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Nuss T, Chen YJM, Scully M, Hickey K, Martin J, Morley B. Australian adults' attitudes towards government actions to protect children from digital marketing of unhealthy food and drink products. Health Promot J Austr 2024; 35:332-339. [PMID: 37286359 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
ISSUE ADDRESSED This study assessed Australian adults' attitudes towards government actions to protect children from digital marketing of unhealthy food and drink products. METHODS An online survey was undertaken by Australian adults aged 18-64 recruited via two national panels in December 2019 (N = 2044). RESULTS Most respondents (69%) agreed the Government should protect children from unhealthy food and drink marketing and advertising broadly. Those who agreed most commonly indicated children should be protected up to age 16 (34%) or 18 (24%). There was widespread support for government actions to stop unhealthy food and drink marketing on digital platforms (e.g., internet sites) (68%-69%) and various digital marketing techniques (e.g., advertising by brands on social media) (56%-71%). A total ban on targeting unhealthy food and drink marketing to children online received the highest level of support (76%). Most respondents (81%) disagreed unhealthy food and drink companies should be able to collect children's personal information for marketing purposes. Support for examined actions was generally higher among older adults, more educated adults and more frequent internet users, lower among males, and similar between parents and non-parents. CONCLUSIONS There is public perception that the government is responsible for protecting children, well into adolescence, from unhealthy food and drink marketing broadly. Widespread public support extends to specific actions to reduce children's exposure to digital marketing of unhealthy food and drink products. SO WHAT?: Implementation of policies to protect children from digital marketing of unhealthy food and drink products would be well received by the Australian public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tegan Nuss
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yan Jun Michelle Chen
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maree Scully
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Jane Martin
- Food For Health Alliance, Victoria, Australia
| | - Belinda Morley
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Victoria, Australia
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Kelly B, Backholer K, Boyland E, Kent MP, Bragg MA, Karupaiah T, Ng S. Contemporary Approaches for Monitoring Food Marketing to Children to Progress Policy Actions. Curr Nutr Rep 2023; 12:14-25. [PMID: 36746878 PMCID: PMC9974707 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00450-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Protecting children from unhealthful food marketing is a global priority policy for improving population diets. Monitoring the nature and extent of children's exposure to this marketing is critical in policy development and implementation. This review summarises contemporary approaches to monitor the nature and extent of food marketing to support policy reform. RECENT FINDINGS Monitoring approaches vary depending on the stage of progress of related policy implementation, with resource implications and opportunity costs. Considerations include priority media/settings. marketing techniques assessed, approach to classifying foods, study design and if exposure assessments are based on media content analyses or are estimated or observed based on children's media use. Current evidence is largely limited to high-income countries and focuses on content analyses of TV advertising. Ongoing efforts are needed to support monitoring in low-resource settings and to progress monitoring to better capture children's actual exposures across media and settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Kelly
- Early Start, School of Health & Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
| | - Kathryn Backholer
- Global Centre for Preventive Health and Nutrition, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Emma Boyland
- Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Monique Potvin Kent
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Marie A Bragg
- Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tilakavati Karupaiah
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - SeeHoe Ng
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
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Matos JDP, Rodrigues MB, Duarte CK, Horta PM. A Scoping Review of Observational Studies on Food and Beverage Advertising on Social Media: A Public Health Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3615. [PMID: 36834312 PMCID: PMC9960697 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Popular social media platforms have been actively used by ultra-processed food companies to promote their products. Being exposed to this type of advertising increases the consumption of unhealthy foods and the risk of developing obesity and other non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Thus, monitoring commercial content on social media is a core public health practice. We aimed to characterize the methods used for monitoring food advertising on social media and summarize the investigated advertising strategies via a scoping review of observational studies. This study is reported according to the MOOSE Statement, and its protocol was registered with the PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (registration nº. CRD42020187740). Out of the 6093 citations retrieved, 26 met our eligibility criteria. The studies were published from 2014 to 2021, mostly after 2018. They focused on Australia, Facebook, strategies aimed at children and adolescents, and advertising practices of ultra-processed food companies. We grouped strategies in eight classes: post features (n = 18); connectivity and engagement (n = 18); economic advantages, gifts, or competitions (n = 14); claims (n = 14); promotional characters (n = 12); brand in evidence (n = 8); corporate social responsibility or philanthropy (n = 7); and COVID-19 (n = 3). We found similarities in the investigation of strategies regardless of the type of social media. Our findings can contribute to the designing of tools for monitoring studies and regulatory mechanisms to restrict the exposure of food advertising.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paula Martins Horta
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil
