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Arbelo E, Protonotarios A, Gimeno JR, Arbustini E, Barriales-Villa R, Basso C, Bezzina CR, Biagini E, Blom NA, de Boer RA, De Winter T, Elliott PM, Flather M, Garcia-Pavia P, Haugaa KH, Ingles J, Jurcut RO, Klaassen S, Limongelli G, Loeys B, Mogensen J, Olivotto I, Pantazis A, Sharma S, Van Tintelen JP, Ware JS, Kaski JP. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiomyopathies. Eur Heart J 2023; 44:3503-3626. [PMID: 37622657 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 234.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
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Syncope in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (part I): An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol 2022; 357:88-94. [PMID: 35304190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To describe the proportion of patients with syncope among those affected by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and the relevance of syncope as risk factor for sudden cardiac death and life-threatening arrhythmic events. METHOD AND RESULTS Systematic review of original articles that assessed syncope in HCM patients. Literature search of PubMed including all English publications from 1973 to 2021.We found 57 articles for a total of 21.791 patients; of these, 14 studies reported on arrhythmic events in the follow-up. Syncope was reported in 15.8% (3.452 of 21.791) patients. It was considered unexplained in 91% of cases. Life-threatening arrhythmic events occurred in 3.6% of non-syncopal patients and in 7.7% of syncopal patients during a mean follow-up of 5.6 years. A relative risk of 1.99 (95%CI 1.39 to 2.86) was estimated for syncope patients by the random effect model using Haldane continuity correction for 0 events. CONCLUSIONS In the current practice, the cause of syncope remained unexplained in most patients affected by HCM. The management of patients seems mainly driven by risk stratification rather than identification of the aetiology of syncope. There is a need of precise instructions how to apply the recommendations of current guidelines to this disease, which tests are indicated and how to interpret their findings. The protocol was registered in Prospero (ID: 275963).
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Myocardial early systolic lengthening predicts mid-term outcomes in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2021; 38:161-168. [PMID: 34846619 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-021-02484-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether early systolic lengthening (ESL) which reflects subclinical ischemia and other echocardiographic and clinic parameters predict primary outcome [appropriate ICD shock, cardiovascular mortality and ventricular tachycardia (VT) or fibrillation] in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). 202 Patients with HCM (68% male, mean age 48 ± 13.9 years) were included in the study. Patients' clinical, electrocardiographic, 2D classic and speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) data were collected. ESL was defined as time from onset of the Q wave on ECG (onset of the R wave if the Q wave was absent) to maximum myocardial systolic lengthening. Patients were divided into two groups as occurrence or absence of primary outcome during 5 years follow up. During the follow-up period of 5 years (mean follow-up duration, 45.9 ± 10.8 months), 31 patients (15%) developed primary outcome [appropriate ICD shock 22 (11%), cardiovascular death 6 (3%), VT/VF 3(1.5%)]. Higher HCM Risk SCD score, longer ESL, and decreased global longitudinal peak strain (GLPS) were observed in patients with primary outcome. A Cox regression analysis, ESL, GLPS and HCM Risk SCD score were found to be independent predictors of occurrence of primary outcome. In ROC curve analysis, ESL > 53.5 msn could discriminate between groups with and without a primary outcome (AUC 0.768, 80% sensitivity and 60% specificity, CI 95% 0.666-0.871). ESL were found to be predictive for primary outcome in patients with HCM. Readily measurable ESL could be helpful to distinguish patients at high risk who could optimally benefit from ICD therapy.
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Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common inherited heart disease and defined by unexplained isolated progressive myocardial hypertrophy, systolic and diastolic ventricular dysfunction, arrhythmias, sudden cardiac death and histopathologic changes, such as myocyte disarray and myocardial fibrosis. Mutations in genes encoding for proteins of the contractile apparatus of the cardiomyocyte, such as β-myosin heavy chain and myosin binding protein C, have been identified as cause of the disease. Disease is caused by altered biophysical properties of the cardiomyocyte, disturbed calcium handling, and abnormal cellular metabolism. Mutations in sarcomere genes can also activate other signaling pathways via transcriptional activation and can influence non-cardiac cells, such as fibroblasts. Additional environmental, genetic and epigenetic factors result in heterogeneous disease expression. The clinical course of the disease varies greatly with some patients presenting during childhood while others remain asymptomatic until late in life. Patients can present with either heart failure symptoms or the first symptom can be sudden death due to malignant ventricular arrhythmias. The morphological and pathological heterogeneity results in prognosis uncertainty and makes patient management challenging. Current standard therapeutic measures include the prevention of sudden death by prohibition of competitive sport participation and the implantation of cardioverter-defibrillators if indicated, as well as symptomatic heart failure therapies or cardiac transplantation. There exists no causal therapy for this monogenic autosomal-dominant inherited disorder, so that the focus of current management is on early identification of asymptomatic patients at risk through molecular diagnostic and clinical cascade screening of family members, optimal sudden death risk stratification, and timely initiation of preventative therapies to avoid disease progression to the irreversible adverse myocardial remodeling stage. Genetic diagnosis allowing identification of asymptomatic affected patients prior to clinical disease onset, new imaging technologies, and the establishment of international guidelines have optimized treatment and sudden death risk stratification lowering mortality dramatically within the last decade. However, a thorough understanding of underlying disease pathogenesis, regular clinical follow-up, family counseling, and preventative treatment is required to minimize morbidity and mortality of affected patients. This review summarizes current knowledge about molecular genetics and pathogenesis of HCM secondary to mutations in the sarcomere and provides an overview about current evidence and guidelines in clinical patient management. The overview will focus on clinical staging based on disease mechanism allowing timely initiation of preventative measures. An outlook about so far experimental treatments and potential for future therapies will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordula Maria Wolf
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Shimada YJ, Hoeger CW, Latif F, Takayama H, Ginns J, Maurer MS. Myocardial Contraction Fraction Predicts Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Normal Ejection Fraction. J Card Fail 2019; 25:450-456. [PMID: 30928539 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial contraction fraction (MCF), the ratio of left ventricular stroke volume to myocardial volume, is a novel parameter that can distinguish between pathologic and physiologic hypertrophy. However, its prognostic value in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) has never been examined. The objective was to determine if MCF is associated with functional capacity and predicts adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with HCM and normal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a prospective cohort study of 137 patients with HCM and LVEF ≥55%. Patients were followed for 2.7 ± 2.5 years. We examined association of MCF with New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class and a composite outcome of embolic stroke, heart transplantation, and cardiac death. We performed time-to-event analysis with the use of Cox proportional hazards modeling and stepwise elimination. The average age was 52 ± 18 years. The average MCF was 26 ± 11%. MCF was inversely correlated with NYHA functional class (P = .001). A total of 20 subjects experienced an outcome event with an event rate of 5.6% per patient-year. MCF independently predicted the outcome (adjusted hazard ratio 0.50 per 10% increase, 95% confidence interval 0.28-0.90, adjusted P = .02). CONCLUSIONS In patients with HCM and normal LVEF, MCF is associated with functional capacity and independently predicts adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi J Shimada
