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How Metabolic Rate Relates to Cell Size. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081106. [PMID: 35892962 PMCID: PMC9332559 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The metabolic conversion of resources into living structures and processes is fundamental to all living systems. The rate of metabolism (‘fire of life’) is critical for supporting the rates of various biological processes (‘pace of life’), but why it varies considerably within and among species is little understood. Much of this variation is related to body size, but such ‘metabolic scaling’ relationships also vary extensively. Numerous explanations have been offered, but no consensus has yet been reached. Here, I critically review explanations concerning how cell size and number and their establishment by cell expansion and multiplication may affect metabolic rate and its scaling with body mass. Numerous lines of evidence suggest that cell size and growth can affect metabolic rate at any given body mass, as well as how it changes with increasing body mass during growth or evolution. Mechanisms causing negative associations between cell size and metabolic rate may involve reduced resource supply and/or demand in larger cells, but more research is needed. A cell-size perspective not only helps to explain some (but not all) variation in metabolic rate and its body-mass scaling, but may also foster the conceptual integration of studies of ontogenetic development and body-mass scaling. Abstract Metabolic rate and its covariation with body mass vary substantially within and among species in little understood ways. Here, I critically review explanations (and supporting data) concerning how cell size and number and their establishment by cell expansion and multiplication may affect metabolic rate and its scaling with body mass. Cell size and growth may affect size-specific metabolic rate, as well as the vertical elevation (metabolic level) and slope (exponent) of metabolic scaling relationships. Mechanistic causes of negative correlations between cell size and metabolic rate may involve reduced resource supply and/or demand in larger cells, related to decreased surface area per volume, larger intracellular resource-transport distances, lower metabolic costs of ionic regulation, slower cell multiplication and somatic growth, and larger intracellular deposits of metabolically inert materials in some tissues. A cell-size perspective helps to explain some (but not all) variation in metabolic rate and its body-mass scaling and thus should be included in any multi-mechanistic theory attempting to explain the full diversity of metabolic scaling. A cell-size approach may also help conceptually integrate studies of the biological regulation of cellular growth and metabolism with those concerning major transitions in ontogenetic development and associated shifts in metabolic scaling.
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Wright KM, Deighan AG, Di Francesco A, Freund A, Jojic V, Churchill GA, Raj A. Age and diet shape the genetic architecture of body weight in diversity outbred mice. eLife 2022; 11:64329. [PMID: 35838135 PMCID: PMC9286741 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how genetic variation shapes a complex trait relies on accurately quantifying both the additive genetic and genotype–environment interaction effects in an age-dependent manner. We used a linear mixed model to quantify diet-dependent genetic contributions to body weight measured through adulthood in diversity outbred female mice under five diets. We observed that heritability of body weight declined with age under all diets, except the 40% calorie restriction diet. We identified 14 loci with age-dependent associations and 19 loci with age- and diet-dependent associations, with many diet-dependent loci previously linked to neurological function and behavior in mice or humans. We found their allelic effects to be dynamic with respect to genomic background, age, and diet, identifying several loci where distinct alleles affect body weight at different ages. These results enable us to more fully understand and predict the effectiveness of dietary intervention on overall health throughout age in distinct genetic backgrounds. Body weight is one trait influenced by genes, age and environmental factors. Both internal and external environmental pressures are known to affect genetic variation over time. However, it is largely unknown how all factors – including age – interact to shape metabolism and bodyweight. Wright et al. set out to quantify the interactions between genes and diet in ageing mice and found that the effect of genetics on mouse body weight changes with age. In the experiments, Wright et al. weighed 960 female mice with diverse genetic backgrounds, starting at two months of age into adulthood. The animals were randomized to different diets at six months of age. Some mice had unlimited food access, others received 20% or 40% less calories than a typical mouse diet, and some fasted one or two days per week. Variations in their genetic background explained about 80% of differences in mice’s weight, but the influence of genetics relative to non-genetic factors decreased as they aged. Mice on the 40% calorie restriction diet were an exception to this rule and genetics accounted for 80% of their weight throughout adulthood, likely due to reduced influence from diet and reduced interactions between diet and genes. Several genes involved in metabolism, neurological function, or behavior, were associated with mouse weight. The experiments highlight the importance of considering interactions between genetics, environment, and age in determining complex traits like body weight. The results and the approaches used by Wright et al. may help other scientists learn more about how the genetic predisposition to disease changes with environmental stimuli and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Wright
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, United States
| | | | | | - Adam Freund
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Vladimir Jojic
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, United States
| | | | - Anil Raj
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, United States
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3
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Fogarty L, Wade MJ. Niche construction in quantitative traits: heritability and response to selection. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220401. [PMID: 35642369 PMCID: PMC9156914 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A central tenet of niche construction (NC) theory is that organisms can alter their environments in heritable and evolutionarily important ways, often altering selection pressures. We suggest that the physical changes niche constructors make to their environments may also alter trait heritability and the response of phenotypes to selection. This effect might change evolution, over and above the effect of NC acting via selection alone. We develop models of trait evolution that allow us to partition the effects of NC on trait heritability from those on selection to better investigate their distinct effects. We show that the response of a phenotype to selection and so the pace of phenotypic change can be considerably altered in the presence of NC and that this effect is compounded when trans-generational interactions are included. We argue that novel mathematical approaches are needed to describe the simultaneous effects of NC on trait evolution via selection and heritability. Just as indirect genetic effects have been shown to significantly increase trait heritability, the effects of NC on heritability in our model suggest a need for further theoretical development of the concept of heritability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel Fogarty