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Matos JDP, Rodrigues MB, Vandevijvere S, Claro RM, Horta PM. Global case study of digital marketing on social media by a top soda brand. Health Promot Int 2022; 37:6722723. [PMID: 36166269 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daac133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Big Soda segment is central in modern food systems, and they invest heavily in digital marketing, but little is known about it. We aimed to analyze the digital marketing on Facebook of the soda brand with a major worldwide reach. Countries were described in terms of soda brand presence and popularity on Facebook according to countries' socio-demographic index (SDI) and the market share of soda brand (%MS). From 149 countries, 57.0% had soda brand's Facebook page among the top five in the number of followers within the beverage segment. Among them, digital marketing was described by the number of the page followers, the number of posts, and the number of interactions (likes, comments and shares) that each post received by Facebook users. Also, we analyzed the characteristics, and the use of marketing strategies on posts in a random sample of 10% (n = 1217) of all posts. We found that soda brand's popularity on Facebook was higher among countries with higher SDI and higher %MS. Also, the number of users that engaged with soda brand's posts was higher among countries with lower SDI and higher brand's %MS. The brand's posts focus on young adults, display of brand's products and glorification of its attributes. Other identified features include sport-related thematic and appeals to socialization and healthy eating. In addition, posts' characteristics differed with countries' characteristics. Soda brand digital marketing varies according to countries' characterization and maintains the brand position on the global marketing of beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rafael Moreira Claro
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Paula Martins Horta
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Meléndez-Illanes L, González-Díaz C, Álvarez-Dardet C. Advertising of foods and beverages in social media aimed at children: high exposure and low control. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1795. [PMID: 36138364 PMCID: PMC9494888 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This work is aimed to describe the recent scientific literature developed in the food/beverage sector and social networks aimed at children and adolescents, as well as current regulations. Methods A rapid review of the studies on advertising and social media aimed at children, published from 2010 tp 2020 is carried out, following the established inclusion criteria. In addition, the regulations in the countries in which the studies were carried out were also reviewed. Results Of the 573 articles, 7 met these criteria. The great attraction of unhealthy foods for children is observed, who remembered and recognized a greater number of unhealthy food brands and, by extension, the ability to influence of communication in social networks. Each country has its own self-regulation, two (Ireland and USA) have legislation on children’s food advertising, and Australia has legislation that applies only to open television. However, none of the analyzed countries have specific regulations on food, children and media advertising. Conclusions Given the fact that there is evidence about the great attraction that social networks suppose for the child, that they are a stimulus for the consumption of food and that many of these foods are harmful to their health; we should work in two directions: 1) Promote public policies based on promoting healthy habits among minors; and 2) Monitor and implement regulations in commercial communication social media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Meléndez-Illanes
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile. .,Communication, Food and Consumption Research Group (FOODCO), Alicante, Spain.
| | - Cristina González-Díaz
- Communication, Food and Consumption Research Group (FOODCO), Alicante, Spain.,Department of Communication and Social Psychology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Carlos Álvarez-Dardet
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.,Public Health Research Group, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.,Biomedical Research Center in Epidemiology and Public Health Network (CIBERESP), University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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Nanchahal K, Vasiljevic M, Petticrew M. A content analysis of the aims, strategies, and effects of food and nonalcoholic drink advertising based on advertising industry case studies. Obes Sci Pract 2022; 8:208-218. [PMID: 35388346 PMCID: PMC8976544 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Placing limitations on advertising of food and nonalcoholic drinks to children is an effective strategy in addressing childhood obesity. The industry maintains that further restrictions are unnecessary. Aims To ascertain whether the advertising campaigns were successful according to the industry evaluations and more specifically the effects of marketing on children. Materials & Methods A total of 117 case studies (1980–2016) published by the advertising industry which evaluate the effects of advertising campaigns were reviewed. This industry data source had been previously used to analyze the effects of alcohol advertising campaigns. The nutrition profile of the products was assessed by applying the World Health Organisation Nutrition Profile model designed to restrict the marketing of foods and beverages to children. Results The food and drink industry advertising campaigns target specific consumers including children, use several persuasive marketing techniques (utilizing celebrities and gamification), often position unhealthy products as healthy, and lead to increased sales of the advertised product with good returns on investment. The health‐related claims made, and aspects of the campaigns related to the marketing of the products to children are summarized. Discussion Our analysis of food and non‐alcoholic drinks case studies aligns with similar analyses of tobacco and alcohol advertising Conclusion This analysis, based on internal industry data, presents important evidence on the effects of advertising on consumption‐related outcomes and the mechanisms by which they are achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Nanchahal
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London UK
| | | | - Mark Petticrew
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London UK
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Driessen C, Kelly B, Sing F, Backholer K. Parents' Perceptions of Children's Exposure to Unhealthy Food Marketing: a Narrative Review of the Literature. Curr Nutr Rep 2022; 11:9-18. [PMID: 35278205 PMCID: PMC8942884 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-021-00390-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review A key driver of unhealthy diets in children is the marketing of unhealthy foods and beverages. Attempts to regulate children’s exposure to unhealthy food marketing through government-led policies are challenged by commercial interests. Parents shoulder the responsibility of counteracting the effects of omnipresent unhealthy food marketing that children are exposed to within the food environment. In this narrative review we aimed to synthesise the evidence over the last 10 years on parents' perceptions of children’s exposure to unhealthy food marketing and parents support for policies to restrict this marketing. Recent Findings The evidence indicates that unhealthy food marketing leads parents to feel undermined in their ability to provide healthy foods to their children. Despite this concern, parents tend to underestimate the levels of exposure to, and impacts of, unhealthy food marketing to their children, especially in the digital ecosystem. Summary The voices and support of parents represent a significant opportunity to accelerate policy action on food marketing. Increasing awareness among parents and caregivers to the high levels and harmful impacts of children’s exposure to unhealthy food marketing, focusing on their right not to be undermined by such action, may drive support for policy change. Further research is needed to understand parents’ attitudes and perceptions related to their children’s exposure to contemporary unhealthy food marketing, specifically in digital environments, and the perspectives of fathers and parents from low and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Driessen
