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Worland AM, Han Z, Maruwan J, Wang Y, Du ZY, Tang YJ, Su WW, Roell GW. Elucidation of triacylglycerol catabolism in Yarrowia lipolytica: How cells balance acetyl-CoA and excess reducing equivalents. Metab Eng 2024; 85:1-13. [PMID: 38942196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2024.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Yarrowia lipolytica is an industrial yeast that can convert waste oil to value-added products. However, it is unclear how this yeast metabolizes lipid feedstocks, specifically triacylglycerol (TAG) substrates. This study used 13C-metabolic flux analysis (13C-MFA), genome-scale modeling, and transcriptomics analyses to investigate Y. lipolytica W29 growth with oleic acid, glycerol, and glucose. Transcriptomics data were used to guide 13C-MFA model construction and to validate the 13C-MFA results. The 13C-MFA data were then used to constrain a genome-scale model (GSM), which predicted Y. lipolytica fluxes, cofactor balance, and theoretical yields of terpene products. The three data sources provided new insights into cellular regulation during catabolism of glycerol and fatty acid components of TAG substrates, and how their consumption routes differ from glucose catabolism. We found that (1) over 80% of acetyl-CoA from oleic acid is processed through the glyoxylate shunt, a pathway that generates less CO2 compared to the TCA cycle, (2) the carnitine shuttle is a key regulator of the cytosolic acetyl-CoA pool in oleic acid and glycerol cultures, (3) the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway and mannitol cycle are key routes for NADPH generation, (4) the mannitol cycle and alternative oxidase activity help balance excess NADH generated from β-oxidation of oleic acid, and (5) asymmetrical gene expressions and GSM simulations of enzyme usage suggest an increased metabolic burden for oleic acid catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Worland
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, United States
| | - Zhenlin Han
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, United States
| | - Jessica Maruwan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, United States
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, United States
| | - Zhi-Yan Du
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, United States
| | - Yinjie J Tang
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, United States
| | - Wei Wen Su
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, United States.
| | - Garrett W Roell
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, United States.
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2
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Jabłoński SJ, Mielko-Niziałek KA, Leszczyński P, Gasiński A, Kawa-Rygielska J, Młynarz P, Łukaszewicz M. Examination of internal metabolome and VOCs profile of brewery yeast and their mutants producing beer with improved aroma. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14582. [PMID: 38918455 PMCID: PMC11199613 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64899-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are metabolites pivotal in determining the aroma of various products. A well-known VOC producer of industrial importance is Saccharomyces cerevisiae, partially responsible for flavor of beers and wines. We identified VOCs in beers produced by yeast strains characterized by improved aroma obtained in UV-induced mutagenesis. We observed significant increase in concentration of compounds in strains: 1214uv16 (2-phenylethyl acetate, 2- phenylethanol), 1214uv31 (2-ethyl henxan-1-ol), 1214uv33 (ethyl decanoate, caryophyllene). We observed decrease in production of 2-phenyethyl acetate in strain 1214uv33. Analysis of intracellular metabolites based on 1H NMR revealed that intracellular phenylalanine concentration was not changed in strains producing more phenylalanine related VOCs (1214uv16 and 1214uv33), so regulation of this pathway seems to be more sophisticated than is currently assumed. Metabolome analysis surprisingly showed the presence of 3-hydroxyisobutyrate, a product of valine degradation, which is considered to be absent in S. cerevisiae. Our results show that our knowledge of yeast metabolism including VOC production has gaps regarding synthesis pathways for individual metabolites and regulation mechanisms. Detailed analysis of 1214uv16 and 1214uv33 may enhance our knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms of VOC synthesis in yeast, and analysis of strain 1214uv31 may reveal the pathway of 2-ethyl henxan-1-ol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Jan Jabłoński
- Department of Biotransformation, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Karolina Anna Mielko-Niziałek
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Przemysław Leszczyński
- Department of Fermentation and Cereals Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Alan Gasiński
- Department of Fermentation and Cereals Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Kawa-Rygielska
- Department of Fermentation and Cereals Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr Młynarz
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Łukaszewicz
- Department of Biotransformation, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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3
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Song Z, Li W, He Q, Xie X, Wang X, Guo J. Natural products - Dawn of keloid treatment. Fitoterapia 2024; 175:105918. [PMID: 38554887 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Keloids are prevalent pathological scars, often leading to cosmetic deformities and hindering joint mobility.They cause discomfort, including burning and itching, while gradually expanding and potentially posing a risk of cancer.Developing effective drugs and treatments for keloids has been a persistent challenge in the medical field. Natural products are an important source of innovative drugs and a breakthrough for many knotty disease.Herein, keywords of "natural, plant, compound, extract" were combined with "keloid" and searched in PubMed and Google Scholar, respectively. A total of 32 natural products as well as 9 extracts possessing the potential for treating keloids were ultimately identified.Current research in this field faces a significant challenge due to the lack of suitable animal models, resulting in a predominant reliance on in vitro studies.In vivo and clinical studies are notably scarce as a result.Moreover, there is a notable deficiency in research focusing on the role of nutrients in keloid formation and treatment.The appropriate dosage form (oral, topical, injectable) is crucial for the development of natural product drugs. Finally, the conclusion was hereby made that natural products, when used as adjuncts to other treatments, hold significant potential in the management of keloids.By summarizing the natural products and elucidating their mechanisms in keloid treatment, the present study aims to stimulate further discoveries and research in drug development for effectively addressing this challenging condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongzhou Song
- Department of Dermatological, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610036, China
| | - Wenquan Li
- Department of Dermatological, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610036, China
| | - Qingying He
- Department of Dermatological, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610036, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Department of Dermatological, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610036, China
| | - Xurui Wang
- Department of Dermatological, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610036, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Dermatological, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610036, China.
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4
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Bassett S, Da Silva NA. Engineering a carbon source-responsive promoter for improved biosynthesis in the non-conventional yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus. Metab Eng Commun 2024; 18:e00238. [PMID: 38845682 PMCID: PMC11153928 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2024.e00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Many desired biobased chemicals exhibit a range of toxicity to microbial cell factories, making industry-level biomanufacturing more challenging. Separating microbial growth and production phases is known to be beneficial for improving production of toxic products. Here, we developed a novel synthetic carbon-responsive promoter for use in the rapidly growing, stress-tolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus, by fusing carbon-source responsive elements of the native ICL1 promoter to the strong S. cerevisiae TDH3 or native NC1 promoter cores. Two hybrids, P IT350 and P IN450 , were validated via EGFP fluorescence and demonstrated exceptional strength, partial repression during growth, and late phase activation in glucose- and lactose-based medium, respectively. Expressing the Gerbera hybrida 2-pyrone synthase (2-PS) for synthesis of the polyketide triacetic acid lactone (TAL) under the control of P IN450 increased TAL more than 50% relative to the native NC1 promoter, and additional promoter engineering further increased TAL titer to 1.39 g/L in tube culture. Expression of the Penicillium griseofulvum 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase (6-MSAS) under the control of P IN450 resulted in a 6.6-fold increase in 6-MSA titer to 1.09 g/L and a simultaneous 1.5-fold increase in cell growth. Finally, we used P IN450 to express the Pseudomonas savastanoi IaaM and IaaH proteins and the Salvia pomifera sabinene synthase protein to improve production of the auxin hormone indole-3-acetic acid and the monoterpene sabinene, respectively, both extremely toxic to yeast. The development of carbon-responsive promoters adds to the synthetic biology toolbox and available metabolic engineering strategies for K. marxianus, allowing greater control over heterologous protein expression and improved production of toxic metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Bassett
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-2580, USA
| | - Nancy A. Da Silva
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-2580, USA
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Chen R, Wang J, Xu J, Nie S, Chen C, Li Y, Li Y, He J, Li W, Wen M, Qiao J. Heterologous Biosynthesis of Kauralexin A1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae through Metabolic and Enzyme Engineering. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:7308-7317. [PMID: 38529564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Kauralexin A1 (KA1) is a key intermediate of the kauralexin A series metabolites of maize phytoalexins. However, their application is severely limited by their low abundance in maize. In this study, an efficient biosynthetic pathway was constructed to produce KA1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Also, metabolic and enzyme engineering strategies were applied to construct the high-titer strains, such as chassis modification, screening synthases, the colocalization of enzymes, and multiple genomic integrations. First, the KA1 precursor ent-kaurene was synthesized using the efficient diterpene synthase GfCPS/KS from Fusarium fujikuroi, and optimized to reach 244.36 mg/L in shake flasks, which displayed a 200-fold increase compared to the initial strain. Then, the KA1 was produced under the catalysis of ZmCYP71Z18 from Zea mays and SmCPR1 from Salvia miltiorrhiza, and the titer was further improved by integrating the fusion protein into the genome. Finally, an ent-kaurene titer of 763.23 mg/L and a KA1 titer of 42.22 mg/L were achieved through a single-stage fed-batch fermentation in a 5 L bioreactor. This is the first report of the heterologous biosynthesis of maize diterpene phytoalexins in S. cerevisiae, which lays a foundation for further pathway reconstruction and biosynthesis of the kauralexin A series maize phytoalexins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Shaoxing 312300, China
| | - Jingru Wang
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Shaoxing 312300, China
- School of life science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Junsong Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Shaoxing 312300, China
| | - Shengxin Nie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Shaoxing 312300, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Shaoxing 312300, China
| | - Yukun Li
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Shaoxing 312300, China
| | - Yanni Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jianwei He
- School of life science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Weiguo Li
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Shaoxing 312300, China
| | - Mingzhang Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jianjun Qiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Shaoxing 312300, China
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6
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Wang J, Yang Y, Liu C, Zhang D. Theoretical Insight into the Palladium-Catalyzed Prenylation and Geranylation of Oxindoles with Isoprene. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:4855-4866. [PMID: 38447568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
