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Hassanshahi A, Janahmadi M, Razavinasab M, Ranjbar H, Hosseinmardi N, Behzadi G, Kohlmeier KA, Ilaghi M, Shabani M. Preventive putative effect of agmatine on cognitive and molecular outcomes in ventral tegmental area of male offspring following physical and psychological prenatal stress. Dev Psychobiol 2023; 65:e22410. [PMID: 37607891 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal stress (PS) results from a maternal experience of stressful events during pregnancy, which has been associated with an increased risk of behavioral disorders including substance abuse and anxiety in the offspring. PS is known to result in heightened dopamine release in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), in part through the effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone, which directly excites dopaminergic cells. It has recently been suggested that agmatine plays a role in modulating anxiety-like behaviors. In this study, we investigated whether agmatine could reduce negative cognitive outcomes in male mice prenatally exposed to psychological/physical stress, and whether this could be associated with molecular changes in VTA. Agmatine (37.5 mg/kg) was administrated 30 min prior to PS induction in pregnant Swiss mice. Male offspring were evaluated in a series of behavioral and molecular assays. Findings demonstrated that agmatine reduced the impairment in locomotor activity induced by both psychological and physical PS. Agmatine also decreased heightened conditioned place preference to morphine seen in PS offspring. Moreover, agmatine ameliorated the anxiety-like behavior and drug-seeking behavior induced by PS in the male offspring. Molecular effects were seen in VTA as the enhanced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) induced by PS in the VTA was reduced by agmatine. Behavioral tests indicate that agmatine exerts a protective effect on PS-induced impairments in male offspring, which could be due in part to agmatine-associated molecular alterations in the VTA. Taken together, our data suggest that prenatal treatment with agmatine exerts protective effect against negative consequences of PS on the development of affective circuits in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Hassanshahi
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahyar Janahmadi
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Moazamehosadat Razavinasab
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hoda Ranjbar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Narges Hosseinmardi
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gila Behzadi
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kristi A Kohlmeier
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mehran Ilaghi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shabani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Lubbe C, Meyer LCR, Kohn TA, Harvey BH, Wolmarans DW. The pathophysiology of rhabdomyolysis in ungulates and rats: towards the development of a rodent model of capture myopathy. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:361-371. [PMID: 36334218 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-10030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Capture myopathy (CM), which is associated with the capture and translocation of wildlife, is a life-threatening condition that causes noteworthy morbidity and mortality in captured animals. Such wildlife deaths have a significant impact on nature conservation efforts and the socio-economic wellbeing of communities reliant on ecotourism. Several strategies are used to minimise the adverse consequences associated with wildlife capture, especially in ungulates, but no successful preventative or curative measures have yet been developed. The primary cause of death in wild animals diagnosed with CM stems from kidney or multiple organ failure as secondary complications to capture-induced rhabdomyolysis. Ergo, the development of accurate and robust model frameworks is vital to improve our understanding of CM. Still, since CM-related complications are borne from biological and behavioural factors that may be unique to wildlife, e.g. skeletal muscle architecture or flighty nature, certain differences between the physiology and stress responses of wildlife and rodents need consideration in such endeavours. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarise some of the major etiological and pathological mechanisms of the condition as it is observed in wildlife and what is currently known of CM-like syndromes, i.e. rhabdomyolysis, in laboratory rats. Additionally, we will highlight some key aspects for consideration in the development and application of potential future rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Lubbe
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Leith C R Meyer
- Center for Veterinary Wildlife Research and Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Tertius A Kohn
- Center for Veterinary Wildlife Research and Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Medical Bioscience, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Brian H Harvey
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Unit On Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - De Wet Wolmarans
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
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Fenton H, Cluff HD, Blakley B, Rothenburger JL. Hepatic fibrosis and mineralization in a free-ranging barren-ground caribou ( Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) from the Northwest Territories. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2022; 63:157-160. [PMID: 35110773 PMCID: PMC8759337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Due to concerns about the appearance of portions of liver from a harvested adult, male barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus), samples were submitted for diagnostic investigation. The gross and histologic findings were consistent with severe hepatic fibrosis and mineralization. Concentrations of vitamin E in the liver were also deficient. Disease investigations in wildlife of detectable abnormalities such as this provide important information for understanding the role of disease as populations change, as well as for safety of human food sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Fenton