- Deakin University, Institute for Health Transformation, Global Obesity Centre, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Bridget Kelly
- Early Start, School of Health & Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Fiona Sing
- School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kathryn Backholer
- Deakin University, Institute for Health Transformation, Global Obesity Centre, Geelong, Australia
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Tsai KA, Cassidy O, Arshonsky J, Bond S, Del Giudice IM, Bragg MA. COVID-washing in U.S. food and beverage marketing on Twitter: A content analysis (Preprint). JMIR Form Res 2022; 6:e37642. [PMID: 36040957 PMCID: PMC9578516 DOI: 10.2196/37642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Food companies have increased digital and social media ad expenditures during the COVID-19 pandemic, capitalizing on the coinciding increase in social media use during the pandemic. The extent of pandemic-related social media advertising and marketing tactics have been previously reported. No studies, however, have evaluated how food and beverage companies used COVID-washing on social media posts in the United States or analyzed the nutritional content of advertised food and beverage products. This study was designed to address these gaps by evaluating how food and beverage companies capitalize on the COVID-19 pandemic to promote unhealthy foods and sugary beverages. Objective We aimed to document the types and frequencies of COVID-19–related themes in US food and beverage companies’ Twitter posts during the first wave of the pandemic in the United States, and assess the nutritional quality of food and beverage products featured in these tweets. Methods Research assistants visited the Twitter accounts of the most-marketed food and beverage brands, and screen-captured all tweets posted between March 1 and May 31, 2020. Researchers documented the date of the tweet; the number of likes, views, comments, and “retweets”; and the type of food and beverage products. We coded tweets for the following 10 COVID-19 themes: (1) social distancing, staying home, or working remotely; (2) contactless delivery or pick-up; (3) handwashing or sanitizing; (4) masks; (5) safety or protection; (6) staying connected with others; (7) staying active; (8) frontline or essential workers; (9) monetary relief, donations, or unemployment; and (10) pandemic, unprecedented, or difficult times. Researchers calculated the nutrient profile index scores for featured foods and sorted beverages into categories based on sugar content. Results Our final sample included 874 COVID-19–themed tweets from 52 food and beverage brands. Social distancing themes appeared most frequently (n=367, 42%), followed by pandemic, unprecedented, or difficult times (n=246, 28.2%), and contactless delivery (n=237, 27.1%). The majority of tweets (n=682, 78%) promoted foods and beverages. Among those tweets featuring foods and beverages, 89.6% (n=611) promoted unhealthy products, whereas 17.2% (n=117) promoted healthy products. Conclusions Our findings point to a concerning marketing tactic in which major food and beverage companies promote unhealthy foods and sugary beverages during the COVID-19 pandemic. Given that nutrition-related diseases such as obesity and diabetes
are risk factors for COVID-19 morbidity and mortality, food and beverage companies should reduce the promotion of unhealthy products to help decrease the prevalence of health conditions that place people at higher risk for severe illness and death due to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystle A Tsai
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Omni Cassidy
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Josh Arshonsky
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Sara Bond
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Inés M Del Giudice
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Marie A Bragg
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, United States
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Rozas L, Castronuovo L, Busse P, Mus S, Barnoya J, Garrón A, Tiscornia MV, Guanieri L. Data on the Facebook marketing strategies used by fast-food chains in four Latin American countries during the COVID-19 lockdowns. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:463. [PMID: 34930460 PMCID: PMC8686095 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05870-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES During the COVID-19 pandemic, most countries implemented lockdowns that motivated changes in the dietary patterns, physical activity, and body mass index (BMI) of consumers worldwide, as well as the emergence of new food marketing strategies in social media. We sought to design and validate a methodology for monitoring and evaluating the Facebook marketing strategies of multinational fast-food chains in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. DATA DESCRIPTION We developed three datasets. First, a dataset with the Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) of 1015 Facebook posts of five fast-food chains present in Argentina, Bolivia, Guatemala, and Peru. Second, a dataset of 106 content-analyzed posts we used in a pilot to determine intercoder reliability using statistical tests. Third, a dataset of a final sample of the 1015 content-analyzed posts that we used to determine the variables most frequently used. Following a mixed-methods approach, we developed 29 variables that recorded general information, as well as the marketing strategies we identified in the posts, including 14 COVID-19 specific variables. These data should help to monitor the social media marketing strategies that fast-food chains have introduced during the COVID-19 lockdowns, thus providing initial evidence about how they could be contributing to an unhealthy food environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucila Rozas
- Instituto de Investigación Científica, Grupo de Investigación en Comunicación y Salud, Universidad de Lima, 4600 Javier Prado Este Avenue, Tower A, 11th Floor, 15023 Lima, Peru
| | - Luciana Castronuovo
- Fundación Interamericana del Corazón Argentina (FIC-Argentina), Arévalo 2364—1 A, C1425DBR Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Peter Busse
- Instituto de Investigación Científica, Grupo de Investigación en Comunicación y Salud, Carrera de Comunicación, Universidad de Lima, 4600 Javier Prado Este Avenue, Tower A, 11th Floor, 15023 Lima, Peru
| | - Sophia Mus
- Departamento de Investigación, Unidad de Cirugía Cardiovascular de Guatemala, 9a Av 8-00 zona 11, Ciudad de Guatemala, 01011 Guatemala
| | - Joaquín Barnoya
- Departamento de Investigación, Unidad de Cirugía Cardiovascular de Guatemala, 9a Av 8-00 zona 11, Ciudad de Guatemala, 01011 Guatemala
| | - Alejandra Garrón
- Fundación Interamericana del Corazón—Bolivia, Mariscal Santa Cruz Avenue, La Primera Building, Tower B, 10th Floor, Office No. 7, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - María Victoria Tiscornia
