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Liang S, He Z, Liu D, Yang S, Yan Q, Jiang Z. Construction of an engineered Escherichia coli for effective synthesis of 2'-fucosyllactose via the salvage pathway. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2024; 9:108-114. [PMID: 38292762 PMCID: PMC10825923 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) is one of the important functional oligosaccharides in breast milk. So far, few attempts on biosynthesis of 2'-FL by the salvage pathway have been reported. Herein, the salvage pathway enzyme genes were introduced into the E. coli BL21star(DE3) for synthesis of 2'-FL. The 2'-FL titer increased from 1.56 to 2.13 g/L by deleting several endogenous genes on competitive pathways. The α-1,2-fucosyltransferase (WbgL) was selected, and improved the 2'-FL titer to 2.88 g/L. Additionally, the expression level of pathway enzyme genes was tuned through optimizing the plasmid copy number. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of WbgL was enhanced by fusing with the MinD C-tag. After optimizing the fermentation conditions, the 2'-FL titer reached to 7.13 g/L. The final strain produced 59.22 g/L of 2'-FL with 95% molar conversion rate of lactose and 92% molar conversion rate of fucose in a 5 L fermenter. These findings will contribute to construct a highly efficient microbial cell factory to produce 2'-FL or other HMOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanquan Liang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe, 462300, Henan, China
| | - Zi He
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Dan Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shaoqing Yang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qiaojuan Yan
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhengqiang Jiang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe, 462300, Henan, China
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Liang S, He Z, Liu D, Yang S, Yan Q, Jiang Z. Efficient Biosynthesis of Difucosyllactose via De Novo GDP-l-Fucose Pathway in Metabolically Engineered Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:4367-4375. [PMID: 38374607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Difucosyllactose (DFL) is an important component of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and has significant benefits for the growth and development of infants. So far, a few microbial cell factories have been constructed for the production of DFL, which still have problems of low production and high cost. Herein, a high-level de novo pathway DFL-producing strain was constructed by multistep optimization strategies in Escherichia coli BL21star(DE3). We first efficiently synthesized the intermediate 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) in E. coli BL21star(DE3) by the advisable stepwise strategy. The truncated α-1,3/4-fucosyltransferase (Hp3/4FT) was then introduced into the engineered strain to achieve de novo biosynthesis of DFL. ATP-dependent protease (Lon) and GDP-mannose hydrolase (NudK) were deleted, and mannose-6-phosphate isomerase (ManA) was overexpressed to improve GDP-l-fucose accumulation. The regulator RcsA was overexpressed to fine-tune the expression level of pathway genes, thereby increasing the synthesis of DFL. The final strain produced 6.19 g/L of DFL in the shake flask and 33.45 g/L of DFL in the 5 L fermenter, which were the highest reported titers so far. This study provides a more economical, sustainable, and effective strategy to produce the fucosylated human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanquan Liang
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, Henan, China
| | - Zi He
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shaoqing Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qiaojuan Yan
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhengqiang Jiang
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, Henan, China
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Melamed J, Brockhausen I. Biosynthesis of the O antigen of pathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Characterization of α1,4-Fuc-transferase WbdO. Glycobiology 2023; 33:165-175. [PMID: 36715215 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwac079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The O157:H7 strain of Escherichia coli is responsible for frequent outbreaks of hemorrhagic colitis worldwide. Its lipopolysaccharide is a virulence factor and contains an O antigen having repeating units with the tetrasaccharide structure [2-D-PerNAcα1-3-L-Fucα1-4-D-Glcβ1-3-D-GalNAcα1-]n. Genes encoding glycosyltransferases WbdN, WbdO, and WbdP are responsible for the biosynthesis of this repeating unit. We have previously characterized the second enzyme in the pathway, WbdN, which transfers Glc in β1-3 linkage to GalNAcα-O-PO3-PO3-(CH2)11-O-Ph (GalNAc-PP-PhU). In this work, Fuc-transferase WbdO from E. coli O157:H7 expressed in BL21 bacteria was characterized using the product of WbdN as the acceptor substrate. We showed that WbdO is specific for GDP-β-L-Fuc as the donor substrate. Compounds that contained terminal Glc or Glcβ1-3GalNAc structures but lacked the diphosphate group did not serve as acceptor substrates. The structure of the WbdO product was identified by mass spectrometry and Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as L-Fucα1-4-D-Glcβ1-3-D-GalNAc PP-PhU. WbdO is an unusual bivalent metal ion-dependent Fuc-transferase classified as an inverting GT2 family enzyme that has 2 conserved sequences near the N-terminus. The Asp37 residue within the 36VDGGSTD42 sequence was found to be essential for catalysis. Mutation of Asp68 to Ala within the conserved 67YDAMNK72 sequence resulted in a 3-fold increase in activity. These studies show that WbdOO157 is a highly specific Fuc-transferase with little homology to other characterized Fuc-transferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Melamed
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Inka Brockhausen
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON K7L3N6, Canada
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Frohnmeyer H, Rueben S, Elling L. Gram‐scale production of GDP‐β‐l‐fucose with multi‐enzyme cascades in a repetitive‐batch mode. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Frohnmeyer
- RWTH Aachen University: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen Institute of Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering GERMANY
| | - Simon Rueben
- RWTH Aachen University: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen Institute of Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering GERMANY
| | - Lothar Elling
- RWTH Aachen University: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen Institute of Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering Pauwelsstr. 20 52074 Aachen GERMANY
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Zheng M, Zheng M, Epstein S, Harnagel AP, Kim H, Lupoli TJ. Chemical Biology Tools for Modulating and Visualizing Gram-Negative Bacterial Surface Polysaccharides. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:1841-1865. [PMID: 34569792 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cells present a wide diversity of saccharides that decorate the cell surface and help mediate interactions with the environment. Many Gram-negative cells express O-antigens, which are long sugar polymers that makeup the distal portion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that constitutes the surface of the outer membrane. This review highlights chemical biology tools that have been developed in recent years to facilitate the modulation of O-antigen synthesis and composition, as well as related bacterial polysaccharide pathways, and the detection of unique glycan sequences. Advances in the biochemistry and structural biology of O-antigen biosynthetic machinery are also described, which provide guidance for the design of novel chemical and biomolecular probes. Many of the tools noted here have not yet been utilized in biological systems and offer researchers the opportunity to investigate the complex sugar architecture of Gram-negative cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, 10003 New York, United States
| | - Maggie Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, 10003 New York, United States
| | - Samuel Epstein
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, 10003 New York, United States
| | - Alexa P. Harnagel
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, 10003 New York, United States
| | - Hanee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, 10003 New York, United States
| | - Tania J. Lupoli
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, 10003 New York, United States
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Abstract
Few classes of natural products rival the structural audacity of oligosaccharides. Their complexity, however, has stood as an immense roadblock to translational research, as access to homogeneous material from nature is challenging. Thus, while carbohydrates are critical to the myriad functional and structural aspects of the biological sciences, their behavior is largely descriptive. This challenge presents an attractive opportunity for synthetic chemistry, particularly in the area of human milk science. First, there is an inordinate need for synthesizing homogeneous human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). Superimposed on this goal is the mission of conducting syntheses at scale to enable animal studies. Herein, we present a personalized rumination of our involvement, and that of our colleagues, which has led to the synthesis and characterization of HMOs and mechanistic probes. Along the way, we highlight chemical, chemoenzymatic, and synthetic biology based approaches. We close with a discussion on emergent challenges and opportunities for synthesis, broadly defined, in human milk science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianyan L Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Steven D Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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Functional Analysis of Deoxyhexose Sugar Utilization in Escherichia coli Reveals Fermentative Metabolism under Aerobic Conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0071921. [PMID: 34047632 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00719-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
l-Rhamnose and l-fucose are the two main 6-deoxyhexoses Escherichia coli can use as carbon and energy sources. Deoxyhexose metabolism leads to the formation of lactaldehyde, whose fate depends on oxygen availability. Under anaerobic conditions, lactaldehyde is reduced to 1,2-propanediol, whereas under aerobic conditions, it should be oxidized into lactate and then channeled into the central metabolism. However, although this all-or-nothing view is accepted in the literature, it seems overly simplistic since propanediol is also reported to be present in the culture medium during aerobic growth on l-fucose. To clarify the functioning of 6-deoxyhexose sugar metabolism, a quantitative metabolic analysis was performed to determine extra- and intracellular fluxes in E. coli K-12 MG1655 (a laboratory strain) and in E. coli Nissle 1917 (a human commensal strain) during anaerobic and aerobic growth on l-rhamnose and l-fucose. As expected, lactaldehyde is fully reduced to 1,2-propanediol under anoxic conditions, allowing complete reoxidation of the NADH produced by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase. We also found that net ATP synthesis is ensured by acetate production. More surprisingly, lactaldehyde is also primarily reduced into 1,2-propanediol under aerobic conditions. For growth on l-fucose, 13C-metabolic flux analysis revealed a large excess of available energy, highlighting the need to better characterize ATP utilization processes. The probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 strain exhibits similar metabolic traits, indicating that they are not the result of the K-12 strain's prolonged laboratory use. IMPORTANCE E. coli's ability to survive in, grow in, and colonize the gastrointestinal tract stems from its use of partially digested food and hydrolyzed glycosylated proteins (mucins) from the intestinal mucus layer as substrates. These include l-fucose and l-rhamnose, two 6-deoxyhexose sugars, whose catabolic pathways have been established by genetic and biochemical studies. However, the functioning of these pathways has only partially been elucidated. Our quantitative metabolic analysis provides a comprehensive picture of 6-deoxyhexose sugar metabolism in E. coli under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. We found that 1,2-propanediol is a major by-product under both conditions, revealing the key role of fermentative pathways in 6-deoxyhexose sugar metabolism. This metabolic trait is shared by both E. coli strains studied here, a laboratory strain and a probiotic strain. Our findings add to our understanding of E. coli's metabolism and of its functioning in the bacterium's natural environment.