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Christopher W Hoeger
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Farhana Latif
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Hiroo Takayama
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jonathan Ginns
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Mathew S Maurer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a genetic heart disease with heterogeneous clinical features, including progression to advanced heart failure. The development of these symptoms can be related to outflow obstruction but in some patients reflects an underlying process of fibrosis and progressive ventricular dysfunction. For patients with end-stage disease, traditional heart failure therapies have not proved beneficial. As such, more advanced therapies, such as left ventricular assist device or cardiac transplantation, should be considered for these patients. Although left ventricular assist device support is used infrequently due to the restrictive physiology underlying hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, transplant represents an effective treatment, with encouraging long-term outcome data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi Levine
- Advanced Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplantation, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Macy Pavilion, Suite 100, 100 Woods Road, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
| | - Chhaya Aggarwal Gupta
- Advanced Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplantation, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Macy Pavilion, Suite 100, 100 Woods Road, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Alan Gass
- Heart Transplant and Mechanical Circulatory Support, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Macy Pavilion, Suite 100, 100 Woods Road, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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7
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Weissler-Snir A, Adler A, Williams L, Gruner C, Rakowski H. Prevention of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: bridging the gaps in knowledge. Eur Heart J 2018; 38:1728-1737. [PMID: 27371714 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is the most devastating complication of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Although the annual rate of SCD in the general HCM population is <1% per year according to contemporary series, there is still a small subset of patients who are at increased risk of SCD. The greatest challenge in the management of HCM is identifying those at increased risk as an implantable cardioverter defibrillator is a potentially life-saving therapy. In this review, we sought to summarize the available data on SCD in HCM and provide a clinical perspective on the current differing and somewhat conflicting European and American recommendations on risk stratification, with balanced guidance with regards to rational clinical decision making. Additionally, we sought to learn more on the actual implementation of the guidelines by HCM experts worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adaya Weissler-Snir
- Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arnon Adler
- Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lynne Williams
- Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christiane Gruner
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Centre, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Harry Rakowski
- Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Sakamoto K, Oyama-Manabe N, Manabe O, Aikawa T, Kikuchi Y, Sasai-Masuko H, Naya M, Kudo K, Kato F, Tamaki N, Shirato H. Heterogeneity of longitudinal and circumferential contraction in relation to late gadolinium enhancement in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Jpn J Radiol 2017; 36:103-112. [PMID: 29119456 DOI: 10.1007/s11604-017-0700-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate heterogeneity of myocardial contraction in relation to extensive late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction, using fast strain-encoded magnetic resonance imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-two HCM patients and 24 age-matched control subjects were included in this retrospective study. The regional and global peak values of longitudinal and circumferential strain (LSregional, LSglobal, CSregional, CSglobal), and their regional heterogeneities were evaluated using coefficients of variation (LSCoV, CSCoV) in relation to LGE. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to identify patients with a total left ventricular myocardial LGE ≥ 15%. RESULTS LSglobal in HCM patients was significantly decreased compared to that in controls (- 14.4 ± 2.4% vs - 17.2 ± 2.0%; p = 0.0004), while CSglobal was not (p = 1.0). Negative LGE segments demonstrated decreased LSregional in HCM patients compared to in controls (p < 0.0001), while CSregional was not decreased. CSCoV demonstrated the largest area under the curve (AUC) (0.91), with high sensitivity (83%) and specificity (94%) for detection of HCM patients with extensive LGE, while the AUC of LSCoV was low (0.49). CONCLUSION The heterogeneity in CSregional has a high diagnostic value for detection of HCM patients with extensive LGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Sakamoto
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kita1 4, Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Noriko Oyama-Manabe
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kita1 4, Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Osamu Manabe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tadao Aikawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuka Kikuchi
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kita1 4, Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
- Center for Cause of Death Investigation, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Harue Sasai-Masuko
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masanao Naya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Kudo
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kita1 4, Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Fumi Kato
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kita1 4, Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Nagara Tamaki
- Department of Radiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shirato
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Candan O, Gecmen C, Kalaycı A, Bayam E, Guner A, Gunduz S, Cersit S, Ozkan M. Left ventricular twist in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy : Predictor of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. Herz 2017; 44:238-246. [PMID: 29038823 DOI: 10.1007/s00059-017-4633-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the efficacy of clinical and classic echocardiographic parameters in predicting the occurrence of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NsVT) in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). METHODS The study comprised 59 patients with HCM (47 male, [80%]; mean age, 48.48 ± 14.16 years). Clinical, electrocardiographic, as well as classic two-dimensional and speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) data were collected. All patients had Holter monitoring within 24-72 h of the echocardiographic examination. NsVT was defined as three or more consecutive premature wide QRS complexes with a heart rate of > 100 bpm. The patient population was categorized into groups based on the occurrence or absence of NsVT on the 24-h Holter recordings. RESULTS NsVT was observed in 17 patients (29%). In these patients, higher twist (14.4 ± 3.8 vs.18 ± 7.9; p = 0.02), higher apical rotation (8.7 ± 4.2 vs. 12.2 ± 7; p = 0.02), higher sudden cardiac death risk score (4.4 ± 2.2 vs. 7 ± 3.3; p = 0.007), and decreased global longitudinal peak strain (GLPS; -12.8 ± 3.1 vs. -10.6 ± 2.8; p = 0.014) were observed. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, including GLPS and twist, GLPS (Odds Ratio [OR]: 1.406; 95% CI: 1.087-1.818; p = 0.009) and twist (OR: 1.236; 95% CI: 1.056-1.446; p = 0.008) were found to be independent predictors of NsVT. In the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, GLPS < -11.9% predicted NsVT with 82% sensitivity and 60% specificity (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.70; p = 0.014) and twist > 15.2° predicted NsVT with 70% sensitivity and 58% specificity (AUC: 0.69; p = 0.027). CONCLUSION Decreased GLPS and increased twist were predictive of NsVT in HCM patients. Parameters that can easily be measured with STE can help detect patients who may develop arrhythmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Candan
- Cardiology Clinic, Kartal Kosuyolu Heart Training and Research Hospital, 34846, Kartal, İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - C Gecmen
- Cardiology Clinic, Kartal Kosuyolu Heart Training and Research Hospital, 34846, Kartal, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - A Kalaycı