- Fundación Interamericana del Corazón Argentina (FIC-Argentina), Arévalo 2364—1 A, C1425DBR Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leila Guanieri
- Fundación Interamericana del Corazón Argentina (FIC-Argentina), Arévalo 2364—1 A, C1425DBR Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Tatlow-Golden M, Jewell J, Zhiteneva O, Wickramasinghe K, Breda J, Boyland E. Rising to the challenge: Introducing protocols to monitor food marketing to children from the World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. Obes Rev 2021; 22 Suppl 6:e13212. [PMID: 34184400 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Unhealthy marketing has been unequivocally linked to children's food preferences, requests, purchases and eating behaviors and hence to childhood obesity. Regulating children's exposure to such marketing has been identified as a key challenge to which States must rise. Regulation mandates the need for monitoring and hence for credible data that are comparable between countries, regions and across time. However, there are major challenges presented by the complexity of the digital marketing ecosystem including the personalized targeting with persuasive, exploitative advertising to which children are subject. This narrative review identifies challenges faced by researchers in the digital ecosystem; reviews recent papers attempting to address these and specifies benefits and limitations; and introduces a set of WHO protocols with templates and guidance for studies of food marketing to children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Tatlow-Golden
- Faculty of Wellbeing, Education and Language Studies, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Jo Jewell
- World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Olga Zhiteneva
- World Health Organization (WHO) European Office for Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Kremlin Wickramasinghe
- World Health Organization (WHO) European Office for Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - João Breda
- World Health Organization (WHO) European Office for Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Emma Boyland
- Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Keeble M, Adams J, Vanderlee L, Hammond D, Burgoine T. Associations between online food outlet access and online food delivery service use amongst adults in the UK: a cross-sectional analysis of linked data. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1968. [PMID: 34719382 PMCID: PMC8557109 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11953-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Online food delivery services facilitate 'online' access to food outlets that typically sell lenergy-dense nutrient-poor food. Greater online food outlet access might be related to the use of this purchasing format and living with excess bodyweight, however, this is not known. We aimed to investigate the association between aspects of online food outlet access and online food delivery service use, and differences according to customer sociodemographic characteristics, as well as the association between the number of food outlets accessible online and bodyweight. METHODS In 2019, we used an automated data collection method to collect data on all food outlets in the UK registered with the leading online food delivery service Just Eat (n = 33,204). We linked this with contemporaneous data on food purchasing, bodyweight, and sociodemographic information collected through the International Food Policy Study (analytic sample n = 3067). We used adjusted binomial logistic, linear, and multinomial logistic regression models to examine associations. RESULTS Adults in the UK had online access to a median of 85 food outlets (IQR: 34-181) and 85 unique types of cuisine (IQR: 64-108), and 15.1% reported online food delivery service use in the previous week. Those with the greatest number of accessible food outlets (quarter four, 182-879) had 71% greater odds of online food delivery service use (OR: 1.71; 95% CI: 1.09, 2.68) compared to those with the least (quarter one, 0-34). This pattern was evident amongst adults with a university degree (OR: 2.11; 95% CI: 1.15, 3.85), adults aged between 18 and 29 years (OR: 3.27, 95% CI: 1.59, 6.72), those living with children (OR: 1.94; 95% CI: 1.01; 3.75), and females at each level of increased exposure. We found no association between the number of unique types of cuisine accessible online and online food delivery service use, or between the number of food outlets accessible online and bodyweight. CONCLUSIONS The number of food outlets accessible online is positively associated with online food delivery service use. Adults with the highest education, younger adults, those living with children, and females, were particularly susceptible to the greatest online food outlet access. Further research is required to investigate the possible health implications of online food delivery service use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Keeble
- grid.5335.00000000121885934MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Jean Adams
- grid.5335.00000000121885934MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Lana Vanderlee
- grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390École de Nutrition, Université Laval, Pavillon des Services, bureau 2729-E, 2440 boul. Hochelaga, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - David Hammond
- grid.46078.3d0000 0000 8644 1405School of Public Health and Health Systems, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Thomas Burgoine
- grid.5335.00000000121885934MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
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How food companies use social media to influence policy debates: a framework of Australian ultra-processed food industry Twitter data. Public Health Nutr 2021; 24:3124-3135. [PMID: 33222709 PMCID: PMC9884788 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980020003353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand if, and how, Australian ultra-processed food industry actors use Twitter to influence food and health policy debates and produce a conceptual framework to describe such influence. DESIGN Twitter data of prominent industry actors were defined through purposive sampling and inductively coded to investigate possible influence on food and health policy debates. These are described using descriptive statistics and coded extracts. SETTING Australia. PARTICIPANTS Twitter accounts of nine prominent ultra-processed food industry actors, including major trade associations. RESULTS Ultra-processed food industry actors actively used Twitter to influence food and health policy debates. Seven overarching strategies were identified: co-opting public health narratives; opposing regulation; supporting voluntary, co- or self-regulation; engaging policy processes and decision-makers; linking regulatory environments to the need for ongoing profitability; affecting public perceptions and value judgements; and using ignorance claims to distort policy narratives. Each lobbying strategy is underpinned with tactics described throughout and captured in a framework. CONCLUSIONS The current study creates a framework to monitor how food industry actors can use social media to influence food and health policy debates. As such, social media appears to be not only an important commercial determinant of health for brand marketing, but also an extension of lobbying practices to reshape public perceptions of corporate conduct and policy-making.