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies (Fenton); Government of the Northwest Territories, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, North Slave Office, P.O. Box 2668, 3803 Bretzlaff Drive, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories X1A 2P9 (Cluff ); Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Blakley); Department of Ecosystem and Public Health; Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative (Alberta Region) University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta (Rothenburger)
| | - H Dean Cluff
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies (Fenton); Government of the Northwest Territories, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, North Slave Office, P.O. Box 2668, 3803 Bretzlaff Drive, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories X1A 2P9 (Cluff ); Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Blakley); Department of Ecosystem and Public Health; Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative (Alberta Region) University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta (Rothenburger)
| | - Barry Blakley
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies (Fenton); Government of the Northwest Territories, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, North Slave Office, P.O. Box 2668, 3803 Bretzlaff Drive, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories X1A 2P9 (Cluff ); Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Blakley); Department of Ecosystem and Public Health; Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative (Alberta Region) University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta (Rothenburger)
| | - Jamie L Rothenburger
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies (Fenton); Government of the Northwest Territories, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, North Slave Office, P.O. Box 2668, 3803 Bretzlaff Drive, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories X1A 2P9 (Cluff ); Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Blakley); Department of Ecosystem and Public Health; Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative (Alberta Region) University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta (Rothenburger)
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Hölzle P, Frank A, Hörmann S, Pajonk FG, Förstl H. [Excited Delirium Syndrome (ExDS): emergence and emergency management]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2021; 146:1421-1426. [PMID: 34670285 DOI: 10.1055/a-1533-9764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The Excited Delirium Syndrome (ExDS) is a state of maximum psychophysiological excitation far beyond mental agitation. Patients themselves are at an acute risk and put others at a high risk. We present data from eleven patients and a short literature review. Results: 9 of 11 patients were acutely intoxicated (alcohol, magic mushrooms, THC, ecstacy, or "flakka"). Eight had a history of substance abuse and 4 of other mental illness. None of the patients responded to attempts at verbal de-escalation. Seven had significant injuries at the time of admission to the hospital. The aggressive "psychiatric" presentation of ExDS can lead to vital risks being overlooked (hyperexcitation, acidosis, rhabdomyolysis, hypoxemia, and cardiovascular decompensation), which may even be increased by severe methods of restraint (hogtie; positional asphyxia). Early recognition of ExDS and its risks, comprehensive management and the prevention of inappropriate treatment will help to reduce fatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Hölzle
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, TU München
| | - Andreas Frank
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, TU München
| | - Sophia Hörmann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, TU München
| | | | - Hans Förstl
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, TU München
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CHALLENGES TO ANIMAL WELFARE DURING TRANSPORTATION OF WILD MAMMALS: A REVIEW (1990-2020). J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:1-13. [PMID: 33827156 DOI: 10.1638/2019-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild mammal transport is an important component of conservation translocation as well as the economic wildlife trade. This article reviews the physiological responses to transport that have been measured in wild mammalian species, factors associated with these responses, and interventions that have been applied to mitigate these responses. By organizing the literature review along the "five domains model" of animal welfare, namely, the physical-functional domains (nutrition, environment, health, behavior) and the mental domain (mental state), it can be demonstrated that wild mammal transport is associated with challenges to ensuring positive animal welfare in all five domains. Transported wild mammals can experience dehydration, catabolism, fatigue, immunosuppression, behavioral changes, and stress. Factors influencing these physiological responses to transport have only been researched in a few studies encompassing species, journey length, ambient temperature, vehicle motion, stocking density, orientation, habituation, vehicle speed allowance, and road type. The administration of tranquilizers has been shown to mitigate negative physiological responses to transport. There is a need to further investigate species and situation-specific physiological responses to transport and factors associated with these responses in order to identify challenges to ensuring animal welfare and improving translocation success.