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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Schaub EP, Mulder CPH, Diggle PK. Preforming floral primordia converge on a narrow range of stages at dormancy despite multiple effects of temperature on development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2599-2613. [PMID: 34510459 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phenological studies often focus on relationships between flowering date and temperature or other environmental variables. Yet in species that preform flowers, anthesis is one stage of a lengthy developmental process, and effects of temperature on flower development in the year(s) before flowering are largely unknown. We investigated the effects of temperature during preformation on flower development in Vaccinium vitis-idaea. Using scanning electron microscopy, we established scores for developing primordia and examined effects of air temperature, depth of soil thaw, time of year and previous stage on development. Onset of flower initiation depends on soil thaw, and developmental change is greatest at early stages and during the warmest months. Regardless of temperature and time during the season, all basal floral primordia pause development at the same stage before whole-plant dormancy. Once primordia are initiated, development does not appear to be influenced by air temperature differences within the range of variation among our sites. There may be strong endogenous flower-level controls over development, particularly the stage at which morphogenesis ceases before dormancy. However, the strength of such internal controls in the face of continuing temperature extremes under a changing climate is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen P Schaub
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06268, USA
| | - Christa P H Mulder
- Department of Biology and Wildlife and Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA
| | - Pamela K Diggle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06268, USA
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5
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Comparative Quantitative Genetics of the Pelvis in Four-Species of Rodents and the Conservation of Genetic Covariance and Correlation Structure. Evol Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-022-09559-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Mitteroecker P, Stansfield E. A model of developmental canalization, applied to human cranial form. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008381. [PMID: 33591964 PMCID: PMC7909690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental mechanisms that canalize or compensate perturbations of organismal development (targeted or compensatory growth) are widely considered a prerequisite of individual health and the evolution of complex life, but little is known about the nature of these mechanisms. It is even unclear if and how a “target trajectory” of individual development is encoded in the organism’s genetic-developmental system or, instead, emerges as an epiphenomenon. Here we develop a statistical model of developmental canalization based on an extended autoregressive model. We show that under certain assumptions the strength of canalization and the amount of canalized variance in a population can be estimated, or at least approximated, from longitudinal phenotypic measurements, even if the target trajectories are unobserved. We extend this model to multivariate measures and discuss reifications of the ensuing parameter matrix. We apply these approaches to longitudinal geometric morphometric data on human postnatal craniofacial size and shape as well as to the size of the frontal sinuses. Craniofacial size showed strong developmental canalization during the first 5 years of life, leading to a 50% reduction of cross-sectional size variance, followed by a continual increase in variance during puberty. Frontal sinus size, by contrast, did not show any signs of canalization. Total variance of craniofacial shape decreased slightly until about 5 years of age and increased thereafter. However, different features of craniofacial shape showed very different developmental dynamics. Whereas the relative dimensions of the nasopharynx showed strong canalization and a reduction of variance throughout postnatal development, facial orientation continually increased in variance. Some of the signals of canalization may owe to independent variation in developmental timing of cranial components, but our results indicate evolved, partly mechanically induced mechanisms of canalization that ensure properly sized upper airways and facial dimensions. Developmental mechanisms that canalize or compensate perturbations of organismal development are a prerequisite of individual health and the evolution of complex life. However, surprisingly little is known about these mechanisms, partly because the “target trajectories” of individual development cannot be directly observed. Here we develop a statistical model of developmental canalization that allows one to estimate the strength of canalization and the amount of canalized variance in a population even if the target trajectories are unobserved. We applied these approaches to data on human postnatal craniofacial growth. Whereas overall craniofacial size was strongly canalized during the first 5 years of age, frontal sinus size did not show any signs of canalization. The relative dimensions of the nasopharynx showed strong canalization and a reduction of variance throughout postnatal development, whereas other shape features, such as facial orientation, continually increased in variance. Our results indicate evolved, partly mechanically induced mechanisms of canalization that ensure properly sized upper airways and facial dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Mitteroecker
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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7
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Fusco G, Rigato E, Springolo A. Size and shape regulation during larval growth in the lepidopteran Pieris brassicae. Evol Dev 2020; 23:46-60. [PMID: 33300666 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
By adopting a longitudinal study design and through geometric morphometrics methods, we investigated size and shape regulation in the head capsule during the larval development of the cabbage butterfly Pieris brassicae under laboratory conditions. We found evidence of size regulation by compensatory growth, although not equally effective in all larval stages. Size compensation is not attained through the regulation of developmental timing, but rather through the modulation of per-time growth rate. As for the shape, neither the variance of the symmetric component of shape, nor the level of fluctuating asymmetry show any evidence of increase across stages, either at the population or individual level, which is interpreted as a mark of ontogenetic shape regulation. In addition, also the geometry of individual asymmetry is basically conserved across stages. While providing specific documentation on the ontogeny of size and shape variation in this insect, this study may contribute to a more general understanding of developmental regulation and its influence on phenotypic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Fusco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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8
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Legault G, Kingsolver JG. A Stochastic Model for Predicting Age and Mass at Maturity of Insects. Am Nat 2020; 196:227-240. [PMID: 32673092 DOI: 10.1086/709503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Variation in age and mass at maturity is commonly observed in populations, even among individuals with the same genetic and environmental backgrounds. Accounting for such individual variation with a stochastic model is important for estimating optimal evolutionary strategies and for understanding potential trade-offs among life-history traits. However, most studies employ stochastic models that are either phenomenological or account for variation in only one life-history trait. We propose a model based on the developmental biology of the moth Manduca sexta that accounts for stochasticity in two key life-history traits, age and mass at maturity. The model is mechanistic, describing feeding behavior and common insect developmental processes, including the degradation of juvenile hormone prior to molting. We derive a joint probability density function for the model and explore how the distribution of age and mass at maturity is affected by different parameter values. We find that the joint distribution is generally nonnormal and highly sensitive to parameter values. In addition, our model predicts previously observed effects of temperature change and nutritional quality on the expected values of insect age and mass. Our results highlight the importance of integrating multiple sources of stochasticity into life-history models.