- Cardiology Clinic, Kartal Kosuyolu Heart Training and Research Hospital, 34846, Kartal, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - E Bayam
- Cardiology Clinic, Kartal Kosuyolu Heart Training and Research Hospital, 34846, Kartal, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - A Guner
- Cardiology Clinic, Kartal Kosuyolu Heart Training and Research Hospital, 34846, Kartal, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - S Gunduz
- Cardiology Clinic, Kartal Kosuyolu Heart Training and Research Hospital, 34846, Kartal, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - S Cersit
- Cardiology Clinic, Kartal Kosuyolu Heart Training and Research Hospital, 34846, Kartal, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - M Ozkan
- Cardiology Clinic, Kartal Kosuyolu Heart Training and Research Hospital, 34846, Kartal, İstanbul, Turkey
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Candan O, Gecmen C, Bayam E, Guner A, Celik M, Doğan C. Mechanical dispersion and global longitudinal strain by speckle tracking echocardiography: Predictors of appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Echocardiography 2017; 34:835-842. [DOI: 10.1111/echo.13547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ozkan Candan
- Cardiology Clinic; Kartal Kosuyolu Training and Research Hospital; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Cetin Gecmen
- Cardiology Clinic; Kartal Kosuyolu Training and Research Hospital; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Emrah Bayam
- Cardiology Clinic; Kartal Kosuyolu Training and Research Hospital; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Ahmet Guner
- Cardiology Clinic; Kartal Kosuyolu Training and Research Hospital; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Mehmet Celik
- Cardiology Clinic; Kartal Kosuyolu Training and Research Hospital; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Cem Doğan
- Cardiology Clinic; Kartal Kosuyolu Training and Research Hospital; Istanbul Turkey
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11
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Characteristic systolic waveform of left ventricular longitudinal strain rate in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart Vessels 2016; 32:591-599. [PMID: 27757525 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-016-0906-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the waveform of systolic strain and strain-rate curves to find a characteristic left ventricular (LV) myocardial contraction pattern in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and evaluated the utility of these parameters for the differentiation of HCM and LV hypertrophy secondary to hypertension (HT). From global strain and strain-rate curves in the longitudinal and circumferential directions, the time from mitral valve closure to the peak strains (T-LS and T-CS, respectively) and the peak systolic strain rates (T-LSSR and T-CSSR, respectively) were measured in 34 patients with HCM, 30 patients with HT, and 25 control subjects. The systolic strain-rate waveform was classified into 3 patterns ("V", "W", and "√" pattern). In the HCM group, T-LS was prolonged, but T-LSSR was shortened; consequently, T-LSSR/T-LS ratio was distinctly lower than in the HT and control groups. The "√" pattern of longitudinal strain-rate waveform was more frequently seen in the HCM group (74 %) than in the control (4 %) and HT (20 %) groups. Similar but less distinct results were obtained in the circumferential direction. To differentiate HCM from HT, the sensitivity and specificity of the T-LSSR/T-LS ratio <0.34 and the "√"-shaped longitudinal strain-rate waveform were 85 and 63 %, and 74 and 80 %, respectively. In conclusion, in patients with HCM, a reduced T-LSSR/T-LS ratio and a characteristic "√"-shaped waveform of LV systolic strain rate was seen, especially in the longitudinal direction. The timing and waveform analyses of systolic strain rate may be useful to distinguish between HCM and HT.
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Jalanko M, Tarkiainen M, Sipola P, Jääskeläinen P, Lauerma K, Laine M, Nieminen MS, Laakso M, Heliö T, Kuusisto J. Left ventricular mechanical dispersion is associated with nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Ann Med 2016; 48:417-427. [PMID: 27249556 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2016.1186826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We assessed the value of speckle tracking two-dimensional (2D) strain echocardiography (2DSE) measured mechanical dispersion (MD) with other imaging and electrocardiographic parameters in differentiating hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients with and without nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) on 24-h ambulatory ECG monitoring. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied 31 patients with HCM caused by the Finnish founder mutation MYBPC3-Q1061X and 20 control subjects with comprehensive 2DSE echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI). The presence of NSVT was assessed from ambulatory 24-h ECG monitoring. NSVT episodes were recorded in 11 (35%) patients with HCM. MD was significantly higher in HCM patients with NSVT (93 ± 41 ms) compared to HCM patients without NSVT (50 ± 18 ms, p = 0.012) and control subjects (41 ± 16 ms, p < 0.001). MD was the only variable independently associated with the presence of NSVT (OR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.05-2.45, p = 0.030). Assessed by ROC curves, MD performed best in differentiating between HCM patients with and without NSVT (AUC = 0.81). CONCLUSIONS Increased mechanical dispersion was associated with NSVT in HCM patients on 24-h ambulatory ECG monitoring. Key messages The prediction of sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy remains a challenge and novel imaging methods are required to identify individuals at risk of malignant ventricular arrhythmias. Mechanical dispersion by speckle tracking echocardiography is associated with NSVT on 24-h ambulatory ECG monitoring in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Jalanko
- a Department of Cardiology , Helsinki University Hospital, Heart and Lung Center , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Mika Tarkiainen
- b Department of Clinical Radiology , Kuopio University Hospital , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Petri Sipola
- b Department of Clinical Radiology , Kuopio University Hospital , Kuopio , Finland
| | | | - Kirsi Lauerma
- d HUS Medical Imaging Center, Radiology , University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Mika Laine
- a Department of Cardiology , Helsinki University Hospital, Heart and Lung Center , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Markku S Nieminen
- a Department of Cardiology , Helsinki University Hospital, Heart and Lung Center , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- e Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine and Kuopio University Hospital , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Tiina Heliö
- a Department of Cardiology , Helsinki University Hospital, Heart and Lung Center , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- e Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine and Kuopio University Hospital , Kuopio , Finland
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Xiao Y, Yang KQ, Yang YK, Liu YX, Tian T, Song L, Jiang XJ, Zhou XL. Clinical Characteristics and Prognosis of End-stage Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Chin Med J (Engl) 2016; 128:1483-9. [PMID: 26021505 PMCID: PMC4733774 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.157656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: End-stage hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is complicated by substantial adverse events. However, few studies have focused on electrocardiographic features and their prognostic values in HCM. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical manifestations and prognostic value of electrocardiography in patients with end-stage HCM. Methods: End-stage HCM patients were enrolled from a total of 1844 consecutive HCM patients from April 2002 to November 2013 at Fuwai Hospital. Clinical data, including medical history, electrocardiography, and echocardiography, were analyzed. Cox hazards regression analysis was used to assess the risk factors for cardiovascular mortality. Results: End-stage HCM was identified in 99 (5.4%) patients, averaged at 52 ± 16 years old at entry. Atrial fibrillation was observed in 53 patients and mural thrombus in 19 patients. During 3.9 ± 3.0 years of follow-up, embolic stroke, refractory heart failure, and death or transplantation were observed in 20, 39, and 51 patients, respectively. The incidence of annual mortality was 13.2%. Multivariate Cox hazards regression analysis identified New York Heart Association Class (NYHA) III/IV at entry (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.99; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05–3.80; P = 0.036), left bundle branch block (LBBB) (HR: 2.80; 95% CI: 1.47–5.31; P = 0.002), and an abnormal Q wave (HR: 2.21; 95% CI: 1.16–4.23; P = 0.016) as independent predictors of cardiovascular death, in accordance with all-cause death and heart failure-related death. Conclusions: LBBB and an abnormal Q wave are risk factors of cardiovascular mortality in end-stage HCM and provide new evidence for early intervention. Susceptibility of end-stage HCM patients to mural thrombus and embolic events warrants further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xian-Liang Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
