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Bhargava SS, Das S, Priya H, Mishra D, Shivabasappa S, Sood A, Hazarika CR, Gupta PC, Chakma JK, Swasticharan L, Sinha P, Munish VG, Gupta SR. The Burden and Correlates of Waterpipe (Hookah) Smoking among Adolescents and Youth: A Systematic Review. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 59:29-40. [PMID: 37907086 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2257320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review evaluated the available medical literature on the prevalence and trends of waterpipe tobacco smoking among adolescents and youth in jurisdictionally representative populations. METHODS PubMed, Embase, and Scopus were searched for relevant studies from inception until 31 December 2022 that reported the burden of waterpipe smoking among adolescents and youth (10-24 years of age). We extracted qualitative data on the demographic characteristics, burden, and correlates of waterpipe smoking (PROSPERO ID: CRD42022310982). RESULTS A total of 2,197 articles were screened and 62 were included in the analysis. The majority (29) of the studies was from the United States of America and there were no studies from the south-east Asian region. The prevalence of ever waterpipe smoking among the 10-24 years age group was noted to be 18.16% (95% CI, 18.03-18.29). The prevalence of current (30-day) waterpipe smoking was 6.43% (95% CI, 6.34-6.50). The age of initiation of waterpipe smoking was variable. The prevalence of waterpipe smoking was higher among males, among those who belong to the high- and middle-income groups, and among university students. The common risk factors of waterpipe smoking included cigarette smoking, alcohol, and substance use. Waterpipe smoking resulted in increased susceptibility to the use of conventional forms of tobacco (e.g. smoking) among those who were never smokers. CONCLUSION Waterpipe smoking usage was significantly high among adolescents and young adults. Developing regulatory guidelines for water-pipe smoking, surveillance of its use, intervention, and specific policy frameworks may be considered a public health priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuti Sharad Bhargava
- Division of Non Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Saibal Das
- Indian Council of Medical Research - Centre for Ageing and Mental Health, Kolkata, India
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Harsh Priya
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepika Mishra
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Santhosh Shivabasappa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Eductaion and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Anubhuti Sood
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Chaya Rani Hazarika
- Socio-Behavioral Health Systems and Implementation Research Division, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Joy Kumar Chakma
- Division of Non Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Leimapokpam Swasticharan
- Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Shalini R Gupta
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Yu Z, Wang M, Fu J. Association between waterpipe use and susceptibility to cigarette smoking among adolescents and young adults who never smoked: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Tob Induc Dis 2023; 21:29. [PMID: 36824268 PMCID: PMC9942264 DOI: 10.18332/tid/159621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several factors associated with susceptibility to cigarette smoking have been identified, yet there is little evidence on the possible effects of waterpipe use. With this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to investigate the relationship between waterpipe use and cigarette smoking susceptibility among adolescents and young adults who never smoked. METHODS Eligible studies were searched in PubMed, Springer Link, ScienceDirect and Cochrane Library up to August 2022. The pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of cigarette smoking susceptibility with waterpipe use were estimated using a random-effects model. Publication bias was assessed by Egger's regression asymmetry test and Begg's rank correlation test with Begg's funnel plot. RESULTS A total of 59710 participants, including 3559 waterpipe users from six studies, were identified in this analysis. Results showed that the odds of susceptibility to cigarette smoking were nearly two times (OR=1.90; 95% CI: 1.59-2.26) greater for never smoker adolescents and young adults who used waterpipe tobacco, compared to those who were never users. In subgroup analyses, the pooled OR was 2.19 (95% CI: 1.52-3.14) and 1.70 (95% CI: 1.51-1.92) for current and ever use of waterpipe, while the pooled OR was 1.99 (95% CI: 1.35-2.95) and 1.87 (95% CI: 1.45-2.39) in Arab and non-Arab nations, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that waterpipe use was associated with greater odds of susceptibility to cigarette smoking among adolescents and young adults who never smoked. Tailored public health policies and regulations on waterpipe smoking may help to protect youth never smokers from initiation of cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Non-Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junfen Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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The effect of exposure to tobacco smoking-related media messages on youths' smoking behavior in Jordan: A longitudinal, school-based study. Prev Med 2023; 166:107386. [PMID: 36503015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Only a few studies investigated the link between tobacco smoking-related media and youth smoking in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR). This study aimed to assess the influence of both promotional and control messages on cigarette smoking behavior among young Jordanian students. Generalized Linear Mixed Models were analyzed using data from the Irbid Longitudinal Smoking Study that followed a random sample of 2174 students (2008-2011). We examined the associations of media messaging with smoking behavior, as well as intention-to-quit smoking, and intention-to-start smoking, among young adolescents. At baseline, 12.2% and 43.7% of students were exposed to only pro-smoking or only anti-smoking messages, while 41.8% were equally exposed to both. Exposure to anti-smoking messages was associated with lower odds of ever smoking at baseline among girls (AOR = 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2, 0.8). Boys who were exposed to anti-smoking messages were more likely to report an intention to quit, with borderline significance (AOR = 2.0; 95% CI: 0.9, 4.1). The cumulative exposure to anti-smoking messages over time was associated with lower odds of intention to smoke among girls (AOR = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.3, 0.9) but with higher odds among boys (AOR = 1.8; 95% CI: 1.0, 3.1). In both sexes, media messaging was not associated with progression of the smoking habit. In conclusion, this comprehensive analysis of both pro- and anti-smoking messages advances our understanding of their role in influencing youths' smoking behaviors, and could guide the development of evidence-based interventions to address adolescent tobacco smoking in Jordan and the EMR.
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Factors Predicting Dependence on Waterpipe Smoking Among Waterpipe Exclusive Smokers. J Addict Nurs 2023; 34:23-29. [PMID: 36857545 DOI: 10.1097/jan.0000000000000509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The current study targeted a sample of waterpipe (WP) exclusive smokers to identify the levels and predictors of dependence on this smoking pattern and to examine the relationship between WP smoking (WPS) dependence and depressive symptoms. A cross-sectional research design was employed with a community sample of 270 subjects who are currently WP exclusive smokers. Assessment of WPS dependence and depressive symptoms was performed using self-report measures. About 62.6% of the subjects were WPS dependent. The unique significant predictors of WPS dependence were age, depression levels, age of starting WPS, duration of WPS, income, smoking WP daily, the belief of being attracted to WPS, and the desire to stop WPS. These predictors explained 35% of the variance in WPS dependence. WPS dependence was associated with increased depressive symptoms. Although few studies have been conducted, the WPS dependence prevalence appears to be alarmingly high among WP exclusive smokers. Factors associated with WPS dependence provide useful information that can be used to tailor WP prevention interventions.