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Novel and emerging prebiotics: Advances and opportunities. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2021; 95:41-95. [PMID: 33745516 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Consumers are conscientiously changing their eating preferences toward healthier options, such as functional foods enriched with pre- and probiotics. Prebiotics are attractive bioactive compounds with multidimensional beneficial action on both human and animal health, namely on the gastrointestinal tract, cardiometabolism, bones or mental health. Conventionally, prebiotics are non-digestible carbohydrates which generally present favorable organoleptic properties, temperature and acidic stability, and are considered interesting food ingredients. However, according to the current definition of prebiotics, application categories other than food are accepted, as well as non-carbohydrate substrates and bioactivity at extra-intestinal sites. Regulatory issues are considered a major concern for prebiotics since a clear understanding and application of these compounds among the consumers, regulators, scientists, suppliers or manufacturers, health-care providers and standards or recommendation-setting organizations are of utmost importance. Prebiotics can be divided in several categories according to their development and regulatory status. Inulin, galactooligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides and lactulose are generally classified as well established prebiotics. Xylooligosaccharides, isomaltooligosaccharides, chitooligosaccharides and lactosucrose are classified as "emerging" prebiotics, while raffinose, neoagaro-oligosaccharides and epilactose are "under development." Other substances, such as human milk oligosaccharides, polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, proteins, protein hydrolysates and peptides are considered "new candidates." This chapter will encompass actual information about the non-established prebiotics, mainly their physicochemical properties, market, legislation, biological activity and possible applications. Generally, there is a lack of clear demonstrations about the effective health benefits associated with all the non-established prebiotics. Overcoming this limitation will undoubtedly increase the demand for these compounds and their market size will follow the consumer's trend.
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Mahour R, Marichal‐Gallardo PA, Rexer TFT, Reichl U. Multi‐enzyme Cascades for the
In Vitro
Synthesis of Guanosine Diphosphate L‐Fucose. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mahour
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems Sandtorstrasse 1 39106 Magdeburg Germany
| | - Pavel A. Marichal‐Gallardo
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems Sandtorstrasse 1 39106 Magdeburg Germany
| | - Thomas F. T. Rexer
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems Sandtorstrasse 1 39106 Magdeburg Germany
| | - Udo Reichl
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems Sandtorstrasse 1 39106 Magdeburg
- Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg Chair of Bioprocess Engineering Universitätsplatz 2 39106 Magdeburg Germany
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Li W, Zhu Y, Wan L, Guang C, Mu W. Pathway Optimization of 2'-Fucosyllactose Production in Engineered Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:1567-1577. [PMID: 33499605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL), one of the most valuable oligosaccharides in human milk, is used as an emerging food ingredient in the nutraceutical and food industries due to its numerous health benefits. Herein, the de novo and salvage pathways for GDP-fucose synthesis were engineered and optimized in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) to improve the production of 2'-FL. The de novo pathway genes encoding phosphomannomutase (ManB), mannose-1-phosphate guanyltransferase (ManC), GDP-d-mannose-4,6-dehydratase (Gmd), and GDP-l-fucose synthase (WcaG) combined with the gene from the salvage pathway encoding fucose kinase/fucose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase (Fkp) were reconstructed in two vectors to evaluate the GDP-fucose biosynthesis. Then, the fucT2 gene, encoding α1,2-fucosyltransferase, was introduced into the GDP-fucose-overproducing strains to realize 2'-FL biosynthesis. Furthermore, the genes in bypass pathways, including lacZ, fucI, fucK, and wcaJ, were inactivated to improve 2'-FL production. In addition, the two GDP-fucose synthesis pathways, along with fucT2, were transcriptionally fine-tuned to efficiently increase 2'-FL production. The final metabolically engineered E. coli produced 2.62 and 14.1 g/L in shake-flask and fed-batch cultivations, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Li Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Cuie Guang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Faijes M, Castejón-Vilatersana M, Val-Cid C, Planas A. Enzymatic and cell factory approaches to the production of human milk oligosaccharides. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:667-697. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Wang W, Zhang F, Wen Y, Hu Y, Yuan Y, Wei M, Zhou Y. Cell-free enzymatic synthesis of GDP-L-fucose from mannose. AMB Express 2019; 9:74. [PMID: 31134391 PMCID: PMC6536560 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0798-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
GDP-L-fucose, the key substrate for fucosyloligosaccharide biosynthesis, has been synthesized via a de novo pathway in bacteria. In the present study, genes for GDP-L-fucose biosynthesis were cloned into the expression vector pET-28a (+) to construct five E. coli strains, with recombinant enzymes being purified by using Ni-NTA chromatography. Following optimization of the 3-step reaction, Glk, ManB and ManC were added to the reaction mixture, after which Gmd and WcaG were added to overcome feedback inhibition from the end-product to produce GDP-L-fucose at 178.6 mg/l, with a yield of 14.1%. Our studies provide the basis for using cell-free enzyme production of GDP-L-fucose.
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Seydametova E, Yu J, Shin J, Park Y, Kim C, Kim H, Yu SH, Park Y, Kweon DH. Search for bacterial α1,2-fucosyltransferases for whole-cell biosynthesis of 2′-fucosyllactose in recombinant Escherichia coli. Microbiol Res 2019; 222:35-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Concórdio-Reis P, Pereira JR, Torres CA, Sevrin C, Grandfils C, Freitas F. Effect of mono- and dipotassium phosphate concentration on extracellular polysaccharide production by the bacterium Enterobacter A47. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Li L, Kim SA, Heo JE, Kim TJ, Seo JH, Han NS. One-pot synthesis of GDP-l-fucose by a four-enzyme cascade expressed in Lactococcus lactis. J Biotechnol 2017; 264:1-7. [PMID: 29050879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
GDP-l-fucose is an l-fucose donor to synthesize fucosylated compounds such as human milk oligosaccharides or Lewis antigen. In this study, we used Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris NZ9000 to express 4 enzymes, ManB, ManC, Gmd, and WcaG and produced GDP-l-fucose by using one-pot synthesis method with mannose-6-phosphate as substrate and the enzymes as biocatalyst. For preparation of enzyme mixture, 4 genes (manB, manC, gmd, and wcaG) cloned from Escherichia coli were transformed into L. lactis strains using pNZ8008 and the recombinant cell lysates were obtained after cultivation. When mannose-6-phosphate was used as the substrate, the consecutive reactions with ManB, ManC, Gmd, and WcaG resulted in the successful production of GDP-l-fucose (0.13mM). When GDP-d-mannose was used as the substrate, it was entirely converted to GDP-l-fucose (0.2mM; 0.12g/L) via 2 enzymatic reactions mediated by Gmd and WcaG. This is the first report of GDP-l-fucose production by using multiple enzymes expressed in lactic acid bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Chem & Bio Processing Technology of Farm Produces, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China
| | - Seul-Ah Kim
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Resource Development, Division of Animal, Horticultural, and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Heo
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Resource Development, Division of Animal, Horticultural, and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Tae-Jip Kim
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Resource Development, Division of Animal, Horticultural, and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Seo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 151742, Korea
| | - Nam Soo Han
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Resource Development, Division of Animal, Horticultural, and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea.