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9
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Wen YF, Wong HM, McGrath CP. Developmental shape changes in facial morphology: Geometric morphometric analyses based on a prospective, population-based, Chinese cohort in Hong Kong. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218542. [PMID: 31252428 PMCID: PMC6599092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thorough understanding of developmental changes of human facial shape is lacking. The present study aimed to evaluate developmental shape changes of facial morphology based on a prospective, population-representative, Chinese cohort in Hong Kong. METHODS A population-representative sample of Chinese in Hong Kong was followed. Serial facial images of over 260 participants were obtained at age 12, 15, and 18 years. Facial landmarks were digitized and the corresponding coordinates were submitted for Generalized Procrustes Analysis. The resultant Procrustes shape coordinates, which captured shape information encoded by the facial landmarks, were then used for statistical shape analyses. RESULTS Small but significant developmental changes in mean facial shape were observed (p < 0.0001 for all pairwise comparisons). Significant age-related changes in the magnitude of variance of facial shape were also observed (p < 0.05). Phenotypic growth trajectories representing developmental shape changes were similar in size (p > 0.05) between sexes but differed in direction (p < 0.05) in shape space and trajectory shape (p < 0.05). The magnitude of shape differences between sexes remained constant from 12 to 18 years. Results of frontal facial shape analyses after removing the effect of allometry were similar to results obtained before removal of allometry. For lateral facial configurations, allometric trajectories among the age-by-sex groups were similar in slope (p > 0.05) but varied in directions in the multidimensional shape space. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested significant age-related changes in facial shape and provided a dynamic view of developmental changes in sexual dimorphism of facial shape. Allometry contributed minimally to developmental changes in frontal facial shape. In addition, the allometric trajectories for lateral facial configurations were similar in rate of shape change but differed in their directions in shape space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Feng Wen
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hai Ming Wong
- Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Colman P. McGrath
- Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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10
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11
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Cowley DE, Atchley WR. QUANTITATIVE GENETIC MODELS FOR DEVELOPMENT, EPIGENETIC SELECTION, AND PHENOTYPIC EVOLUTION. Evolution 2017; 46:495-518. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1992.tb02054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/1990] [Accepted: 08/28/1991] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David E. Cowley
- Department of Genetics North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695‐7614 USA
| | - William R. Atchley
- Department of Genetics North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695‐7614 USA
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12
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Kirkpatrick M, Lofsvold D. MEASURING SELECTION AND CONSTRAINT IN THE EVOLUTION OF GROWTH. Evolution 2017; 46:954-971. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1992.tb00612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/1991] [Accepted: 11/08/1991] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David Lofsvold
- Department of Zoology University of Texas Austin TX 78712 USA
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13
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Atchley WR, Riska B, Kohn LAP, Plummer AA, Rutledge JJ. A QUANTITATIVE GENETIC ANALYSIS OF BRAIN AND BODY SIZE ASSOCIATIONS, THEIR ORIGIN AND ONTOGENY: DATA FROM MICE. Evolution 2017; 38:1165-1179. [PMID: 28563775 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1984.tb05640.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/1984] [Accepted: 05/21/1984] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William R Atchley
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Bruce Riska
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Luci A P Kohn
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - A Alison Plummer
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - J J Rutledge
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706.,Department of Meat and Animal Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
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14
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Kohn LAP, Atchley WR. HOW SIMILAR ARE GENETIC CORRELATION STRUCTURES? DATA FROM MICE AND RATS. Evolution 2017; 42:467-481. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1988.tb04153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/1987] [Accepted: 11/17/1987] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luci Ann P. Kohn
- Department of Anthropology University of Wisconsin Madison WI 53706
| | - William R. Atchley
- Department of Genetics North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695‐7614
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15
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Willis JH, Coyne JA, Kirkpatrick M. CAN ONE PREDICT THE EVOLUTION OF QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS WITHOUT GENETICS? Evolution 2017; 45:441-444. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1991.tb04418.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/1989] [Accepted: 05/08/1990] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John H. Willis
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Jerry A. Coyne
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA
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16
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Dohm MR, Hayes JP, Garland T. QUANTITATIVE GENETICS OF SPRINT RUNNING SPEED AND SWIMMING ENDURANCE IN LABORATORY HOUSE MICE (MUS DOMESTICUS). Evolution 2017; 50:1688-1701. [PMID: 28565702 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb03940.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/1995] [Accepted: 10/19/1995] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that locomotor speed and endurance show a negative genetic correlation using a genetically variable laboratory strain of house mice (Hsd:ICR: Mus domesticus). A negative genetic correlation would qualify as an evolutionary "constraint," because both aspects of locomotor performance are generally expected to be under positive directional selection in wild populations. We also tested whether speed or endurance showed any genetic correlation with body mass. For all traits, residuals from multiple regression equations were computed to remove effects of possible confounding variables such as age at testing, measurement block, observer, and sex. Estimates of quantitative genetic parameters were then obtained using Shaw's (1987) restricted maximum-likelihood programs, modified to account for our breeding design, which incorporated cross-fostering. Both speed and endurance were measured on two consecutive trial days, and both were repeatable. We initially analyzed performances on each trial day and the maximal value. For endurance, the three estimates of narrow-sense heritabilities ranged from 0.17 to 0.33 (full ADCE model), and some were statistically significantly different from zero using likelihood ratio tests. The heritability estimate for sprint speed measured on trial day 1 was 0.17, but negative for all other measures. Moreover, the additive genetic covariance between speeds measured on the two days was near zero, indicating that the two measures are to some extent different traits. The additive genetic covariance between speed on trial day 1 and any of the four measures of endurance was negative, large, and always statistically significant. None of the measures of speed or endurance was significantly genetically correlated with body mass. Thus, we predict that artificial selection for increased locomotor speed in these mice would result in a decrease in endurance, but no change in body mass. Such experiments could lead to a better understanding of the physiological mechanisms leading to trade-offs in aspects of locomotor abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Dohm