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Elkalmi RM, Elnaem MH, Elsayed TM, Salawi AA, Alkadmani RM, Allela OQB. Disparity and compatibility, familiarity and perception among waterpipe tobacco smokers (Shisha) in Malaysia: A comparative study. ARCHIVES OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.51847/icakihrlm2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Hamadeh RR, Lee J, Abu-Rmeileh NME, Darawad M, Mostafa A, Kheirallah KA, Yusufali A, Thomas J, Salama M, Nakkash R, Salloum RG. Gender differences in waterpipe tobacco smoking among university students in four Eastern Mediterranean countries. Tob Induc Dis 2020; 18:100. [PMID: 33299390 PMCID: PMC7720794 DOI: 10.18332/tid/129266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Males have a higher prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) than females in most Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) countries, with a smaller gender gap than that of cigarette smoking. The objective of this study was to determine gender differences among university students with respect to WTS initiation, smoking behavior, tobacco flavors, and expenditure on WTS, in four EMR countries. METHODS A cross-sectional online survey was conducted based on convenient samples of ever waterpipe smokers among university students in four EMR countries (Egypt, Jordan, Occupied Palestinian Territories, and the United Arab Emirates) in 2016. The total samples included 2470 participants. Study participants were invited through flyers, university portals, emails and Facebook, followed by emails with links to the internet survey. RESULTS Females (80.4%) were more likely than males (66.4%, p<0.001) to be in the younger age group (18–22 years) and they were less likely to be current waterpipe smokers (females, 60.0%; males 69.5%, p<0.001). Two-thirds of students across both genders smoked their first waterpipe at the age of 15–19 years, with more females starting with family members. Over one-third of males and 14.9% of the females usually smoked ≥10 heads (p<0.001). About half (46.6%) of females smoked for less than half an hour compared to 30.5% of males (p<0.001). Only 1% of females smoked non-flavored tobacco compared to 11% of males (p<0.001). There was a significant (p=0.05) positive correlation (r=0.808) with respect to tobacco flavor usually smoked between males and females with apple/double apple being the most popular. CONCLUSIONS There were gender differences in WTS in several aspects. The study has implications for educational establishments, tobacco control and women civil society groups, as well as policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randah R Hamadeh
- College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Juhan Lee
- Department of Health Education and Behavior, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | - Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh
- Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Birzeit, Occupied Palestinian Territories
| | | | - Aya Mostafa
- Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khalid A Kheirallah
- Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | | | - Justin Thomas
- Department of Psychology, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Salama
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rima Nakkash
- Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ramzi G Salloum
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
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Alam MM, Ward KD, Bahelah R, Kalan ME, Asfar T, Eissenberg T, Maziak W. The Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies-13 (SCTS-13): Psychometric evaluation of a waterpipe-specific nicotine dependence instrument. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 215:108192. [PMID: 32738447 PMCID: PMC7860966 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) has surged globally among young people and causes nicotine dependence (ND). No existing ND instruments are sensitive to waterpipe-specific features of ND and early stages of use. METHODS We conducted a psychometric scale evaluation among 192 current waterpipe smokers, initially averaging 15 years of age, recruited from schools in Beirut, Lebanon, and assessed 4 times, 6 months apart. Twenty eight self-report items tapping multiple features of ND were submitted to exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA and CFA) to reduce items and verify factor structure. Convergent validity was assessed with the Lebanese Waterpipe Dependence Scale and the Hooked on Nicotine Checklist, and discriminant validity with the Depressive Symptom Scale and Adolescent Life Events Stress Scale. Concurrent and predictive validity measures included smoking status and intensity (amount, frequency, session duration, and change in frequency), quitting interest and success, perceived addiction, and smoking alone. RESULTS The EFA yielded a single factor, 13 item solution (named the Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies [SCTS]-13) that explained 91% of variance in responses, was internally consistent (Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega = 0.87), and captured several positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and social/sensory-related features of ND. The CFA indicated good model fit. The SCTS-13 showed acceptable convergent and discriminant validity. Higher SCTS-13 scores predicted current waterpipe and dual (waterpipe and cigarette) smoking, greater intensity of use, less interest in quitting, shorter duration of abstinence, greater perceived addiction, and smoking alone (vs. socially). CONCLUSION The SCTS-13 is a promising brief, waterpipe-specific ND instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Masudul Alam
- Center for the Study of Tobacco, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Kenneth D Ward
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States; Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syria.
| | - Raed Bahelah
- Department of Public Health & Prevention Science, School of Health Sciences, Baldwin Wallace University, Berea, OH, United States
| | - Mohammad Ebrahmi Kalan
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Taghrid Asfar
- Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syria; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Thomas Eissenberg
- Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syria; Department of Psychology and Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Wasim Maziak
- Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syria; Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
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Othman M, Aghamohammadi N, Nik Farid ND. Determinants of shisha use among secondary school students in Sudan. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1390. [PMID: 31660934 PMCID: PMC6819635 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7748-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shisha smoking has re-emerged in the Middle East in the last two decades and has spread rapidly in these communities. Information about shisha smoking in adolescents in Sudan is deficient. Hence, the aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of shisha smoking among adolescents and determine the associated factors. METHODS This study is a school based cross sectional study among secondary school students in Khartoum State - Sudan that targets both male and female students aged 14-17 years. A total of 3387 students from 29 public and private schools were selected by multi stage random sampling. The participants completed an anonymous self-administered questionnaire which was based on Arabic version of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS). RESULTS The response rate was 100% in schools and among participants, 57.3% were females and 51.6% were from public schools. The overall prevalence of those who had ever smoked shisha was 13.4%, and among male students the prevalence was 16.8%, while it was 10.9% in females. The associated factors were poor academic performance OR 2.90 CI 95% (1.21-6.94), friends smoking shisha OR 2.39 CI 95% (1.65-3.45), friends smoking cigarettes OR 2.76 CI 95% (1.90-4.01), peer pressure to smoke shisha OR 13.76 CI 95% (7.86-24.07) and unexpectedly restriction of selling shisha to minors OR 2.21 CI 95% (1.28-3.82). CONCLUSION The prevalence of those who had ever smoked shisha is among the lowest in Middle East region; therefore, regular surveillance system is needed. A well-structured peer based comprehensive tobacco control programmes that are supported by strict and rigorous anti-tobacco regulations which control both commercial and social resources of tobacco are needed to contain this issue among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Othman
- Department of Social and Preventive medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nasrin Aghamohammadi
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nik Daliana Nik Farid
- Department of Social and Preventive medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadlo R Khuri
- The American University of Beirut, New York, New York
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Muddathir ARM, Abd Alla MI, Khabour OF. Waterpipe Smoking Is Associated with Changes in Fibrinogen, FVII, and FVIII Levels. Acta Haematol 2018; 140:159-165. [PMID: 30261515 DOI: 10.1159/000492740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking has been shown to be associated with changes in coagulation factors in the circulation and the subsequent thrombosis development. In this study, the impact of waterpipe smoking on the levels of fibrinogen, factor VII (FVII), and factor VIII (FVIII) was investigated. In addition, the effects of waterpipe smoking were compared to those of cigarette smoking and never smokers. A total of 80 male smokers (40 cigarette smokers and 40 waterpipe smokers) and 40 apparently healthy never smokers were recruited in the study. Both waterpipe smoking and cigarette smoking induced significant increases in the plasma levels of fibrinogen, factor VII, and factor VIII (p < 0.01). The magnitude of the increase in fibrinogen levels induced by waterpipe smoking was higher than that induced by cigarette smoking (p < 0.01), while similar increases were observed in other factors (p > 0.05). In addition, in the waterpipe group, the magnitude of the increase in fibrinogen and factor VIII was higher in the smokers with more than 3 years of use (p < 0.05). In conclusion, similar to cigarette smoking, waterpipe smoking modulates the levels of coagulation factors, suggesting its thrombotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Rahim Mahmoud Muddathir