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Multienzymatic cascade synthesis of fucosyloligosaccharide via a two-step fermentation strategy in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:1747-52. [PMID: 27314478 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2151-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To achieve multienzymatic cascade synthesis of fucosyl oligosaccharide from D-mannose by two-step fermentation pathway in Escherichia coli. RESULTS E. coli BL21(DE3) harboring pET-22b(+) vectors with six genes, i.e., glucokinase (Glk), phosphomannomutase (ManB), mannose-1-phosphate guanylytransferase (ManC), GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase (Gmd), GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-mannose-3,5-epimerase/4-reductase (WcaG), and α-1,2-fucosyltransferase (Fuct) were co-inoculated, and the multienzyme synthetic pathway was constructed to produce fucosyloligosaccharide using D-mannose as substrate. The product, analyzed by LC/MS, fucosyloligosaccharide was formed under the catalysis of Fuct using GDP-fucose as donor substrate and lactose as acceptor substrate. Fucosyloligosaccharides reached 22 mM by a two-step fermentation compared to 3.7 mM with a one-pot fermentation. CONCLUSIONS Fucosyloligosaccharide was produced by a two-step fermentation to avoid the inhibitory effect of GDP-fucose on Gmd. Two-step fermentation is a rational synthetic pathway for accumulating fucosyloligosaccharide.
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Genetic analysis of capsular polysaccharide synthesis gene clusters in 79 capsular types of Klebsiella spp. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15573. [PMID: 26493302 PMCID: PMC4616057 DOI: 10.1038/srep15573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 79 capsular types have been reported in Klebsiella spp., whereas capsular polysaccharide synthesis (cps) regions were available in only 22 types. Due to the limitations of serotyping, complete repertoire of cps will be helpful for capsular genotyping. We therefore resolved the rest 57 cps and conducted comparative analysis. Clustering results of 1,515 predicted proteins from cps loci categorized proteins which share similarity into homology groups (HGs) revealing that 77 Wzy polymerases were classified into 56 HGs, which indicate the high specificity of wzy between different types. Accordingly, wzy-based capsular genotyping could differentiate capsule types except for those lacking wzy (K29 and K50), those sharing identical wzy (K22 vs. K37); and should be carefully applied in those exhibited high similarity (K12 vs. K41, K2 vs. K13, K74 vs. K80, K79 vs. KN1 and K30 vs. K69). Comparison of CPS structures in several capsular types that shared similarity in their gene contents implies possible functions of glycosyltransferases. Therefore, our results provide complete set of cps in various types of Klebsiella spp., which enable the understandings of relationship between genes and CPS structures and are useful for identification of documented or new capsular types.
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Schmid J, Sieber V, Rehm B. Bacterial exopolysaccharides: biosynthesis pathways and engineering strategies. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:496. [PMID: 26074894 PMCID: PMC4443731 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria produce a wide range of exopolysaccharides which are synthesized via different biosynthesis pathways. The genes responsible for synthesis are often clustered within the genome of the respective production organism. A better understanding of the fundamental processes involved in exopolysaccharide biosynthesis and the regulation of these processes is critical toward genetic, metabolic and protein-engineering approaches to produce tailor-made polymers. These designer polymers will exhibit superior material properties targeting medical and industrial applications. Exploiting the natural design space for production of a variety of biopolymer will open up a range of new applications. Here, we summarize the key aspects of microbial exopolysaccharide biosynthesis and highlight the latest engineering approaches toward the production of tailor-made variants with the potential to be used as valuable renewable and high-performance products for medical and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Schmid
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Technische Universität MünchenStraubing, Germany
| | - Volker Sieber
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Technische Universität MünchenStraubing, Germany
| | - Bernd Rehm
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey UniversityPalmerston North, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and NanotechnologyPalmerston North, New Zealand
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Abstract
The important roles played by human milk oligosaccharides (HMOS), the third major component of human milk, in the health of breast-fed infants have been increasingly recognized, as the structures of more than 100 different HMOS have now been elucidated. Despite the recognition of the various functions of HMOS as prebiotics, antiadhesive antimicrobials, and immunomodulators, the roles and the applications of individual HMOS species are less clear. This is mainly due to the limited accessibility to large amounts of individual HMOS in their pure forms. Current advances in the development of enzymatic, chemoenzymatic, whole-cell, and living-cell systems allow for the production of a growing number of HMOS in increasing amounts. This effort will greatly facilitate the elucidation of the important roles of HMOS and allow exploration into the applications of HMOS both as individual compounds and as mixtures of defined structures with desired functions. The structures, functions, and enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of HMOS are briefly surveyed to provide a general picture about the current progress on these aspects. Future efforts should be devoted to elucidating the structures of more complex HMOS, synthesizing more complex HMOS including those with branched structures, and developing HMOS-based or HMOS-inspired prebiotics, additives, and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Zhai Y, Han D, Pan Y, Wang S, Fang J, Wang P, Liu XW. Enhancing GDP-fucose production in recombinant Escherichia coli by metabolic pathway engineering. Enzyme Microb Technol 2014; 69:38-45. [PMID: 25640723 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Guanosine 5'-diphosphate (GDP)-fucose is the indispensible donor substrate for fucosyltransferase-catalyzed synthesis of fucose-containing biomolecules, which have been found involving in various biological functions. In this work, the salvage pathway for GDP-fucose biosynthesis from Bacterioides fragilis was introduced into Escherichia coli. Besides, the biosynthesis of guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP), an essential substrate for GDP-fucose biosynthesis, was enhanced via overexpression of enzymes involved in the salvage pathway of GTP biosynthesis. The production capacities of metabolically engineered strains bearing different combinations of recombinant enzymes were compared. The shake flask fermentation of the strain expressing Fkp, Gpt, Gmk and Ndk obtained the maximum GDP-fucose content of 4.6 ± 0.22 μmol/g (dry cell mass), which is 4.2 fold that of the strain only expressing Fkp. Through fed-batch fermentation, the GDP-fucose content further rose to 6.6 ± 0.14 μmol/g (dry cell mass). In addition to a better productivity than previous fermentation processes based on the de novo pathway for GDP-fucose biosynthesis, the established schemes in this work also have the advantage to be a potential avenue to GDP-fucose analogs encompassing chemical modification on the fucose residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Zhai
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China; The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Donglei Han
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China; The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Pan
- The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaishuai Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China; The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Junqiang Fang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-wei Liu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China.