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Jack P Hayes
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, 89557
| | - Theodore Garland
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
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17
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Leamy L. GENETIC AND MATERNAL INFLUENCES ON BRAIN AND BODY SIZE IN RANDOMBRED HOUSE MICE. Evolution 2017; 42:42-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1988.tb04106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/1986] [Accepted: 07/31/1987] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Larry Leamy
- Department of Biology; California State University; Long Beach CA 90840
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18
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Blouin MS. GENETIC CORRELATIONS AMONG MORPHOMETRIC TRAITS AND RATES OF GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION IN THE GREEN TREE FROG, HYLA CINEREA. Evolution 2017; 46:735-744. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1992.tb02079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/1991] [Accepted: 09/25/1991] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Blouin
- Department of Biological Science; Florida State University; Tallahassee FL 32306-2043 USA
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19
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Riska B. COMPOSITE TRAITS, SELECTION RESPONSE, AND EVOLUTION. Evolution 2017; 43:1172-1191. [PMID: 28564505 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1989.tb02567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/1989] [Accepted: 04/10/1989] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Riska
- Department of Genetics University of California Davis CA 95616
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20
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Riska B. SOME MODELS FOR DEVELOPMENT, GROWTH, AND MORPHOMETRIC CORRELATION. Evolution 2017; 40:1303-1311. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1986.tb05753.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/1985] [Accepted: 07/10/1986] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Riska
- Department of Meat and Animal Science; University of Wisconsin; Madison WI 53706
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21
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Cane WP. THE ONTOGENY OF POSTCRANIAL INTEGRATION IN THE COMMON TERN,STERNA HIRUNDO. Evolution 2017; 47:1138-1151. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1993.tb02141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/1992] [Accepted: 11/10/1992] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Parker Cane
- Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History; Central Park West at 79th Street New York New York 10021
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22
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Creighton GK, Strauss RE. COMPARATIVE PATTERNS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN CRICETINE RODENTS AND THE EVOLUTION OF ONTOGENY. Evolution 2017; 40:94-106. [PMID: 28564108 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1986.tb05721.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/1984] [Accepted: 07/16/1985] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The quantitative description of growth curves for morphometric traits provides a basis for assessing the ontogenetic patterns underlying differences in morphological structure, as demonstrated with comparisons among neotomine-peromyscine rodents. Morphometric differences among contemporary rodent species are shown to result from relatively simple changes in relative growth rates and timing. Quantitative ontogenetic studies add a dynamic component to the assessment of morphological similarity, thus providing a more robust procedure for detecting homoplasy than static comparison of adult morphology. Applying the principles of phylogenetic systematics to studies of developmental timing among closely related taxa may be a useful and informative complement to studies based on molecular similarity or static comparison of adult morphology. Interspecific and intraspecific differences in allometric scaling of anatomical structures may reflect differences in growth patterns among the taxa compared; caution is warranted in inferring patterns of genetic correlation from data on phenotypic scaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ken Creighton
- Museum of Zoology and Division of Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - Richard E Strauss
- Museum of Zoology and Division of Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
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Cheverud JM. EVOLUTION BY KIN SELECTION: A QUANTITATIVE GENETIC MODEL ILLUSTRATED BY MATERNAL PERFORMANCE IN MICE. Evolution 2017; 38:766-777. [PMID: 28555832 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1984.tb00349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/1983] [Revised: 12/14/1983] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James M. Cheverud
- Departments of Anthropology, Cell Biology & Anatomy, and Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Northwestern University Evanston Illinois 60201
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24
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Gray MM, Parmenter MD, Hogan CA, Ford I, Cuthbert RJ, Ryan PG, Broman KW, Payseur BA. Genetics of Rapid and Extreme Size Evolution in Island Mice. Genetics 2015; 201:213-28. [PMID: 26199233 PMCID: PMC4566264 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.177790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms on islands provide a revealing window into the process of adaptation. Populations that colonize islands often evolve substantial differences in body size from their mainland relatives. Although the ecological drivers of this phenomenon have received considerable attention, its genetic basis remains poorly understood. We use house mice (subspecies: Mus musculus domesticus) from remote Gough Island to provide a genetic portrait of rapid and extreme size evolution. In just a few hundred generations, Gough Island mice evolved the largest body size among wild house mice from around the world. Through comparisons with a smaller-bodied wild-derived strain from the same subspecies (WSB/EiJ), we demonstrate that Gough Island mice achieve their exceptional body weight primarily by growing faster during the 6 weeks after birth. We use genetic mapping in large F(2) intercrosses between Gough Island mice and WSB/EiJ to identify 19 quantitative trait loci (QTL) responsible for the evolution of 16-week weight trajectories: 8 QTL for body weight and 11 QTL for growth rate. QTL exhibit modest effects that are mostly additive. We conclude that body size evolution on islands can be genetically complex, even when substantial size changes occur rapidly. In comparisons to published studies of laboratory strains of mice that were artificially selected for divergent body sizes, we discover that the overall genetic profile of size evolution in nature and in the laboratory is similar, but many contributing loci are distinct. Our results underscore the power of genetically characterizing the entire growth trajectory in wild populations and lay the foundation necessary for identifying the mutations responsible for extreme body size evolution in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Gray