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14
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Badran HM, Ibrahim WA, Faheem N, Yassin R, Alashkar T, Yacoub M. Provocation of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction using nitrate inhalation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Relation to electromechanical delay. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2016; 2015:15. [PMID: 26779503 PMCID: PMC4448073 DOI: 10.5339/gcsp.2015.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOT) is an independent predictor of adverse outcome in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). It is of major importance that the provocation modalities used are validated against each other. Aim: To define the magnitude of LVOT gradients provocation during both isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) inhalation and treadmill exercise in non-obstructive HCM and analyze the correlation to the electromechanical delay using speckle tracking. Methods: We studied 39 HCM pts (64% males, mean age 38 ± 13 years) regional LV longitudinal strain and electromechanical delay (TTP) was analyzed at rest using speckle tracking. LVOT gradient was measured at rest and after ISDN then patients underwent a treadmill exercise echocardiography (EE) and LVOT gradient was measured at peak exercise. Results: The maximum effect of ISDN on LVOT gradient was obtained at 5 minutes, it increased to a significant level in 12 (31%) patients, and in 14 (36%) patients using EE, with 85.6% sensitivity & 100% specificity. Patients with latent obstruction had larger left atrial volume and lower E/A ratio compared to the non-obstructive group (p < 0.01). LVOTG using ISDN was significantly correlated with that using EE (p < 0.0001), resting LVOTG (p < 0.0001), SAM (p < 0.0001), EF% (p < 0.02) and regional electromechanical delay but not related to global LV longitudinal strain. Using multivariate regression, resting LVOTG (p = 0.006) & TTP mid septum (p = 0.01) were found to be independent predictors of latent LVOT obstruction using ISDN. Conclusion: There is a comparable diagnostic value of nitrate inhalation to exercise testing in provocation of LVOT obstruction in HCM. Latent obstruction is predominantly dependent on regional electromechanical delay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Naglaa Faheem
- Cardiology Department Menoufiya University, Egypt; The BAHCM National Program, Egypt
| | - Rehab Yassin
- Cardiology Department Menoufiya University, Egypt
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Family History of Sudden Death Should Be a Primary Indication for Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Can J Cardiol 2015; 31:1402-6. [PMID: 26239004 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the leading cause of sudden death in young patients. A number of noninvasive clinical markers, including family history, have formed the basis for a risk stratification strategy aimed at identifying high-risk patients with HCM. The observation that sudden death can occur in multiple relatives of the same family, and clinical studies in which a family history of HCM-related sudden death emerges as an independent predictor of sudden death, support the principle that family history should be considered a risk factor which, in the appropriate clinical scenario, can form the basis for recommending prophylactic implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy.
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Magrì D, Piccirillo G, Ricotta A, De Cecco CN, Mastromarino V, Serdoz A, Muscogiuri G, Gregori M, Casenghi M, Cauti FM, Oliviero G, Musumeci MB, Maruotti A, Autore C. Spatial QT Dispersion Predicts Nonsustained Ventricular Tachycardia and Correlates with Confined Systodiastolic Dysfunction in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Cardiology 2015; 131:122-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000377622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: An increased dispersion of myocardial repolarization represents one of the mechanisms underlying the arrhythmic risk in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). We investigated spatial myocardial repolarization dispersion indices in HCM patients with nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) and, contextually, their main clinical determinants. Methods: Fifty-two well-matched HCM outpatients were categorized into two groups according to the presence or the absence of NSVT at 24-hour Holter electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring. Each patient underwent a clinical examination, including Doppler echocardiogram integrated with tissue Doppler imaging, cardiac magnetic resonance, and 12-lead surface ECG to calculate the dispersion for the following intervals: QRS, Q-Tend (QTe), Q-Tpeak, Tpeak-Tend (TpTe), J-Tpeak, and J-Tend. Results: The NSVT group showed only QTe dispersion and TpTe dispersion values to be significantly higher than their counterparts. NSVT occurrence was independently predicted by late gadolinium enhancement presence (p = 0.021) and QTe Bazett dispersion (p = 0.030), the latter strongly associated with the myocardial performance index (MPI) obtained at the basal segment of the interventricular septum (p = 0.0004). Conclusion: Our data support QTe dispersion as an easy and noninvasive tool for identifying HCM patients with NSVT propensity. The strong relationship between QTe dispersion and MPI allows us to hypothesize an intriguing link between electrical instability and confined myocardial areas of systodiastolic dysfunction.
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17
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Comentarios a la guía de práctica clínica de la ESC 2014 sobre el diagnóstico y manejo de la miocardiopatía hipertrófica. Una vision crítica desde la cardiología española. Rev Esp Cardiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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18
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Comments on the 2014 ESC Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. A Critical View From the Perspective of Spanish Cardiology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 68:4-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Elliott PM, Anastasakis A, Borger MA, Borggrefe M, Cecchi F, Charron P, Hagege AA, Lafont A, Limongelli G, Mahrholdt H, McKenna WJ, Mogensen J, Nihoyannopoulos P, Nistri S, Pieper PG, Pieske B, Rapezzi C, Rutten FH, Tillmanns C, Watkins H. 2014 ESC Guidelines on diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2014; 35:2733-79. [PMID: 25173338 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2845] [Impact Index Per Article: 284.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
MESH Headings
- Ablation Techniques/methods
- Adult
- Angina Pectoris/etiology
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/etiology
- Cardiac Imaging Techniques/methods
- Cardiac Pacing, Artificial/methods
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/diagnosis
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/etiology
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/therapy
- Child
- Clinical Laboratory Techniques/methods
- Death, Sudden, Cardiac/prevention & control
- Delivery of Health Care
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Electrocardiography/methods
- Female
- Genetic Counseling/methods
- Genetic Testing/methods
- Heart Failure/etiology
- Heart Valve Diseases/diagnosis
- Heart Valve Diseases/therapy
- Humans
- Medical History Taking/methods
- Pedigree
- Physical Examination/methods
- Preconception Care/methods
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular/diagnosis
- Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular/therapy
- Prenatal Care/methods
- Risk Factors
- Sports Medicine
- Syncope/etiology
- Thoracic Surgical Procedures/methods
- Ventricular Outflow Obstruction/etiology
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20