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Alzaeim Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mozfar Idrees Abd Alla
- Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Alzaeim Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Omar F Khabour
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Singh N, Jawad M, Darzi A, Lotfi T, Nakkash R, Hawkins B, Akl EA. Features of the waterpipe tobacco industry: A qualitative study of the third International Hookah Fair. F1000Res 2018; 7:247. [PMID: 30728948 PMCID: PMC6347030 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.13796.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Little research has been done to uncover the features of the waterpipe tobacco industry, which makes designing effective interventions and policies to counter this growing trend challenging. The objective of this study is to describe the features of the waterpipe industry. Methods: In 2015, we randomly sampled and conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 representatives of waterpipe companies participating in a trade exhibition in Germany. We used an inductive approach to identify emerging themes. Results: We interviewed representatives and four themes emerged: industry globalisation, cross-industry overlap, customer-product relationship, and attitude towards policy. The industry was described as transnational, generally decentralized, non-cartelized, with ad hoc relationships between suppliers, distributors and retailers. Ties with the cigarette industry were apparent. The waterpipe industry appeared to be in an early growth phase, encroaching on new markets, and comprising of mainly small family-run businesses. Customer loyalty appears stronger towards the waterpipe apparatus than tobacco. There was a notable absence of trade unionism and evidence of deliberate breaches of tobacco control laws. Conclusion: The waterpipe industry appears fragmented but is slowly growing into a mature, globalized, and customer-focused industry with ties to the cigarette industry. Now is an ideal window of opportunity to strengthen public health policy towards the waterpipe industry, which should include a specific legislative waterpipe framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Singh
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Mohammed Jawad
- Public Health Policy Evaluation Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Andrea Darzi
- Clinical Research Institute, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Tamara Lotfi
- Clinical Research Institute, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rima Nakkash
- Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Benjamin Hawkins
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Elie A. Akl
- Clinical Research Institute, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Jawad M, Charide R, Waziry R, Darzi A, Ballout RA, Akl EA. The prevalence and trends of waterpipe tobacco smoking: A systematic review. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192191. [PMID: 29425207 PMCID: PMC5806869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Waterpipe tobacco smoking is harmful to health however its prevalence estimates remain uncertain. We aimed to systematically review the medical literature on waterpipe tobacco prevalence and trends. METHODS We searched Medline, Embase and ISI Web of Science for 'waterpipe' and its synonyms, without using language or date restrictions. We included any measure of waterpipe tobacco smoking prevalence in jurisdictionally representative populations. We stratified findings by prevalence measure (past 30 day, ever, regular or occasional, daily, other or unspecified) and age (adults or youth). RESULTS We included 129 studies reporting 355 estimates for 68 countries. In general, prevalence estimates among adults were highest in the Eastern Mediterranean, and among youth were about equal between Eastern Mediterranean and European regions. Past 30 day use was highest among Lebanese youth (37.2% in 2008), ever use was highest among Lebanese youth in 2002 and Lebanese university students in 2005 (both 65.3%), regular or occasional use was highest in among Iranian university students (16.3% in 2005), and daily use was highest among Egyptian youth (10.4% in 2005). Trend data were limited but most studies reported increased use over time, ranging from 0.3-1.0% per year among youth in the US to 2.9% per year among youth in Jordan (both for past 30 day use). Results were similar for ever use trends. Turkey (2.3% in 2008 to 0.8% in 2010) and Iraq (6.3% in 2008 and 4.8% in 2012) both witnessed decreased waterpipe use. CONCLUSION Waterpipe tobacco smoking is most prevalent in Eastern Mediterranean and European countries, and appears higher among youth than adults. Continued surveillance will be important to assess and inform policy measures to control waterpipe tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Jawad
- Public Health Policy Evaluation Unit, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Rana Charide
- Clinical Research Institute, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Reem Waziry
- Department of Epidemiology Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Andrea Darzi
- AUB GRADE Center, Clinical Research Institute, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rami A. Ballout
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Elie A. Akl
- Clinical Research Institute, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Alomari MA, Al-sheyab NA. Dual tobacco smoking is the new trend among adolescents: Update from the Irbid-TRY. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2017.1348559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A. Alomari
- Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Nihaya A. Al-sheyab
- Faculty of Nursing, Maternal and Child Health Department, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Eshah NF, Froelicher ES. Knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and patterns of waterpipe use among Jordanian adults who exclusively smoke waterpipes. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs 2017; 17:85-92. [PMID: 28671481 DOI: 10.1177/1474515117719592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Widespread waterpipe smoking (WPS) is reported worldwide. Although remarkable numbers of waterpipe smokers do not smoke cigarettes, very few studies have explored the phenomenon of WPS in people who smoke water pipes exclusively. The aim of this study was to assess levels of knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and patterns of WPS among Jordanian waterpipe-only smokers. METHODS A cross-sectional descriptive design was used; with 247 participants who were recruited through convenience sampling from 23 cafés offering waterpipes. An interview and self-reported questionnaire was used to collect data. RESULTS The average age for starting WPS was 19.4 ± 5.6 years, of whom 71% started as teenagers. Participants like WPS because they like its flavor and social environment (46.3% and 29.5% respectively). The majority of participants reported that they smoked a waterpipe for the first time with their friends (66.8%), they usually smoke in the company of others (63.2%), and believe that quitting cigarettes smoking is harder than quitting WPS (61.6%). More than half (56.7%) of participants have extremely poor knowledge about the health effects of WPS. Participants who had smoked cigarettes in the past, were more knowledgeable than those who had never smoked cigarettes. The majority of participants, and specifically women, have high positive feelings and emotions (attitude) toward WPS, and 88.3% of them reported that it is a socially acceptable behavior. CONCLUSIONS Waterpipe smoking participants started WPS at an early age, and are attracted to the social environment that accompanies WPS. Participants have high positive attitude about WPS however they lack knowledge about harmful health effects of WPS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erika S Froelicher
- 2 Department of Physiological Nursing, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Schools of Nursing & Medicine, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
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Jawad M, McIver C. Waterpipe tobacco smoking prevalence and illegal underage use in waterpipe-serving premises: a cross-sectional analysis among schoolchildren in Stoke-on-Trent. Public Health 2017; 146:32-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Prevalence and characteristics of water-pipe smoking in Canada: results from the Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Survey. Public Health 2017; 148:102-108. [PMID: 28458121 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the prevalence and characteristics of water-pipe smoking (WPS) nationally in Canada. STUDY DESIGN This study was a cross-sectional study. METHODS Data from the Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Survey 2011 and 2012 was used. Outcomes investigated were ever and current WPS. Demographic, socio-economic and smoking-related variables were included in a multivariable logistic regression model to determine associations with the outcomes. RESULTS Prevalence of WPS was 8.9% for ever and 0.8% for current WPS (1.8% among <18 years old and 4.0% among 18-24 years old). The highest prevalence of ever WPS was in Quebec (11.3%) and of current WPS in Alberta (1.2%). Age was the strongest predictor for WPS with an odds ratio = 47.86, 95% confidence interval: 37.97-60.33 for current WPS for those aged <18 years compared to 35 + years. Male gender, urban residence, being single, speaking another language at home (not English/French), higher education, cigarette smoking and marijuana use were also significantly associated with increased WPS. CONCLUSIONS Multiple factors impact WPS, with the younger population having the highest prevalence. This necessitates further research into the attitudes of this age group to better focus health promotion efforts.