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | | | - Caley A Hogan
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Irene Ford
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Richard J Cuthbert
- Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire, SG19 2DL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G Ryan
- Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Karl W Broman
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Bret A Payseur
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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25
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Analyzing Fluctuating Asymmetry with Geometric Morphometrics: Concepts, Methods, and Applications. Symmetry (Basel) 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/sym7020843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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26
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Puzachenko AY, Korablev NP. Morphological diversity in the postnatal skull development in representatives of two families of rodents (Spalacidae, Castoridae, Rodentia). Russ J Dev Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360414030047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Laine VN, Shikano T, Herczeg G, Vilkki J, Merilä J. Quantitative trait loci for growth and body size in the nine-spined sticklebackPungitius pungitiusL. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:5861-76. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika N. Laine
- Division of Genetics and Physiology; Department of Biology; University of Turku; Turku 20014 Finland
| | - Takahito Shikano
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit; Department of Biosciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki PO Box 65 00014 Finland
| | - Gábor Herczeg
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit; Department of Biosciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki PO Box 65 00014 Finland
- Behavioural Ecology Group; Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology; Eötvös Loránd University; Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C 1117 Budapest Hungary
| | | | - Juha Merilä
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit; Department of Biosciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki PO Box 65 00014 Finland
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28
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Wang Z, Pang X, Wu W, Wang J, Wang Z, Wu R. MODELING PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY IN GROWTH TRAJECTORIES: A STATISTICAL FRAMEWORK. Evolution 2013; 68:81-91. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Wang
- Center for Computational Biology; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Xiaoming Pang
- Center for Computational Biology; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Weimiao Wu
- Center for Computational Biology; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Center for Computational Biology; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Zuoheng Wang
- Division of Biostatistics; Yale University; New Haven Connecticut 06510
| | - Rongling Wu
- Center for Computational Biology; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
- Center for Statistical Genetics; Pennsylvania State University; Hershey Pennsylvania 17033
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29
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Pélabon C, Bolstad GH, Egset CK, Cheverud JM, Pavlicev M, Rosenqvist G. On the relationship between ontogenetic and static allometry. Am Nat 2013; 181:195-212. [PMID: 23348774 DOI: 10.1086/668820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Ontogenetic and static allometries describe how a character changes in size when the size of the organism changes during ontogeny and among individuals measured at the same developmental stage, respectively. Understanding the relationship between these two types of allometry is crucial to understanding the evolution of allometry and, more generally, the evolution of shape. However, the effects of ontogenetic allometry on static allometry remain largely unexplored. Here, we first show analytically how individual variation in ontogenetic allometry and body size affect static allometry. Using two longitudinal data sets on ontogenetic and static allometry, we then estimate variances and covariances for the different parameters of the ontogenetic allometry defined in our model and assess their relative contribution to the static allometric slope. The mean ontogenetic allometry is the main parameter that determines the static allometric slope, while the covariance between the ontogenetic allometric slope and body size generates most of the discrepancies between ontogenetic and static allometry. These results suggest that the apparent evolutionary stasis of the static allometric slope is not generated by internal (developmental) constraints but more likely results from external constraints imposed by selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Pélabon
- Centre for Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, University of Science and Technology NTNU, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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30
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Disentangling prenatal and postnatal maternal genetic effects reveals persistent prenatal effects on offspring growth in mice. Genetics 2011; 189:1069-82. [PMID: 21890739 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.111.130591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mothers are often the most important determinant of traits expressed by their offspring. These "maternal effects" (MEs) are especially crucial in early development, but can also persist into adulthood. They have been shown to play a role in a diversity of evolutionary and ecological processes, especially when genetically based. Although the importance of MEs is becoming widely appreciated, we know little about their underlying genetic basis. We address the dearth of genetic data by providing a simple approach, using combined genotype information from parents and offspring, to identify "maternal genetic effects" (MGEs) contributing to natural variation in complex traits. Combined with experimental cross-fostering, our approach also allows for the separation of pre- and postnatal MGEs, providing rare insights into prenatal effects. Applying this approach to an experimental mouse population, we identified 13 ME loci affecting body weight, most of which (12/13) exhibited prenatal effects, and nearly half (6/13) exhibiting postnatal effects. MGEs contributed more to variation in body weight than the direct effects of the offsprings' own genotypes until mice reached adulthood, but continued to represent a major component of variation through adulthood. Prenatal effects always contributed more variation than postnatal effects, especially for those effects that persisted into adulthood. These results suggest that MGEs may be an important component of genetic architecture that is generally overlooked in studies focused on direct mapping from genotype to phenotype. Our approach can be used in both experimental and natural populations, providing a widely practicable means of expanding our understanding of MGEs.