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Soltero EG, Jáuregui A, Hernandez E, Barquera S, Jáuregui E, López-Taylor JR, Ortiz-Hernández L, Lévesque L, Lee RE. Associations between Screen-Based Activities, Physical Activity, and Dietary Habits in Mexican Schoolchildren. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18136788. [PMID: 34202680 PMCID: PMC8297222 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Screen-based activities are associated with increased risk of obesity and contribute to physical inactivity and poor dietary habits. The primary aim of this study was to examine the associations among screen-based activities, physical activity, and dietary habits in school-aged children in Guadalajara, Puerto Vallarta, and Mexico City, Mexico. The secondary aim was to examine these associations across sex. The School Physical Activity and Nutrition survey was used to assess screen-based activities (TV watching, video game use, computer use), physical activity, and dietary habits. Organized activity/sports participation, unhealthy dietary habits, and household income were correlated with screen-based activities. While TV watching was associated with decreased participation in organized activity/sports participation, computer and video game use was associated with increased organized activity/sports participation. Boys engaged in more TV watching and video game use compared to girls. All screen-based activities were associated with age among boys; whereas video game and computer use were associated with higher income among girls. These findings suggest a need for sex- and age-specific strategies that acknowledge the differential use of screen-based activities across sex and age. Future research should continue to identify underlying correlates linking screen-based activities with health behaviors to inform strategies to reduce screen-time in Mexican children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica G. Soltero
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Alejandra Jáuregui
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad No. 655 Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico; (A.J.); (S.B.)
| | - Edith Hernandez
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Simón Barquera
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad No. 655 Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico; (A.J.); (S.B.)
| | - Edtna Jáuregui
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas a la Actividad Física y Deporte, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Independencia Oriente, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (E.J.); (J.R.L.-T.)
- Departamento Medicina Preventiva, Secretaria de Salud, Dr. Baeza Alzaga #107, Colonia Centro, Mexico City 44100, Mexico
| | - Juan Ricardo López-Taylor
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas a la Actividad Física y Deporte, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Independencia Oriente, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (E.J.); (J.R.L.-T.)
| | - Luis Ortiz-Hernández
- Departamento de Atención a la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, Delegación Coyoacán, Xochimilco, Distrito Federal 04960, Mexico;
| | - Lucie Lévesque
- School of Kinesiology & Health Studies, Queen’s University, 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON K7L3N6, Canada;
| | - Rebecca E. Lee
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, 550 N. 3rd Street, Phoenix, AZ 77092, USA;
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Gascoyne C, Scully M, Wakefield M, Morley B. Food and drink marketing on social media and dietary intake in Australian adolescents: Findings from a cross-sectional survey. Appetite 2021; 166:105431. [PMID: 34062174 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Unhealthy food and drink marketing is prominent on social media and use of such platforms is widespread among adolescents. This study aims to examine the association between exposure to and engagement with food or drink advertisements on social media and unhealthy food and drink intake in Australian adolescents. In 2018, a representative sample of secondary school students aged 12-17 years (N = 8708) self-reported how frequently they saw food or drink advertisements on social media (exposure), 'liked' or 'shared' food or drink posts (engagement), and consumption of various unhealthy food and drinks. Multilevel logistic regression assessed the association between exposure to and engagement with food marketing on social media and high intake of unhealthy food and drinks. Fifty-five percent of students reported seeing a food or drink advertisement on social media at least weekly, while engagement was less frequent. Exposure to a food or drink advertisement on social media at least once in the last week was associated with a high intake of unhealthy drinks, while liking or sharing a food or drink post at least once in the last month was associated with a high intake of unhealthy food and drinks (all p < 0.01). As frequency of engagement with this type of marketing increased, so too did the likelihood of a high intake of unhealthy food and drinks. The association between exposure to and engagement with food or drink marketing and high unhealthy drink intake was driven by males, while all associations persisted irrespective of age. Holding manufacturers to higher standards in their digital marketing of unhealthy food and drink products through improved policy design and enforcement capability may be crucial in enabling young individuals to maintain a healthy diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gascoyne
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia.
| | - Maree Scully
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia.
| | - Melanie Wakefield
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Belinda Morley
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia.