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Ali M, Jawad M. Health Effects of Waterpipe Tobacco Use: Getting the Public Health Message Just Right. Tob Use Insights 2017; 10:1179173X17696055. [PMID: 28579844 PMCID: PMC5428225 DOI: 10.1177/1179173x17696055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many public health messages benchmark the harms of waterpipe tobacco against those of cigarettes, usually using numerical magnitudes of risk. This approach, although well intentioned, could be perceived as alarmist, damaging scientific credibility, and giving an unintended impression that one tobacco product is less harmful than the other. This commentary makes clear the harm waterpipe tobacco smoking poses to public health by describing its mechanism of use, consumption uptake, toxicologic profile, and documented health outcomes, as well as challenge existing thinking that toxicologic assessments are the most appropriate way to frame waterpipe tobacco health promotion messages. How can we describe the health effects of waterpipe tobacco without undermining its toxicity nor falling into the temptation of alarmist messaging? Several recommendations are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed Jawad
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Othman N, Kasem AO, Salih FA. Waterpipe Smoking among University Students in Sulaimaniyah, Iraqi Kurdistan: Prevalence, Attitudes, and Associated Factors. TANAFFOS 2017; 16:225-232. [PMID: 29849676 PMCID: PMC5960227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Waterpipe smoking is increasingly becoming the most common method of tobacco use among adolescents in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. This study was undertaken in Iraqi Kurdistan to estimate its prevalence among students and investigate attitudes and factors associated with it. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a cross-sectional survey at Sulaimani Polytechnic University, 1160 students were approached in a two-stage design using a self-administered questionnaire. Data was entered into Epidata and analysis was done in Stata. RESULTS Prevalence of cigarette smoking was 10% and waterpipe smoking was 28% (male 49%, female 10%). Waterpipe smoking was initiated prior to joining the university in 74% of the cases and 22% of waterpipe smokers smoked every day. The most common place for smoking was coffee shops (52%) and 71% of smokers shared the pipe. The significant risk factors were smoking cigarettes (OR 10.3, 95% CI 7.0-15.0), male gender (OR 5.7, 95% CI 3.9-8.2), non-Kurdish ethnicity (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.6-15.9), city residence (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0-2.1), and use of alcohol and other substances (OR 2.8 95% CI 1.4-5.6). CONCLUSION Waterpipe smoking is highly prevalent among students in Iraqi Kurdistan, especially among males, and is becoming a public health problem. Tobacco control interventions should be designed specifically to address this problem among adolescents and the youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasih Othman
- Kurdistan Institution for Strategic Studies and Scientific Research, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq,Correspondence to: Othman N, Address: Kurdistan Institution for Strategic Studies and Scientific Research, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq, Email address:
| | - Attallah O. Kasem
- Department of Community Health, Sulaimani Technical Institute, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
| | - Faisal A. Salih
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Technical College of Health, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
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Kim KH, Kabir E, Jahan SA. Waterpipe tobacco smoking and its human health impacts. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 317:229-236. [PMID: 27285594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS, also known as hookah, shisha, narghile, and many other names) involves passing tobacco smoke through water prior to inhalation by the consumer. As the number of waterpipe smokers is rising rapidly, there is growing concern over the use of WTS, particularly as there has been a widely held misconception that WTS is free from health hazards. In reality, it is associated with a variety of adverse health outcomes on both a short- and long-term basis. Hence, it is desirable to develop advanced techniques for surveillance, intervention, and regulatory/policy frameworks specific to the production and use of waterpipe tobacco. This review is written to survey the types and extent of pollutants released from its use and their potential health risks. A review of the present regulation guidelines is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ehsanul Kabir
- Department of Farm, Power, and Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
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Hessami Z, Masjedi M, Sharifi H, Emami H, Kazempour M, Jamaati H. Characteristics of Iranian Hookah Smokers Aged 15 and Above: A Primary Report. HEALTH SCOPE 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/jhealthscope-36011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Kheirallah KA, Veeranki SP, Alzyoud S, Alzoubi A, Walker L, Khader Y, Mzayek F, Pbert L, Ward KD. Collision of waterpipe and cigarette smoking epidemics among youth in Arab countries. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2016. [DOI: 10.3109/14659891.2015.1082159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kheirallah KA, Alsulaiman JW, Mohammad H AS, Alzyoud S, Veeranki SP, Ward KD. Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking among Arab Youth; a Cross-Country Study. Ethn Dis 2016; 26:107-12. [PMID: 26843803 DOI: 10.18865/ed.26.1.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) is considered a global epidemic that is spreading among youth. Our analysis was conducted to compare the national baseline prevalence rate estimates of WTS among Arab boys and girls. DESIGN SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) is a school-based survey using standardized self-administered questionnaires; it employs a two-stage cluster sampling technique to obtain a representative sample of youth (13-15 years of age). We conducted a secondary data analysis of nationally representative GYTSs available from 16 Arab countries. MAIN MEASURES Youth who self-reported smoking waterpipe at least once in the past 30 days were considered to be current waterpipe tobacco smokers. National weighted WTS prevalence rate estimates along with respective 95% confidence intervals were reported for boys and girls. RESULTS Pooled GYTS data from 16 Arab countries yielded a total of 31,359 youth. Overall, 10.6% of the respondents were current waterpipe tobacco smokers, with boys (13.7%) having significantly higher estimates than girls (7.2%). Overall, current WTS prevalence rate estimates ranged from .9% in Oman to 34.2%, in Lebanon. The WTS epidemic was more predominant among boys and girls, respectively, in the West Bank (42.8% and 24.2%), Lebanon (38.6% and 30.5%) and Jordan (25.7% and 14.5%). CONCLUSION Among Arab boys and girls, WTS represents a growing strain of the tobacco epidemic that requires immediate attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid A Kheirallah
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology
| | | | | | - Sukaina Alzyoud
- Department of Community and Mental Health Nursing, Hashemite University
| | - Sreenivas P Veeranki
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Kenneth D Ward
- Division of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Memphis
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Hessami Z, Masjedi MR, Mortaz E, Heydari G, Kazempour-Dizaji M, Sharifi H, Jamaati H. Evaluation of Dual Tobacco Smoking (Water Pipe and Cigarettes) and Associated Factors in Adults in Tehran. TANAFFOS 2016; 15:180-186. [PMID: 28210284 PMCID: PMC5304963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concurrent use of tobacco products such as cigarettes and water pipes may be associated with increased risk of nicotine dependence and smoking-related complications. Accurate statistics are not available regarding the prevalence of water pipe use or concurrent use of cigarettes and water pipe in the Iranian population. Thus, this study sought to assess the prevalence of concurrent use of cigarettes and water pipes and their related factors in Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on Tehran residents over 15 years of age, who were selected via cluster, multi-stage randomized sampling, from different geographical districts of Tehran between November and December 2014. The data were collected using the water pipe section of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) questionnaire. RESULTS A total of 1,830 individuals participated in this study, 243 (13.3%) of which exclusively used water pipes, 76 (4.2%) used both cigarettes and water pipes, and 120 (6.6%) exclusive smoked cigarettes. Of those who used both cigarettes and water pipes, 86.8% were men and 13.2% were women (P < 0.001). The mean age of those who only used water pipes was 28.01 ± 8.7 years while the mean age of those who used both water pipes and cigarettes was 33.1 ± 1.1 (P < 0.001). Male sex (adj. OR: 3.8) and older age (adj. OR: 1.06) increased the odds of using both tobacco products. CONCLUSION The prevalence of concurrent use of cigarettes and water pipes and that of exclusive water pipe use were 4.2% and 13.3%, respectively. The prevalence of exclusive cigarette smoking was 6.1%. Those who smoked both cigarettes and water pipes had a higher mean age than those who exclusively used water pipes and they were mostly men. Among those who used cigarettes and water pipes, the mean age at which they began using water pipes was lower than the mean age at which they began smoking cigarettes. In other words, dual smokers started water pipe smoking sooner than cigarette smoking. Future studies with different methodologies are required to further scrutinize the relationship between water pipe and cigarette smoking. Smoking cessation programs must specifically target dual smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Hessami
- Tobacco Prevention and Control Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Masjedi
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Correspondence to: Masjedi MR, Address: Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,Tehran, Iran, Email address:
| | - Esmael Mortaz
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, NRITLD, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Heydari
- Tobacco Prevention and Control Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Kazempour-Dizaji
- Tobacco Prevention and Control Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hooman Sharifi
- Tobacco Prevention and Control Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Jamaati
- Tobacco Prevention and Control Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Veeranki SP, Alzyoud S, Dierking L, Kheriallah K, Mzayek F, Pbert L, Ward KD. Associations of Adolescents' Cigarette, Waterpipe, and Dual Tobacco Use With Parental Tobacco Use. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 18:879-84. [PMID: 26438651 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies have demonstrated the influence of parental (both mother and father) cigarette smoking on adolescents' cigarette smoking. Little is known, however, about how parental tobacco use is related to waterpipe and dual waterpipe/cigarette use, which is increasing dramatically in the Arab countries. METHODS Study data (n = 34 788, N = 6 109 572) were obtained from nationally representative Global Youth Tobacco Surveys in 17 Arab countries. Study outcome was adolescents' tobacco use categorized into none, cigarette smoking only, waterpipe smoking (WPS) only, and dual use. Primary exposure included parental tobacco use categorized into 10 groups-maternal (mother) cigarette smoking only, maternal WPS only, maternal dual use, paternal (father) cigarette smoking only, paternal WPS only, paternal dual use, parental (both mother and father) cigarette smoking only, parental WPS only, parental dual use, and none. Weighted multinomial regression models were conducted to assess the relationships. RESULTS Adolescents reported smoking WPS only (5.7%), cigarettes only (2.9%), and dual use (3.5%). Compared to adolescent with no exposure to parental tobacco use, adolescent exposure to parental dual use was associated with significant increase in WPS only (OR = 6.08, 95% CI = 2.38-15.51) and dual use (OR = 3.86, 95% CI = 1.43-10.43). Effect modification of the relationship by adolescents' sex was observed. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to examine adolescent cigarette, waterpipe, and dual use with parental tobacco use. Study findings may help development of cessation interventions targeting parental tobacco use to prevent the rising waterpipe and dual use strain of the global tobacco epidemic. IMPLICATIONS (1) Influence of parents' cigarette smoking on adolescents' smoking has been demonstrated in earlier studies, however, little is known about how tobacco use behaviors of mother and father influences an adolescent's cigarette, waterpipe and dual cigarette/waterpipe use. (2) Associations of parental (both mother and father) tobacco use with adolescents' tobacco use differed significantly if the adolescent is a waterpipe smoker or dual user compared to an adolescent cigarette smoker. (3) Adolescents' exposed to their mothers' WPS or dual use were more likely to be a waterpipe smoker or dual user. High likelihood of adolescents' cigarette, waterpipe and dual use is found in homes where parental tobacco use is rampant with both parents smoking either cigarette, waterpipe or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenivas P Veeranki
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX;
| | - Sukaina Alzyoud
- Department of Community and Mental Health, Faculty of Nursing, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Leah Dierking
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Khalid Kheriallah
- Deparment of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbed, Jordan
| | - Fawaz Mzayek
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN
| | - Lori Pbert
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Kenneth D Ward
- Division of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN; Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syria
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Waterpipe Use and Susceptibility to Cigarette Smoking Among Never-Smoking Youth. Am J Prev Med 2015; 49:502-11. [PMID: 26143951 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Susceptibility to cigarette smoking, defined as the lack of a firm decision against smoking, is a strong predictor of regular smoking and addiction. Several modifiable risk factors have been identified among never cigarette smokers, and one potential factor of interest is waterpipe use. The purpose of this study is to determine the association of waterpipe use with susceptibility to cigarette smoking among never-smoking youth. METHODS In a pooled analysis of 17 Arab nations with nationally representative Global Youth Tobacco Surveys conducted during 2002-2011, tobacco-related information was obtained from 30,711 never-smoking adolescents representing 4,962,872 youth. Study outcome was susceptibility to cigarette smoking, and primary exposure was waterpipe use. Data were analyzed in 2014 using weighted logistic regression models, including stratified models by gender, to determine the odds of susceptibility to cigarette smoking with waterpipe use, adjusting for confounders. RESULTS Overall, 20% of never-smoking youth were susceptible to cigarette smoking, ranging from 13.1% in Oman to 32.6% in Somalia; 5.2% currently used waterpipe, ranging from 0.3% in Morocco to 23.5% in Kuwait. The estimated odds of susceptibility to cigarette smoking were 2.5 (95% CI=1.9, 3.4) times higher for adolescents who used waterpipe in the past month compared with those who did not, controlling for confounders. Estimates were similar when stratified by gender. CONCLUSIONS Waterpipe use is associated with susceptibility to cigarette smoking. Study findings identify a novel risk factor for never smokers to initiate smoking and will help the public health community develop and implement policies around waterpipe use prevention.
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Salloum RG, Osman A, Maziak W, Thrasher JF. How popular is waterpipe tobacco smoking? Findings from internet search queries. Tob Control 2015; 24:509-13. [PMID: 25052859 PMCID: PMC4420726 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS), a traditional tobacco consumption practice in the Middle East, is gaining popularity worldwide. Estimates of population-level interest in WTS over time are not documented. We assessed the popularity of WTS using World Wide Web search query results across four English-speaking countries. METHODS We analysed trends in Google search queries related to WTS, comparing these trends with those for electronic cigarettes between 2004 and 2013 in Australia, Canada, the UK and the USA. Weekly search volumes were reported as percentages relative to the week with the highest volume of searches. RESULTS Web-based searches for WTS have increased steadily since 2004 in all four countries. Search volume for WTS was higher than for e-cigarettes in three of the four nations, with the highest volume in the USA. Online searches were primarily targeted at WTS products for home use, followed by searches for WTS cafés/lounges. CONCLUSIONS Online demand for information on WTS-related products and venues is large and increasing. Given the rise in WTS popularity, increasing evidence of exposure-related harms, and relatively lax government regulation, WTS is a serious public health concern and could reach epidemic levels in Western societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi G Salloum
- Department of Health Services Policy and Management, Arnold School of Public Health University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Amira Osman
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Wasim Maziak
- Department of Epidemiology, Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
- Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syria
| | - James F Thrasher
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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Hazrati S, Rostami R, Fazlzadeh M. BTEX in indoor air of waterpipe cafés: Levels and factors influencing their concentrations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 524-525:347-53. [PMID: 25912530 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene) concentrations, factors affecting their levels, and the exposure risks related to these compounds were studied in waterpipe (Ghalyun/Hookah) cafés of Ardabil city in Islamic Republic of Iran. 81 waterpipe cafés from different districts of Ardabil city were selected and their ambient air was monitored for BTEX compounds. Air samples were taken from standing breathing zone of employees, ~150 cm above the ground level, and were analyzed using GC-FID. In each case, the types of smoked tobacco (regular, fruit flavored), types of ventilation systems (natural/artificial), and the floor level at which the café was located were investigated. A high mean concentration of 4.96±2.63 mg/m(3) corresponding to long term exposure to benzene-related cancer risk of 4314×10(-6) was estimated. The levels of the remaining compounds were lower than the national guideline limits, but their hazard quotients (HQ) for long term exposure to ethylbenzene (1.15) and xylene (17.32) exceeded the HQ unit value. Total hazard indices (HI) of 63.23 were obtained for non-cancer risks. Type of the smoked tobacco was the most important factor influencing BTEX concentrations in the cafés. BTEX concentrations in indoor ambient air of Ardabil waterpipe cafés were noticeably high, and therefore may pose important risks for human health on both short and long term exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Hazrati
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Roohollah Rostami
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Fazlzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