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31
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Wilson LAB. Comparison of prenatal and postnatal ontogeny: cranial allometry in the African striped mouse (Rhabdomys pumilio). J Mammal 2011. [DOI: 10.1644/10-mamm-a-209.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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32
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Sanger TJ, Norgard EA, Pletscher LS, Bevilacqua M, Brooks VR, Sandell LJ, Cheverud JM. Developmental and genetic origins of murine long bone length variation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2011; 316B:146-61. [PMID: 21328530 PMCID: PMC3160521 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
If we wish to understand whether development influences the rate or direction of morphological evolution, we must first understand the developmental bases of morphological variation within species. However, quantitative variation in adult morphology is the product of molecular and cellular processes unfolding from embryonic development through juvenile growth to maturity. The Atchley-Hall model provides a useful framework for dissecting complex morphologies into their component parts as a way of determining which developmental processes contribute to variation in adult form. We have examined differences in postnatal allometry and the patterns of genetic correlation between age-specific traits for ten recombinant inbred strains of mice generated from an intercross of LG/J and SM/J. Long bone length is closely tied to body size, but variation in adult morphology is more closely tied to differences in growth rate between 3 and 5 weeks of age. These analyses show that variation generated during early development is overridden by variation generated later in life. To more precisely determine the cellular processes generating this variation we then examined the cellular dynamics of long bone growth plates at the time of maximum elongation rate differences in the parent strains. Our analyses revealed that variation in long bone length is the result of faster elongation rates of the LG/J stain. The developmental bases for these differences in growth rate involve the rate of cell division and chondrocyte hypertrophy in the growth plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Sanger
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
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33
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Gonzalez PN, Hallgrímsson B, Oyhenart EE. Developmental plasticity in covariance structure of the skull: effects of prenatal stress. J Anat 2011; 218:243-57. [PMID: 21138433 PMCID: PMC3042757 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental perturbations of many kinds influence growth and development. Little is known, however, about the influence of environmental factors on the patterns of phenotypic integration observed in complex morphological traits. We analyze the changes in phenotypic variance-covariance structure of the rat skull throughout the early postnatal ontogeny (from birth to weaning) and evaluate the effect of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) on this structure. Using 2D coordinates taken from lateral radiographs obtained every 4 days, from birth to 21 days old, we show that the pattern of covariance is temporally dynamic from birth to 21 days. The environmental perturbation provoked during pregnancy altered the skull growth, and reduced the mean size of the IUGR group. These environmental effects persisted throughout lactancy, when the mothers of both groups received a standard diet. More strikingly, the effect grew larger beyond this point. Altering environmental conditions did not affect all traits equally, as revealed by the low correlations between covariance matrices of treatments at the same age. Finally, we found that the IUGR treatment increased morphological integration as measured by the scaled variance of eigenvalues. This increase coincided and is likely related to an increase in morphological variance in this group. This result is expected if somatic growth is a major determinant of covariance structure of the skull. In summary, our findings suggest that environmental perturbations experienced in early ontogeny alter fundamental developmental processes and are an important factor in shaping the variance-covariance structure of complex phenotypic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula N Gonzalez
- CONICET, División Antropología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.
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34
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Dmitriew C, Blows MW, Rowe L. Ontogenetic change in genetic variance in size depends on growth environment. Am Nat 2010; 175:640-9. [PMID: 20406061 DOI: 10.1086/652470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Within populations, the amount of environmental and genetic variation present may differ greatly among traits measured at multiple times over ontogeny. Brief periods of food deprivation are often followed by a period of accelerated (compensatory) growth. Early laboratory studies likewise reported a contraction of genetic variance in size as maturation approached. However, studies of wild populations often contradict these laboratory results. One possibility is that environmentally imposed stress is exposing genetic variance not seen in the laboratory. We tested the effect of rearing environment (high or low food) on genetic variance in size traits measured at two ages in the ladybird beetle Harmonia axyridis. A substantial amount of genetic variance was present in all combinations of rearing environment by ontogenetic stage among males. The pattern of change in male variance in mass over ontogeny was of opposite sign in the two food treatments, which may reflect cryptic genetic variance that is apparent only under stress. The proportion of overall variance that was due to additive genetic effects was much lower in females than in males, which suggests that the underlying genetics of female growth trajectories differs from that males. Our experimental design afforded an initial exploration of the genetics of compensatory growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dmitriew
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada.
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M Dmitriew
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Canada.
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36
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Mousseau TA, Uller T, Wapstra E, Badyaev AV. Evolution of maternal effects: past and present. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2009; 364:1035-8. [PMID: 19324608 PMCID: PMC2666690 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Mousseau
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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37
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Nicieza AG, Alvarez D. Statistical analysis of structural compensatory growth: how can we reduce the rate of false detection? Oecologia 2008; 159:27-39. [PMID: 18975008 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-008-1194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Compensatory growth (CG) is a key issue in work aiming at a full understanding of the adaptive significance of growth plasticity and its carryover effects on life-history. The number of studies addressing evolutionary explanations for CG has increased rapidly during the last few years, but there has not been a parallel gain in our understanding of the methodological difficulties associated with the analysis of CG. We point out two features of growth that can have serious consequences for detecting CG: (1) size dependence of growth rates, which causes nonlinearity of growth trajectories, and; (2) temporal overlapping of structural growth and replenishment of energy reserves after a period of famine. We show that the currently used methods can be prone to spurious detection of CG (Type I error) under conditions of nonlinear growth, and therefore lead to the accumulation of a significant amount of false "empirical support." True and simulated growth data provided consistent results suggesting that a substantial fraction of the existing evidence for CG may be spurious. A small curvature in the growth trajectory can lead to spurious "detection" of CG when control and manipulated trajectories are compared over the same time interval (the "simultaneous" approach). We present a novel, robust method (the "asynchronous" approach) based on the accurate selection of control trajectories and comparison of control and treatment growth rates at different times. This method enables a reliable test to be performed for compensation under asymptotic growth. While the general results of our simulations do not support the application of conventional methods to the general case of nonlinear growth trajectories under the simultaneous approach, simple methods may prove valid if the experimental design allows for asynchronous comparisons. We advocate an alternative approach to deal with "safe" detection of CG that overcomes the problems associated with the occurrence of nonlinear and asymptotic growth, and provide recommendations for improving CG study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo G Nicieza
- Unidad de Ecología, Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
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38
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Patterns of quantitative genetic variation in multiple dimensions. Genetica 2008; 136:271-84. [PMID: 18695991 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-008-9302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental question for both evolutionary biologists and breeders is the extent to which genetic correlations limit the ability of populations to respond to selection. Here I view this topic from three perspectives. First, I propose several nondimensional statistics to quantify the genetic variation present in a suite of traits and to describe the extent to which correlations limit their selection response. A review of five data sets suggests that the total variation differs substantially between populations. In all cases analyzed, however, the "effective number of dimensions" is less than two: more than half of the total genetic variation is explained by a single combination of traits. Second, I consider how patterns of variation affect the average evolutionary response to selection in a random direction. When genetic variation lies in a small number of dimensions but there are a large number of traits under selection, then the average selection response will be reduced substantially from its potential maximum. Third, I discuss how a low genetic correlation between male fitness and female fitness limits the ability of populations to adapt. Data from two recent studies of natural populations suggest this correlation can diminish or even erase any genetic benefit to mate choice. Together these results suggest that adaptation (in natural populations) and genetic improvement (in domesticated populations) may often be as much constrained by patterns of genetic correlation as by the overall amount of genetic variation.