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Hinde K, Amorim CEG, Brokaw AF, Burt N, Casillas MC, Chen A, Chestnut T, Connors PK, Dasari M, Ditelberg CF, Dietrick J, Drew J, Durgavich L, Easterling B, Henning C, Hilborn A, Karlsson EK, Kissel M, Kobylecky J, Krell J, Lee DN, Lesciotto KM, Lewton KL, Light JE, Martin J, Murphy A, Nickley W, Núñez-de la Mora A, Pellicer O, Pellicer V, Perry AM, Schuttler SG, Stone AC, Tanis B, Weber J, Wilson M, Willcocks E, Anderson CN. March Mammal Madness and the power of narrative in science outreach. eLife 2021; 10:e65066. [PMID: 33616530 PMCID: PMC7899649 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
March Mammal Madness is a science outreach project that, over the course of several weeks in March, reaches hundreds of thousands of people in the United States every year. We combine four approaches to science outreach - gamification, social media platforms, community event(s), and creative products - to run a simulated tournament in which 64 animals compete to become the tournament champion. While the encounters between the animals are hypothetical, the outcomes rely on empirical evidence from the scientific literature. Players select their favored combatants beforehand, and during the tournament scientists translate the academic literature into gripping "play-by-play" narration on social media. To date ~1100 scholarly works, covering almost 400 taxa, have been transformed into science stories. March Mammal Madness is most typically used by high-school educators teaching life sciences, and we estimate that our materials reached ~1% of high-school students in the United States in 2019. Here we document the intentional design, public engagement, and magnitude of reach of the project. We further explain how human psychological and cognitive adaptations for shared experiences, social learning, narrative, and imagery contribute to the widespread use of March Mammal Madness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Hinde
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, the Center for Evolution and Medicine, and the School of Sustainability, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | - Carlos Eduardo G Amorim
- Department of Biology, California State University NorthridgeNorthridgeUnited States
- Department of Computational Biology, University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Alyson F Brokaw
- Interdisciplinary Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Nicole Burt
- Department of Human Health and Evolutionary Medicine, Cleveland Museum of Natural HistoryClevelandUnited States
| | | | - Albert Chen
- Milner Centre for Evolution, University of BathBathUnited Kingdom
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Tara Chestnut
- National Park ServiceMount Rainier National ParkUnited States
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State UniversityCorvallisUnited States
| | - Patrice K Connors
- Department of Biological Sciences, Colorado Mesa UniversityGrand JunctionUnited States
| | - Mauna Dasari
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre DameNotre DameUnited States
| | | | | | - Josh Drew
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural HistorySyracuseUnited States
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, SUNY College of Environmental Science and ForestrySyracuseUnited States
| | - Lara Durgavich
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
- Department of Anthropology, Boston UniversityBostonUnited States
- Department of Anthropology, Tufts UniversityMedfordUnited States
| | | | | | - Anne Hilborn
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California RiversideRiversideUnited States
| | - Elinor K Karlsson
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
- Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States
| | - Marc Kissel
- Department of Anthropology, Appalachian State UniversityBooneUnited States
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre DameNotre DameUnited States
| | | | - Jason Krell
- Center for Science and Imagination, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | - Danielle N Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University EdwardsvilleEdwardsvilleUnited States
| | - Kate M Lesciotto
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Sam Houston State UniversityHuntsvilleUnited States
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State UniversityState CollegeUnited States
| | - Kristi L Lewton
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of Mammalogy, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles CountyLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of MedicineBostonUnited States
| | - Jessica E Light
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, the Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collections, and the Interdisciplinary Program in Ecology and Evolution, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Jessica Martin
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | - Asia Murphy
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
| | - William Nickley
- Department of Design, The Ohio State UniversityColumbusUnited States
| | | | | | | | - Anali Maughan Perry
- Engagement & Learning Services, ASU Library, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | | | - Anne C Stone
- Human Evolution and Social Change, the Center for Evolution, and Medicine, and the Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | - Brian Tanis
- Department of Biology, Oregon State University-CascadesBendUnited States
| | - Jesse Weber
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Melissa Wilson
- School of Life Sciences and the Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | - Emma Willcocks
- Department of Biology, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
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Chinedozi I, Zarin J, Quinn R, Rowin E, Cobey FC, Trzcinka A. Two Tales of Cardiomyopathy: Underscore for One Health Initiative. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2021; 35:2811-2814. [PMID: 33781670 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2021.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a common cause of sudden cardiac death, results from mutations in the cardiac sarcomere. Although there has been much scientific exploration regarding this disease, there is still much to be elucidated. This E-challenge highlights two cases of cardiomyopathy and underscores the need for future multidisciplinary collaboration as outlined by the One Health Initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imaobong Chinedozi
- Tufts Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Joseph Zarin
- Angell Animal Medical Center, Department of Cardiology, Boston, MA
| | - Rebecca Quinn
- Angell Animal Medical Center, Department of Cardiology, Boston, MA
| | - Ethan Rowin
- Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Boston, MA
| | - Frederick C Cobey
- Tufts Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Agnieszka Trzcinka
- Tufts Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Boston, MA.