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Baumgärtner F, Seitz L, Sprenger GA, Albermann C. Construction of Escherichia coli strains with chromosomally integrated expression cassettes for the synthesis of 2'-fucosyllactose. Microb Cell Fact 2013; 12:40. [PMID: 23635327 PMCID: PMC3655002 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-12-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The trisaccharide 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) is one of the most abundant oligosaccharides found in human milk. Due to its prebiotic and anti-infective properties, 2′-FL is discussed as nutritional additive for infant formula. Besides chemical synthesis and extraction from human milk, 2′-FL can be produced enzymatically in vitro and in vivo. The most promising approach for a large-scale formation of 2′-FL is the whole cell biosynthesis in Escherichia coli by intracellular synthesis of GDP-L-fucose and subsequent fucosylation of lactose with an appropriate α1,2-fucosyltransferase. Even though whole cell approaches have been demonstrated for the synthesis of 2′-FL, further improvements of the engineered E. coli host are required to increase product yields. Furthermore, an antibiotic-free method of whole cell synthesis of 2′-FL is desirable to simplify product purification and to avoid traces of antibiotics in a product with nutritional purpose. Results Here we report the construction of the first selection marker-free E. coli strain that produces 2′-FL from lactose and glycerol. To construct this strain, recombinant genes of the de novo synthesis pathway for GDP-L-fucose as well as the gene for the H. pylori fucosyltransferase futC were integrated into the chromosome of E. coli JM109 by using the λ-Red recombineering technique. Strains carrying additional copies of the futC gene and/or the gene fkp (from Bacteroides fragilis) for an additional salvage pathway for GDP-L-fucose production were used and shown to further improve production of 2′-FL in shake flask experiments. An increase of the intracellular GDP-L-fucose concentration by expression of fkp gene as well as an additional copy of the futC gene lead to an enhanced formation of 2′-FL. Using an improved production strain, feasibility of large scale 2′-FL production was demonstrated in an antibiotic-free fed-batch fermentation (13 l) with a final 2′-FL concentration of 20.28 ± 0.83 g l-1 and a space-time-yield of 0.57 g l-1 h-1. Conclusions By chromosomal integration of recombinant genes, altering the copy number of these genes and analysis of 2′-FL and intracellular GDP-L-fucose levels, we were able to construct and improve the first selection marker-free E. coli strain which is capable to produce 2′-FL without the use of expression plasmids. Analysis of intracellular GDP-L-fucose levels identified the de novo synthesis pathway of GDP-L-fucose as one bottleneck in 2′-FL production. In antibiotic-free fed-batch fermentation with an improved strain, scale-up of 2′-FL could be demonstrated.
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Sousa SA, Feliciano JR, Pinheiro PF, Leitão JH. Biochemical and functional studies on the Burkholderia cepacia complex bceN gene, encoding a GDP-D-mannose 4,6-dehydratase. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56902. [PMID: 23460819 PMCID: PMC3584063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reports the biochemical and functional analysis of the Burkholderia cenocepacia J2315 bceN gene, encoding a protein with GDP-D-mannose 4,6-dehydratase enzyme activity (E.C.4.2.1.47). Data presented indicate that the protein is active when in the tetrameric form, catalyzing the conversion of GDP-D-mannose into GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-mannose. This sugar nucleotide is the intermediary necessary for the biosynthesis of GDP-D-rhamnose, one of the sugar residues of cepacian, the major exopolysaccharide produced by environmental and human, animal and plant pathogenic isolates of the Burkholderia cepacia complex species. Vmax and Km values of 1.5±0.2 µmol.min−1.mg−1 and 1024±123 µM, respectively, were obtained from the kinetic characterization of the B. cenocepacia J2315 BceN protein by NMR spectroscopy, at 25°C and in the presence of 1 mol MgCl2 per mol of protein. The enzyme activity was strongly inhibited by the substrate, with an estimated Ki of 2913±350 µM. The lack of a functional bceN gene in a mutant derived from B. cepacia IST408 slightly reduced cepacian production. However, in the B. multivorans ATCC17616 with bceN as the single gene in its genome with predicted GMD activity, a bceN mutant did not produce cepacian, indicating that this gene product is required for cepacian biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia A. Sousa
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana R. Feliciano
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro F. Pinheiro
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jorge H. Leitão
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Bioenginneering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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Metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum to produce GDP-L-fucose from glucose and mannose. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2013; 36:749-56. [PMID: 23404100 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-013-0900-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Wild-type Corynebacterium glutamicum was metabolically engineered to convert glucose and mannose into guanosine 5'-diphosphate (GDP)-L-fucose, a precursor of fucosyl-oligosaccharides, which are involved in various biological and pathological functions. This was done by introducing the gmd and wcaG genes of Escherichia coli encoding GDP-D-mannose-4,6-dehydratase and GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-mannose-3,5-epimerase-4-reductase, respectively, which are known as key enzymes in the production of GDP-L-fucose from GDP-D-mannose. Coexpression of the genes allowed the recombinant C. glutamicum cells to produce GDP-L-fucose in a minimal medium containing glucose and mannose as carbon sources. The specific product formation rate was much higher during growth on mannose than on glucose. In addition, the specific product formation rate was further increased by coexpressing the endogenous phosphomanno-mutase gene (manB) and GTP-mannose-1-phosphate guanylyl-transferase gene (manC), which are involved in the conversion of mannose-6-phosphate into GDP-D-mannose. However, the overexpression of manA encoding mannose-6-phosphate isomerase, catalyzing interconversion of mannose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate showed a negative effect on formation of the target product. Overall, coexpression of gmd, wcaG, manB and manC in C. glutamicum enabled production of GDP-L-fucose at the specific rate of 0.11 mg g cell(-1) h(-1). The specific GDP-L-fucose content reached 5.5 mg g cell(-1), which is a 2.4-fold higher than that of the recombinant E. coli overexpressing gmd, wcaG, manB and manC under comparable conditions. Well-established metabolic engineering tools may permit optimization of the carbon and cofactor metabolisms of C. glutamicum to further improve their production capacity.
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Han NS, Kim TJ, Park YC, Kim J, Seo JH. Biotechnological production of human milk oligosaccharides. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:1268-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Prediction and identification of sequences coding for orphan enzymes using genomic and metagenomic neighbours. Mol Syst Biol 2012; 8:581. [PMID: 22569339 PMCID: PMC3377989 DOI: 10.1038/msb.2012.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Many characterized metabolic enzymes currently lack associated gene and protein sequences. Here, pathway and genomic neighbour data are used to assign genes to these ‘orphan enzymes,' and the predictions are validated with experimental assays and genome-scale metabolic modelling. ![]()
A computational method is developed for assigning candidate sequences to orphan enzymes. The method uses metabolic pathway, genomic neighbourhood, genomic co-occurrence, and protein domain information to predict genes that are likely to perform a particular enzymatic function. Benchmarking of the scoring scheme based on the 4 features above revealed that some combinations of parameters yielded greater than 70% accuracy, and that high-confidence predictions could be generated for 131 orphan enzymes. Enzyme assay experiments confirmed the predicted enzymatic activity for two of the high-confidence candidate sequences. Predicted functions can improve the annotation of genomic and metagenomic data, and can reveal putative genes for enzymes with potential biotechnological applications. Incorporating the predicted enzymatic reactions into genome-scale metabolic models changed the flux connectivity and improved their ability to correctly predict gene essentiality, supporting the biological relevance of these predictions.
Despite the current wealth of sequencing data, one-third of all biochemically characterized metabolic enzymes lack a corresponding gene or protein sequence, and as such can be considered orphan enzymes. They represent a major gap between our molecular and biochemical knowledge, and consequently are not amenable to modern systemic analyses. As 555 of these orphan enzymes have metabolic pathway neighbours, we developed a global framework that utilizes the pathway and (meta)genomic neighbour information to assign candidate sequences to orphan enzymes. For 131 orphan enzymes (37% of those for which (meta)genomic neighbours are available), we associate sequences to them using scoring parameters with an estimated accuracy of 70%, implying functional annotation of 16 345 gene sequences in numerous (meta)genomes. As a case in point, two of these candidate sequences were experimentally validated to encode the predicted activity. In addition, we augmented the currently available genome-scale metabolic models with these new sequence–function associations and were able to expand the models by on average 8%, with a considerable change in the flux connectivity patterns and improved essentiality prediction.