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Arslan D, Guvenc O, Cimen D, Ulu H, Oran B. Prolonged QT dispersion in the infants of diabetic mothers. Pediatr Cardiol 2014; 35:1052-6. [PMID: 24740627 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-014-0897-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial hypertrophy and cardiac dysfunction frequently occur in newborns of diabetic mothers. The authors hypothesized that wall hypertrophy or disproportionate left ventricular wall thickness in newborns of diabetic mothers may affect both QT and QTc dispersion. This study aimed to assess whether left ventricular hypertrophy affects the QT variables of infants born to diabetic mothers. This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted with 47 consecutively selected neonates of gestational diabetic mothers and 30 healthy neonates born to healthy mothers. All the subjects were evaluated during the neonatal period. Electrocardiography with echocardiography was performed for the patients and the control subjects. The newborns of the diabetic mothers were classified according to septal thickness as group 1 (16 newborns with septal hypertrophy) or group 2 (31 newborns without septal hypertrophy). The study group consisted of three cohorts: groups 1, 2, and 3 (control group). Both QT and QTc dispersion were computed from a randomly selected beat as well as from an average beat derived from 12 beats included in a 10-s electrocardiography. A total of 16 infants (34%) had a septal thickness of 6 mm or greater. The left ventricular end-systolic diameter in group 1 was smaller (p = 0.0029) than in groups 2 and 3 (p = 0.003). The interventricular septal thickness at end diastole (IVSTd) and the left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end diastole in group 1 were higher than in of groups 2 and 3. The QT and QTc dispersion intervals were longer in group 1 than in groups 2 and 3 (p < 0.001), and a highly significant positive correlation was detected between IVSTd and QT dispersion (r = 0.514, p = 0.042). Elevated QT and QTc dispersions may be risk factors for the development of arrhythmias in newborns of diabetic mothers. These patients may critically need systematic cardiac screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Arslan
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Selcuk University Medical Faculty, 42075, Konya, Turkey,
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21
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Rogers DP, Marazia S, Chow AW, Lambiase PD, Lowe MD, Frenneaux M, McKenna WJ, Elliott PM. Effect of biventricular pacing on symptoms and cardiac remodelling in patients with end-stage hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur J Heart Fail 2014; 10:507-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejheart.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Revised: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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22
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O'Mahony C, Jichi F, Pavlou M, Monserrat L, Anastasakis A, Rapezzi C, Biagini E, Gimeno JR, Limongelli G, McKenna WJ, Omar RZ, Elliott PM. A novel clinical risk prediction model for sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM risk-SCD). Eur Heart J 2013; 35:2010-20. [PMID: 24126876 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 738] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a leading cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young adults. Current risk algorithms provide only a crude estimate of risk and fail to account for the different effect size of individual risk factors. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a new SCD risk prediction model that provides individualized risk estimates. METHODS AND RESULTS The prognostic model was derived from a retrospective, multi-centre longitudinal cohort study. The model was developed from the entire data set using the Cox proportional hazards model and internally validated using bootstrapping. The cohort consisted of 3675 consecutive patients from six centres. During a follow-up period of 24 313 patient-years (median 5.7 years), 198 patients (5%) died suddenly or had an appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) shock. Of eight pre-specified predictors, age, maximal left ventricular wall thickness, left atrial diameter, left ventricular outflow tract gradient, family history of SCD, non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, and unexplained syncope were associated with SCD/appropriate ICD shock at the 15% significance level. These predictors were included in the final model to estimate individual probabilities of SCD at 5 years. The calibration slope was 0.91 (95% CI: 0.74, 1.08), C-index was 0.70 (95% CI: 0.68, 0.72), and D-statistic was 1.07 (95% CI: 0.81, 1.32). For every 16 ICDs implanted in patients with ≥4% 5-year SCD risk, potentially 1 patient will be saved from SCD at 5 years. A second model with the data set split into independent development and validation cohorts had very similar estimates of coefficients and performance when externally validated. CONCLUSION This is the first validated SCD risk prediction model for patients with HCM and provides accurate individualized estimates for the probability of SCD using readily collected clinical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos O'Mahony
- The Inherited Cardiac Diseases Unit, The Heart Hospital/University College London, 16-18 Westmoreland St., London W1H 8PH, UK
| | - Fatima Jichi
- Biostatistics Group, University College London Hospitals/University College London Research Support Centre, University College London, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Menelaos Pavlou
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Lorenzo Monserrat
- Cardiology Department and Research Unit, A Coruña University Hospital, Galician Health Service, Spain
| | - Aristides Anastasakis
- Unit of Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, 1st Department of Cardiology, University of Athens, 99 Michalakopoulou St, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Claudio Rapezzi
- Institute of Cardiology, Department of Specialised, Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Elena Biagini
- Institute of Cardiology, Department of Specialised, Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Juan Ramon Gimeno
- Cardiac Department, University Hospital Virgen Arrixaca, Murcia-Cartagena s/n. El Palmar, Murcia 30120, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Limongelli
- Monaldi Hospital, Second University of Naples, Via Leonardo Bianchi 1, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - William J McKenna
- The Inherited Cardiac Diseases Unit, The Heart Hospital/University College London, 16-18 Westmoreland St., London W1H 8PH, UK
| | - Rumana Z Omar
- Biostatistics Group, University College London Hospitals/University College London Research Support Centre, University College London, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK Department of Statistical Science, University College London, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Perry M Elliott
- The Inherited Cardiac Diseases Unit, The Heart Hospital/University College London, 16-18 Westmoreland St., London W1H 8PH, UK
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23
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O'Mahony C, Elliott P, McKenna W. Sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2012; 6:443-51. [PMID: 23022709 DOI: 10.1161/circep.111.962043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos O'Mahony
- The Inherited Cardiac Diseases Unit, The Heart Hospital/University College London, London, United Kingdom
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24
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Badran HM, Elnoamany MF, Soltan G, Ezat M, Elsedi M, Abdelfatah RA, Yacoub M. Relationship of mechanical dyssynchrony to QT interval prolongation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2011; 13:423-32. [DOI: 10.1093/ejechocard/jer290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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25
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Aziz EF, Javed F, Pratap B, Herzog E. Strategies for the prevention and treatment of sudden cardiac death. Open Access Emerg Med 2010; 2010:99-114. [PMID: 22102788 PMCID: PMC3219585 DOI: 10.2147/oaem.s6869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases account for 40% of all deaths in the West. Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a major health problem affecting over 300,000 patients annually in the United States alone. Presence of coronary artery disease (CAD), usually in the setting of diminished left ventricular ejection fraction, is still the single major risk factor for SCD. Additionally, acute myocardial ischemia, structural cardiac defects, anomalous coronary arteries, cardiomyopathies, genetic mutations, and ventricular arrhythmias are all attributed to SCD, demonstrating the perplexity of this condition. With the recent advancements in cardiovascular medicine, the incidence of SCD is expected to increase steeply as the prevalence of CAD and heart failure is uprising in general population. Considering SCD, the major challenge confronting contemporary cardiology, multiple strategies for prevention against SCD have been developed. β-blockers have been shown to reduce the risk of SCD, whereas implantable cardioverter-defibrillator devices are found to be effective at terminating the malignant arrhythmias. In recent years, multiple clinical trials were carried out to identify patients who may benefit from preventive intervention, including medical therapy and automatic cardioverter-defibrillator implantations. This review article provides insight into the advanced strategies for the prevention and treatment of SCD based on the data available in medical literature to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad F Aziz