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McKelvey K, Attonito J, Madhivanan P, Yi Q, Mzayek F, Maziak W. Determinants of cigarette smoking initiation in Jordanian schoolchildren: longitudinal analysis. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 17:552-8. [PMID: 25143297 PMCID: PMC4432393 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify determinants of cigarette smoking initiation, by gender, among schoolchildren in Irbid, Jordan. METHODS Between 2008 and 2011, data were collected annually using self-reported questionnaires over 4-years in a prospective cohort of 1,781 students recruited from all 7th grade classes in 19 secondary schools, selected out of a total 60, using probability-proportionate-to-size method. Independent predictors of smoking initiation were identified among the cigarette naïve participants (N = 1,454) with mixed-effect multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Participants were 12.6 years of age on average at baseline. 29.8% of the 1,454 students (37.2% of boys and 23.7% of girls) initiated cigarette smoking by 10th grade. Of those who initiated (n = 498), 47.2% of boys and 37.2% of girls initiated smoking in the 8th grade. Determinants of cigarette smoking initiation included ever smoking a waterpipe, low cigarette refusal self-efficacy, intention to start smoking cigarettes, and having friends who smoked. For girls, familial smoking was also predictive of cigarette initiation. CONCLUSION This study shows that many Jordanian youth have an intention to initiate cigarette smoking and are susceptible to cigarette smoking modeled by peers and that girls are influenced as well by familial cigarette smoking. Prevention efforts should be tailored to address culturally relevant gender norms, help strengthen adolescents' self-efficacy to refuse cigarettes, and foster strong non-smoking social norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karma McKelvey
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL;
| | - Jennifer Attonito
- Department of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL
| | - Purnima Madhivanan
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL
| | - Qilong Yi
- Department of Biostatistics, ScienceDocs Inc., Portland, OR
| | - Fawaz Mzayek
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN
| | - Wasim Maziak
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL; Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syria
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Kheirallah KA, Alzyoud S, Ward KD. Waterpipe use and cognitive susceptibility to cigarette smoking among never-cigarette smoking Jordanian youth: analysis of the 2009 Global Youth Tobacco Survey. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 17:280-4. [PMID: 25159679 PMCID: PMC5479504 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Susceptibility to cigarette smoking, defined as lack of a firm decision to not initiate smoking, predicts youth smoking initiation and experimentation and is a first step in the transition to regular smoking. This study investigated whether waterpipe (WP) smoking, an increasingly prevalent form of tobacco use among Arab adolescents, was associated with increased susceptibility to cigarette smoking. METHODS A secondary analysis of the 2009 Jordan Global Youth Tobacco Survey was conducted to assess the association between WP use and cigarette susceptibility, after adjusting for important confounders. RESULTS A total of 1,476 youth aged 13-15 years old who had never smoked cigarettes were identified and represented 166,593 never-cigarette smoking Jordanian youth. We found 40% of boys and 29% of girls were susceptible to cigarette smoking, and both boys (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.49, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.41-1.54) and girls (AOR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.83-2.04) who had ever smoked WP were more susceptible to cigarette smoking than those who never smoked WP. CONCLUSION This is the first study to report that WP use may increase youth's susceptibility to initiate cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid A Kheirallah
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan;
| | - Sukaina Alzyoud
- Department of Community and Mental Health, Faculty of Nursing, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Kenneth D Ward
- Division of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN
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Aboaziza E, Eissenberg T. Waterpipe tobacco smoking: what is the evidence that it supports nicotine/tobacco dependence? Tob Control 2015; 24 Suppl 1:i44-i53. [PMID: 25492935 PMCID: PMC4345797 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) involves passing tobacco smoke through water prior to inhalation, and has spread worldwide. This spread becomes a public health concern if it is associated with tobacco-caused disease and if WTS supports tobacco/nicotine dependence. A growing literature demonstrates that WTS is associated with disability, disease and death. This narrative review examines if WTS supports nicotine/tobacco dependence, and is intended to help guide tobacco control efforts worldwide. DATA SOURCES PUBMED search using: (("waterpipe" or "narghile" or "arghile" or "shisha" or "goza" or "narkeela" or "hookah" or "hubble bubble")) AND ("dependence" or "addiction"). STUDY SELECTION Excluded were articles not in English, without original data, and that were not topic-related. Thirty-two articles were included with others identified by inspecting reference lists and other sources. DATA SYNTHESIS WTS and the delivery of the dependence-producing drug nicotine were examined, and then the extent to which the articles addressed WTS-induced nicotine/dependence explicitly, as well as implicitly with reference to criteria for dependence outlined by the WHO. CONCLUSIONS WTS supports nicotine/tobacco dependence because it is associated with nicotine delivery, and because some smokers experience withdrawal when they abstain from waterpipe, alter their behaviour in order to access a waterpipe and have difficulty quitting, even when motivated to do so. There is a strong need to support research investigating measurement of WTS-induced tobacco dependence, to inform the public of the risks of WTS, which include dependence, disability, disease and death, and to include WTS in the same public health policies that address tobacco cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiman Aboaziza
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research and Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Thomas Eissenberg
- Department of Psychology, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Schröder C, Chaaya M, Saab D, Mahfoud Z. The determinants of intention to smoke waterpipe among adolescents in Lebanon: a national household survey. J Public Health (Oxf) 2015; 38:84-91. [PMID: 25665877 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdv004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phenomenon of waterpipe smoking (WPS) among adolescents has become eminent, and it is especially prevalent in Lebanon. Unlike cigarette smoking, WPS is parentally and socially acceptable. This study aims at examining the association between intention to smoke waterpipe in the next 6 months, and knowledge, attitudes and parental and social influences. METHODS This is a secondary data analysis from a national survey in 2007 on 1028 households. This study addresses 258 non-smoking adolescents and their parents. Consent was sought and the study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the American University of Beirut. Face-to-face interviews were conducted. Descriptive analysis, crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were generated. RESULTS At the bivariate level, late adolescence, mothers without university education, prior adolescents' WPS experiences, best friends' and parents' WPS habits and adolescents' and parents' lower attitude scores were associated with smoking intention. In the adjusted model, adolescents' beliefs about positive effects, best friends' similar habits and prior smoking remained significant (respective ORs [95% confidence interval ]: 1.81 [1.33-2.45], 2.51 [1.24-5.10], 4.91 [2.35-10.36]). Parents' perceived attitude against smoking was protective (OR: 0.57 [0.39-0.83]). CONCLUSIONS Adolescents' intention to smoke is highly influenced by parents' permissive attitudes and peer pressure. Interventions targeting these two groups and limiting access to smoking by adolescents should be instigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monique Chaaya
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-0236, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Dahlia Saab
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-0236, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
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Al-Sheyab N, Kheirallah KA, Mangnall LJT, Gallagher R. Agreement between exhaled breath carbon monoxide threshold levels and self-reported cigarette smoking in a sample of male adolescents in Jordan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:841-54. [PMID: 25599375 PMCID: PMC4306896 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120100841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to measure the percent agreement between Exhaled Breath Carbon Monoxide (eBCO) measure using a piCO+ smokerlyzer® and self-reported cigarette smoking status and to determine the optimal thresholds for definite identification of cigarette smokers of male school students in Jordan. A descriptive, cross sectional, study of a random sample of male adolescents in grades 7 and 8 from four public high schools in Irbid, completed an adaptation of a standardized Arabic-language tobacco smoking questionnaire and an eBCO measure. Sensitivity and specificity of the eBCO were calculated against self-reported cigarette smoking. Participants (n = 439) had a mean age of 12.5 years (SD = 0.50) and 174 (39.9%) reported being an ever smoker of whom 59 (33.9%) reported being a recent (30-day) smoker. The optimal eBCO cut-off point for recent smoking was 4.5 ppm with a sensitivity of 84.7% and specificity of 65.5%. Overall, eBCO can accurately identify recent smokers and distinguish them from non-smokers. The eBCO use enables healthcare professionals and researchers to assess efficacy of smoking cessation and prevention programs without necessarily relying on self-report. Further research is indicated to validate our findings and should be expanded to include females, detailed characteristics of cigarette and waterpipe smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihaya Al-Sheyab
- Faculty of Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Khalid A Kheirallah
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Linda J Thomson Mangnall
- Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, the University of Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia.
| | - Robyn Gallagher
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney 2007, Australia.