This work presents a comprehensive mechanistic study of the ligand-controlled palladium-catalyzed prenylation (with C5 added) and geranylation (with C10 added) reactions of oxindole with isoprene. The calculated results indicate that the prenylation with the bis-phosphine ligand and geranylation with the monophosphine ligand fundamentally share a common mechanism. This mechanism involves the formation of two crucial species: a η3-allyl-Pd(II) cation and an oxindole carbon anion. Furthermore, the reactions necessitate the assistance of a second oxindole molecule, which serves as a Brønsted acid, providing a proton to generate the oxindole nitrogen anion. The oxindole nitrogen anion then acts as a Brønsted base, abstracting a C-H proton from another oxindole molecule to form an oxindole carbon anion. These mechanistic details differ significantly from those proposed in the experimental work. The present calculations do not support the presence of the Pd-H species and the η3, η3-diallyl-Pd(II) intermediate, which were previously suggested in experiments. The theoretical results rationalize the experimental finding that the bis-phosphine ligand favors the prenylation of oxindole, while the monophosphine ligand enables the geranylation of oxindole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhao Wang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yiying Yang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Chengbu Liu
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Dongju Zhang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
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7
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Taratynova MO, Tikhonova EE, Fedyaeva IM, Dementev DA, Yuzbashev TV, Solovyev AI, Sineoky SP, Yuzbasheva EY. Boosting Geranyl Diphosphate Synthesis for Linalool Production in Engineered Yarrowia lipolytica. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:1304-1315. [PMID: 37392322 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04581-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Linalool is a pleasant-smelling monoterpenoid widely found in the essential oils of most flowers. Due to its biologically active properties, linalool has considerable commercial potential, especially in the food and perfume industries. In this study, the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica was successfully engineered to produce linalool de novo. The (S)-linalool synthase (LIS) gene from Actinidia argute was overexpressed to convert geranyl diphosphate (GPP) into linalool. Flux was diverted from farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) synthesis to GPP by introducing a mutated copy of the native ERG20F88W-N119W gene, and CrGPPS gene from Catharanthus roseus on its own and as part of a fusion with LIS. Disruption of native diacylglycerol kinase enzyme, DGK1, by oligo-mediated CRISPR-Cas9 inactivation further increased linalool production. The resulting strain accumulated 109.6 mg/L of linalool during cultivation in shake flasks with sucrose as a carbon source. CrGPPS expression in Yarrowia lipolytica increased linalool accumulation more efficiently than the ERG20F88W-N119W expression, suggesting that the increase in linalool production was predominantly influenced by the level of GPP precursor supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria O Taratynova
- NRC "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Genomic Center, sq. Academician Kurchatova, 1, Moscow, 123182, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina E Tikhonova
- NRC "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Genomic Center, sq. Academician Kurchatova, 1, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - Iuliia M Fedyaeva
- NRC "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Genomic Center, sq. Academician Kurchatova, 1, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Dementev
- NRC "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Genomic Center, sq. Academician Kurchatova, 1, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - Tigran V Yuzbashev
- Plant Sciences and the Bioeconomy, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, West Common, UK
| | - Andrey I Solovyev
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Ministry of Health, Gamaleya St. 18, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Sergey P Sineoky
- NRC "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Genomic Center, sq. Academician Kurchatova, 1, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - Evgeniya Y Yuzbasheva
- BioMediCan Inc, 40471 Encyclopedia Circle, Fremont, CA, 94538, USA
- BioKai Inc, 40471 Encyclopedia Circle, Fremont, CA, 94538, USA
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8
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Bureau JA, Oliva ME, Dong Y, Ignea C. Engineering yeast for the production of plant terpenoids using synthetic biology approaches. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1822-1848. [PMID: 37523210 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00005b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2011-2022The low amounts of terpenoids produced in plants and the difficulty in synthesizing these complex structures have stimulated the production of terpenoid compounds in microbial hosts by metabolic engineering and synthetic biology approaches. Advances in engineering yeast for terpenoid production will be covered in this review focusing on four directions: (1) manipulation of host metabolism, (2) rewiring and reconstructing metabolic pathways, (3) engineering the catalytic activity, substrate selectivity and product specificity of biosynthetic enzymes, and (4) localizing terpenoid production via enzymatic fusions and scaffolds, or subcellular compartmentalization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yueming Dong
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0C3, Canada.
| | - Codruta Ignea
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0C3, Canada.
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9
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Zha J, Liu D, Ren J, Liu Z, Wu X. Advances in Metabolic Engineering of Pichia pastoris Strains as Powerful Cell Factories. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1027. [PMID: 37888283 PMCID: PMC10608127 DOI: 10.3390/jof9101027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pichia pastoris is the most widely used microorganism for the production of secreted industrial proteins and therapeutic proteins. Recently, this yeast has been repurposed as a cell factory for the production of chemicals and natural products. In this review, the general physiological properties of P. pastoris are summarized and the readily available genetic tools and elements are described, including strains, expression vectors, promoters, gene editing technology mediated by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9, and adaptive laboratory evolution. Moreover, the recent achievements in P. pastoris-based biosynthesis of proteins, natural products, and other compounds are highlighted. The existing issues and possible solutions are also discussed for the construction of efficient P. pastoris cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zha
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China; (D.L.); (J.R.); (Z.L.)
| | | | | | | | - Xia Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China; (D.L.); (J.R.); (Z.L.)
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10
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Lei M, Qiu Z, Guan L, Xiang Z, Zhao GR. Metabolic Engineering for Efficient Production of Z,Z-Farnesol in E. coli. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1583. [PMID: 37375090 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Z,Z-farnesol (Z,Z-FOH), the all-cis isomer of farnesol, holds enormous potential for application in cosmetics, daily chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. In this study, we aimed to metabolically engineer Escherichia coli to produce Z,Z-FOH. First, we tested five Z,Z-farnesyl diphosphate (Z,Z-FPP) synthases that catalyze neryl diphosphate to form Z,Z-FPP in E. coli. Furthermore, we screened thirteen phosphatases that could facilitate the dephosphorylation of Z,Z-FPP to produce Z,Z-FOH. Finally, through site-directed mutagenesis of cis-prenyltransferase, the optimal mutant strain was able to produce 572.13 mg/L Z,Z-FOH by batch fermentation in a shake flask. This achievement represents the highest reported titer of Z,Z-FOH in microbes to date. Notably, this is the first report on the de novo biosynthesis of Z,Z-FOH in E. coli. This work represents a promising step toward developing synthetic E. coli cell factories for the de novo biosynthesis of Z,Z-FOH and other cis-configuration terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Lei
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
- Georgia Tech Shenzhen Institute, Tianjin University, Dashi Road 1, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zetian Qiu
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
- Georgia Tech Shenzhen Institute, Tianjin University, Dashi Road 1, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Leilei Guan
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
- Georgia Tech Shenzhen Institute, Tianjin University, Dashi Road 1, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guang-Rong Zhao
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
- Georgia Tech Shenzhen Institute, Tianjin University, Dashi Road 1, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
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11
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Han H, Wang C, Yang X, Wang L, Ye J, Xu F, Liao Y, Zhang W. Role of bZIP transcription factors in the regulation of plant secondary metabolism. PLANTA 2023; 258:13. [PMID: 37300575 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04174-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION This study provides an overview of the structure, classification, regulatory mechanisms, and biological functions of the basic (region) leucine zipper transcription factors and their molecular mechanisms in flavonoid, terpenoid, alkaloid, phenolic acid, and lignin biosynthesis. Basic (region) leucine zippers (bZIPs) are evolutionarily conserved transcription factors (TFs) in eukaryotic organisms. The bZIP TFs are widely distributed in plants and play important roles in plant growth and development, photomorphogenesis, signal transduction, resistance to pathogenic microbes, biotic and abiotic stress, and secondary metabolism. Moreover, the expression of bZIP TFs not only promotes or inhibits the accumulation of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants, but also affects the stress response of plants to the external adverse environment. This paper describes the structure, classification, biological function, and regulatory mechanisms of bZIP TFs. In addition, the molecular mechanism of bZIP TFs regulating the biosynthesis of flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, phenolic acids, and lignin are also elaborated. This review provides a summary for in-depth study of the molecular mechanism of bZIP TFs regulating the synthesis pathway of secondary metabolites and plant molecular breeding, which is of significance for the generation of beneficial secondary metabolites and the improvement of plant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Han
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Caini Wang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Lina Wang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Jiabao Ye
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Feng Xu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Yongling Liao
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
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12
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Jiang H, Wang X. Biosynthesis of monoterpenoid and sesquiterpenoid as natural flavors and fragrances. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 65:108151. [PMID: 37037288 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids are a large class of plant-derived compounds, that constitute the main components of essential oils and are widely used as natural flavors and fragrances. The biosynthesis approach presents a promising alternative route in terpenoid production compared to plant extraction or chemical synthesis. In the past decade, the production of terpenoids using biotechnology has attracted broad attention from both academia and the industry. With the growing market of flavor and fragrance, the production of terpenoids directed by synthetic biology shows great potential in promoting future market prospects. Here, we reviewed the latest advances in terpenoid biosynthesis. The engineering strategies for biosynthetic terpenoids were systematically summarized from the enzyme, metabolic, and cellular dimensions. Additionally, we analyzed the key challenges from laboratory production to scalable production, such as key enzyme improvement, terpenoid toxicity, and volatility loss. To provide comprehensive technical guidance, we collected milestone examples of biosynthetic mono- and sesquiterpenoids, compared the current application status of chemical synthesis and biosynthesis in terpenoid production, and discussed the cost drivers based on the data of techno-economic assessment. It is expected to provide critical insights into developing translational research of terpenoid biomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, PR China
| | - Xi Wang
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, PR China; College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, PR China.