- The Advanced Cardiac Admission Program, St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, University Hospital of Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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26
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Di Salvo G, Pacileo G, Limongelli G, Baldini L, Rea A, Verrengia M, D'Andrea A, Russo MG, Calabrò R. Non Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and New Ultrasonic Derived Parameters. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2010; 23:581-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2010.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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27
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Kaplan Ş, Kırış A, Erem C, Kaplan T, Kırış G, Gedikli Ö, Koçak M, Baykan M, Çelik Ş. Assessment of Left Ventricular Systolic Asynchrony in Patients with Clinical Hypothyroidism. Echocardiography 2010; 27:117-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2009.00982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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28
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Christiaans I, van Engelen K, van Langen IM, Birnie E, Bonsel GJ, Elliott PM, Wilde AAM. Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: systematic review of clinical risk markers. Europace 2010; 12:313-21. [PMID: 20118111 DOI: 10.1093/europace/eup431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed a systematic literature review of recommended 'major' and 'possible' clinical risk markers for sudden cardiac death (SCD) in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). We searched the Medline, Embase and Cochrane databases for articles published between 1971 and 2007. We included English language reports on HCM patients containing follow-up data on the endpoint (sudden) cardiac death using survival analysis. Analysis was undertaken using the quality of reporting of meta-analyses (QUORUM) statement checklist. The quality was checked using a quality assessment form from the Cochrane Collaboration. Thirty studies met inclusion criteria and passed quality assessment. The use of the six major risk factors (previous cardiac arrest or sustained ventricular tachycardia, non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, extreme left ventricular hypertrophy, unexplained syncope, abnormal blood pressure response, and family history of sudden death) in risk stratification for SCD as recommended by international guidelines was supported by the literature. In addition, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction seems associated with a higher risk of SCD. Our systematic review provides sound evidence for the use of the six major risk factors for SCD in the risk stratification of HCM patients. Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction could be included in the overall risk profile of patients with a marked left ventricular outflow gradient under basal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke Christiaans
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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29
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D'Andrea A, Scarafile R, Riegler L, Salerno G, Gravino R, Cocchia R, Castaldo F, Allocca F, Limongelli G, Di Salvo G, Cuomo S, Pacileo G, Caso P, Russo MG, Calabrò R. Right atrial size and deformation in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur J Heart Fail 2009; 11:1169-1177. [DOI: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfp158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Antonello D'Andrea
- Department of Cardiology Second University of Naples Via G. Martucci 35 Naples 80121 Italy
| | - Raffaella Scarafile
- Department of Cardiology Second University of Naples Via G. Martucci 35 Naples 80121 Italy
| | - Lucia Riegler
- Department of Cardiology Second University of Naples Via G. Martucci 35 Naples 80121 Italy
| | - Gemma Salerno
- Department of Cardiology Second University of Naples Via G. Martucci 35 Naples 80121 Italy
| | - Rita Gravino
- Department of Cardiology Second University of Naples Via G. Martucci 35 Naples 80121 Italy
| | - Rosangela Cocchia
- Department of Cardiology Second University of Naples Via G. Martucci 35 Naples 80121 Italy
| | - Francesca Castaldo
- Department of Cardiology Second University of Naples Via G. Martucci 35 Naples 80121 Italy
| | - Filomena Allocca
- Department of Cardiology Second University of Naples Via G. Martucci 35 Naples 80121 Italy
| | - Giuseppe Limongelli
- Department of Cardiology Second University of Naples Via G. Martucci 35 Naples 80121 Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Salvo
- Department of Cardiology Second University of Naples Via G. Martucci 35 Naples 80121 Italy
| | - Sergio Cuomo
- Department of Cardiology Second University of Naples Via G. Martucci 35 Naples 80121 Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pacileo
- Department of Cardiology Second University of Naples Via G. Martucci 35 Naples 80121 Italy
| | - Pio Caso
- Department of Cardiology Monaldi Hospital Naples Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Russo
- Department of Cardiology Second University of Naples Via G. Martucci 35 Naples 80121 Italy
| | - Raffaele Calabrò
- Department of Cardiology Second University of Naples Via G. Martucci 35 Naples 80121 Italy
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30
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Fuster V, van der Zee S, Miller MA. Evolving anatomic, functional, and molecular imaging in the early detection and prognosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2009; 2:398-406. [PMID: 20559998 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-009-9133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Evolving imaging modalities in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), such as tissue Doppler, speckle tracking, measures of myocardial blood flow, and cardiac magnetic resonance with gadolinium enhancement, have advanced our understanding of the pathogenesis of myocardial dysfunction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. These modalities have the potential to differentiate HCM from other causes of left ventricular hypertrophy when there is uncertainty about the diagnosis and to identify affected individuals in the pre-clinical phase of the disease process. Furthermore, preliminary data suggests that functional imaging techniques may add incremental value to conventional risk stratification tools to identify individuals at high risk for sudden death or progression to congestive heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Fuster
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, and the Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis Cardiovascular Health Center, Mount Sinai Medical Center, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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31
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Kaga S, Mikami T, Onozuka H, Omotehara S, Abe A, Yamada S, Okada M, Komatsu H, Inoue M, Yokoyama S, Nishida M, Shimizu C, Matsuno K, Tsutsui H. Right ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy: analysis of right ventricular myocardial relaxation using two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging. J Echocardiogr 2009; 7:25-33. [PMID: 27278227 DOI: 10.1007/s12574-009-0009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several previous studies have suggested the presence of right ventricular (RV) diastolic dysfunction in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and those with hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy (HT-LVH), the mechanisms are still unclear. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between the RV global diastolic dysfunction in these patients and the regional myocardial diastolic function, including synchronicity of the interventricular septum and RV free wall. METHODS In 20 age-matched patients with HT-LVH, 20 patients with HCM and 22 control subjects without pulmonary hypertension, RV isovolumic relaxation time (IRTR) was measured using continuous-wave Doppler echocardiography. The early diastolic peak strain rate (E SR) and time from QRS to E SR (T-E SR) were measured in the apical, mid-ventricular and basal segments of the interventricular septum and RV free wall using two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging (2DST). RESULTS IRTR was more prolonged both in HT-LVH and in HCM than in the controls. The averaged septal E SR was reduced both in HT-LVH and in HCM (P < 0.0001, respectively), but the averaged RV free wall E SR was decreased only in HCM (P = 0.0007). E SR averaged for six septal and RV free wall segments was correlated with IRTR (r = -0.46, P = 0.0001). Neither intergroup difference nor correlation with IRTR was observed in a coefficient of variation of T-E SR for the six segments. CONCLUSIONS RV global diastolic function is impaired in patients with HT-LVH and HCM due to relaxation abnormalities, not an asynchrony, of the myocardium surrounding the RV cavity. The detection of RV free wall relaxation abnormality using 2DST may be useful to differentiate HCM from HT-LVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Kaga