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8
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De Pelsmaeker N, Korslund L, Steifetten Ø. Do bank voles (Myodes glareolus) trapped in live and lethal traps show differences in tick burden? PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239029. [PMID: 32941509 PMCID: PMC7498064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In studies assessing tick abundance, the use of live traps to capture and euthanize rodent hosts is a commonly used method to determine their burden. However, captive animals can experience debilitating or fatal capture stress as a result prior to collection. An alternative method is the use of lethal traps, but this can potentially lead to tick drop-off between the time of capture and collection. In this study, in order to determine whether subjecting animals to capture stress is inevitable, we tested the difference in sheep tick (Ixodes ricinus) larval burdens between bank voles (Myodes glareolus) captured alive and euthanized, and lethally trapped bank voles. During 2017 and 2018, 1318 bank voles were captured using live (Ugglan Special no. 2) and lethal (Rapp2 Mousetrap) traps during two consecutive years over three seasons in two locations in Norway. Voles captured alive would remain captive until euthanized, while lethally trapped voles were killed instantly upon capture. Log-linear models, accounting for overdispersion, were used to determine whether trap type was influencing observed tick burden. Bank voles captured in lethal traps carried 5.7% more larvae compared to euthanized voles captured in live traps, but this difference was not significant (p = 0.420). Males were overall captured 2.7 times more frequently than females, and the sex ratio was equal in both trap types. This study shows that the use of lethal traps to determine tick burden of rodents is sufficiently reliable, without having to subject animals to potentially lethal stress, hereby reducing some ethical concerns of animal suffering and the results thereof, without compromising accuracy. Lethal trapping is also often more economical and practical, further favoring this collection method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas De Pelsmaeker
- Department of Nature, Health and Environment, University of Southeastern Norway, Bø, Norway
| | - Lars Korslund
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Øyvind Steifetten
- Department of Nature, Health and Environment, University of Southeastern Norway, Bø, Norway
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Fear of Killer Whales Drives Extreme Synchrony in Deep Diving Beaked Whales. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13. [PMID: 32029750 PMCID: PMC7005263 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55911-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fear of predation can induce profound changes in the behaviour and physiology of prey species even if predator encounters are infrequent. For echolocating toothed whales, the use of sound to forage exposes them to detection by eavesdropping predators, but while some species exploit social defences or produce cryptic acoustic signals, deep-diving beaked whales, well known for mass-strandings induced by navy sonar, seem enigmatically defenceless against their main predator, killer whales. Here we test the hypothesis that the stereotyped group diving and vocal behaviour of beaked whales has benefits for abatement of predation risk and thus could have been driven by fear of predation over evolutionary time. Biologging data from 14 Blainville’s and 12 Cuvier’s beaked whales show that group members have an extreme synchronicity, overlapping vocal foraging time by 98% despite hunting individually, thereby reducing group temporal availability for acoustic detection by killer whales to <25%. Groups also perform a coordinated silent ascent in an unpredictable direction, covering a mean of 1 km horizontal distance from their last vocal position. This tactic sacrifices 35% of foraging time but reduces by an order of magnitude the risk of interception by killer whales. These predator abatement behaviours have likely served beaked whales over millions of years, but may become maladaptive by playing a role in mass strandings induced by man-made predator-like sonar sounds.
