1
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Michel MA, Scutts S, Komander D. Secondary interactions in ubiquitin-binding domains achieve linkage or substrate specificity. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114545. [PMID: 39052481 PMCID: PMC11372445 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-binding domains (UBDs) recognize small surface patches on ubiquitin with weak affinity, and it remains a conundrum how specific cellular responses may be achieved. Npl4-type zinc-finger (NZF) domains are ∼30 amino acid, compact UBDs that can provide two ubiquitin-binding interfaces, imposing linkage specificity to explain signaling outcomes. We here comprehensively characterize the linkage preference of human NZF domains. TAB2 prefers Lys6 and Lys63 linkages phosphorylated on Ser65, explaining why TAB2 recognizes depolarized mitochondria. Surprisingly, most NZF domains do not display chain linkage preference, despite conserved, secondary interaction surfaces. This suggests that some NZF domains may specifically bind ubiquitinated substrates by simultaneously recognizing substrate and an attached ubiquitin. We show biochemically and structurally that the NZF1 domain of the E3 ligase HOIPbinds preferentially to site-specifically ubiquitinated forms of NEMO and optineurin. Thus, despite their small size, UBDs may impose signaling specificity via multivalent interactions with ubiquitinated substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Michel
- Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, CB2 0QH Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Scutts
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department for Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - David Komander
- Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, CB2 0QH Cambridge, UK; The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department for Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
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2
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DiRusso CJ, DeMaria AM, Wong J, Wang W, Jordanides JJ, Whitty A, Allen KN, Gilmore TD. A conserved core region of the scaffold NEMO is essential for signal-induced conformational change and liquid-liquid phase separation. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105396. [PMID: 37890781 PMCID: PMC10694592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Scaffold proteins help mediate interactions between protein partners, often to optimize intracellular signaling. Herein, we use comparative, biochemical, biophysical, molecular, and cellular approaches to investigate how the scaffold protein NEMO contributes to signaling in the NF-κB pathway. Comparison of NEMO and the related protein optineurin from a variety of evolutionarily distant organisms revealed that a central region of NEMO, called the Intervening Domain (IVD), is conserved between NEMO and optineurin. Previous studies have shown that this central core region of the IVD is required for cytokine-induced activation of IκB kinase (IKK). We show that the analogous region of optineurin can functionally replace the core region of the NEMO IVD. We also show that an intact IVD is required for the formation of disulfide-bonded dimers of NEMO. Moreover, inactivating mutations in this core region abrogate the ability of NEMO to form ubiquitin-induced liquid-liquid phase separation droplets in vitro and signal-induced puncta in vivo. Thermal and chemical denaturation studies of truncated NEMO variants indicate that the IVD, while not intrinsically destabilizing, can reduce the stability of surrounding regions of NEMO due to the conflicting structural demands imparted on this region by flanking upstream and downstream domains. This conformational strain in the IVD mediates allosteric communication between the N- and C-terminal regions of NEMO. Overall, these results support a model in which the IVD of NEMO participates in signal-induced activation of the IKK/NF-κB pathway by acting as a mediator of conformational changes in NEMO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony M DeMaria
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Judy Wong
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jack J Jordanides
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adrian Whitty
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen N Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Thomas D Gilmore
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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3
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DiRusso CJ, DeMaria AM, Wong J, Jordanides JJ, Whitty A, Allen KN, Gilmore TD. A Conserved Core Region of the Scaffold NEMO is Essential for Signal-induced Conformational Change and Liquid-liquid Phase Separation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.25.542299. [PMID: 37292615 PMCID: PMC10245932 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.25.542299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Scaffold proteins help mediate interactions between protein partners, often to optimize intracellular signaling. Herein, we use comparative, biochemical, biophysical, molecular, and cellular approaches to investigate how the scaffold protein NEMO contributes to signaling in the NF-κB pathway. Comparison of NEMO and the related protein optineurin from a variety of evolutionarily distant organisms revealed that a central region of NEMO, called the Intervening Domain (IVD), is conserved between NEMO and optineurin. Previous studies have shown that this central core region of the IVD is required for cytokine-induced activation of IκB kinase (IKK). We show that the analogous region of optineurin can functionally replace the core region of the NEMO IVD. We also show that an intact IVD is required for the formation of disulfide-bonded dimers of NEMO. Moreover, inactivating mutations in this core region abrogate the ability of NEMO to form ubiquitin-induced liquid-liquid phase separation droplets in vitro and signal-induced puncta in vivo. Thermal and chemical denaturation studies of truncated NEMO variants indicate that the IVD, while not intrinsically destabilizing, can reduce the stability of surrounding regions of NEMO, due to the conflicting structural demands imparted on this region by flanking upstream and downstream domains. This conformational strain in the IVD mediates allosteric communication between N- and C-terminal regions of NEMO. Overall, these results support a model in which the IVD of NEMO participates in signal-induced activation of the IKK/NF-κB pathway by acting as a mediator of conformational changes in NEMO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Judy Wong