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Narasaki CT, Mertens K, Samuel JE. Characterization of the GDP-D-mannose biosynthesis pathway in Coxiella burnetii: the initial steps for GDP-β-D-virenose biosynthesis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25514. [PMID: 22065988 PMCID: PMC3204966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii, the etiologic agent of human Q fever, is a Gram-negative and naturally obligate intracellular bacterium. The O-specific polysaccharide chain (O-PS) of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of C. burnetii is considered a heteropolymer of the two unusual sugars β-D-virenose and dihydrohydroxystreptose and mannose. We hypothesize that GDP-D-mannose is a metabolic intermediate to GDP-β-D-virenose. GDP-D-mannose is synthesized from fructose-6-phosphate in 3 successive reactions; Isomerization to mannose-6-phosphate catalyzed by a phosphomannose isomerase (PMI), followed by conversion to mannose-1-phosphate mediated by a phosphomannomutase (PMM) and addition of GDP by a GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase (GMP). GDP-D-mannose is then likely converted to GDP-6-deoxy-D-lyxo-hex-4-ulopyranose (GDP-Sug), a virenose intermediate, by a GDP-mannose-4,6-dehydratase (GMD). To test the validity of this pathway in C. burnetii, three open reading frames (CBU0671, CBU0294 and CBU0689) annotated as bifunctional type II PMI, as PMM or GMD were functionally characterized by complementation of corresponding E. coli mutant strains and in enzymatic assays. CBU0671, failed to complement an Escherichia coli manA (PMM) mutant strain. However, complementation of an E. coli manC (GMP) mutant strain restored capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis. CBU0294 complemented a Pseudomonas aeruginosa algC (GMP) mutant strain and showed phosphoglucomutase activity (PGM) in a pgm E. coli mutant strain. Despite the inability to complement a manA mutant, recombinant C. burnetii PMI protein showed PMM enzymatic activity in biochemical assays. CBU0689 showed dehydratase activity and determined kinetic parameters were consistent with previously reported data from other organisms. These results show the biological function of three C. burnetii LPS biosynthesis enzymes required for the formation of GDP-D-mannose and GDP-Sug. A fundamental understanding of C. burnetii genes that encode PMI, PMM and GMP is critical to fully understand the biosynthesic pathway of GDP-β-D-virenose and LPS structure in C. burnetii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig T. Narasaki
- Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Katja Mertens
- Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - James E. Samuel
- Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lee WH, Chin YW, Han NS, Kim MD, Seo JH. Enhanced production of GDP-L-fucose by overexpression of NADPH regenerator in recombinant Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 91:967-76. [PMID: 21538115 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of guanosine 5'-diphosphate-L-fucose (GDP-L-fucose) requires NADPH as a reducing cofactor. In this study, endogenous NADPH regenerating enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase (Icd), and NADP(+)-dependent malate dehydrogenase (MaeB) were overexpressed to increase GDP-L-fucose production in recombinant Escherichia coli. The effects of overexpression of each NADPH regenerating enzyme on GDP-L-fucose production were investigated in a series of batch and fed-batch fermentations. Batch fermentations showed that overexpression of G6PDH was the most effective for GDP-L-fucose production. However, GDP-L-fucose production was not enhanced by overexpression of G6PDH in the glucose-limited fed-batch fermentation. Hence, a glucose feeding strategy was optimized to enhance GDP-L-fucose production. Fed-batch fermentation with a pH-stat feeding mode for sufficient supply of glucose significantly enhanced GDP-L-fucose production compared with glucose-limited fed-batch fermentation. A maximum GDP-L-fucose concentration of 235.2 ± 3.3 mg l(-1), corresponding to a 21% enhancement in the GDP-L-fucose production compared with the control strain overexpressing GDP-L-fucose biosynthetic enzymes only, was achieved in the pH-stat fed-batch fermentation of the recombinant E. coli overexpressing G6PDH. It was concluded that sufficient glucose supply and efficient NADPH regeneration are crucial for NADPH-dependent GDP-L-fucose production in recombinant E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Heong Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, South Korea
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Jadid N, Mialoundama AS, Heintz D, Ayoub D, Erhardt M, Mutterer J, Meyer D, Alioua A, Van Dorsselaer A, Rahier A, Camara B, Bouvier F. DOLICHOL PHOSPHATE MANNOSE SYNTHASE1 mediates the biogenesis of isoprenyl-linked glycans and influences development, stress response, and ammonium hypersensitivity in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:1985-2005. [PMID: 21558543 PMCID: PMC3123950 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.083634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The most abundant posttranslational modification in nature is the attachment of preassembled high-mannose-type glycans, which determines the fate and localization of the modified protein and modulates the biological functions of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored and N-glycosylated proteins. In eukaryotes, all mannose residues attached to glycoproteins from the luminal side of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) derive from the polyprenyl monosaccharide carrier, dolichol P-mannose (Dol-P-Man), which is flipped across the ER membrane to the lumen. We show that in plants, Dol-P-Man is synthesized when Dol-P-Man synthase1 (DPMS1), the catalytic core, interacts with two binding proteins, DPMS2 and DPMS3, that may serve as membrane anchors for DPMS1 or provide catalytic assistance. This configuration is reminiscent of that observed in mammals but is distinct from the single DPMS protein catalyzing Dol-P-Man biosynthesis in bakers' yeast and protozoan parasites. Overexpression of DPMS1 in Arabidopsis thaliana results in disorganized stem morphology and vascular bundle arrangements, wrinkled seed coat, and constitutive ER stress response. Loss-of-function mutations and RNA interference-mediated reduction of DPMS1 expression in Arabidopsis also caused a wrinkled seed coat phenotype and most remarkably enhanced hypersensitivity to ammonium that was manifested by extensive chlorosis and a strong reduction of root growth. Collectively, these data reveal a previously unsuspected role of the prenyl-linked carrier pathway for plant development and physiology that may help integrate several aspects of candidate susceptibility genes to ammonium stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Jadid
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Department of Biology, Botanical and Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Sepuluh Nopember Institut of Technology (Its), Gedung H Kampus Its Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, East-Java, Indonesia
| | - Alexis Samba Mialoundama
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Dimitri Heintz
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Daniel Ayoub
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, Département des Sciences Analytiques, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7178, Université de Strasbourg, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Mathieu Erhardt
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Jérôme Mutterer
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Denise Meyer
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Abdelmalek Alioua
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Alain Van Dorsselaer
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, Département des Sciences Analytiques, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7178, Université de Strasbourg, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Alain Rahier
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Bilal Camara
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Florence Bouvier
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Address correspondence to
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Jang MH, Lee WH, Shin SY, Han NS, Seo JH, Kim MD. Molecular cloning of the genes for GDP-mannose 4, 6-dehydratase and GDP-l-fucose synthetase from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Food Sci Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-010-0120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Lee WH, Han NS, Park YC, Seo JH. Modulation of guanosine 5'-diphosphate-D-mannose metabolism in recombinant Escherichia coli for production of guanosine 5'-diphosphate-L-fucose. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:6143-6148. [PMID: 19692232 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Guanosine 5'-diphosphate (GDP)-L-fucose, an activated form of a nucleotide sugar, plays an important role in a wide range of biological functions. In this study, the enhancement of GDP-L-fucose production was attempted by supplementation of mannose, which is a potentially better carbon source to be converted into GDP-L-fucose than glucose, and combinatorial overexpression of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of GDP-D-mannose, a precursor of GDP-L-fucose. Supply of a mannose and glucose led to a 1.3-fold-increase in GDP-L-fucose concentration (52.5+/-0.8 mg l(-1)) in a fed-batch fermentation of recombinant E. coli BL21star(DE3) overexpressing the gmd and wcaG genes, compared with the case using glucose as a sole carbon source. A maximum GDP-L-fucose concentration of 170.3+/-2.3 mg l(-1), corresponding to a 4.4-fold enhancement compared with the control strain overexpressing gmd and wcaG genes only, was achieved in a glucose-limited fed-batch fermentation of a recombinant E. coli BL21star(DE3) strain overexpressing manB, manC, gmd and wcaG genes. Further improvement of GDP-L-fucose production was not obtained by additional overexpression of the manA gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Heong Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