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13
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Dianat M, Münchberg U, Blank LM, Freier E, Ebert BE. Non-invasive monitoring of microbial triterpenoid production using nonlinear microscopy techniques. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1106566. [PMID: 36926686 PMCID: PMC10012247 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1106566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Bioproduction of plant-derived triterpenoids in recombinant microbes is receiving great attention to make these biologically active compounds industrially accessible as nutraceuticals, pharmaceutics, and cosmetic ingredients. So far, there is no direct method for detecting triterpenoids under physiological conditions on a cellular level, information yet highly relevant to rationalizing microbial engineering. Methods: Here, we show in a proof-of-concept study, that triterpenoids can be detected and monitored in living yeast cells by combining coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and second-harmonic-generation (SHG) microscopy techniques. We applied CARS and SHG microscopy measurements, and for comparison classical Nile Red staining, on immobilized and growing triterpenoid-producing, and non-producing reference Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Results and Discussion: We found that the SHG signal in triterpenoid-producing strains is significantly higher than in a non-producing reference strain, correlating with lipophile content as determined by Nile red staining. In growing cultures, both CARS and SHG signals showed changes over time, enabling new insights into the dynamics of triterpenoid production and storage inside cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Dianat
- Institute of Applied Microbiology (iAMB), Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ute Münchberg
- University Development and Strategy, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars M Blank
- Institute of Applied Microbiology (iAMB), Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Erik Freier
- Interdisciplinary Center for Machine Learning and Data Analytics (IZMD), University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Birgitta E Ebert
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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14
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Wiles D, Shanbhag BK, O'Brien M, Doblin MS, Bacic A, Beddoe T. Heterologous production of Cannabis sativa-derived specialised metabolites of medicinal significance - Insights into engineering strategies. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 203:113380. [PMID: 36049526 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. has been known for at least 2000 years as a source of important, medically significant specialised metabolites and several bio-active molecules have been enriched from multiple chemotypes. However, due to the many levels of complexity in both the commercial cultivation of cannabis and extraction of its specialised metabolites, several heterologous production approaches are being pursued in parallel. In this review, we outline the recent achievements in engineering strategies used for heterologous production of cannabinoids, terpenes and flavonoids along with their strength and weakness. We provide an overview of the specialised metabolism pathway in C. sativa and a comprehensive list of the specialised metabolites produced along with their medicinal significance. We highlight cannabinoid-like molecules produced by other species. We discuss the key biosynthetic enzymes and their heterologous production using various hosts such as microbial and eukaryotic systems. A brief discussion on complementary production strategies using co-culturing and cell-free systems is described. Various approaches to optimise specialised metabolite production through co-expression, enzyme engineering and pathway engineering are discussed. We derive insights from recent advances in metabolic engineering of hosts with improved precursor supply and suggest their application for the production of C. sativa speciality metabolites. We present a collation of non-conventional hosts with speciality traits that can improve the feasibility of commercial heterologous production of cannabis-based specialised metabolites. We provide a perspective of emerging research in synthetic biology, allied analytical techniques and plant heterologous platforms as focus areas for heterologous production of cannabis specialised metabolites in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Wiles
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Bhuvana K Shanbhag
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Martin O'Brien
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Monika S Doblin
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia; La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia; La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Travis Beddoe
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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15
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Yadav R, Chattopadhyay B, Kiran R, Yadav A, Bachhawat AK, Patil SA. Microbial electrosynthesis from carbon dioxide feedstock linked to yeast growth for the production of high-value isoprenoids. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 363:127906. [PMID: 36087648 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The difficulty in producing multi-carbon and thus high-value chemicals from CO2 is one of the key challenges of microbial electrosynthesis (MES) and other CO2 utilization technologies. Here, we demonstrate a two-stage bioproduction approach to produce terpenoids (>C20) and yeast biomass from CO2 by linking MES and yeast cultivation approaches. In the first stage, CO2 (C1) is converted to acetate (C2) using Clostridium ljungdahlii via MES. The acetate is then directly used as the feedstock to produce sclareol (C20), β-carotene (C40), and yeast biomass using Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the second stage. With the unpurified acetate-containing (1.5 g/L) spent medium from MES reactors, S. cerevisiae produced 0.32 ± 0.04 mg/L β-carotene, 2.54 ± 0.91 mg/L sclareol, and 369.66 ± 41.67 mg/L biomass. The primary economic analysis suggests that sclareol and biomass production is feasible using recombinant S. cerevisiae and non-recombinant S. cerevisiae, respectively, directly from unpurified acetate-containing spent medium of MES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravineet Yadav
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali (IISER Mohali), Sector 81, S.A.S. Nagar, Manauli PO 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Banani Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali (IISER Mohali), Sector 81, S.A.S. Nagar, Manauli PO 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Rashmi Kiran
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali (IISER Mohali), Sector 81, S.A.S. Nagar, Manauli PO 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Ankit Yadav
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali (IISER Mohali), Sector 81, S.A.S. Nagar, Manauli PO 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Anand K Bachhawat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali (IISER Mohali), Sector 81, S.A.S. Nagar, Manauli PO 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Sunil A Patil
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali (IISER Mohali), Sector 81, S.A.S. Nagar, Manauli PO 140306, Punjab, India.
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16
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Metabolic Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Production of Fragrant Terpenoids from Agarwood and Sandalwood. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8090429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sandalwood and agarwood essential oils are rare natural oils comprising fragrant terpenoids that have been used in perfumes and incense for millennia. Increasing demand for these terpenoids, coupled with difficulties in isolating them from natural sources, have led to an interest in finding alternative production platforms. Here, we engineered the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce fragrant terpenoids from sandalwood and agarwood. Specifically, we constructed strain FPPY005_39850, which overexpresses all eight genes in the mevalonate pathway. Using this engineered strain as the background strain, we screened seven distinct terpene synthases from agarwood, sandalwood, and related plant species for their activities in the context of yeast. Five terpene synthases led to the production of fragrant terpenoids, including α-santalene, α-humulene, δ-guaiene, α-guaiene, and β-eudesmol. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of β-eudesmol production in yeast. We further improved the production titers by downregulating ERG9, a key enzyme from a competing pathway, as well as employing enzyme fusions. Our final engineered strains produced fragrant terpenoids at up to 101.7 ± 6.9 mg/L. We envision our work will pave the way for a scalable route to these fragrant terpenoids and further establish S. cerevisiae as a versatile production platform for high-value chemicals.