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Shah KS, Fudim M. Stress Remains in the Eye of the Beholder. JACC Case Rep 2020; 2:294-295. [PMID: 34317226 PMCID: PMC8298305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2019.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S. Shah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Marat Fudim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Section of Advanced Heart Failure and Transplant Cardiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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11
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Upham NS, Esselstyn JA, Jetz W. Inferring the mammal tree: Species-level sets of phylogenies for questions in ecology, evolution, and conservation. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000494. [PMID: 31800571 PMCID: PMC6892540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Big, time-scaled phylogenies are fundamental to connecting evolutionary processes to modern biodiversity patterns. Yet inferring reliable phylogenetic trees for thousands of species involves numerous trade-offs that have limited their utility to comparative biologists. To establish a robust evolutionary timescale for all approximately 6,000 living species of mammals, we developed credible sets of trees that capture root-to-tip uncertainty in topology and divergence times. Our "backbone-and-patch" approach to tree building applies a newly assembled 31-gene supermatrix to two levels of Bayesian inference: (1) backbone relationships and ages among major lineages, using fossil node or tip dating, and (2) species-level "patch" phylogenies with nonoverlapping in-groups that each correspond to one representative lineage in the backbone. Species unsampled for DNA are either excluded ("DNA-only" trees) or imputed within taxonomic constraints using branch lengths drawn from local birth-death models ("completed" trees). Joining time-scaled patches to backbones results in species-level trees of extant Mammalia with all branches estimated under the same modeling framework, thereby facilitating rate comparisons among lineages as disparate as marsupials and placentals. We compare our phylogenetic trees to previous estimates of mammal-wide phylogeny and divergence times, finding that (1) node ages are broadly concordant among studies, and (2) recent (tip-level) rates of speciation are estimated more accurately in our study than in previous "supertree" approaches, in which unresolved nodes led to branch-length artifacts. Credible sets of mammalian phylogenetic history are now available for download at http://vertlife.org/phylosubsets, enabling investigations of long-standing questions in comparative biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S. Upham
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Center for Biodiversity & Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jacob A. Esselstyn
- Department of Biological Sciences and Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Walter Jetz
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Center for Biodiversity & Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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Baltzer Nielsen S, Stanislaus S, Saunamäki K, Grøndahl C, Banner J, Jørgensen MB. Can acute stress be fatal? A systematic cross-disciplinary review. Stress 2019; 22:286-294. [PMID: 30767612 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2018.1561847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review it is discussed if acute stress can be fatal. The review is based on literature searches on PubMed, PsycINFO as well as Web of Science. Literature concerning the conditions excited delirium syndrome (ExDS), malignant catatonia, takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TCM), and capture myopathy (CM) is reviewed and compared. The aim of the article is to identify and discuss a possible fatalness as well as a common pathophysiology behind these conditions. This includes a deregulated autonomic nervous system, neurocardiac reasons for myocardial damage, and rhabdomyolysis. We conclude that these conditions could be different manifestations of the same pathophysiological phenomenon. In addition, we suggest that it is possible to die from acute stress, but that it requires a prior sensitization, as seen in cocaine abusers and certain psychiatric patients, to render individuals disposed to an extreme autonomic nerve reaction. Lay summary This article compares different conditions in humans and in other animals, where it appears as if the human or animal dies with no other reason than being submitted to an extreme condition of mental stress. The conditions examined via a literature search are excited delirium syndrome, malignant catatonia and takotsubo cardiomyopathy in humans, and a capture myopathy in different mammals. The article theoretically suggests that one can die solely from acute stress, but that different forms sensitization probably goes ahead of such a fatal stress reaction. E.g. in cocaine addicts, some psychiatric patients, and in wild animals formerly subjected to stress an extreme sympathetic stress response might be immediately fatal. The article also theorizes that excited delirium syndrome, malignant catatonia, and capture myopathy could be more severe and acute variants of the temporary condition seen in takotsubo patients, also known as patients with broken heart syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharleny Stanislaus
- b Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Department O, Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Kari Saunamäki
- c Department of Cardiology, Gentofte Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | | | - Jytte Banner
- e Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Martin Balslev Jørgensen
- b Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Department O, Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