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Shu HY, Fung CP, Liu YM, Wu KM, Chen YT, Li LH, Liu TT, Kirby R, Tsai SF. Genetic diversity of capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis in Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 155:4170-4183. [PMID: 19744990 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.029017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is an enteric pathogen causing community-acquired and hospital-acquired infections in humans. Epidemiological studies have revealed significant diversity in capsular polysaccharide (CPS) type and clinical manifestation of K. pneumoniae infection in different geographical areas of the world. We have sequenced the capsular polysaccharide synthesis (cps) region of seven clinical isolates and compared the sequences with the publicly available cps sequence data of five strains: NTUH-K2044 (K1 serotype), Chedid (K2 serotype), MGH78578 (K52 serotype), A1142 (K57 serotype) and A1517. Among all strains, six genes at the 5' end of the cps clusters that encode proteins for CPS transportation and processing at the bacterial surface are highly similar to each other. The central region of the cps gene clusters, which encodes proteins for polymerization and assembly of the CPS subunits, is highly divergent. Based on the collected sequence, we found that either the wbaP gene or the wcaJ gene exists in a given K. pneumoniae strain, suggesting that there is a major difference in the CPS biosynthesis pathway and that the K. pneumoniae strains can be classified into at least two distinct groups. All isolates contain gnd, encoding gluconate-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, at the 3' end of the cps gene clusters. The rmlBADC genes were found in CPS K9-positive, K14-positive and K52-positive strains, while manC and manB were found in K1, K2, K5, K14, K62 and two undefined strains. Our data indicate that, while overall genomic organization is similar between different pathogenic K. pneumoniae strains, the genetic variation of the sugar moiety and polysaccharide linkage generate the diversity in CPS molecules that could help evade host immune attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yu Shu
- Genome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Bioscience Technology, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan County, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chang-Phone Fung
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yen-Ming Liu
- Division of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Keh-Ming Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Division of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ying-Tsong Chen
- Division of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ling-Hui Li
- Division of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tze-Tze Liu
- Genome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ralph Kirby
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih-Feng Tsai
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Division of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC.,Genome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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33
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King JD, Poon KKH, Webb NA, Anderson EM, McNally DJ, Brisson JR, Messner P, Garavito RM, Lam JS. The structural basis for catalytic function of GMD and RMD, two closely related enzymes from the GDP-D-rhamnose biosynthesis pathway. FEBS J 2009; 276:2686-2700. [PMID: 19459932 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.06993.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The rare 6-deoxysugar D-rhamnose is a component of bacterial cell surface glycans, including the D-rhamnose homopolymer produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, called A-band O polysaccharide. GDP-D-rhamnose synthesis from GDP-D-mannose is catalyzed by two enzymes. The first is a GDP-D-mannose-4,6-dehydratase (GMD). The second enzyme, RMD, reduces the GMD product (GDP-6-deoxy-D-lyxo-hexos-4-ulose) to GDP-d-rhamnose. Genes encoding GMD and RMD are present in P. aeruginosa, and genetic evidence indicates they act in A-band O-polysaccharide biosynthesis. Details of their enzyme functions have not, however, been previously elucidated. We aimed to characterize these enzymes biochemically, and to determine the structure of RMD to better understand what determines substrate specificity and catalytic activity in these enzymes. We used capillary electrophoresis and NMR analysis of reaction products to precisely define P. aeruginosa GMD and RMD functions. P. aeruginosa GMD is bifunctional, and can catalyze both GDP-d-mannose 4,6-dehydration and the subsequent reduction reaction to produce GDP-D-rhamnose. RMD catalyzes the stereospecific reduction of GDP-6-deoxy-D-lyxo-hexos-4-ulose, as predicted. Reconstitution of GDP-D-rhamnose biosynthesis in vitro revealed that the P. aeruginosa pathway may be regulated by feedback inhibition in the cell. We determined the structure of RMD from Aneurinibacillus thermoaerophilus at 1.8 A resolution. The structure of A. thermoaerophilus RMD is remarkably similar to that of P. aeruginosa GMD, which explains why P. aeruginosa GMD is also able to catalyze the RMD reaction. Comparison of the active sites and amino acid sequences suggests that a conserved amino acid side chain (Arg185 in P. aeruginosa GMD) may be crucial for orienting substrate and cofactor in GMD enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry D King
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Canada
| | - Karen K H Poon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Canada
| | - Nicole A Webb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Erin M Anderson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Canada
| | - David J McNally
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jean-Robert Brisson
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Paul Messner
- Zentrum für NanoBiotechnologie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Austria
| | - R M Garavito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Joseph S Lam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Canada
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34
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Qin C, Qian W, Wang W, Wu Y, Yu C, Jiang X, Wang D, Wu P. GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase is a genetic determinant of ammonium sensitivity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:18308-13. [PMID: 19011088 PMCID: PMC2587558 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0806168105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher plant species differ widely in their growth responses to ammonium (NH(4)(+)). However, the molecular genetic mechanisms underlying NH(4)(+) sensitivity in plants remain unknown. Here, we report that mutations in the Arabidopsis gene encoding GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase (GMPase) essential for synthesizing GDP-mannose confer hypersensitivity to NH(4)(+). The in planta activities of WT and mutant GMPases all were inhibited by NH(4)(+), but the magnitude of the inhibition was significantly larger in the mutant. Despite the involvement of GDP-mannose in both l-ascorbic acid (AsA) and N-glycoprotein biosynthesis, defective protein glycosylation in the roots, rather than decreased AsA content, was linked to the hypersensitivity of GMPase mutants to NH(4)(+). We conclude that NH(4)(+) inhibits GMPase activity and that the level of GMPase activity regulates Arabidopsis sensitivity to NH(4)(+). Further analysis showed that defective N-glycosylation of proteins, unfolded protein response, and cell death in the roots are likely important downstream molecular events involved in the growth inhibition of Arabidopsis by NH(4)(+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Qin
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; and
| | - Weiqiang Qian
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosomal Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenfeng Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; and
| | - Yue Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; and
| | - Chunmei Yu
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosomal Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xinhang Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; and
| | - Daowen Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosomal Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ping Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; and
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35
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Kotake T, Hojo S, Tajima N, Matsuoka K, Koyama T, Tsumuraya Y. A Bifunctional Enzyme with L-Fucokinase and GDP-L-fucose Pyrophosphorylase Activities Salvages Free L-Fucose in Arabidopsis. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:8125-35. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m710078200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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36
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Albermann C, Beuttler H. Identification of the GDP-N-acetyl-d-perosamine producing enzymes from Escherichia coli O157:H7. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:479-84. [PMID: 18201574 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 12/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
GDP-N-acetyl-d-perosamine is a precursor of the LPS-O-antigen biosynthesis in Escherichia coli O157:H7. Like other GDP-6-deoxyhexoses, GDP-N-acetyl-d-perosamine is supposed to be synthesized via GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-d-mannose, followed by a transamination- and an acetylation-reaction catalyzed by PerA and PerB. In this study, we have overproduced and purified PerA and PerB from E. coli O157:H7 in E. coli BL21. The recombinant proteins were partly characterized and the final product of the reaction catalyzed by PerB was shown to be GDP-N-acetyl-d-perosamine by chromatography, mass spectrometry, and 1H-NMR. The functional expression of PerB provides another enzymatically defined pathway for the synthesis of GDP-deoxyhexoses, which is needed to further study the corresponding glycosyltransferases in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Albermann