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15
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Ventura V, Cavaliere A, Iannò B. #Socialfood: Virtuous or vicious? A systematic review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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Janati A, Khodayari-Zarnaq R, Khanijahani A, Khoshbaten M, Ghamkhar A, Kabiri N. Adherence to the new policy framework of the World Cancer Research Fund International in developing a policy package for the prevention of gastrointestinal cancers in Iran: a Delphi study. Glob Health Action 2021; 14:1978661. [PMID: 34586047 PMCID: PMC8491721 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2021.1978661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal cancers in Iran are among the major non-communicable diseases with a considerable burden on the health system. Changes in lifestyles as well as environmental factors have resulted in the emergence of these cancers. OBJECTIVE To elicit and quantitatively verify experts' opinions regarding the potential public health impact, feasibility, economic impact, and budgetary impact of gastrointestinal cancer prevention policies in Iran. METHODS Sixteen experts from Iran were recruited in an email-based, two-round Delphi study. In each round, a questionnaire of policy options for preventing gastrointestinal cancers, which adhered to the new policy framework of the World Cancer Research Fund International, was given to participants. In the first round, experts were asked to provide opinions for and against the policy options. The second round evaluated the policy options for their public health impact, feasibility, economic impact, and budgetary impact. RESULTS A total of 32 policy options were organized based on three domains: health-enhancing environments, system changes, and behavior change communications. Of the 32 policy options, there were consensus in 31 (96%) and 30 (93%) options for public health impact and feasibility, respectively. On study completion, experts reached a consensus in 29 of 32 (90%) policy options for economic impact; only on 26 (81%) of these policy options did participants reached consensus for budgetary impact. CONCLUSION Findings indicated that although nearly all policy options reached a consensus for their public health impact, some options are not feasible or do not appear to have an economic rationale for being implemented. Moreover, it is crucial to take into account the inter-sectoral collaboration between health and non-health sectors. Findings from this study can be helpful for health policymakers in identifying support for evidence-informed approaches regarding gastrointestinal cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Janati
- Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management, Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rahim Khodayari-Zarnaq
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Khanijahani
- Department of Health Administration and Public Health, John G. Rangos School of Health Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Manouchehr Khoshbaten
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Ghamkhar
- School of Nursing and Allied Medical Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Neda Kabiri
- Research Center for Evidence based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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17
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Heiss R, Naderer B, Matthes J. Healthwashing in high-sugar food advertising: the effect of prior information on healthwashing perceptions in Austria. Health Promot Int 2020; 36:1029-1038. [PMID: 33855341 PMCID: PMC8405248 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daaa086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of exceeding levels of sugar consumption, some food companies advertise high-sugar products using inappropriate and misleading health claims (i.e. healthwashing). To reduce sugar consumption, consumers need to recognize what these healthwashed claims are. This study investigates how prior sugar-related health information moderates the effect of exposure to healthwashed advertisements (ads) on healthwashing perceptions and how such perceptions are related to attitudes towards product consumption. We conducted a 2 × 2 online experiment with 292 adult participants in Austria. We manipulated the presence of healthwashing and participants’ prior sugar-related health information. The results indicated that exposure to healthwashed ads increased healthwashing perceptions only when the participants received additional health information prior to ad exposure, whereas no significant effect was found when the participants did not receive such prior health information. Healthwashing perceptions were then negatively related to individuals’ attitudes towards product consumption. Based on these results, the study suggests that public access to health-related information might play an important role in empowering consumers to detect inappropriate health claims and become more critical towards food companies’ underlying strategies in ads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffael Heiss
- Center for Social and Health Innovation, Management Center Innsbruck (MCI), Universitätsstraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Brigitte Naderer
- Department of Media and Communication, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oettingenstrasse 67, 80538 Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Matthes
- Department of Communication, University of Vienna, Waehringer Straße 29, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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18
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Ronto R, Carins J, Ball L, Pendergast D, Harris N. Adolescents' views on high school food environments. Health Promot J Austr 2020; 32:458-466. [PMID: 32619026 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ISSUE ADDRESSED This study explored adolescents' views on high school food environments and potential strategies to help them to make informed food choices. METHODS Fifteen focus groups were conducted with 131 adolescents aged 12-17 years from three high schools in South East Queensland, Australia. Adolescents were asked how their school food environment (dis)encouraged them to eat healthy and what schools could do to help them eat healthier. All focus groups were audio recorded. Data were analysed using content and thematic data analysis methods. RESULTS Four major themes emerged: food availability and affordability; food related policy and regulations; nutrition education; and attitudes, preferences and practices. Adolescents stated that nutrition education within the school curriculum and positive role modelling by peers and school staff in healthy eating were the major factors in helping them to make informed food choices. In contrast, high availability, affordability, fundraising, peer pressure, positive attitudes and negative role modelling towards unhealthy foods impacted unhealthy dietary behaviours. CONCLUSIONS Emerging results indicate that adolescents do not perceive the current high school food environments as helping them to make healthy food choices. Adolescents suggested limiting unhealthy foods in high schools by implementing strict food and beverage policies, compulsory nutrition education classes and changing attitudes towards healthy foods as strategies to improve high school food environments. SO WHAT?: This study highlights the importance of high school food environments in impacting adolescents' food choices. Strategies identified by adolescents inform public health practitioners and school authorities on how high school food environments could be tailored to help them in making better food choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimante Ronto
- Department of Health Systems and Populations, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Julia Carins
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Scottsdale, TAS, Australia.,Social Marketing @ Griffith, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Lauren Ball
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Donna Pendergast
- School of Education and Professional Studies, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Neil Harris
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
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19
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What makes a beverage healthy? A qualitative study of young adults’ conceptualisation of sugar-containing beverage healthfulness. Appetite 2020; 150:104675. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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20
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Bragg MA, Pageot YK, Amico A, Miller AN, Gasbarre A, Rummo PE, Elbel B. Fast food, beverage, and snack brands on social media in the United States: An examination of marketing techniques utilized in 2000 brand posts. Pediatr Obes 2020; 15:e12606. [PMID: 31875654 PMCID: PMC9743983 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to food advertisements is associated with poor diet among youth, and food and beverage companies are increasingly advertising on social media sites that are popular among youth. OBJECTIVE To identify the prevalence of social media advertising among fast food, beverage, and snack companies and examine advertising techniques they use on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, and Vine. METHODS We quantified the increase in the creation of social media accounts from 2007 to 2016 among 200 fast food, beverage, and snack brands from the United States. We conducted content analyses to examine the marketing themes and healthfulness of products featured in 2000 posts from a subset of 20 brands and used multilevel regression to assess associations between marketing themes (eg, adolescents socializing) and interactive tools (eg, hashtags). RESULTS Two hundred brands collectively managed 568 accounts in 2016. Content analyses revealed that unique social media features (eg, geo-tags) appeared in 74.5% (n = 1489) of posts, and 31.5% (n = 630) were interactive. Posts featuring adolescents were more likely to be interactive than posts featuring adults (P < 0.001). Two-thirds (67.9%; n = 362) of foods shown were unhealthy, and 61.2% (n = 435) of beverages were sugar sweetened. CONCLUSIONS Social media food advertising is pervasive and uses interactive tools to engage with users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A. Bragg