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17
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Romani F, Flores JR, Tolopka JI, Suárez G, He X, Moreno JE. Liverwort oil bodies: diversity, biochemistry, and molecular cell biology of the earliest secretory structure of land plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4427-4439. [PMID: 35394035 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Liverworts are known for their large chemical diversity. Much of this diversity is synthesized and enclosed within oil bodies (OBs), a synapomorphy of the lineage. OBs contain the enzymes to biosynthesize and store large quantities of sesquiterpenoids and other compounds while limiting their cytotoxicity. Recent important biochemical and molecular discoveries related to OB formation, diversity, and biochemistry allow comparison with other secretory structures of land plants from an evo-devo perspective. This review addresses and discusses the most recent advances in OB origin, development, and function towards understanding the importance of these organelles in liverwort physiology and adaptation to changing environments. Our mapping of OB types and chemical compounds to the current liverwort phylogeny suggests that OBs were present in the most recent common ancestor of liverworts, supporting that OBs evolved as the first secretory structures in land plants. Yet, we require better sampling to define the macroevolutionary pattern governing the ancestral type of OB. We conclude that current efforts to find molecular mechanisms responsible for the morphological and chemical diversity of secretory structures will help understand the evolution of each major group of land plants, and open new avenues in biochemical research on bioactive compounds in bryophytes and vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Facundo Romani
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jorge R Flores
- Botany Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juan Ignacio Tolopka
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral - CONICET, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Santa Fe, Colectora Ruta Nacional No. 168 km. 0, Paraje El Pozo, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Suárez
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (CONICET - Fundación Miguel Lillo), Miguel Lillo 251, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, 4000, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Miguel Lillo 205, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, 4000, Argentina
| | - Xiaolan He
- Botany Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Javier E Moreno
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral - CONICET, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Santa Fe, Colectora Ruta Nacional No. 168 km. 0, Paraje El Pozo, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
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18
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Wadler CS, Wolters JF, Fortney NW, Throckmorton KO, Zhang Y, Miller CR, Schneider RM, Wendt-Pienkowski E, Currie CR, Donohue TJ, Noguera DR, Hittinger CT, Thomas MG. Utilization of lignocellulosic biofuel conversion residue by diverse microorganisms. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:70. [PMID: 35751080 PMCID: PMC9233362 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02168-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignocellulosic conversion residue (LCR) is the material remaining after deconstructed lignocellulosic biomass is subjected to microbial fermentation and treated to remove the biofuel. Technoeconomic analyses of biofuel refineries have shown that further microbial processing of this LCR into other bioproducts may help offset the costs of biofuel generation. Identifying organisms able to metabolize LCR is an important first step for harnessing the full chemical and economic potential of this material. In this study, we investigated the aerobic LCR utilization capabilities of 71 Streptomyces and 163 yeast species that could be engineered to produce valuable bioproducts. The LCR utilization by these individual microbes was compared to that of an aerobic mixed microbial consortium derived from a wastewater treatment plant as representative of a consortium with the highest potential for degrading the LCR components and a source of genetic material for future engineering efforts. RESULTS We analyzed several batches of a model LCR by chemical oxygen demand (COD) and chromatography-based assays and determined that the major components of LCR were oligomeric and monomeric sugars and other organic compounds. Many of the Streptomyces and yeast species tested were able to grow in LCR, with some individual microbes capable of utilizing over 40% of the soluble COD. For comparison, the maximum total soluble COD utilized by the mixed microbial consortium was about 70%. This represents an upper limit on how much of the LCR could be valorized by engineered Streptomyces or yeasts into bioproducts. To investigate the utilization of specific components in LCR and have a defined media for future experiments, we developed a synthetic conversion residue (SynCR) to mimic our model LCR and used it to show lignocellulose-derived inhibitors (LDIs) had little effect on the ability of the Streptomyces species to metabolize SynCR. CONCLUSIONS We found that LCR is rich in carbon sources for microbial utilization and has vitamins, minerals, amino acids and other trace metabolites necessary to support growth. Testing diverse collections of Streptomyces and yeast species confirmed that these microorganisms were capable of growth on LCR and revealed a phylogenetic correlation between those able to best utilize LCR. Identification and quantification of the components of LCR enabled us to develop a synthetic LCR (SynCR) that will be a useful tool for examining how individual components of LCR contribute to microbial growth and as a substrate for future engineering efforts to use these microorganisms to generate valuable bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caryn S Wadler
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Dr, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1552 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - John F Wolters
- Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1552 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- Laboratory of Genetics, Center for Genomic Science Innovation, J. F. Crow Institute for the Study of Evolution, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 425-g Henry Mall, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1552 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Nathaniel W Fortney
- Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1552 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1552 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Kurt O Throckmorton
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Dr, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1552 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Yaoping Zhang
- Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1552 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1552 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Caroline R Miller
- Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1552 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- Laboratory of Genetics, Center for Genomic Science Innovation, J. F. Crow Institute for the Study of Evolution, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 425-g Henry Mall, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1552 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Rachel M Schneider
- Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1552 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- Laboratory of Genetics, Center for Genomic Science Innovation, J. F. Crow Institute for the Study of Evolution, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 425-g Henry Mall, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1552 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Evelyn Wendt-Pienkowski
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Dr, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1552 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Cameron R Currie
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Dr, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1552 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Timothy J Donohue
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Dr, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1552 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1552 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Daniel R Noguera
- Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1552 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1552 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Chris Todd Hittinger
- Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1552 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- Laboratory of Genetics, Center for Genomic Science Innovation, J. F. Crow Institute for the Study of Evolution, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 425-g Henry Mall, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1552 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Michael G Thomas
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Dr, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1552 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA.
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19
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Ranganathan PR, Narayanan AK, Nawada N, Rao MJ, Reju KS, Priya SC, Gujarathi T, Manjithaya R, Venkata Rao DK. Diacylglycerol kinase alleviates autophagic degradation of the endoplasmic reticulum in SPT10-deficient yeast to enhance triterpene biosynthesis. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:1778-1794. [PMID: 35661158 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A recent study showed that deletion of the gene encoding the transcription regulator SuPpressor of Ty10 (SPT10) increases total phospholipids, and our previous study established a critical link between phospholipids and the mevalonate/ergosterol (MEV/ERG) pathway, which synthesizes triterpenes. This study aims to use spt10Δ yeast to improve triterpene production. Though MEV/ERG pathway was highly expressed in spt10Δ yeast, results showed insufficient accumulation of key metabolites and also revealed massive endoplasmic reticulum (ER) degradation. We found a stable, massive ER structure when we overexpressed diacylglycerol kinase1 (DGK1OE ) in spt10Δ yeast. Analyses of ER-stress and autophagy suggest that DGK1OE in the spt10Δ strain decreased autophagy, resulting in increased MEV/ERG pathway activity. Heterologous expression of β-amyrin synthase showed significant production of the triterpene β-amyrin in DGK1OE spt10Δ yeast. Overall, our study provides a strategic approach to improve triterpene production by increasing ER biogenesis while limiting ER degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poornima Ramani Ranganathan
- Biochemistry laboratory, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Research Center, GKVK (post), Allalasandra, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Kamla Nehru Nagar, Sector 19, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh-201 002, India
| | - Ananth Krishna Narayanan
- Biochemistry laboratory, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Research Center, GKVK (post), Allalasandra, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Kamla Nehru Nagar, Sector 19, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh-201 002, India
| | - Niveditha Nawada
- Biochemistry laboratory, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Research Center, GKVK (post), Allalasandra, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Kamla Nehru Nagar, Sector 19, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh-201 002, India
| | - Monala Jayaprakash Rao
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore-560064, India
| | - Kalyani Sai Reju
- Biochemistry laboratory, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Research Center, GKVK (post), Allalasandra, India
| | - S Chaithra Priya
- Biochemistry laboratory, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Research Center, GKVK (post), Allalasandra, India
| | - Tejal Gujarathi
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore-560064, India
| | - Ravi Manjithaya
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore-560064, India
| | - D K Venkata Rao
- Biochemistry laboratory, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Research Center, GKVK (post), Allalasandra, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Kamla Nehru Nagar, Sector 19, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh-201 002, India
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20
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Park H, Lee D, Kim JE, Park S, Park JH, Ha CW, Baek M, Yoon SH, Park KH, Lee P, Hahn JS. Efficient production of retinol in Yarrowia lipolytica by increasing stability using antioxidant and detergent extraction. Metab Eng 2022; 73:26-37. [PMID: 35671979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The demand for bio-based retinol (vitamin A) is currently increasing, however its instability represents a major bottleneck in microbial production. Here, we developed an efficient method to selectively produce retinol in Yarrowia lipolytica. The β-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase (BCO) cleaves β-carotene into retinal, which is reduced to retinol by retinol dehydrogenase (RDH). Therefore, to produce retinol, we first generated β-carotene-producing strain based on a high-lipid-producer via overexpressing genes including heterologous β-carotene biosynthetic genes, GGS1F43I mutant of endogenous geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase isolated by directed evolution, and FAD1 encoding flavin adenine dinucleotide synthetase, while deleting several genes previously known to be beneficial for carotenoid production. To produce retinol, 11 copies of BCO gene from marine bacterium 66A03 (Mb.Blh) were integrated into the rDNA sites of the β-carotene overproducer. The resulting strain produced more retinol than retinal, suggesting strong endogenous promiscuous RDH activity in Y. lipolytica. The introduction of Mb.BCO led to a considerable reduction in β-carotene level, but less than 5% of the consumed β-carotene could be detected in the form of retinal or retinol, implying severe degradation of the produced retinoids. However, addition of the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) led to a >20-fold increase in retinol production, suggesting oxidative damage is the main cause of intracellular retinol degradation. Overexpression of GSH2 encoding glutathione synthetase further improved retinol production. Raman imaging revealed co-localization of retinol with lipid droplets, and extraction of retinol using Tween 80 was effective in improving retinol production. By combining BHT treatment and extraction using Tween 80, the final strain CJ2104 produced 4.86 g/L retinol and 0.26 g/L retinal in fed-batch fermentation in a 5-L bioreactor, which is the highest retinol production titer ever reported. This study demonstrates that Y. lipolytica is a suitable host for the industrial production of bio-based retinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Park
- Bio Research Institutes, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon, 16495, South Korea
| | - Dongpil Lee
- Bio Research Institutes, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon, 16495, South Korea
| | - Jae-Eung Kim
- Bio Research Institutes, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon, 16495, South Korea
| | - Seonmi Park
- Bio Research Institutes, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon, 16495, South Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Park
- Bio Research Institutes, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon, 16495, South Korea
| | - Cheol Woong Ha
- Bio Research Institutes, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon, 16495, South Korea
| | - Minji Baek
- Bio Research Institutes, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon, 16495, South Korea
| | - Seok-Hwan Yoon
- Bio Research Institutes, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon, 16495, South Korea
| | - Kwang Hyun Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Peter Lee
- Bio Research Institutes, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon, 16495, South Korea.
| | - Ji-Sook Hahn
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
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21
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Recent advances in construction and regulation of yeast cell factories. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:57. [PMID: 35174424 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03241-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed the rapid progress in development of synthetic biology, and advances in construction of yeast cell factories open vast opportunities for green and sustainable production of chemicals. Focusing on the progress in yeast engineering for production of plant natural products in the last 5 years, this review introduces different yeast chassis used for cell factory construction, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Yarrowia lipolytica and Komagataella phaffii, together with the emerging genome editing tools. The metabolic regulation strategies developed for yeast engineering are highlighted, such as subcellular pathway localization dynamic regulation, and transporter engineering. C1-based chemical bioproduction by engineered yeast is also covered. Finally, the existing challenges and future prospects in creating efficient yeast cell factories are summarized.