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39
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Wilson AJ, Charmantier A, Hadfield JD. Evolutionary genetics of ageing in the wild: empirical patterns and future perspectives. Funct Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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40
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Capellán E, Nicieza AG. Non-equivalence of growth arrest induced by predation risk or food limitation: context-dependent compensatory growth in anuran tadpoles. J Anim Ecol 2007; 76:1026-35. [PMID: 17714281 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. To gain insight into the evolution of compensatory growth, we studied the growth patterns of anuran (Rana temporaria) larvae following either a period of exogenous growth depression (food restriction) or a period of endogenous depression (exposure to predators). We also investigated the potential deferred costs that larval compensatory growth could impose on post-metamorphic individuals. 2. Food-deprived larvae exhibited full compensatory growth in response to reduced growth rates caused by food limitation, and the growth trajectories of low- and high-rations tadpoles converged before the onset of metamorphosis. 3. According to our predictions, individuals exposed to larval predators did not show growth compensation following predator removal despite undergoing a significant reduction in growth rate associated with low activity levels. 4. Jumping ability of individuals exposed to predators during only 20 days from the commencement of the larval phase was equivalent to that of non-exposed animals, and greater than the jumping capacity of those maintained with predators until the time of metamorphosis. This pattern was consistent with the pattern observed for variation in relative leg length. 5. These results support the suggestion that submaximum and compensatory growth could have evolved to minimize the overall growth/mortality costs in environments with high spatiotemporal variation in predation intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Capellán
- Ecology Unit, Department of Biology of Organisms and Systems, University of Oviedo, E-33071, Oviedo, Spain
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- D Houle
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1100, USA.
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42
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Willmore KE, Leamy L, Hallgrímsson B. Effects of developmental and functional interactions on mouse cranial variability through late ontogeny. Evol Dev 2007; 8:550-67. [PMID: 17073938 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2006.00127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian skull performs a variety of functions and its growth and development mirrors this complexity. Cranial growth and development have been actively studied for many years. Despite this interest, the variation in the patterns and processes of skull growth has attracted little attention. An important and unanswered question is the extent to which patterns of cranial covariation and variation are dynamically reworked throughout postnatal growth. To address this question, we examine patterns of variability in random-bred mouse skulls aged 35, 90, and 150 days. Using a battery of both Procrustes coordinate and Euclidean distance-based methods, we measure mean shape, canalization, developmental stability, and morphological integration in these skulls. We predict that the patterns of variability are dynamic, particularly between the youngest and the two oldest age groups due to the influence of functional effects such as postweaning mastication. We also hypothesize that patterns of variability are structured by the same functional and developmental factors that have been shown to influence cranial growth in primates. Our results indicate that contrary to our predictions, patterns of canalization, developmental stability, and morphological integration are stabilized before 35 days. The mean shape, however, changed significantly with growth. We found that only the facial region showed significant integration as predicted by the functional matrix model used in other studies of integration. These results indicate that phenotypic integration in these mice does not closely match those found for primate species, suggesting that comparisons between species should be made with care.
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43
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KLINGENBERG CHRISTIANPETER. Heterochrony and allometry: the analysis of evolutionary change in ontogeny. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.1997.tb00026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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44
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45
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Wilson AJ, Reale D. Ontogeny of additive and maternal genetic effects: lessons from domestic mammals. Am Nat 2005; 167:E23-38. [PMID: 16475094 DOI: 10.1086/498138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2005] [Accepted: 07/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Evolution of size and growth depends on heritable variation arising from additive and maternal genetic effects. Levels of heritable (and nonheritable) variation might change over ontogeny, increasing through "variance compounding" or decreasing through "compensatory growth." We test for these processes using a meta-analysis of age-specific weight traits in domestic ungulates. Generally, mean standardized variance components decrease with age, consistent with compensatory growth. Phenotypic convergence among adult sheep occurs through decreasing environmental and maternal genetic variation. Maternal variation similarly declines in cattle. Maternal genetic effects are thus reduced with age (both in absolute and relative terms). Significant trends in heritability (decreasing in cattle, increasing in sheep) result from declining maternal and environmental components rather than from changing additive variation. There was no evidence for increasing standardized variance components. Any compounding must therefore be masked by more important compensatory processes. While extrapolation of these patterns to processes in natural population is difficult, our results highlight the inadequacy of assuming constancy in genetic parameters over ontogeny. Negative covariance between direct and maternal genetic effects was common. Negative correlations with additive and maternal genetic variances indicate that antagonistic pleiotropy (between additive and maternal genetic effects) may maintain genetic variance and limit responses to selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair J Wilson
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom.
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46
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Wilson AJ, Kruuk LEB, Coltman DW. Ontogenetic patterns in heritable variation for body size: using random regression models in a wild ungulate population. Am Nat 2005; 166:E177-92. [PMID: 16475080 DOI: 10.1086/497441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2005] [Accepted: 07/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Body size is an important determinant of fitness in many organisms. While size will typically change over the lifetime of an individual, heritable components of phenotypic variance may also show ontogenetic variation. We estimated genetic (additive and maternal) and environmental covariance structures for a size trait (June weight) measured over the first 5 years of life in a natural population of bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis. We also assessed the utility of random regression models for estimating these structures. Additive genetic variance was found for June weight, with heritability increasing over ontogeny because of declining environmental variance. This pattern, mirrored at the phenotypic level, likely reflects viability selection acting on early size traits. Maternal genetic effects were significant at ages 0 and 1, having important evolutionary implications for early weight, but declined with age being negligible by age 2. Strong positive genetic correlations between age-specific traits suggest that selection on June weight at any age will likely induce positively correlated responses across ontogeny. Random regression modeling yielded similar results to traditional methods. However, by facilitating more efficient data use where phenotypic sampling is incomplete, random regression should allow better estimation of genetic (co)variances for size and growth traits in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair J Wilson
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom.