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Breed D, Meyer LCR, Steyl JCA, Goddard A, Burroughs R, Kohn TA. Conserving wildlife in a changing world: Understanding capture myopathy-a malignant outcome of stress during capture and translocation. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coz027. [PMID: 31304016 PMCID: PMC6612673 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The number of species that merit conservation interventions is increasing daily with ongoing habitat destruction, increased fragmentation and loss of population connectivity. Desertification and climate change reduce suitable conservation areas. Physiological stress is an inevitable part of the capture and translocation process of wild animals. Globally, capture myopathy-a malignant outcome of stress during capture operations-accounts for the highest number of deaths associated with wildlife translocation. These deaths may not only have considerable impacts on conservation efforts but also have direct and indirect financial implications. Such deaths usually are indicative of how well animal welfare was considered and addressed during a translocation exercise. Importantly, devastating consequences on the continued existence of threatened and endangered species succumbing to this known risk during capture and movement may result. Since first recorded in 1964 in Kenya, many cases of capture myopathy have been described, but the exact causes, pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment for this condition remain to be adequately studied and fully elucidated. Capture myopathy is a condition with marked morbidity and mortality that occur predominantly in wild animals around the globe. It arises from inflicted stress and physical exertion that would typically occur with prolonged or short intense pursuit, capture, restraint or transportation of wild animals. The condition carries a grave prognosis, and despite intensive extended and largely non-specific supportive treatment, the success rate is poor. Although not as common as in wildlife, domestic animals and humans are also affected by conditions with similar pathophysiology. This review aims to highlight the current state of knowledge related to the clinical and pathophysiological presentation, potential treatments, preventative measures and, importantly, the hypothetical causes and proposed pathomechanisms by comparing conditions found in domestic animals and humans. Future comparative strategies and research directions are proposed to help better understand the pathophysiology of capture myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Breed
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Biodiversity Management Branch, Environmental Management Department, City of Cape Town, Maitland, South Africa
| | - Leith C R Meyer
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Johan C A Steyl
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Amelia Goddard
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Richard Burroughs
- Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Tertius A Kohn
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Corresponding author: Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Boundary Road, Cape Town 7725, South Africa. Tel.: +27 21 406 6235;
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Beausoleil NJ, Mellor DJ, Baker L, Baker SE, Bellio M, Clarke AS, Dale A, Garlick S, Jones B, Harvey A, Pitcher BJ, Sherwen S, Stockin KA, Zito S. "Feelings and Fitness" Not "Feelings or Fitness"-The Raison d'être of Conservation Welfare, Which Aligns Conservation and Animal Welfare Objectives. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:296. [PMID: 30538995 PMCID: PMC6277474 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly, human activities, including those aimed at conserving species and ecosystems (conservation activities) influence not only the survival and fitness but also the welfare of wild animals. Animal welfare relates to how an animal is experiencing its life and encompasses both its physical and mental states. While conservation biology and animal welfare science are both multi-disciplinary fields that use scientific methods to address concerns about animals, their focus and objectives sometimes appear to conflict. However, activities impacting detrimentally on the welfare of individual animals also hamper achievement of some conservation goals, and societal acceptance is imperative to the continuation of conservation activities. Thus, the best outcomes for both disciplines will be achieved through collaboration and knowledge-sharing. Despite this recognition, cross-disciplinary information-sharing and collaborative research and practice in conservation are still rare, with the exception of the zoo context. This paper summarizes key points developed by a group of conservation and animal welfare scientists discussing scientific assessment of wild animal welfare and barriers to progress. The dominant theme emerging was the need for a common language to facilitate cross-disciplinary progress in understanding and safeguarding the welfare of animals of wild species. Current conceptions of welfare implicit in conservation science, based mainly on "fitness" (physical states), need to be aligned with contemporary animal welfare science concepts which emphasize the dynamic integration of "fitness" and "feelings" (mental experiences) to holistically understand animals' welfare states. The way in which animal welfare is characterized influences the way it is evaluated and the emphasis put on different features of welfare, as well as, the importance placed on the outcomes of such evaluations and how that information is used, for example in policy development and decision-making. Salient examples from the New Zealand and Australian context are presented to illustrate. To genuinely progress our understanding and evaluation of wild animal welfare and optimize the aims of both scientific disciplines, conservation and animal welfare scientists should work together to evolve and apply a common understanding of welfare. To facilitate this, we propose the formal development of a new discipline, Conservation Welfare, integrating the expertise of scientists from both fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngaio J. Beausoleil
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David J. Mellor
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Liv Baker
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sandra E. Baker
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, University of Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Mariagrazia Bellio
- Institute of Land Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW, Australia
| | - Alison S. Clarke
- Veterinary Emergency Centre and Hospital, JCU Vet, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Arnja Dale