- Division of Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Taisei Mikami
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University Graduate School, Kita-12, Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Hisao Onozuka
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University Graduate School, Kita-12, Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Satomi Omotehara
- Division of Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ayumu Abe
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University Graduate School, Kita-12, Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masako Okada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Komatsu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mamiko Inoue
- Division of Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinobu Yokoyama
- Division of Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Nishida
- Division of Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Chikara Shimizu
- Division of Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Matsuno
- Division of Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsutsui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Gedikli O, Baykan M, Kaynar K, Ozkan G, Korkmaz L, Ozturk S, Durmus I, Kaplan S, Celik S. Assessment of Left Ventricular Systolic Synchronization in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Narrow QRS Complexes. Echocardiography 2009; 26:528-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2008.00836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Plehn G, Vormbrock J, Meissner A, Trappe HJ. Effects of exercise on the duration of diastole and on interventricular phase differences in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: relationship to cardiac output reserve. J Nucl Cardiol 2009; 16:233-43. [PMID: 19159996 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-008-9031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our study sought to characterize the effect of exercise on the duration of left ventricular (LV) diastole and interventricular dyssynchrony in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). We hypothesized that an abnormally shortened diastolic time may adversely affect cardiac performance. METHODS We studied 49 symptomatic patients with HCM during incremental exercise. Twenty-nine patients had obstructive disease (HOCM) and 20 no resting or provocable gradient (HNCM). Right heart catheterization and high temporal resolution radionuclide angiography were simultaneously performed. The loss of diastolic time per beat (LDT(RR)) was quantified using a regression equation obtained from a healthy control group (n = 30). RESULTS During rest and peak exercise, a significant shortening of the relative duration of LV diastole (35.6 +/- 5 vs. 38.0 +/- 3 s/min and 29.3 +/- 6 vs. 32.4 +/- 3 s/min; P < or = .02) and an increased interventricular phase delay were evident in patients with HOCM compared to controls. Baseline and peak exercise LDT(RR) values were inversely related to cardiac output reserve and exercise duration. In multivariate analysis, LDT(RR) at peak exercise was identified as an independent predictor of cardiac output reserve. CONCLUSIONS In HOCM, baseline abnormalities of the relative duration of LV systolic and diastolic time aggravate during exercise. The disproportionate shortening of diastolic time may significantly impair cardiac efficiency by restricting diastolic filling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Plehn
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Marienhospital Herne, University of Bochum, Hölkeskampring 40, 44625, Herne, Germany.
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D'Andrea A, Caso P, Romano S, Scarafile R, Cuomo S, Salerno G, Riegler L, Limongelli G, Di Salvo G, Romano M, Liccardo B, Iengo R, Ascione L, Del Viscovo L, Calabrò P, Calabrò R. Association between left atrial myocardial function and exercise capacity in patients with either idiopathic or ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy: A two-dimensional speckle strain study. Int J Cardiol 2009; 132:354-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.11.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Revised: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Cheng TO. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy vs athlete's heart. Int J Cardiol 2009; 131:151-5. [PMID: 19028403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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36
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D'Andrea A, Caso P, Scarafile R, Riegler L, Salerno G, Castaldo F, Gravino R, Cocchia R, Del Viscovo L, Limongelli G, Di Salvo G, Ascione L, Iengo R, Cuomo S, Santangelo L, Calabrò R. Effects of global longitudinal strain and total scar burden on response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur J Heart Fail 2009; 11:58-67. [DOI: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfn010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Antonello D'Andrea
- Department of Cardiology; Second University of Naples; Martucci 35 80121 Naples Italy
| | - Pio Caso
- Department of Cardiology; Monaldi Hospital; Naples Italy
| | - Raffaella Scarafile
- Department of Cardiology; Second University of Naples; Martucci 35 80121 Naples Italy
| | - Lucia Riegler
- Department of Cardiology; Second University of Naples; Martucci 35 80121 Naples Italy
| | - Gemma Salerno
- Department of Cardiology; Second University of Naples; Martucci 35 80121 Naples Italy
| | - Francesca Castaldo
- Department of Cardiology; Second University of Naples; Martucci 35 80121 Naples Italy
| | - Rita Gravino
- Department of Cardiology; Second University of Naples; Martucci 35 80121 Naples Italy
| | - Rosangela Cocchia
- Department of Cardiology; Second University of Naples; Martucci 35 80121 Naples Italy
| | - Luca Del Viscovo
- Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale-Sezione Scientifica di Diagnostica per Immagini; Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - Giuseppe Limongelli
- Department of Cardiology; Second University of Naples; Martucci 35 80121 Naples Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Salvo
- Department of Cardiology; Second University of Naples; Martucci 35 80121 Naples Italy
| | - Luigi Ascione
- Department of Interventional Cardiology; Santa Maria di Loreto Hospital; Naples Italy
| | - Raffaele Iengo
- Department of Interventional Cardiology; Santa Maria di Loreto Hospital; Naples Italy
| | - Sergio Cuomo
- Department of Cardiology; Second University of Naples; Martucci 35 80121 Naples Italy
| | - Lucio Santangelo
- Department of Cardiology; Second University of Naples; Martucci 35 80121 Naples Italy
| | - Raffaele Calabrò
- Department of Cardiology; Second University of Naples; Martucci 35 80121 Naples Italy
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Echocardiography in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the role of conventional and emerging technologies. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2008; 1:787-800. [PMID: 19356516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a relatively common inherited cardiomyopathy that is occasionally challenging to differentiate from hypertensive heart disease and athlete hearts on the basis of morphologic or functional abnormalities alone. Echocardiography has traditionally played a preeminent role in the diagnosis, formulation of management strategies, and the prognostication of this complex disease. In this review, we briefly profile the utility and pitfalls of established echocardiographic modalities and discuss the evolving role of novel echocardiographic imaging modalities such as tissue Doppler, Doppler-based strain, 2-dimensional strain (speckle tracking imaging), and 3-dimensional imaging in the assessment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
