivators. To address this question, we carried out a genetic screen to identify coactivator complexes that are required for Zap1-mediated activation. SWI/SNF, SAGA, and Mediator complexes were implicated as playing major roles in Zap1 activation. Consistent with this conclusion, we found that these three complexes are recruited to Zap1 target promoters in a zinc-responsive and Zap1-dependent manner. Coactivator recruitment was highly interdependent such that mutations disrupting SAGA impaired recruitment of SWI/SNF and vice versa. Optimal Mediator recruitment was dependent on both SAGA and SWI/SNF. A comparison of the coactivators recruited by AD1 and AD2 found no obvious differences suggesting that recruitment of different coactivators is not likely the mechanism of AD specificity. Rather, our results suggest that AD2 recruits coactivators less effectively than AD1 and is therefore only functional on some promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery G Frey
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, Wisconsin
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Mbatia HW, Burdette SC. Photochemical Tools for Studying Metal Ion Signaling and Homeostasis. Biochemistry 2012; 51:7212-24. [DOI: 10.1021/bi3001769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah W. Mbatia
- University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville
Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United
States
| | - Shawn C. Burdette
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, Massachusetts
01609-2280, United States
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