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47
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Bevova MR, Aulchenko YS, Aksu S, Renne U, Brockmann GA. Chromosome-wise dissection of the genome of the extremely big mouse line DU6i. Genetics 2005; 172:401-10. [PMID: 16157676 PMCID: PMC1456167 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.104.040196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The extreme high-body-weight-selected mouse line DU6i is a polygenic model for growth research, harboring many small-effect QTL. We dissected the genome of this line into 19 autosomes and the Y chromosome by the construction of a new panel of chromosome substitution strains (CSS). The DU6i chromosomes were transferred to a DBA/2 mice genetic background by marker-assisted recurrent backcrossing. Mitochondria and the X chromosome were of DBA/2 origin in the backcross. During the construction of these novel strains, >4000 animals were generated, phenotyped, and genotyped. Using these data, we studied the genetic control of variation in body weight and weight gain at 21, 42, and 63 days. The unique data set facilitated the analysis of chromosomal interaction with sex and parent-of-origin effects. All analyzed chromosomes affected body weight and weight gain either directly or in interaction with sex or parent of origin. The effects were age specific, with some chromosomes showing opposite effects at different stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna R Bevova
- Institute for Animal Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
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Vinyard CJ, Hanna J. Molar scaling in strepsirrhine primates. J Hum Evol 2005; 49:241-69. [PMID: 15935438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2002] [Revised: 03/26/2005] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We examined how maxillary molar dimensions change with body and skull size estimates among 54 species of living and subfossil strepsirrhine primates. Strepsirrhine maxillary molar areas tend to scale with negative allometry, or possibly isometry, relative to body mass. This observation supports several previous scaling analyses showing that primate molar areas scale at or slightly below geometric similarity relative to body mass. Strepsirrhine molar areas do not change relative to body mass(0.75), as predicted by the metabolic scaling hypothesis. Relative to basicranial length, maxillary molar areas tend to scale with positive allometry. Previous claims that primate molar areas scale with positive allometry relative to body mass appear to rest on the incorrect assumption that skull dimensions scale isometrically with body mass. We identified specific factors that help us to better understand these observed scaling patterns. Lorisiform and lemuriform maxillary molar scaling patterns did not differ significantly, suggesting that the two infraorders had little independent influence on strepsirrhine scaling patterns. Contrary to many previous studies of primate dental allometry, we found little evidence for significant differences in molar area scaling patterns among frugivorous, folivorous, and insectivorous groups. We were able to distinguish folivorous species from frugivorous and insectivorous taxa by comparing M1 lengths and widths. Folivores tend to have a mesiodistally elongated M1 for a given buccolingual M1 width when compared to the other two dietary groups. It has recently been shown that brain mass has a strong influence on primate dental eruption rates. We extended this comparison to relative maxillary molar sizes, but found that brain mass appears to have little influence on the size of strepsirrhine molars. Alternatively, we observed a strong correlation between the relative size of the facial skull and relative molar areas among strepsirrhines. We hypothesize that this association may be underlain by a partial sharing of the patterning of development between molar and facial skull elements.
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49
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Direct estimation of genetic principal components: simplified analysis of complex phenotypes. Genetics 2005; 168:2295-306. [PMID: 15611193 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.104.029181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimating the genetic and environmental variances for multivariate and function-valued phenotypes poses problems for estimation and interpretation. Even when the phenotype of interest has a large number of dimensions, most variation is typically associated with a small number of principal components (eigen-vectors or eigenfunctions). We propose an approach that directly estimates these leading principal components; these then give estimates for the covariance matrices (or functions). Direct estimation of the principal components reduces the number of parameters to be estimated, uses the data efficiently, and provides the basis for new estimation algorithms. We develop these concepts for both multivariate and function-valued phenotypes and illustrate their application in the restricted maximum-likelihood framework.
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50
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Zelditch ML, Lundrigan BL, Garland T. Developmental regulation of skull morphology. I. Ontogenetic dynamics of variance. Evol Dev 2005; 6:194-206. [PMID: 15099307 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2004.04025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the absence of processes regulating morphogenesis and growth, phenotypic variance of a population experiencing no selective mortality should increase throughout ontogeny. To determine whether it does, we measure variance of skull shape using geometric morphometrics and examine its ontogenetic dynamics in the precocial cotton rat (Sigmodon fulviventer) and the altricial house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus). In both species, variance of shape halves between the two youngest samples measured (between 1 and 10 days postnatal and 10 and 15 days postnatal, respectively) and thereafter is nearly constant. The reduction in variance did not appear to result from a general regulation of skull size or developmental timing, although skull size may also be regulated and developmental timing is an important component of the variation in skull shape of young house mice. The ontogenetic dynamics of variance suggest two possible scenarios. First, variation generated during fetal or early postnatal growth is not immediately compensated and therefore accumulates, whereas later in growth, variation is continually generated and rapidly compensated. Second, variation generated during fetal and early postnatal growth is rapidly compensated, after which no new variance is produced. Based on a general model for bone growth, we hypothesize that variance is generated when bone grows under the direction of disorganized muscular movements and decreases with increasing neuromuscular control. Additionally, increasing coherence of signals transmitted by the growing brain and sensory organs, which exert tensile forces on bone, may also canalize skull shape.
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