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Knaapen P, Germans T, Camici PG, Rimoldi OE, ten Cate FJ, ten Berg JM, Dijkmans PA, Boellaard R, van Dockum WG, Götte MJW, Twisk JWR, van Rossum AC, Lammertsma AA, Visser FC. Determinants of coronary microvascular dysfunction in symptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 294:H986-93. [PMID: 18156203 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00233.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Impaired hyperemic myocardial blood flow (MBF) in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), despite normal epicardial coronary arteries, results in microvascular dysfunction. The aim of the present study was to determine the relative contribution of extravascular compressive forces to microvascular dysfunction in HCM. Eighteen patients with symptomatic HCM and normal coronary arteries and 10 age-matched healthy volunteers were studied with PET to quantify resting and hyperemic MBF at a subendocardial and subepicardial level. In HCM patients, MRI was performed to determine left ventricular (LV) mass index (LVMI) and volumes, echocardiography to assess diastolic perfusion time, heart catheterization to measure LV outflow tract gradient (LVOTG) and LV pressures, and serum NH(2)-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) as a biochemical marker of LV wall stress. Hyperemic MBF was blunted in HCM vs. controls (2.26 +/- 0.97 vs. 2.93 +/- 0.64 ml min(-1) g(-1), P < 0.05). In contrast to controls (1.38 +/- 0.15 to 1.25 +/- 0.19, P = not significant), the endocardial-to-epicardial MBF ratio decreased significantly in HCM during hyperemia (1.20 +/- 0.11 to 0.88 +/- 0.18, P < 0.01). This pattern was similar for hypertrophied septum and lateral wall. Hyperemic MBF was inversely correlated with LVOTG, NT-proBNP, left atrial volume index, and LVMI (all P < 0.01). Multivariate regression analysis, however, revealed that only LVMI and NT-proBNP were independently related to hyperemic MBF, with greater impact at the subendocardial myocardial layer. Hyperemic MBF is more severely impaired at the subendocardial level in HCM patients. The level of impairment is related to markers of increased hemodynamic LV loading conditions and LV mass. These observations suggest that, in addition to reduced capillary density caused by hypertrophy, extravascular compressive forces contribute to microvascular dysfunction in HCM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Knaapen
- Department of Cardiology, VU University Medical Center, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Dumont CA, Monserrat L, Soler R, Rodriguez E, Peteiro J, Fernández X, Rodríguez A, Pérez R, Bouzas B, Castro-Beiras A. Left Ventricular Asynchrony in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Its Determinants and its Relation to Left Ventricular Function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2007; 20:1247-52. [PMID: 17604956 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2007.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Dumont
- Division of Cardiology, Juan Canalejo Hospital, La Coruña, Spain
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40
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D'Andrea A, Caso P, Romano S, Scarafile R, Riegler L, Salerno G, Limongelli G, Di Salvo G, Calabrò P, Del Viscovo L, Romano G, Maiello C, Santangelo L, Severino S, Cuomo S, Cotrufo M, Calabrò R. Different effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on left atrial function in patients with either idiopathic or ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy: a two-dimensional speckle strain study. Eur Heart J 2007; 28:2738-2748. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
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Chalil S, Stegemann B, Muhyaldeen S, Khadjooi K, Smith REA, Jordan PJ, Leyva F. Intraventricular dyssynchrony predicts mortality and morbidity after cardiac resynchronization therapy: a study using cardiovascular magnetic resonance tissue synchronization imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50:243-52. [PMID: 17631217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2006] [Revised: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess a novel measure of left ventricular (LV) dyssynchrony, a cardiovascular magnetic resonance-tissue synchronization index (CMR-TSI), in patients with heart failure (HF). A further aim was to determine whether CMR-TSI predicts mortality and major cardiovascular events (MCE) after cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). BACKGROUND Cardiac dyssynchrony is a predictor of mortality in patients with HF. The unparalleled spatial resolution of CMR may render CMR-TSI a predictor of clinical benefit after CRT. METHODS In substudy A, CMR-TSI was assessed in 66 patients with HF (age 60.8 +/- 10.8 years, LV ejection fraction 23.9 +/- 12.1% [mean +/- SD]) and 20 age-matched control subjects. In substudy B, CMR-TSI was assessed in relation to clinical events in 77 patients with HF and with a QRS > or =120 ms undergoing CRT. RESULTS In analysis A, CMR-TSI was higher in patients with HF and a QRS <120 ms (79.5 +/- 31.2 ms, p = 0.0003) and in those with a QRS > or =120 ms (105.9 +/- 55.8 ms, p < 0.0001) than in control subjects (21.2 +/- 8.1 ms). In analysis B, a CMR-TSI > or =110 ms emerged as an independent predictor of the composite end points of death or unplanned hospitalization for MCE (hazard ratio [HR] 2.45; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.51 to 4.34, p = 0.0002) or death from any cause or unplanned hospitalization for HF (HR 2.15; 95% CI 1.23 to 4.14, p = 0.0060) as well as death from any cause (HR: 2.6; 95% CI 1.29 to 6.73, p = 0.0061) and cardiovascular death (HR 3.82; 95% CI 1.63 to 16.5, p = 0.0007) over a mean follow-up of 764 days. CONCLUSIONS Myocardial dyssynchrony assessed by CMR-TSI is a powerful independent predictor of mortality and morbidity after CRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shajil Chalil
- Department of Cardiology, Good Hope Hospital, Sutton Coldfield/Birmingham, West Midlands, England
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Krieg A, Scharhag J, Kindermann W, Urhausen A. Cardiac tissue Doppler imaging in sports medicine. Sports Med 2007; 37:15-30. [PMID: 17190533 DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200737010-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The differentiation of training-induced cardiac adaptations from pathological conditions is a key issue in sports cardiology. As morphological features do not allow for a clear delineation of early stages of relevant pathologies, the echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular function is the technique of first choice in this regard. Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) is a relatively recent method for the assessment of cardiac function that provides direct, local measurements of myocardial velocities throughout the cardiac cycle. Although it has shown a superior sensitivity in the detection of ventricular dysfunction in clinical and experimental studies, its application in sports medicine is still rare. Besides technical factors, this may be due to a lack in consensus on the characteristics of ventricular function in relevant conditions. For more than two decades there has been an ongoing debate on the existence of a supernormal left ventricular function in athlete's heart. While results from traditional echocardiography are conflicting, TDI studies established an improved diastolic function in endurance-trained athletes with athlete's heart compared with controls.The influence of anabolic steroids on cardiac function also has been investigated by standard echocardiographic techniques with inconsistent results. The only TDI study dealing with this topic demonstrated a significantly impaired diastolic function in bodybuilders with long-term abuse of anabolic steroids compared with strength-trained athletes without abuse of anabolic steroids and controls, respectively.Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most frequent cause of sudden death in young athletes. However, in its early stages, it is difficult to distinguish from athlete's heart. By means of TDI, ventricular dysfunction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can be disclosed even before the development of left ventricular hypertrophy. Also, a differentiation of left ventricular hypertrophy due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or systemic hypertension is possible by TDI. Besides the evaluation of different forms of left ventricular hypertrophy, the diagnosis of myocarditis is also of particular importance in athletes. Today, it still requires myocardial biopsy. The analysis of focal disturbances in myocardial velocities might be a promising non-invasive method; however, systematic validation studies are lacking. An important future issue for the implementation of TDI into routine examination will be the standardisation of procedures and the establishment of significant reference values for the above-mentioned conditions. Innovative TDI parameters also merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Krieg
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, University of Saarland, Saarbruecken, Germany.
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