- Royal New Zealand Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Steve Garlick
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Possumwood Wildlife Recovery and Research, Bungendore, NSW, Australia
| | - Bidda Jones
- Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Andrea Harvey
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Karen A. Stockin
- Coastal Marine Research Group, Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Zito
- Royal New Zealand Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Auckland, New Zealand
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Biasutti SA, Dart AJ. Suspected capture myopathy in an alpaca (Vicugna pacos) following a dog attack. N Z Vet J 2018; 67:52-54. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2018.1533438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- SA Biasutti
- Research and Clinical Trials Unit University Veterinary Teaching Hospital University of Sydney Camden, NSW Australia
| | - AJ Dart
- Research and Clinical Trials Unit University Veterinary Teaching Hospital University of Sydney Camden, NSW Australia
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Dai X, Long C, Xu J, Guo Q, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Bater. Are dominant plant species more susceptible to leaf-mining insects? A case study at Saihanwula Nature Reserve, China. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:7633-7648. [PMID: 30151177 PMCID: PMC6106163 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dominant species significantly affect interspecific relationships, community structure, and ecosystem function. In the field, dominant species are often identified by their high importance values. Selective foraging on dominant species is a common phenomenon in ecology. Our hypothesis is that dominant plant groups with high importance values are more susceptible to leaf-mining insects at the regional level. Here, we used the Saihanwula National Nature Reserve as a case study to examine the presence-absence patterns of leaf-mining insects on different plants in a forest-grassland ecotone in Northeast China. We identified the following patterns: (1) After phylogenetic correction, plants with high importance values are more likely to host leafminers at the species, genus, or family level. (2) Other factors including phylogenetic isolation, life form, water ecotype, and phytogeographical type of plants have different influences on the relationship between plant dominance and leafminer presence. In summary, the importance value is a valid predictor of the presence of consumers, even when we consider the effects of plant phylogeny and other plant attributes. Dominant plant groups are large and susceptible targets of leaf-mining insects. The consistent leaf-mining distribution pattern across different countries, vegetation types, and plant taxa can be explained by the "species-area relationship" or the "plant apparency hypothesis."
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Dai
- Leafminer GroupSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesGannan Normal UniversityGanzhouChina
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research CenterGanzhouChina
| | - Chengpeng Long
- Leafminer GroupSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesGannan Normal UniversityGanzhouChina
| | - Jiasheng Xu
- Leafminer GroupSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesGannan Normal UniversityGanzhouChina
| | - Qingyun Guo
- Leafminer GroupSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesGannan Normal UniversityGanzhouChina
| | - Wei Zhang
- Leafminer GroupSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesGannan Normal UniversityGanzhouChina
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Leafminer GroupSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesGannan Normal UniversityGanzhouChina
| | - Bater
- Saihanwula National Nature Reserve AdministrationDabanChina
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Chemical capture of impala (Aepyceros melampus): A review of factors contributing to morbidity and mortality. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 44:991-1006. [PMID: 29050999 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the factors that contribute to morbidity and mortality of impala undergoing chemical capture, and discuss how they are potentially mitigated. DATABASES USED PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar and Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital records. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Impala are an important species of antelope in Africa and are often captured during management procedures, veterinary interventions and research projects. Chemical capture is a preferred technique over physical capture and restraint for veterinary interventions as it allows for easier handling and better clinical assessment and treatment. However, this capture technique results in high mortality (4%) and morbidity rates (23%), which translates into animal welfare and economic concerns. Investigation of environmental, drug and drug delivery, and animal factors to elucidate the origin of these high rates was reviewed. The greatest risks emanate from the drug and drug delivery factors where potent opioids (etorphine and thiafentanil) cause profound respiratory compromise, that if left untreated often translates into fatalities. Furthermore, the procedure of darting, an essential tool in game capture, can cause irreparable fractures and other fatal injuries mainly through accidental misplacement of the dart into a long bone, thoracic or peritoneal cavity. Impala are anxious and flighty, and this demeanour (animal related factor) can contribute towards mortality and morbidity rates. Impala that mount an inappropriate stress response to capture tend to die; therefore, procedures that induce an intense stress response (awake clinical examinations) should be avoided. Sequela of a heightened stress response include capture-induced hyperthermia, myopathies, fractures, maladaptation to confinement or new environments and death. Impala serve as a useful model for improving immobilizing and anaesthetic drug protocols, darting techniques or new methods of remote injection in wildlife. However, the risks associated with chemical capture in this species should be understood, and all efforts to mitigate these should be employed.