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York,College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Yrvane K. Pageot
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Angela Amico
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Alysa N. Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago
| | - Angela Gasbarre
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Pasquale E. Rummo
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Brian Elbel
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York,Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, New York University, New York, New York
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21
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Timpel P, Harst L, Reifegerste D, Weihrauch-Blüher S, Schwarz PEH. What should governments be doing to prevent diabetes throughout the life course? Diabetologia 2019; 62:1842-1853. [PMID: 31451873 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-4941-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Health systems and governments are increasingly required to implement measures that target at-risk populations to prevent noncommunicable diseases. In this review we lay out what governments should be doing to prevent diabetes throughout the life course. The following four target groups were used to structure the specific recommendations: (1) pregnant women and young families, (2) children and adolescents, (3) working age population, and (4) the elderly. The evidence to date supports the effectiveness of some known government policy measures, such as sugar taxes and regulatory measures in the (pre-)school setting for children and adolescents. Many of these appear to be more effective if they are part of a bundle of strategies and if they are supplemented by communication strategies. Although there is a current focus on strategies that target the individual, governments can make use of evidence-based population-level prevention strategies. More research and continuous evaluation of the overall and subgroup-specific effectiveness of policy strategies using high-quality longitudinal studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Timpel
- Department for Prevention and Care of Diabetes, Department of Medicine III, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Lorenz Harst
- Research Association Public Health Saxony/Center for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Doreen Reifegerste
- Department of Media and Communication Science, University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany
| | - Susann Weihrauch-Blüher
- Department of Pediatrics I, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Peter E H Schwarz
- Department for Prevention and Care of Diabetes, Department of Medicine III, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
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22
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Jaichuen N, Vongmongkol V, Suphanchaimat R, Sasiwatpaisit N, Tangcharoensathien V. Food Marketing in Facebook to Thai Children and Youth: An Assessment of the Efficacy of Thai Regulations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16071204. [PMID: 30987198 PMCID: PMC6480386 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16071204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
To assess the marketing of food on Facebook in relation to Government regulations and the industry's self-regulatory codes in Thailand, Facebook pages of 30 of the most popular food brands with young people in Thailand and consumer engagement (number of likes, shares, and comments) were recorded and had their marketing content transcribed during the month of December 2017. We coded the contents into 17 marketing techniques and conducted content analysis of these posts in relation to Government regulations and the industry's self-regulatory codes. A total 752 posts were identified in one month. Retail food brand pages had the highest figures for engagement by Facebook viewers. The most common marketing techniques were the use of pictures (632 posts), followed by branding elements (569 posts) and hashtags (438 posts). Out of a total of 228 spot advert posts, all confectionery adverts and almost all (99.5%) soft drink adverts did not display the advertising license number and none of the confectionery adverts displayed the warning messages as required by law. Confectionery, retail food, and soft drink advertising violated the industry's self-regulatory codes. The food brand Facebook pages in Thailand do not comply with Government regulations and the industry's self-regulatory codes. The Government, civil society organizations, and academia should monitor these violations and improve enforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nongnuch Jaichuen
- International Health Policy Program (IHPP), The Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand.
| | - Vuthiphan Vongmongkol
- International Health Policy Program (IHPP), The Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand.
| | - Rapeepong Suphanchaimat
- International Health Policy Program (IHPP), The Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand.
- Bureau of Epidemiology, Department of Disease Control, The Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand.
| | - Nonglapat Sasiwatpaisit
- International Health Policy Program (IHPP), The Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand.
| | - Viroj Tangcharoensathien
- International Health Policy Program (IHPP), The Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand.
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23
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Vergeer L, Vanderlee L, Potvin Kent M, Mulligan C, L'Abbé MR. The effectiveness of voluntary policies and commitments in restricting unhealthy food marketing to Canadian children on food company websites. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 44:74-82. [PMID: 30273499 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Marketing unhealthy foods and beverages to children (M2K) fosters poor dietary patterns, increasing obesity and noncommunicable disease risk. Federal restrictions on M2K have been under development in Canada since 2016; however, at present, M2K is mostly self-regulated by food companies. This study aimed to compare M2K on Canadian websites of food companies with and without voluntary policies or commitments in this area. A systematic content analysis of company websites was conducted in spring/summer 2017 for major packaged food (n = 16), beverage (n = 12), and restaurant chain (n = 13) companies in Canada. M2K policies were sourced from company websites and published corporate documents. Sixteen companies (43%) reported national and/or global M2K policies, while 21 companies (57%) had no published policies. The websites of Canadian companies (n = 154) were scanned for child-directed products and marketing; type and frequency of marketing techniques were recorded. Child-directed marketing appeared on 19 websites of 12 companies (32%), including 9 companies with M2K policies. Websites featured products with unconventional flavours, colours, shapes, or child-oriented packaging, and used promotional characters, contests, games, activities, or lettering and graphics appealing to children. The nutritional quality of products marketed to children was evaluated using a nutrient profile model developed by Health Canada for proposed M2K regulations. Of the 217 products marketed to children, 97% exceeded Health Canada's proposed ∼5% Daily Value threshold for saturated fat, sodium, and/or sugars, 73% of which were products from 9 companies with policies. These findings highlight the limitations of self-regulation in restricting M2K on food company websites, reinforcing the need for government regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vergeer
- a Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Lana Vanderlee
- a Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Monique Potvin Kent
- b School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1G 5Z3, Canada
| | - Christine Mulligan
- a Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Mary R L'Abbé
- a Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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24
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Like and share: associations between social media engagement and dietary choices in children. Public Health Nutr 2018; 21:3210-3215. [DOI: 10.1017/s1368980018001866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveTo examine whether social media and online behaviours are associated with unhealthy food and beverage consumption in children.DesignA cross-sectional online survey was used to assess Internet and social media use, including engagement with food and beverage brand content, and frequency of consumption of unhealthy foods and beverages. Linear regression models were used to examine associations between online behaviours, including engagement with food and beverage brand content, and consumption of unhealthy foods and beverages, adjusting for age, sex and socio-economic status.SettingNew South Wales, Australia, in 2014.SubjectsChildren aged 10–16 years (n417).ResultsWatching food brand video content on YouTube, purchasing food online and seeing favourite food brands advertised online were significantly associated with higher frequency of consumption of unhealthy foods and drinks after adjustment for age, sex and socio-economic status.ConclusionsChildren who have higher online engagement with food brands and content, particularly through online video, are more likely to consume unhealthy foods and drinks. Our findings highlight the need to include social media in regulations and policies designed to limit children’s exposure to unhealthy food marketing. Social media companies have a greater role to play in protecting children from advertising.