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22
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Rinaldi MA, Ferraz CA, Scrutton NS. Alternative metabolic pathways and strategies to high-titre terpenoid production in Escherichia coli. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:90-118. [PMID: 34231643 PMCID: PMC8791446 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00025j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2021Terpenoids are a diverse group of chemicals used in a wide range of industries. Microbial terpenoid production has the potential to displace traditional manufacturing of these compounds with renewable processes, but further titre improvements are needed to reach cost competitiveness. This review discusses strategies to increase terpenoid titres in Escherichia coli with a focus on alternative metabolic pathways. Alternative pathways can lead to improved titres by providing higher orthogonality to native metabolism that redirects carbon flux, by avoiding toxic intermediates, by bypassing highly-regulated or bottleneck steps, or by being shorter and thus more efficient and easier to manipulate. The canonical 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) and mevalonate (MVA) pathways are engineered to increase titres, sometimes using homologs from different species to address bottlenecks. Further, alternative terpenoid pathways, including additional entry points into the MEP and MVA pathways, archaeal MVA pathways, and new artificial pathways provide new tools to increase titres. Prenyl diphosphate synthases elongate terpenoid chains, and alternative homologs create orthogonal pathways and increase product diversity. Alternative sources of terpenoid synthases and modifying enzymes can also be better suited for E. coli expression. Mining the growing number of bacterial genomes for new bacterial terpenoid synthases and modifying enzymes identifies enzymes that outperform eukaryotic ones and expand microbial terpenoid production diversity. Terpenoid removal from cells is also crucial in production, and so terpenoid recovery and approaches to handle end-product toxicity increase titres. Combined, these strategies are contributing to current efforts to increase microbial terpenoid production towards commercial feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro A Rinaldi
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Clara A Ferraz
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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23
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Otto M, Liu D, Siewers V. Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a Heterologous Host for Natural Products. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2489:333-367. [PMID: 35524059 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2273-5_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell factories can provide a sustainable supply of natural products with applications as pharmaceuticals, food-additives or biofuels. Besides being an important model organism for eukaryotic systems, Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used as a chassis for the heterologous production of natural products. Its success as a cell factory can be attributed to the vast knowledge accumulated over decades of research, its overall ease of engineering and its robustness. Many methods and toolkits have been developed by the yeast metabolic engineering community with the aim of simplifying and accelerating the engineering process.In this chapter, a range of methodologies are highlighted, which can be used to develop novel natural product cell factories or to improve titer, rate and yields of an existing cell factory with the goal of developing an industrially relevant strain. The addressed topics are applicable for different stages of a cell factory engineering project and include the choice of a natural product platform strain, expression cassette design for heterologous or native genes, basic and advanced genetic engineering strategies, and library screening methods using biosensors. The many engineering methods available and the examples of yeast cell factories underline the importance and future potential of this host for industrial production of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Otto
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dany Liu
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Verena Siewers
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Watcharawipas A, Sansatchanon K, Phithakrotchanakoon C, Tanapongpipat S, Runguphan W, Kocharin K. Novel carotenogenic gene combinations from red yeasts enhanced lycopene and beta-carotene production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae from the low-cost substrate sucrose. FEMS Yeast Res 2021; 21:6449371. [PMID: 34865010 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foab062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids (C40H56) including lycopene and beta-carotene are relatively strong antioxidants that provide benefits to human health. Here, we screened highly efficient crt variants from red yeasts to improve lycopene and beta-carotene production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We identified that crt variants from Sporidiobolus pararoseus TBRC-BCC 63403 isolated from rice leaf in Thailand exhibited the highest activity in term of lycopene and beta-carotene production in the context of yeast. Specifically, the phytoene desaturase SpCrtI possessed up to 4-fold higher in vivo activity based on lycopene content than the benchmark enzyme BtCrtI from Blakeslea trispora in our engineered WWY005 strain. Also, the geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) synthase SpCrtE, the bifunctional phytoene synthase-lycopene cyclase SpCrtYB, and SpCrtI when combined led to 7-fold improvement in beta-carotene content over the benchmark enzymes from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous in the laboratory strain CEN.PK2-1C. Sucrose as an alternative to glucose was found to enhance lycopene production in cells lacking GAL80. Lastly, we demonstrated a step-wise improvement in lycopene production from shake-flasks to a 5-L fermenter using the strain with GAL80 intact. Altogether, our study represents novel findings on more effective crt genes from Sp. pararoseus over the previously reported benchmark genes and their potential applications in scale-up lycopene production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akaraphol Watcharawipas
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kitisak Sansatchanon
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Chitwadee Phithakrotchanakoon
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Sutipa Tanapongpipat
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Weerawat Runguphan
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kanokarn Kocharin
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
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Preparative separation of three terpenoids from edible brown algae Sargassum fusiforme by high-speed countercurrent chromatography combined with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Hayat IF, Plan M, Ebert BE, Dumsday G, Vickers CE, Peng B. Auxin-mediated induction of GAL promoters by conditional degradation of Mig1p improves sesquiterpene production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with engineered acetyl-CoA synthesis. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:2627-2642. [PMID: 34499421 PMCID: PMC8601163 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae uses the pyruvate dehydrogenase-bypass for acetyl-CoA biosynthesis. This relatively inefficient pathway limits production potential for acetyl-CoA-derived biochemical due to carbon loss and the cost of two high-energy phosphate bonds per molecule of acetyl-CoA. Here, we attempted to improve acetyl-CoA production efficiency by introducing heterologous acetylating aldehyde dehydrogenase and phosphoketolase pathways for acetyl-CoA synthesis to enhance production of the sesquiterpene trans-nerolidol. In addition, we introduced auxin-mediated degradation of the glucose-dependent repressor Mig1p to allow induced expression of GAL promoters on glucose so that production potential on glucose could be examined. The novel genes that we used to reconstruct the heterologous acetyl-CoA pathways did not sufficiently complement the loss of endogenous acetyl-CoA pathways, indicating that superior heterologous enzymes are necessary to establish fully functional synthetic acetyl-CoA pathways and properly explore their potential for nerolidol synthesis. Notwithstanding this, nerolidol production was improved twofold to a titre of ˜ 900 mg l-1 in flask cultivation using a combination of heterologous acetyl-CoA pathways and Mig1p degradation. Conditional Mig1p depletion is presented as a valuable strategy to improve the productivities in the strains engineered with GAL promoters-controlled pathways when growing on glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Farabi Hayat
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN)the University of QueenslandBrisbaneQld4072Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB)the University of QueenslandBrisbaneQld4072Australia
| | - Manuel Plan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN)the University of QueenslandBrisbaneQld4072Australia
| | - Birgitta E. Ebert
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN)the University of QueenslandBrisbaneQld4072Australia
| | | | - Claudia E. Vickers
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN)the University of QueenslandBrisbaneQld4072Australia
- CSIRO Future Science Platform in Synthetic BiologyCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)Black MountainCanberraACT2601Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic BiologyQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQld4000Australia
| | - Bingyin Peng
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN)the University of QueenslandBrisbaneQld4072Australia
- CSIRO Future Science Platform in Synthetic BiologyCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)Black MountainCanberraACT2601Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic BiologyQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQld4000Australia
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27
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Lecourt M, Chietera G, Blerot B, Antoniotti S. Laccase-Catalyzed Oxidation of Allylbenzene Derivatives: Towards a Green Equivalent of Ozonolysis. Molecules 2021; 26:6053. [PMID: 34641596 PMCID: PMC8512103 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26196053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccase-based biocatalytic reactions have been tested with and without mediators and optimized in the oxidation of allylbenzene derivatives, such as methyl eugenol taken as a model substrate. The reaction primarily consisted in the hydroxylation of the propenyl side chain, either upon isomerization of the double bond or not. Two pathways were then observed; oxidation of both allylic alcohol intermediates could either lead to the corresponding α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound, or the corresponding benzaldehyde derivative by oxidative cleavage. Such a process constitutes a green equivalent of ozonolysis or other dangerous or waste-generating oxidation reactions. The conversion rate was sensitive to the substitution patterns of the benzenic ring and subsequent electronic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Lecourt
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Parc Valrose, CEDEX 2, 06108 Nice, France;
| | - Giorgiana Chietera
- LMR Naturals by IFF, Parc d’Activité les Bois de Grasse, 18 Avenue Joseph Honoré Isnard, 06130 Grasse, France; (G.C.); (B.B.)
| | - Bernard Blerot
- LMR Naturals by IFF, Parc d’Activité les Bois de Grasse, 18 Avenue Joseph Honoré Isnard, 06130 Grasse, France; (G.C.); (B.B.)