- Institute of Microbiology, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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37
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Abstract
Fucose is present in foods, and it is a major component of human mucin glycoproteins and glycolipids. l-Fucose can also be found at the terminal position of many cell-surface oligosaccharide ligands that mediate cell-recognition and adhesion-signalling pathways. Mucin fucose can be released through the hydrolytic activity of pathogens and indigenous bacteria, leading to the release of free fucose into the intestinal lumen. The immunomodulating effects of free fucose on intestinal epithelial cells (enterocyte-like Caco-2) were investigated. It was found that the presence of l-fucose up regulated genes and secretion of their encoded proteins that are involved in both the innate and adaptive immune responses, possibly via the toll-like receptor-2 signalling pathway. These include TNFSF5, TNFSF7, TNF-alpha, IL12, IL17 and IL18. Besides modulating immune reactions in differentiated Caco-2 cells, fucose induced a set of cytokine genes that are involved in the development and proliferation of immune cells. These include the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) BMP2, BMP4, IL5, thrombopoietin and erythropoietin. In addition, the up regulated gene expression of fibroblast growth factor-2 may help to promote epithelial cell restitution in conjunction with the enhanced expression of transforming growth factor-beta mRNA. Since the exogenous fucose was not metabolised by the differentiated Caco-2 cells as a carbon source, the reactions elicited were suggested to be a result of the direct interaction of fucose and differentiated Caco-2 cells. The presence of free fucose may signal the invasion of mucin-hydrolysing microbial cells and breakage of the mucosal barrier. The intestinal epithelial cells respond by up regulation and secretion of cytokines, pre-empting the actual invasion of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Ling Chow
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD4 A, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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38
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Byun SG, Kim MD, Lee WH, Lee KJ, Han NS, Seo JH. Production of GDP-L-fucose, L-fucose donor for fucosyloligosaccharide synthesis, in recombinant Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 74:768-75. [PMID: 17111133 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0730-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2006] [Revised: 10/15/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A recombinant Escherichia coli strain was developed to produce guanosine 5'-diphosphate (GDP)-L-fucose, donor of L-fucose, which is an essential substrate for the synthesis of fucosyloligosaccharides. GDP-D: -mannose-4, 6-dehydratase (GMD) and GDP-4-keto-6-deoxymannose 3, 5-epimerase 4-reductase (WcaG), the two crucial enzymes for the de novo GDP-L-fucose biosynthesis, were overexpressed in recombinant E. coli by constructing inducible overexpression vectors. Optimum expression conditions for GMD and WcaG in recombinant E. coli BL21(DE3) were 25 degrees C and 0.1 mM isopropyl-beta-D-thioglucopyranoside. Maximum GDP-L-fucose concentration of 38.9 +/- 0.6 mg l(-1) was obtained in a glucose-limited fed-batch cultivation, and it was enhanced further by co-expression of NADPH-regenerating glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase encoded by the zwf gene to achieve 55.2 +/- 0.5 mg l(-1) GDP-L-fucose under the same cultivation condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Goo Byun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Rhomberg S, Fuchsluger C, Rendić D, Paschinger K, Jantsch V, Kosma P, Wilson IBH. Reconstitution in vitro of the GDP-fucose biosynthetic pathways of Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. FEBS J 2006; 273:2244-56. [PMID: 16650000 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The deoxyhexose sugar fucose has an important fine-tuning role in regulating the functions of glycoconjugates in disease and development in mammals. The two genetic model organisms Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster also express a range of fucosylated glycans, and the nematode particularly has a number of novel forms. For the synthesis of such glycans, the formation of GDP-fucose, which is generated from GDP-mannose in three steps catalysed by two enzymes, is required. By homology we have identified and cloned cDNAs encoding these two proteins, GDP-mannose dehydratase (GMD; EC 4.2.1.47) and GDP-keto-6-deoxymannose 3,5-epimerase/4-reductase (GER or FX protein; EC 1.1.1.271), from both Caenorhabditis and Drosophila. Whereas the nematode has two genes encoding forms of GMD (gmd-1 and gmd-2) and one GER-encoding gene (ger-1), the insect has, like mammalian species, only one homologue of each (gmd and gmer). This compares to the presence of two forms of both enzymes in Arabidopsis thaliana. All corresponding cDNAs from Caenorhabditis and Drosophila, as well as the previously uncharacterized Arabidopsis GER2, were separately expressed, and the encoded proteins found to have the predicted activity. The biochemical characterization of these enzymes is complementary to strategies aimed at manipulating the expression of fucosylated glycans in these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Rhomberg
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Vienna, Austria
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40
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Watanabe K, Suzuki K, Kitamura S. Characterization of a GDP-D-mannose 3'',5''-epimerase from rice. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2006; 67:338-46. [PMID: 16413588 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2005] [Revised: 10/24/2005] [Accepted: 12/03/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The enzymatic characterization of GDP-d-mannose 3'',5''-epimerase (GME), a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of vitamin C in plants is described. The GME gene (Genbank Accession No. AB193582) in rice was cloned, and expressed as a fusion protein in Escherichia coli. Reaction products from GDP-d-mannose, as produced by GME catalysis, were separated by recycling HPLC on an ODS column, and were determined to be GDP-l-galactose and GDP-l-gulose, based on their NMR spectra and sugar analysis. The reaction catalyzed by GME was inhibited by GDP, and was strongly accelerated by NAD(+) in contrast to the case of GME from Arabidopsis thaliana. This difference in the effect of NAD(+) on GME activity can be attributed to the NAD binding domain which is conserved in the rice gene, but not in the Arabidopsis thaliana gene. The apparent K(m) and k(cat) were determined to be 1.20x10(-5)M and 0.127s(-1), respectively, in the presence of 20microM NAD(+). The fractions of GDP-d-mannose, GDP-l-galactose and GDP-l-gulose, at equilibrium, were approximately 0.75, 0.20 and 0.05, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaroh Watanabe
- Graduate School of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen cho 1-1, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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41
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Suzuki N, Nakano Y. The production of 6-deoxy-L-talan from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans via bacterial coupling in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 18:401-4. [PMID: 14622348 DOI: 10.1046/j.0902-0055.2003.00088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A method of producing 6-deoxy-L-talan, the serotype c-specific polysaccharide antigen (SPA) from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans,was established using a whole-cell reaction with two recombinant Escherichia coli strains. The production of serotype c-SPA was investigated using the dot blot assay with anti-A. actinomycetemcomitans NCTC 9710 serum after an 18-h reaction, starting with a solution containing the recombinant E. coli cells, alpha-d-glucose-1-phosphate, and dTTP. Moreover, examination of the time course for 6-deoxy-L-talan production proved that this system ran satisfactorily. This paper is the first report of a convenient method to readily produce the exopolysaccharide from A. actinomycetemcomitans in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Suzuki
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Kyushu University Faculty of Dental Science, Fukuoka, Japan
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42
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Abstract
Fucose is a deoxyhexose that is present in a wide variety of organisms. In mammals, fucose-containing glycans have important roles in blood transfusion reactions, selectin-mediated leukocyte-endothelial adhesion, host-microbe interactions, and numerous ontogenic events, including signaling events by the Notch receptor family. Alterations in the expression of fucosylated oligosaccharides have also been observed in several pathological processes, including cancer and atherosclerosis. Fucose deficiency is accompanied by a complex set of phenotypes both in humans with leukocyte adhesion deficiency type II (LAD II; also known as congenital disorder of glycosylation type IIc) and in a recently generated strain of mice with a conditional defect in fucosylated glycan expression. Fucosylated glycans are constructed by fucosyltransferases, which require the substrate GDP-fucose. Two pathways for the synthesis of GDP-fucose operate in mammalian cells, the GDP-mannose-dependent de novo pathway and the free fucose-dependent salvage pathway. In this review, we focus on the biological functions of mammalian fucosylated glycans and the biosynthetic processes leading to formation of the fucosylated glycan precursor GDP-fucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Becker
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, MSRB I, room 3510, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0650, USA.