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Zahlan L, Ghandour L, Yassin N, Afifi R, Martins SS. Double trouble: Exploring the association between waterpipe tobacco smoking and the nonmedical use of psychoactive prescription drugs among adolescents. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 145:217-23. [PMID: 25456333 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In youth, both waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) and nonmedical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) are globally growing concerns. This study assesses for the first time the lifetime and past-year associations between WTS and four classes of psychoactive prescription drugs. METHODS Cross-sectional data (2011) on 986 high school students attending public and private high schools in Beirut (Lebanon) was analyzed. Schools were selected using proportionate random cluster sampling from a comprehensive list of schools provided by the Ministry of Education. RESULTS Almost half (46%) had tried WTS compared to 25% who had ever tried cigarettes. Lifetime prevalence estimates of NMUPD were: pain relievers (8.2%), sedatives/tranquilizers (5.6%), stimulants (3.5%), antidepressants (2.5%), and sleeping pills (2.3%). WTS was associated with increased odds of sedatives/tranquilizer use (OR = 3.22, 95% CI: 1.25, 8.25), pain reliever use (OR = 4.31, 95% CI: 2.02, 9.17), and sleeping medication use (OR = 8.31, 95% CI: 2.37, 29.20), controlling for sex, age, school type, and other substance use. For cigarettes, the associations were consistently either weaker or non-existent, except with stimulant use (OR = 5.29, 95% CI: 1.55, 18.05). CONCLUSIONS While public health professionals have watched with caution the global prevalence of youth cigarette use-worldwide, an insidious alternative form of tobacco use has grown. Further research is needed to understand the unique risk factors and motives associated with WTS and how these relate to NMUPD in order to inform the development of effective intervention programs and policies that support youth positive health decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona Zahlan
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Lilian Ghandour
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Bliss street, Riad el Solh, 11072020 Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Nasser Yassin
- Department of Health Management and Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-0236, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon.
| | - Rima Afifi
- Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-0236 Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon.
| | - Silvia S Martins
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY, USA.
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Maziak W, Taleb ZB, Bahelah R, Islam F, Jaber R, Auf R, Salloum RG. The global epidemiology of waterpipe smoking. Tob Control 2014; 24 Suppl 1:i3-i12. [PMID: 25298368 PMCID: PMC4345835 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the past decade, waterpipe smoking (a.k.a. hookah, shisha, narghile) has become a global phenomenon. In this review, we provide an updated picture of the main epidemiological trends in waterpipe smoking globally. DATA SOURCES Peer-reviewed publications indexed in major biomedical databases between 2004 and 2014. Search keywords included a combination of: waterpipe, hookah, shisha along with epidemiology, patterns, prevalence and predictors. We also used different spellings of waterpipe terms commonly used. STUDY SELECTION The focus was on studies with large representative samples, national data or high-quality reports that illuminated aspects of the epidemiology and trends in waterpipe smoking. DATA EXTRACTION Multiple researchers extracted the data independently and collectively decided on the most important and pertinent studies to include in the review. DATA SYNTHESIS Waterpipe smoking has become a global phenomenon among youth. The global waterpipe epidemic is likely driven by (1) the introduction of manufactured flavoured tobacco (Maassel); (2) the intersection between waterpipe's social dimension and thriving café culture; (3) the evolution of mass communication media; (4) the lack of regulatory/policy framework specific to the waterpipe. Waterpipe smoking is becoming the most popular tobacco use method among youth in the Middle East, and is quickly gaining popularity elsewhere. Important patterns of waterpipe smoking include the predominance among younger, male, high socioeconomic, and urban groups. Intermittent and social use are also noted patterns. CONCLUSIONS Waterpipe smoking has become a global public health problem. Developing surveillance, intervention and regulatory/policy frameworks specific to the waterpipe has become a public health priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Maziak
- Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syria
| | - Ziyad Ben Taleb
- Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Raed Bahelah
- Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Aden, Aden, Yemen
| | - Farahnaz Islam
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Rana Jaber
- Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Rehab Auf
- Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ramzi G Salloum
- Department of Health Services Policy and Management, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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McKelvey K, Attonito J, Madhivanan P, Jaber R, Yi Q, Mzayek F, Maziak W. Determinants of waterpipe smoking initiation among school children in Irbid, Jordan: a 4-year longitudinal analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 142:307-13. [PMID: 25060962 PMCID: PMC4138134 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Guided by the Attitude-Social influence-self Efficacy (ASE) theory, this study identified predictors of waterpipe (WP) smoking initiation in a WP naïve cohort of Jordanian school children. METHODS A school-based cohort of all 7th grade students (N=1781) in 19 of 60 schools in Irbid, Jordan, was followed from 2008 to 2011. Generalized linear mixed modeling was used to examine predictors of WP initiation among WP-naïve students (N=1243). RESULTS During the 3-year study, WP initiation was documented in 39% of boys and 28% of girls. Prior cigarette smoking (boys: odds ratio 7.41; 95% confidence interval 4.05-12.92 and girls: 8.48; 4.34-16.56) and low WP refusal self-efficacy (boys: 26.67; 13.80-51.53 and girls: 11.49; 6.42-20.55) were strongly predictive of initiating WP. Boys were also more likely to initiate WP smoking if they had siblings (2.30; 1.14-4.64) or teachers (2.07; 1.12-3.84) who smoked and girls if they had friends (2.96; 1.59-5.54) who smoked. CONCLUSION There is a sizeable incidence of WP initiation among students of both sexes. These findings will help in designing culturally responsive prevention interventions against WP smoking. Gender-specific factors, refusal skills, and cigarette smoking need to be important components of such initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karma McKelvey
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, AHC II - Room 595-1, Miami, FL 33099, USA.
| | - Jennifer Attonito
- Department of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 Street, AHC II - Room 595, Miami, FL 33099 USA
| | - Purnima Madhivanan
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 Street, AHC II - Room 595-1, Miami, FL, 33099 USA
| | - Rana Jaber
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 Street, AHC II - Room 595-1, Miami, FL, 33099 USA
| | - Qilong Yi
- ScienceDocs Inc., 10940 SW Barnes Rd. #270 Portland, OR 97225 USA
| | - Fawaz Mzayek
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, 3720 Alumni Ave, Memphis, TN 38152 USA
| | - Wasim Maziak
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 Street, AHC II - Room 595-1, Miami, FL, 33099 USA,Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syria
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Prevalence, patterns and correlates of cigarette smoking in male adolescents in northern Jordan, and the influence of waterpipe use and asthma diagnosis: a descriptive cross-sectional study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:9008-23. [PMID: 25257355 PMCID: PMC4199003 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110909008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Our study investigates the prevalence, patterns and predictors of tobacco smoking among early adolescent males in Northern Jordan and whether asthma diagnosis affects smoking patterns. A descriptive cross sectional design was used. Males in grades 7 and 8 from four randomly selected high schools in the city of Irbid were enrolled. Data on waterpipe (WP) use and cigarette smoking patterns were obtained (n = 815) using a survey in Arabic language. The overall prevalence of ever having smoked a cigarette was 35.6%, with 86.2% of this group smoking currently. Almost half of the sample reported WP use. The most common age in which adolescents started to experiment with cigarettes was 11–12 years old (49.1%), although 10 years was also common (25.3%). Significant predictors of male cigarette smoking were WP use (OR = 4.15, 95% CI = 2.99–5.76), asthma diagnosis (OR = 2.35, 95% CI = 1.46–3.78), grade 8 (OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.10–2.11), and having a sibling who smokes (OR = 2.23, 95% CI = 1.53–3.24). However, this cross-sectional study cannot establish causality, thus longitudinal studies are needed. Public health programs and school-based anti-tobacco smoking interventions that target children in early years at high schools are warranted to prevent the uptake of tobacco use among this vulnerable age group. High school students with asthma should be specifically targeted.