| | - Sylvain Antoniotti
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Parc Valrose, CEDEX 2, 06108 Nice, France;
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28
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Arvay E, Biggs BW, Guerrero L, Jiang V, Tyo K. Engineering Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 for mevalonate production from lignin-derived aromatic compounds. Metab Eng Commun 2021; 13:e00173. [PMID: 34430203 PMCID: PMC8367835 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2021.e00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Utilization of lignin, an abundant renewable resource, is limited by its heterogenous composition and complex structure. Biological valorization of lignin provides advantages over traditional chemical processing as it occurs at ambient temperature and pressure and does not use harsh chemicals. Furthermore, the ability to biologically funnel heterogenous substrates to products eliminates the need for costly downstream processing and separation of feedstocks. However, lack of relevant metabolic networks and low tolerance to degradation products of lignin limits the application of traditional engineered model organisms. To circumvent this obstacle, we employed Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1, which natively catabolizes lignin-derived aromatic substrates through the β-ketoadipate pathway, to produce mevalonate from lignin-derived compounds. We enabled expression of the mevalonate pathway in ADP1 and validated activity in the presence of multiple lignin-derived aromatic substrates. Furthermore, by knocking out wax ester synthesis and utilizing fed-batch cultivation, we improved mevalonate titers 7.5-fold to 1014 mg/L (6.8 mM). This work establishes a foundation and provides groundwork for future efforts to engineer improved production of mevalonate and derivatives from lignin-derived aromatics using ADP1. Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 expresses the mevalonate pathway functionally Mevalonate is produced in the presence of multiple lignin-derived compounds Mevalonate is produced from solely lignin-derived aromatic carbon A wax ester knockout strain grown in fed-batch improves mevalonate titer 7.5-fold Lignin-derived compound fed-batch produces more mevalonate than glucose-fed
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Arvay
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Biotechnology Training Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Bradley W Biggs
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Biotechnology Training Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Laura Guerrero
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Virginia Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Keith Tyo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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29
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Bai X, Lin T, Liang N, Li BZ, Song H, Yuan YJ. Engineering synthetic microbial consortium for efficient conversion of lactate from glucose and xylose to generate electricity. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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Sun ZJ, Lian JZ, Zhu L, Jiang YQ, Li GS, Xue HL, Wu MB, Yang LR, Lin JP. Combined Biosynthetic Pathway Engineering and Storage Pool Expansion for High-Level Production of Ergosterol in Industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:681666. [PMID: 34268298 PMCID: PMC8275991 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.681666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergosterol, a terpenoid compound produced by fungi, is an economically important metabolite serving as the direct precursor of steroid drugs. Herein, ergsosterol biosynthetic pathway modification combined with storage capacity enhancement was proposed to synergistically improve the production of ergosterol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. S. cerevisiae strain S1 accumulated the highest amount of ergosterol [7.8 mg/g dry cell weight (DCW)] among the wild-type yeast strains tested and was first selected as the host for subsequent metabolic engineering studies. Then, the push and pull of ergosterol biosynthesis were engineered to increase the metabolic flux, overexpression of the sterol acyltransferase gene ARE2 increased ergosterol content to 10 mg/g DCW and additional overexpression of a global regulatory factor allele (UPC2-1) increased the ergosterol content to 16.7 mg/g DCW. Furthermore, considering the hydrophobicity sterol esters and accumulation in lipid droplets, the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway was enhanced to expand the storage pool for ergosterol. Overexpression of ACC1 coding for the acetyl-CoA carboxylase increased ergosterol content from 16.7 to 20.7 mg/g DCW. To address growth inhibition resulted from premature accumulation of ergosterol, auto-inducible promoters were employed to dynamically control the expression of ARE2, UPC2-1, and ACC1. Consequently, better cell growth led to an increase of ergosterol content to 40.6 mg/g DCW, which is 4.2-fold higher than that of the starting strain. Finally, a two-stage feeding strategy was employed for high-density cell fermentation, with an ergosterol yield of 2986.7 mg/L and content of 29.5 mg/g DCW. This study provided an effective approach for the production of ergosterol and other related terpenoid molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Zhang Lian
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Qi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Si Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Long Xue
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mian-Bin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Rong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ping Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Phytosterols and Novel Triterpenes Recovered from Industrial Fermentation Coproducts Exert In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Macrophages. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14060583. [PMID: 34207156 PMCID: PMC8235040 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The unstoppable growth of human population that occurs in parallel with all manufacturing activities leads to a relentless increase in the demand for resources, cultivation land, and energy. In response, currently, there is significant interest in developing strategies to optimize any available resources and their biowaste. While solutions initially focused on recovering biomolecules with applications in food, energy, or materials, the feasibility of synthetic biology in this field has been demonstrated in recent years. For instance, it is possible to genetically modify Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce terpenes for commercial applications (i.e., against malaria or as biodiesel). But the production process, similar to any industrial activity, generates biowastes containing promising biomolecules (from fermentation) that if recovered may have applications in different areas. To test this hypothesis, in the present study, the lipid composition of by-products from the industrial production of β-farnesene by genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae are studied to identify potentially bioactive compounds, their recovery, and finally, their stability and in vitro bioactivity. The assayed biowaste showed the presence of triterpenes, phytosterols, and 1-octacosanol which were recovered through molecular distillation into a single fraction. During the assayed stability test, compositional modifications were observed, mainly for the phytosterols and 1-octacosanol, probably due to oxidative reactions. However, such changes did not affect the in vitro bioactivity in macrophages, where it was found that the obtained fraction decreased the production of TNF-α and IL-6 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation.
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Liang Z, Zhi H, Fang Z, Zhang P. Genetic engineering of yeast, filamentous fungi and bacteria for terpene production and applications in food industry. Food Res Int 2021; 147:110487. [PMID: 34399483 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes are a major class of natural aromatic compounds in grapes and wines to offer the characteristic flavor and aroma, serving as important quality traits of wine products. Saccharomyces cerevisiae represents an excellent cell factory platform for large-scale bio-based terpene production. This review describes the biosynthetic pathways of terpenes in different organisms. The metabolic engineering of S. cerevisiae for promoting terpene biosynthesis and the alternative microbial engineering platforms including filamentous fungi and Escherichia coli are also elaborated. Additionally, the potential applications of the terpene products from engineered microorganisms in food and beverage industries are also discussed. This review provides comprehensive information for an innovative supply way of terpene via microbial cell factory, which could facilitate the development and application of this technique at the industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Liang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Hang Zhi
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Zhongxiang Fang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Pangzhen Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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Defining the role of the polyasparagine repeat domain of the S. cerevisiae transcription factor Azf1p. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247285. [PMID: 34019539 PMCID: PMC8139511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Across eukaryotes, homopolymeric repeats of amino acids are enriched in regulatory proteins such as transcription factors and chromatin remodelers. These domains play important roles in signaling, binding, prion formation, and functional phase separation. Azf1p is a prion-forming yeast transcription factor that contains two homorepeat domains, a polyglutamine and a polyasparagine domain. In this work, we report a new phenotype for Azf1p and identify a large set of genes that are regulated by Azf1p during growth in glucose. We show that the polyasparagine (polyN) domain plays a subtle role in transcription but is dispensable for Azf1p localization and prion formation. Genes upregulated upon deletion of the polyN domain are enriched in functions related to carbon metabolism and storage. This domain may therefore be a useful target for engineering yeast strains for fermentation applications and small molecule production. We also report that both the polyasparagine and polyglutamine domains vary in length across strains of S. cerevisiae and propose a model for how this variation may impact protein function.
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Song Y, He S, Abdallah II, Jopkiewicz A, Setroikromo R, van Merkerk R, Tepper PG, Quax WJ. Engineering of Multiple Modules to Improve Amorphadiene Production in Bacillus subtilis Using CRISPR-Cas9. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:4785-4794. [PMID: 33877851 PMCID: PMC8154554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Engineering strategies to improve terpenoids' production in Bacillus subtilis mainly focus on 2C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway overexpression. To systematically engineer the chassis strain for higher amorphadiene (precursor of artemisinin) production, a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-Cas9 (CRISPR-Cas9) system was established in B. subtilis to facilitate precise and efficient genome editing. Then, this system was employed to engineer three more modules to improve amorphadiene production, including the terpene synthase module, the branch pathway module, and the central metabolic pathway module. Finally, our combination of all of the useful strategies within one strain significantly increased extracellular amorphadiene production from 81 to 116 mg/L after 48 h flask fermentation without medium optimization. For the first time, we attenuated the FPP-derived competing pathway to improve amorphadiene biosynthesis and investigated how the TCA cycle affects amorphadiene production in B. subtilis. Overall, this study provides a universal strategy for further increasing terpenoids' production in B. subtilis by comprehensive and systematic metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Song
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Siqi He
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ingy I. Abdallah
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria
University, 21521 Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Anita Jopkiewicz
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rita Setroikromo
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Merkerk
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter G. Tepper
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim J. Quax
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Carsanba E, Pintado M, Oliveira C. Fermentation Strategies for Production of Pharmaceutical Terpenoids in Engineered Yeast. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:295. [PMID: 33810302 PMCID: PMC8066412 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids, also known as isoprenoids, are a broad and diverse class of plant natural products with significant industrial and pharmaceutical importance. Many of these natural products have antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and antimalarial effects, support transdermal absorption, prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases, and have hypoglycemic activities. Production of these compounds are generally carried out through extraction from their natural sources or chemical synthesis. However, these processes are generally unsustainable, produce low yield, and result in wasting of substantial resources, most of them limited. Microbial production of terpenoids provides a sustainable and environment-friendly alternative. In recent years, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has become a suitable cell factory for industrial terpenoid biosynthesis due to developments in omics studies (genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics), and mathematical modeling. Besides that, fermentation development has a significant importance on achieving high titer, yield, and productivity (TYP) of these compounds. Up to now, there have been many studies and reviews reporting metabolic strategies for terpene biosynthesis. However, fermentation strategies have not been yet comprehensively discussed in the literature. This review summarizes recent studies of recombinant production of pharmaceutically important terpenoids by engineered yeast, S. cerevisiae, with special focus on fermentation strategies to increase TYP in order to meet industrial demands to feed the pharmaceutical market. Factors affecting recombinant terpenoids production are reviewed (strain design and fermentation parameters) and types of fermentation process (batch, fed-batch, and continuous) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Carsanba
- Amyris BioProducts Portugal, Unipessoal, Lda. Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal;
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Manuela Pintado
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Carla Oliveira
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal;
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Ma C, Zhang K, Zhang X, Liu G, Zhu T, Che Q, Li D, Zhang G. Heterologous expression and metabolic engineering tools for improving terpenoids production. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 69:281-289. [PMID: 33770560 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids, also referred to as isoprenoids, are the largest group of natural compounds which have contributed significantly to the pharmaceutical industry. The challenges in producing bioactive terpenoids from their original host or by organic synthesis methods spurred the endeavors of producing terpenoids in heterologous host. Modern advances utilizing synthetic biology and biological engineering tools have provided a variety of pharmaceutical terpenoids in large-scale and with diversified structures. In this review, we will summarize the progress in production of typical terpenoids skeletons using heterologous expression method assisted by metabolic engineering techniques, with the purpose of enlightening further efforts in developing advanced cell factories for producing terpenoid based pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanteng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaijin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Guowei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianjiao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Che
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Dehai Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Guojian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.