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25
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Brownbill AL, Miller CL, Braunack-Mayer AJ. The marketing of sugar-sweetened beverages to young people on Facebook. Aust N Z J Public Health 2018; 42:354-360. [DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aimee L. Brownbill
- School of Public Health; The University of Adelaide; South Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute
| | - Caroline L. Miller
- School of Public Health; The University of Adelaide; South Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute
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26
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Barquera S, Hernández-Barrera L, Rothenberg SJ, Cifuentes E. The obesogenic environment around elementary schools: food and beverage marketing to children in two Mexican cities. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:461. [PMID: 29625608 PMCID: PMC5889561 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5374-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Unhealthy environments and food advertisements are major determinants of childhood obesity. Recent regulation has banned unhealthy foods from schools in Mexico. However, currently there is no regulation limiting exposure to food marketing around schools. Thus, our objective was to analyze the characteristics of food advertising practices around 60 elementary schools in two cities and to evaluate compliance with the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) recommendations and the local food industry self-regulatory marketing code. Methods Data were collected during the period of October 2012 to March 2013. A random sample of elementary schools was selected from two Mexican cities. Using geographic information systems, we drew a 100-m-diameter buffer around each school. Trained personnel obtained photographs to assess the locations and types of food advertisements. Our results were stratified by school type and by indicators of compliance with the PAHO and industry recommendations. We developed a multivariate negative binomial regression model to determine factors predicting the number of advertisements around schools. Results The number of advertisements was significantly higher around public schools than around private schools (6.5 ± 5.6 vs. 2.4 ± 3.5, p < 0.05). Printed posters were the most common type of marketing medium (97%), showing mostly sugar-sweetened beverages, sweet breads, candies, and bottled water. Promotions, such as special prices or gifts, were included on 30% of printed posters. Food advertising practices were often in compliance with industry recommendations (83%) but not with those from the PAHO (32%) (p < 0.001). Conclusion Our results support the importance of monitoring the obesogenic environment and identifying policy tools to protect children from food marketing not only inside schools but also around them, particularly in lower income communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simón Barquera
- Nutrition and Health Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Lucia Hernández-Barrera
- Nutrition and Health Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Stephen J Rothenberg
- Center for Research in Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Enrique Cifuentes
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Ultra-processed food product brands on Facebook pages: highly accessed by Brazilians through their marketing techniques. Public Health Nutr 2018; 21:1515-1519. [DOI: 10.1017/s1368980018000083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveTo analyse the content and extent of marketing of ultra-processed food products (UPP) and their brand pages on Facebook, which are highly accessed by Brazilians.DesignDescriptive.SettingSixteen UPP brand pages on Facebook were selected from 250 pages that were the most liked by Brazilians in October 2015.SubjectsWe analysed the frequency of ‘likes’ and members ‘talking about’ each one of the pages, in addition to fifteen marketing techniques used in the previous year (September 2014 to October 2015). The number of posts, likes, ‘shares’ and ‘commentaries’, and the mean number of likes, shares and commentaries per post, were collected for one month, from 23 September to 23 October 2015.ResultsThe two most liked pages were: Coke® (93 673 979 likes) and McDonald’s® (59 749 819 likes). Regarding the number of people talking about the pages, McDonald’s led with 555 891 commentaries, followed by Coke (287 274), Burger King® (246 148) and Kibon® (244 523). All pages used marketing techniques, which included photos, user conversations, presence of brand elements and links. Videos were observed on 93·8 % of the pages; promotions on 68·8 %; and celebrities on 62·5 %. In one month, Garoto®, Outback® and Coke were brands that published more than one post per day. Kibon achieved the highest ratio of likes per post (285 845·50) and Burger King had the highest mean shares per post (10 083·93), including commentaries per post (7958·13).ConclusionsUPP marketing is extensively used on Facebook pages and is highly accessed by Brazilians, with UPP companies employing a diversity of marketing strategies.
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Velardo S, Drummond M. Australian children's perceptions of discretionary foods. Appetite 2018; 120:43-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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