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Alzyoud S, Kheirallah KA, Weglicki LS, Ward KD, Al-Khawaldeh A, Shotar A. Tobacco smoking status and perception of health among a sample of Jordanian students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:7022-35. [PMID: 25019264 PMCID: PMC4113858 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110707022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Limited data are available from Jordan examining patterns of tobacco use among adolescents, or how use is related to health perceptions. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of tobacco use and to assess the relationship between use and health-related perceptions. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among a sample of 11–18 year old school students from a major governorate in Jordan. Using a multistage random sampling 1050 students were selected. Students were categorized as non-smokers, cigarette-only smokers, waterpipe-only smokers, or dual smokers. Rates of waterpipe-only and cigarette-only smoking were 7% and 3%, respectively, and were similar for boys and girls. In contrast, the rate of dual use was much higher than for single product use and was double in girls compared to boys (34% vs. 17%). Dual-smokers were significantly more likely to think that it is safe to smoke as long as the person intends to quit within two years compared to non-smokers, and had lower self-rated health status than other groups. This is the first study among Arab adolescents to document high rates of dual tobacco use, especially pronounced among girls. The study findings have significant implications for designing tobacco smoking prevention programs for school health settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukaina Alzyoud
- Department of Community and Mental Health, Faculty of Nursing, Hashemite University, P.O. Box 150459, Zarqa 13115, Jordan.
| | - Khalid A Kheirallah
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Linda S Weglicki
- College of Nursing, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - Kenneth D Ward
- Division of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
| | - Abdallah Al-Khawaldeh
- Department of Community and Mental Health, Faculty of Nursing, Hashemite University, P.O. Box 150459, Zarqa 13115, Jordan
| | - Ali Shotar
- Department of Legal Medicine, Toxicology and Forensic science, School of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
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Waterpipe smoking among middle and high school Jordanian students: patterns and predictors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:7068-82. [PMID: 24351734 PMCID: PMC3881154 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10127068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite the increase in attention to waterpipe tobacco smoking, the patterns and predictors of this method of tobacco use among Jordanian youth are not well known. The current study was conducted to assess the patterns and the predictors of waterpipe tobacco smoking among school aged students in one of Jordan's Central Governorates. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to investigate the patterns and predictors of waterpipe tobacco smoking among youth (grades 6, 8, 10 and 12). Using a multistage random sampling more than 1,000 students was selected. Data were collected using the Arabic Youth Tobacco Use Composite Measure (YTUCM). Waterpipe smoking was assessed for "past 12 months", "past month" and "past week". Students' ages ranged from 11 to 18 years, (mean age ± 14.7; SD ± 1.9 years). The percentage of girls who smoked waterpipe was greater for all frequencies of use than it was for boys. Age, gender, and belief that smoking makes more friends were predictors of smoking among study participants. This is the first known study to examine waterpipe smoking among youth aged 11 and 12. Our findings illustrate the need for public health campaigns to reach and educate youth, their families, teachers and school systems regarding the growing recognized health risks of waterpipe smoking.
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Maziak W, Nakkash R, Bahelah R, Husseini A, Fanous N, Eissenberg T. Tobacco in the Arab world: old and new epidemics amidst policy paralysis. Health Policy Plan 2013; 29:784-94. [PMID: 23958628 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czt055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Arab world is comprised of 22 countries with a combined population of ∼360 million. The region is still at the initial stages of the tobacco epidemic, where it is expected to witness an increase in smoking levels and mounting tobacco-related morbidity and mortality in the future. Still, the bleak outlook of the tobacco epidemic in the Arab world continues to be faced with complacency in the form of underutilization of surveillance systems to monitor the tobacco epidemic and prioritize action, and failure to implement and enforce effective policies to curb the tobacco epidemic. Understandably, the focus on the Arab world carries the risk of trying to generalize to such a diverse group of countries at different level of economic and political development. Yet, tobacco control in the Arab world faces some shared patterns and common challenges that need to be addressed to advance its cause in this region. In addition, forces that promote tobacco use, such as the tobacco industry, and trends in tobacco use, such as the emerging waterpipe epidemic tend to coalesce around some shared cultural and socio-political features of this region. Generally, available data from Arab countries point at three major trends in the tobacco epidemic: (1) high prevalence of cigarette smoking among Arab men compared with women; (2) the re-emergence of waterpipe (also known as hookah, narghile, shisha, arghile) smoking as a major tobacco use method, especially among youth and (3) the failure of policy to provide an adequate response to the tobacco epidemic. In this review, we will discuss these trends, factors contributing to them, and the way forward for tobacco control in this unstable region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Maziak
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 St, Miami, 33199 FL, USA, Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Sheehan St, Aleppo, Syria, Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh St, 1107 2020 Beirut, Lebanon, Department of Social Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Aden, Aden, Yemen, Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, PO Box 14 Birzeit, Occupied Palestinian Territory and Department of Psychology and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1112 East Clay St, Richmond, 23298 VA, USA Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 St, Miami, 33199 FL, USA, Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Sheehan St, Aleppo, Syria, Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh St, 1107 2020 Beirut, Lebanon, Department of Social Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Aden, Aden, Yemen, Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, PO Box 14 Birzeit, Occupied Palestinian Territory and Department of Psychology and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1112 East Clay St, Richmond, 23298 VA, USA
| | - Rima Nakkash
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 St, Miami, 33199 FL, USA, Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Sheehan St, Aleppo, Syria, Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh St, 1107 2020 Beirut, Lebanon, Department of Social Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Aden, Aden, Yemen, Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, PO Box 14 Birzeit, Occupied Palestinian Territory and Department of Psychology and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1112 East Clay St, Richmond, 23298 VA, USA
| | - Raed Bahelah
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 St, Miami, 33199 FL, USA, Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Sheehan St, Aleppo, Syria, Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh St, 1107 2020 Beirut, Lebanon, Department of Social Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Aden, Aden, Yemen, Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, PO Box 14 Birzeit, Occupied Palestinian Territory and Department of Psychology and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1112 East Clay St, Richmond, 23298 VA, USA Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 St, Miami, 33199 FL, USA, Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Sheehan St, Aleppo, Syria, Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh St, 1107 2020 Beirut, Lebanon, Department of Social Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Aden, Aden, Yemen, Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, PO Box 14 Birzeit, Occupied Palestinian Territory and Department of Psychology and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1112 East Clay St, Richmond, 23298 VA, USA
| | - Abdullatif Husseini
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 St, Miami, 33199 FL, USA, Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Sheehan St, Aleppo, Syria, Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh St, 1107 2020 Beirut, Lebanon, Department of Social Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Aden, Aden, Yemen, Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, PO Box 14 Birzeit, Occupied Palestinian Territory and Department of Psychology and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1112 East Clay St, Richmond, 23298 VA, USA
| | - Nadia Fanous
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 St, Miami, 33199 FL, USA, Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Sheehan St, Aleppo, Syria, Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh St, 1107 2020 Beirut, Lebanon, Department of Social Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Aden, Aden, Yemen, Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, PO Box 14 Birzeit, Occupied Palestinian Territory and Department of Psychology and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1112 East Clay St, Richmond, 23298 VA, USA
| | - Thomas Eissenberg
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 St, Miami, 33199 FL, USA, Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Sheehan St, Aleppo, Syria, Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh St, 1107 2020 Beirut, Lebanon, Department of Social Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Aden, Aden, Yemen, Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, PO Box 14 Birzeit, Occupied Palestinian Territory and Department of Psychology and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1112 East Clay St, Richmond, 23298 VA, USA
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