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Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Nielsen J, Liu Z. Production of β-carotene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae through altering yeast lipid metabolism. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:2043-2052. [PMID: 33605428 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a widely used cell factory for the production of fuels and chemicals. However, as a non-oleaginous yeast, S. cerevisiae has a limited production capacity for lipophilic compounds, such as β-carotene. To increase its accumulation of β-carotene, we engineered different lipid metabolic pathways in a β-carotene producing strain and investigated the relationship between lipid components and the accumulation of β-carotene. We found that overexpression of sterol ester synthesis genes ARE1 and ARE2 increased β-carotene yield by 1.5-fold. Deletion of phosphatidate phosphatase (PAP) genes (PAH1, DPP1, and LPP1) also increased β-carotene yield by twofold. Combining these two strategies resulted in a 2.4-fold improvement in β-carotene production compared with the starting strain. These results demonstrated that regulating lipid metabolism pathways is important for β-carotene accumulation in S. cerevisiae, and may also shed insights to the accumulation of other lipophilic compounds in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijin Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yueping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.,Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.,BioInnovation Institute, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Zihe Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
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Blatt-Janmaat K, Qu Y. The Biochemistry of Phytocannabinoids and Metabolic Engineering of Their Production in Heterologous Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052454. [PMID: 33671077 PMCID: PMC7957758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The medicinal properties of cannabis and the its legal status in several countries and jurisdictions has spurred the massive growth of the cannabis economy around the globe. The value of cannabis stems from its euphoric activity offered by the unique phytocannabinoid tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). However, this is rapidly expanding beyond THC owing to other non-psychoactive phytocannabinoids with new bioactivities that will contribute to their development into clinically useful drugs. The discovery of the biosynthesis of major phytocannabinoids has allowed the exploration of their heterologous production by synthetic biology, which may lead to the industrial production of rare phytocannabinoids or novel synthetic cannabinoid pharmaceuticals that are not easily offered by cannabis plants. This review summarizes the biosynthesis of major phytocannabinoids in detail, the most recent development of their metabolic engineering in various systems, and the engineering approaches and strategies used to increase the yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Blatt-Janmaat
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada;
| | - Yang Qu
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada;
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Kim J, Baidoo EEK, Amer B, Mukhopadhyay A, Adams PD, Simmons BA, Lee TS. Engineering Saccharomyces cerevisiae for isoprenol production. Metab Eng 2021; 64:154-166. [PMID: 33581331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Isoprenol (3-methyl-3-butene-1-ol) is a valuable drop-in biofuel and an important precursor of several commodity chemicals. Synthetic microbial systems using the heterologous mevalonate pathway have recently been developed for the production of isoprenol in Escherichia coli, and a significant yield and titer improvement has been achieved through a decade of research. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been widely used in the biotechnology industry for isoprenoid production, but there has been no good example of isoprenol production reported in this host. In this study, we engineered the budding yeast S. cerevisiae for improved biosynthesis of isoprenol. The strain engineered with the mevalonate pathway achieved isoprenol production at the titer of 36.02 ± 0.92 mg/L in the flask. The IPP (isopentenyl diphosphate)-bypass pathway, which has shown more efficient isoprenol production by avoiding the accumulation of the toxic intermediate in E. coli, was also constructed in S. cerevisiae and improved the isoprenol titer by 2-fold. We further engineered the strains by deleting a promiscuous endogenous kinase that could divert the pathway flux away from the isoprenol production and improved the titer to 130.52 ± 8.01 mg/L. Finally, we identified a pathway bottleneck using metabolomics analysis and overexpressed a promiscuous alkaline phosphatase to relieve this bottleneck. The combined efforts resulted in the titer improvement to 383.1 ± 31.62 mg/L in the flask. This is the highest isoprenol titer up to date in S. cerevisiae and this work provides the key strategies to engineer yeast as an industrial platform for isoprenol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Kim
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Edward E K Baidoo
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Bashar Amer
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Aindrila Mukhopadhyay
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Paul D Adams
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Blake A Simmons
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Taek Soon Lee
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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40
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Zhang W, Guo J, Wang Z, Li Y, Meng X, Shen Y, Liu W. Improved production of germacrene A, a direct precursor of ß-elemene, in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae by expressing a cyanobacterial germacrene A synthase. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:7. [PMID: 33413372 PMCID: PMC7791714 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01500-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The sesquiterpene germacrene A is a direct precursor of ß-elemene that is a major component of the Chinese medicinal herb Curcuma wenyujin with prominent antitumor activity. The microbial platform for germacrene A production was previously established in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using the germacrene A synthase (LTC2) of Lactuca sativa. Results We evaluated the performance of LTC2 (LsGAS) as well as nine other identified or putative germacrene A synthases from different sources for the production of germacrene A. AvGAS, a synthase of Anabaena variabilis, was found to be the most efficient in germacrene A production in yeast. AvGAS expression alone in S. cerevisiae CEN.PK2-1D already resulted in a substantial production of germacrene A while LTC2 expression did not. Further metabolic engineering the yeast using known strategies including overexpression of tHMGR1 and repression of squalene synthesis pathway led to an 11-fold increase in germacrene A production. Site-directed mutagenesis of AvGAS revealed that while changes of several residues located within the active site cavity severely compromised germacrene A production, substitution of Phe23 located on the lateral surface with tryptophan or valine led to a 35.2% and 21.8% increase in germacrene A production, respectively. Finally, the highest production titer of germacrene A reached 309.8 mg/L in shake-flask batch culture. Conclusions Our study highlights the potential of applying bacterial sesquiterpene synthases with improved performance by mutagenesis engineering in producing germacrene A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Junqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanwei Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangfeng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China.
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Navale GR, Dharne MS, Shinde SS. Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology for isoprenoid production in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:457-475. [PMID: 33394155 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-11040-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Isoprenoids, often called terpenoids, are the most abundant and highly diverse family of natural organic compounds. In plants, they play a distinct role in the form of photosynthetic pigments, hormones, electron carrier, structural components of membrane, and defence. Many isoprenoids have useful applications in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and chemical industries. They are synthesized by various isoprenoid synthase enzymes by several consecutive steps. Recent advancement in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology has enabled the production of these isoprenoids in the heterologous host systems like Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Both heterologous systems have been engineered for large-scale production of value-added isoprenoids. This review article will provide the detailed description of various approaches used for engineering of methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) and mevalonate (MVA) pathway for synthesizing isoprene units (C5) and ultimate production of diverse isoprenoids. The review particularly highlighted the efforts taken for the production of C5-C20 isoprenoids by metabolic engineering techniques in E. coli and S. cerevisiae over a decade. The challenges and strategies are also discussed in detail for scale-up and engineering of isoprenoids in the heterologous host systems.Key points• Isoprenoids are beneficial and valuable natural products.• E. coli and S. cerevisiae are the promising host for isoprenoid biosynthesis.• Emerging techniques in synthetic biology enabled the improved production.• Need to expand the catalogue and scale-up of un-engineered isoprenoids. Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology for isoprenoid production in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govinda R Navale
- NCIM Resource Centre, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411 008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 001, India
| | - Mahesh S Dharne
- NCIM Resource Centre, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411 008, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 001, India.
| | - Sandip S Shinde
- NCIM Resource Centre, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411 008, India. .,Department Industrial and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai Marathwada Campus, Jalna, 431213, India.
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Hassan JU, Kaleem I, Rasool A, Xu K, Adnan Tahir R, Lv B, Li C. Engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the de novo synthesis of the aroma compound longifolene. Chem Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.115799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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43
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Discovering Low Toxicity Ionic Liquids for Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Using the Agar Well Diffusion Test. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8091163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are new solvents widely used in many technologies due to their unique and advantageous physicochemical properties. In biotechnological applications, ILs can be used along with microorganisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Due to the enormous number of ILs that can be synthesized through the combination of different anions and cations, it is necessary to have an easy and quick tool for the preliminary screening of their biocompatibility for being used in biotechnological applications. In this work, the agar well diffusion test was successfully applied as a rapid method to identify toxic/nontoxic ILs toward S. cerevisiae. Sixty-three ILs containing a diverse set of cations and anions were used. Through this methodology, nine fully biocompatible ILs toward S. cerevisiae were identified, including: [Bmim+] [NO3−], [HOPmim+] [NO3−], [Bmim+] [NTf2−], [N8,8,8,1+] [NTf2−], [S2,2,2+] [NTf2−], [EMPyr+] [NTf2−], [BMPi+] [NTf2−], [Moxa+] [MeSO4−] and [Chol+] [H2PO4−]. The analysis of the results also provides preliminary rules to enable the design of biocompatible ILs with S. cerevisiae. In this context, the toxicity was mainly determined by the cation nature although some anions can also display a strong influence on the IL biocompatibility as the bistriflimide anion. Besides, it was observed that an increase in the alkyl chain length of cations, such as imidazolium or pyridinium, involves an increase in the IL toxicity.