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Suzuki N, Nakano Y, Yoshida Y, Nezu T, Terada Y, Yamashita Y, Koga T. Guanosine diphosphate-4-keto-6-deoxy-d-mannose reductase in the pathway for the synthesis of GDP-6-deoxy-d-talose in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:5963-71. [PMID: 12444986 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.03331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The serotype a-specific polysaccharide antigen of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is an unusual sugar, 6-deoxy-d-talose. Guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-6-deoxy-d-talose is the activated sugar nucleotide form of 6-deoxy-d-talose, which has been identified as a constituent of only a few microbial polysaccharides. In this paper, we identify two genes encoding GDP-6-deoxy-d-talose synthetic enzymes, GDP-alpha-d-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-d-mannose reductase, in the gene cluster required for the biosynthesis of serotype a-specific polysaccharide antigen from A. actinomycetemcomitans SUNYaB 75. Both gene products were produced and purified from Escherichia coli transformed with plasmids containing these genes. Their enzymatic reactants were analysed by reversed-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC). The sugar nucleotide produced from GDP-alpha-d-mannose by these enzymes was purified by RP-HPLC and identified by electrospray ionization-MS, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, and GC/MS. The results indicated that GDP-6-deoxy-d-talose is produced from GDP-alpha-d-mannose. This paper is the first report on the GDP-6-deoxy-d-talose biosynthetic pathway and the role of GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-d-mannose reductase in the synthesis of GDP-6-deoxy-d-talose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Suzuki
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Kyushu University Faculty of Dental Science, Fukuoka, Japan
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44
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Räbinä J, Mäki M, Savilahti EM, Järvinen N, Penttilä L, Renkonen R. Analysis of nucleotide sugars from cell lysates by ion-pair solid-phase extraction and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Glycoconj J 2001; 18:799-805. [PMID: 12441669 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021107602535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of nucleotide sugar metabolism is essential in studying glycosylation in cells. Here we describe practical methods for both extraction of nucleotide sugars from cell lysates and for their analytical separation. Solid-phase extraction cartridges containing graphitized carbon can be used for the purification of nucleotide sugars by using triethylammonium acetate buffer as a ion-pairing reagent for decreasing retention. After that they are separated by high-performance liquid chromatography using a C18 reversed-phase column and the same ion-pairing reagent for increasing retention. These new sample preparation and analysis methods enable good separation of structurally similar sugar nucleotides, compatibility with rapid evaporative concentration, and possibility to automation. Monitoring the production of GDP-deoxyhexoses in genetically engineered yeast and native bacterial cells are described here as specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Räbinä
- Biomedicum Helsinki, Rational Drug Development and Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, P.O. Box 63, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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45
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Albermann C, Piepersberg W, Wehmeier UF. Synthesis of the milk oligosaccharide 2'-fucosyllactose using recombinant bacterial enzymes. Carbohydr Res 2001; 334:97-103. [PMID: 11502265 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(01)00177-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic synthesis of GDP-beta-L-fucose and its enzymatic transfer reaction using recombinant enzymes from bacterial sources was examined. The GDP-D-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and the GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-mannose 3,5-epimerase-4-reductase from Escherichia coli K-12, respectively, were used to catalyse the conversion of GDP-alpha-D-mannose to GDP-beta-L-fucose with 78% yield. For the transfer of the L-fucose to an acceptor, we cloned and overproduced the alpha-(1-->2)-fucosyltransferase (FucT2) protein from Helicobacter pylori. We were able to synthesise 2'-fucosyllactose using the overproduced FucT2 enzyme, enzymatically synthesised GDP-L-fucose and lactose. The isolation of 2'-fucosyllactose was accomplished by anion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration to give 65% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Albermann
- Institut für chemische Mikrobiologie, Bergische Universität GH, FB9, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097, Wuppertal, Germany
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46
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Albermann C, Piepersberg W. Expression and identification of the RfbE protein from Vibrio cholerae O1 and its use for the enzymatic synthesis of GDP-D-perosamine. Glycobiology 2001; 11:655-61. [PMID: 11479276 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/11.8.655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The 4-amino-6-deoxy-monosaccharide D-perosamine is an important element in the glycosylation of interesting cell products, such as antibiotics and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The biosynthetic pathway of the precursor molecule, GDP-D-perosamine, in Vibrio cholerae O1 starts with an isomerisation of fructose-6-phosphate catalyzed by the bifunctional enzyme phosphomannose isomerase-guanosine diphosphomannose pyrophosphorylase (RfbA; E.C. 2.7.7.22) creating the intermediate mannose-6-phosphate, which is subsequently converted by the phosphomanno-mutase (RfbB; E.C. 5.4.2.8) and further by RfbA to GDP-D-mannose, to GDP-4 keto-6-deoxymannose by a 4,6-dehydratase (RfbD; E.C. 4.2.1.47) and finally to GDP-D-perosamine by an aminotransferase (RfbE; E.C. not yet classified). We cloned the rfbD and the rfbE genes of V. cholerae O1 in Escherichia coli expression vectors. Both biosynthetic enzymes were overproduced in E. coli BL21 (DE3) and their activities were analyzed. The enzymatic conversion from GDP-D-mannose to GDP-D-perosamine was optimized and the final product, GDP-D-perosamine, was purified and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, and chromatography. The catalytically active form of the GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-mannose-4-aminotransferase seems to be a tetramer of 170 kDa. The His-tag RfbE fusion protein has a Km of 0.06 mM and a Vmax value of 38 nkat/mg protein for the substrate GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-mannose. The Km and Vmax values for the cosubstrate L-glutamate were 0.1 mM and 42 nkat/mg protein, respectively. The intention of this work is to establish a basis for both the in vitro production of GDP-D-perosamine and for an in vivo perosaminylation system in a suitable bacterial host, preferably E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Albermann
- Chemische Mikrobiologie, Bergische Universität GH Wuppertal, Gauss-Str. 20, D-42097, Germany
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Dumon C, Priem B, Martin SL, Heyraud A, Bosso C, Samain E. In vivo fucosylation of lacto-N-neotetraose and lacto-N-neohexaose by heterologous expression of Helicobacter pylori alpha-1,3 fucosyltransferase in engineered Escherichia coli. Glycoconj J 2001; 18:465-74. [PMID: 12084982 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016086118274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We report here the in vivo production of type 2 fucosylated-N-acetyllactosamine oligosaccharides in Escherichia coli. Lacto-N-neofucopentaose Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)Glc, lacto-N-neodifucohexaose Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)Glc-NAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)Glc, and lacto-N-neodifucooctaose Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)Glc were produced from lactose added in the culture medium. Two of them carry the Lewis X human antigen. High cell density cultivation allowed obtaining several grams of fucosylated oligosaccharides per liter of culture. The fucosylation reaction was catalyzed by an alpha-1,3 fucosyltransferase of Helicobacter pylori overexpressed in E. coli with the genes lgtAB of N. meningitidis. The strain was genetically engineered in order to provide GDP-fucose to the system, by genomic inactivation of gene wcaJ involved in colanic acid synthesis and overexpression of RcsA, positive regulator of the colanic acid operon. To prevent fucosylation at the glucosyl residue, lactulose Galbeta1-4Fru was assayed in replacement of lactose. Lactulose-derived oligosaccharides carrying fucose were synthesized and characterized. Fucosylation of the fructosyl residue was observed, indicating a poor acceptor specificity of the fucosyltransferase of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dumon
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales, 601 rue de la Chimie, BP53X, 38041 Grenoble cedex 09, France
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48
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Kneidinger B, Graninger M, Adam G, Puchberger M, Kosma P, Zayni S, Messner P. Identification of two GDP-6-deoxy-D-lyxo-4-hexulose reductases synthesizing GDP-D-rhamnose in Aneurinibacillus thermoaerophilus L420-91T. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:5577-83. [PMID: 11096116 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m010027200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycan repeats of the surface layer glycoprotein of Aneurinibacillus thermoaerophilus L420-91T contain d-rhamnose and 3-acetamido-3,6-dideoxy-d-galactose, both of which are also constituents of lipopolysaccharides of Gram-negative plant and human pathogenic bacteria. The two genes required for biosynthesis of the nucleotide-activated precursor GDP-d-rhamnose, gmd and rmd, were cloned, sequenced, and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The corresponding enzymes Gmd and Rmd were purified to homogeneity, and functional studies were performed. GDP-d-mannose dehydratase (Gmd) converted GDP-d-mannose to GDP-6-deoxy-d-lyxo-4-hexulose, with NADP+ as cofactor. The reductase Rmd catalyzed the second step in the pathway, namely the reduction of the keto-intermediate to the final product GDP-d-rhamnose using both NADH and NADPH as hydride donor. The elution behavior of the intermediate and end product was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to identify the structure of the final product of the reaction sequence as GDP-alpha-d-rhamnose. This is the first characterization of a GDP-6-deoxy-d-lyxo-4-hexulose reductase. In addition, Gmd has been shown to be a bifunctional enzyme with both dehydratase and reductase activities. So far, no enzyme catalyzing these two types of reactions has been identified. Both Gmd and Rmd are members of the SDR (short chain dehydrogenase/reductase) protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kneidinger
- Zentrum für Ultrastrukturforschung und Ludwig Boltzmann-Institut für Molekulare Nanotechnologie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, A-1180 Wien, Austria
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