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Comprehensive Histological and Immunochemical Forensic Studies in Deaths Occurring in Custody. INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2017; 2017:9793528. [PMID: 28386585 PMCID: PMC5366222 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9793528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In-custody deaths have several causes, and these include homicide, suicide, natural death from chronic diseases, and unexplained death possibly related to acute stress, asphyxia, excited delirium, and drug intoxication. In some instances, these deaths are attributed to undefined accidents and natural causes even though there is no obvious natural cause apparent after investigation. Understanding these deaths requires a comprehensive investigation, including documentation of circumstances surrounding the death, review of past medical history, drug and toxicology screens, and a forensic autopsy. These autopsies may not always clearly explain the death and reveal only nonspecific terminal events, such as pulmonary edema or cerebral edema. There are useful histologic and biochemical signatures which identify asphyxia, stress cardiomyopathy, and excited delirium. Identifying these causes of death requires semiquantitative morphologic and biochemical studies. We have reviewed recent Bureau of Justice Statistics on in-custody death, case series, and morphological and biochemical studies relevant to asphyxia, stress cardiomyopathy, and excited delirium and have summarized this information. We suggest that regional centers should manage the investigation of these deaths to provide more comprehensive studies and to enhance the expertise of forensic pathologists who would routinely manage potentially complex and difficult cases.
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Abstract
Neurocardiology refers to the interplay between the nervous system and the cardiovascular system. Stress-related cardiomyopathy exemplifies the brain-heart connection and occurs in several conditions with acute brain injury that share oversympathetic activation. The brain's influences on the heart can include elevated cardiac markers, arrhythmias, repolarization abnormalities on electrocardiogram, myocardial necrosis, and autonomic dysfunction. The neurogenic stunned myocardium in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage represents one end of the spectrum, and is associated with an explosive rise in intracranial pressure that results in excess catecholamine state and possibly CBN. A brain-heart link is more known to cardiologists than neurologists. This chapter provides some insight into the pathophysiology of these pathologic neurocardiac states and their most appropriate management relevant to neurologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Osteraas
- Section of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - V H Lee
- Section of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Eid R, Arab NTT, Greenwood MT. Iron mediated toxicity and programmed cell death: A review and a re-examination of existing paradigms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1864:399-430. [PMID: 27939167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient that is problematic for biological systems since it is toxic as it generates free radicals by interconverting between ferrous (Fe2+) and ferric (Fe3+) forms. Additionally, even though iron is abundant, it is largely insoluble so cells must treat biologically available iron as a valuable commodity. Thus elaborate mechanisms have evolved to absorb, re-cycle and store iron while minimizing toxicity. Focusing on rarely encountered situations, most of the existing literature suggests that iron toxicity is common. A more nuanced examination clearly demonstrates that existing regulatory processes are more than adequate to limit the toxicity of iron even in response to iron overload. Only under pathological or artificially harsh situations of exposure to excess iron does it become problematic. Here we review iron metabolism and its toxicity as well as the literature demonstrating that intracellular iron is not toxic but a stress responsive programmed cell death-inducing second messenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Eid
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nagla T T Arab
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael T Greenwood
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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21
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Mind-Body Approaches in Heart Failure Prevention. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12170-016-0482-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Blumstein DT, Buckner J, Shah S, Patel S, Alfaro ME, Natterson-Horowitz B. A clinical research pathway towards developing new insights into cardiomyopathy. EVOLUTION MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 2015:280. [PMID: 26415642 PMCID: PMC4606057 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eov024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Blumstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA and
| | - Janet Buckner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA and
| | - Sajan Shah
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA and
| | - Shane Patel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA and
| | - Michael E Alfaro
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA and
| | - Barbara Natterson-Horowitz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA and David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Division of Cardiology, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, A2-237, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Madias JE. Capture myopathy in hooved mammals and human Takotsubo syndrome. Evol Med Public Health 2015; 2015:278-9. [PMID: 26415643 PMCID: PMC4606056 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eov023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John E Madias
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, and the Division of Cardiology, Elmhurst Hospital Center, Elmhurst, NY, USA
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