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Arnesen JA, Kildegaard KR, Cernuda Pastor M, Jayachandran S, Kristensen M, Borodina I. Yarrowia lipolytica Strains Engineered for the Production of Terpenoids. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:945. [PMID: 32923433 PMCID: PMC7456906 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids are a diverse group of over 55,000 compounds with potential applications as advanced fuels, bulk and fine chemicals, pharmaceutical ingredients, agricultural chemicals, etc. To facilitate their bio-based production, there is a need for plug-and-play hosts, capable of high-level production of different terpenoids. Here we engineer Yarrowia lipolytica platform strains for the overproduction of mono-, sesqui-, di-, tri-, and tetraterpenoids. The monoterpene platform strain was evaluated by expressing Perilla frutescens limonene synthase, which resulted in limonene titer of 35.9 mg/L and was 100-fold higher than when the same enzyme was expressed in the strain without mevalonate pathway improvement. Expression of Callitropsis nootkatensis valencene synthase in the sesquiterpene platform strain resulted in 113.9 mg/L valencene, an 8.4-fold increase over the control strain. Platform strains for production of squalene, complex triterpenes, or diterpenes and carotenoids were also constructed and resulted in the production of 402.4 mg/L squalene, 22 mg/L 2,3-oxidosqualene, or 164 mg/L β-carotene, respectively. The presented terpenoid platform strains can facilitate the evaluation of terpenoid biosynthetic pathways and are a convenient starting point for constructing efficient cell factories for the production of various terpenoids. The platform strains and exemplary terpenoid strains can be obtained from Euroscarf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Asmund Arnesen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Marc Cernuda Pastor
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sidharth Jayachandran
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mette Kristensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Irina Borodina
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Regulation of Ergosterol Biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11070795. [PMID: 32679672 PMCID: PMC7397035 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergosterol is an essential component of fungal cell membranes that determines the fluidity, permeability and activity of membrane-associated proteins. Ergosterol biosynthesis is a complex and highly energy-consuming pathway that involves the participation of many enzymes. Deficiencies in sterol biosynthesis cause pleiotropic defects that limit cellular proliferation and adaptation to stress. Thereby, fungal ergosterol levels are tightly controlled by the bioavailability of particular metabolites (e.g., sterols, oxygen and iron) and environmental conditions. The regulation of ergosterol synthesis is achieved by overlapping mechanisms that include transcriptional expression, feedback inhibition of enzymes and changes in their subcellular localization. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the sterol regulatory element (SRE)-binding proteins Upc2 and Ecm22, the heme-binding protein Hap1 and the repressor factors Rox1 and Mot3 coordinate ergosterol biosynthesis (ERG) gene expression. Here, we summarize the sterol biosynthesis, transport and detoxification systems of S. cerevisiae, as well as its adaptive response to sterol depletion, low oxygen, hyperosmotic stress and iron deficiency. Because of the large number of ERG genes and the crosstalk between different environmental signals and pathways, many aspects of ergosterol regulation are still unknown. The study of sterol metabolism and its regulation is highly relevant due to its wide applications in antifungal treatments, as well as in food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Saccharomyces bayanus Enhances Volatile Profile of Apple Brandies. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143127. [PMID: 32650562 PMCID: PMC7397190 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Qualitative and quantitative profiles of volatiles in alcoholic beverages depend mainly on the quality of raw materials, yeasts used for fermentation, and processing technique. Saccharomyces bayanus is a yeast species which is not commonly used for the production of alcoholic beverages, but it is able to produce volatiles that add desirable aroma. Since there is little information regarding the application of that microorganism for the production of apple brandies and how it affects volatile profile of finished products, we decided to address that issue. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of S. bayanus on the profile of volatile compounds and sensory properties of apple spirits obtained from three apple cultivars (Topaz, Rubin, and Elise) in comparison to spirits obtained from fermentation carried out spontaneously or with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Obtained brandies were analysed using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID), solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) and sensorially. In our study, brandies produced from musts fermented by S. bayanus demonstrated the highest concentration of ethyl esters and increased concentrations of isoamyl acetate, 2-phenylethyl acetate, ethyl palmitate and hexanol. Moreover, our results support the hypothesis that non-Saccharomyces yeasts which are present during spontaneous fermentation and demonstrate higher β-glucosidase activities enhance aroma of alcoholic beverages through releasing aroma compounds from glycosidic forms, e.g., α-phellandrene, (E)-β-fanesene, (Z,E)-α-farnesene, α-farnesene, and farnesol. Considering results obtained in sensory analysis, we proved that S. bayanus is suitable for the production of apple brandies, improving their flavour. Brandies obtained from musts fermented by S. bayanus obtained the highest average range for "overall note" parameter in sensory analysis.
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Worland AM, Czajka JJ, Xing Y, Harper WF, Moore A, Xiao Z, Han Z, Wang Y, Su WW, Tang YJ. Analysis of Yarrowia lipolytica growth, catabolism, and terpenoid biosynthesis during utilization of lipid-derived feedstock. Metab Eng Commun 2020; 11:e00130. [PMID: 32577396 PMCID: PMC7300164 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2020.e00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study employs biomass growth analyses and 13C-isotope tracing to investigate lipid feedstock utilization by Yarrowia lipolytica. Compared to glucose, oil-feedstock in the minimal medium increases the yeast's biomass yields and cell sizes, but decreases its protein content (<20% of total biomass) and enzyme abundances for product synthesis. Labeling results indicate a segregated metabolic network (the glycolysis vs. the TCA cycle) during co-catabolism of sugars (glucose or glycerol) with fatty acid substrates, which facilitates resource allocations for biosynthesis without catabolite repressions. This study has also examined the performance of a β-carotene producing strain in different growth mediums. Canola oil-containing yeast-peptone (YP) has resulted in the best β-carotene titer (121 ± 13 mg/L), two-fold higher than the glucose based YP medium. These results highlight the potential of Y. lipolytica for the valorization of waste-derived lipid feedstock. 13C tracing was used to track Y. lipolytica metabolism of lipid-based feedstock. Y. lipolytica has a segregated flux network for lipid and sugar co-utilizations. Lipid feedstock and nitrogen sources affect cell morphology and optical density. Lipid feedstock benefits both Y. lipolytica growth and carotenoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Worland
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Czajka
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Yun Xing
- Department of Systems Engineering and Management, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Willie F Harper
- Department of Systems Engineering and Management, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Aryiana Moore
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Zhengyang Xiao
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Zhenlin Han
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Yechun Wang
- Arch Innotek, LLC, 400 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Wei Wen Su
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Yinjie J Tang
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
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Mele MA, Kang HM, Lee YT, Islam MZ. Grape terpenoids: flavor importance, genetic regulation, and future potential. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:1429-1447. [PMID: 32401037 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1760203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes significantly affect the flavor and quality of grapes and wine. This review summarizes recent research on terpenoids with regard to grape wine. Although, the grapevine terpene synthase gene family is the largest identified, genetic modifications involving terpenes to improve wine flavor have received little attention. Key enzyme modulation alters metabolite production. Over the last decade, the heterologous manipulation of grape glycosidase has been used to alter terpenoids, and cytochrome P450s may affect terpene synthesis. Metabolic and genetic engineering can further modify terpenoid metabolism, while using transgenic grapevines (trait transfer to the plant) could yield more flavorful wine. We also discuss traits involved in wine aroma quality, and the strategies that can be used to improve grapevine breeding technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmuda Akter Mele
- Department of Horticulture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Min Kang
- Department of Horticulture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Tack Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammad Zahirul Islam
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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Wiltschi B, Cernava T, Dennig A, Galindo Casas M, Geier M, Gruber S, Haberbauer M, Heidinger P, Herrero Acero E, Kratzer R, Luley-Goedl C, Müller CA, Pitzer J, Ribitsch D, Sauer M, Schmölzer K, Schnitzhofer W, Sensen CW, Soh J, Steiner K, Winkler CK, Winkler M, Wriessnegger T. Enzymes revolutionize the bioproduction of value-added compounds: From enzyme discovery to special applications. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 40:107520. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Nagegowda DA, Gupta P. Advances in biosynthesis, regulation, and metabolic engineering of plant specialized terpenoids. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 294:110457. [PMID: 32234216 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plant specialized terpenoids are natural products that have no obvious role in growth and development, but play many important functional roles to improve the plant's overall fitness. Besides, plant specialized terpenoids have immense value to humans due to their applications in fragrance, flavor, cosmetic, and biofuel industries. Understanding the fundamental aspects involved in the biosynthesis and regulation of these high-value molecules in plants not only paves the path to enhance plant traits, but also facilitates homologous or heterologous engineering for overproduction of target molecules of importance. Recent developments in functional genomics and high-throughput analytical techniques have led to unraveling of several novel aspects involved in the biosynthesis and regulation of plant specialized terpenoids. The knowledge thus derived has been successfully utilized to produce target specialized terpenoids of plant origin in homologous or heterologous host systems by metabolic engineering and synthetic biology approaches. Here, we provide an overview and highlights on advances related to the biosynthetic steps, regulation, and metabolic engineering of plant specialized terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh A Nagegowda
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India.
| | - Priyanka Gupta
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
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