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Adrian Whitty
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Karen N. Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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4
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Song K, Cai X, Dong Y, Wu H, Wei Y, Shankavaram UT, Cui K, Lee Y, Zhu B, Bhattacharjee S, Wang B, Zhang K, Wen A, Wong S, Yu L, Xia L, Welm AL, Bielenberg DR, Camphausen KA, Kang Y, Chen H. Epsins 1 and 2 promote NEMO linear ubiquitination via LUBAC to drive breast cancer development. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:129374. [PMID: 32960814 DOI: 10.1172/jci129374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor-negative (ER-negative) breast cancer is thought to be more malignant and devastating than ER-positive breast cancer. ER-negative breast cancer exhibits elevated NF-κB activity, but how this abnormally high NF-κB activity is maintained is poorly understood. The importance of linear ubiquitination, which is generated by the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC), is increasingly appreciated in NF-κB signaling, which regulates cell activation and death. Here, we showed that epsin proteins, a family of ubiquitin-binding endocytic adaptors, interacted with LUBAC via its ubiquitin-interacting motif and bound LUBAC's bona fide substrate NEMO via its N-terminal homolog (ENTH) domain. Furthermore, epsins promoted NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO) linear ubiquitination and served as scaffolds for recruiting other components of the IκB kinase (IKK) complex, resulting in the heightened IKK activation and sustained NF-κB signaling essential for the development of ER-negative breast cancer. Heightened epsin levels in ER-negative human breast cancer are associated with poor relapse-free survival. We showed that transgenic and pharmacological approaches eliminating epsins potently impeded breast cancer development in both spontaneous and patient-derived xenograft breast cancer mouse models. Our findings established the pivotal role epsins played in promoting breast cancer. Thus, targeting epsins may represent a strategy to restrain NF-κB signaling and provide an important perspective into ER-negative breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Song
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Cai
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Yunzhou Dong
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yong Wei
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.,Cancer Metabolism and Growth Program, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Uma T Shankavaram
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kui Cui
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yang Lee
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bo Zhu
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sudarshan Bhattacharjee
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Beibei Wang
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kun Zhang
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aiyun Wen
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Scott Wong
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lili Yu
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lijun Xia
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Alana L Welm
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Diane R Bielenberg
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kevin A Camphausen
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yibin Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.,Cancer Metabolism and Growth Program, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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5
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Chathuranga K, Kim TH, Lee H, Park JS, Kim JH, Chathuranga WAG, Ekanayaka P, Choi YJ, Lee CH, Kim CJ, Jung JU, Lee JS. Negative regulation of NEMO signaling by the ubiquitin E3 ligase MARCH2. EMBO J 2020; 39:e105139. [PMID: 32935379 PMCID: PMC7604578 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
NF‐κB essential modulator (NEMO) is a key regulatory protein that functions during NF‐κB‐ and interferon‐mediated signaling in response to extracellular stimuli and pathogen infections. Tight regulation of NEMO is essential for host innate immune responses and for maintenance of homeostasis. Here, we report that the E3 ligase MARCH2 is a novel negative regulator of NEMO‐mediated signaling upon bacterial or viral infection. MARCH2 interacted directly with NEMO during the late phase of infection and catalyzed K‐48‐linked ubiquitination of Lys326 on NEMO, which resulted in its degradation. Deletion of MARCH2 resulted in marked resistance to bacterial/viral infection, along with increased innate immune responses both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, MARCH2−/− mice were more susceptible to LPS challenge due to massive production of cytokines. Taken together, these findings provide new insight into the molecular regulation of NEMO and suggest an important role for MARCH2 in homeostatic control of innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.,Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyuncheol Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jun-Seol Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
| | | | - Pathum Ekanayaka
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Youn Jung Choi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Chul-Joong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jae U Jung
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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6
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Interdisciplinary dental treatment of a patient with incontinentia pigmenti exhibiting oligodontia and skeletal Class III malocclusion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.odw.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Sun S, Li F, Liu Y, Qu H, Wong SW, Zeng L, Yu M, Feng H, Liu H, Han D. A novel inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit gamma mutation identified in an incontinentia pigmenti patient with syndromic tooth agenesis. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 101:100-107. [PMID: 30913450 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the gene mutation in an incontinentia pigmenti (IP) patient with syndromic tooth agenesis. METHODS Long-range polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Sanger sequencing were used to detect inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit gamma (IKBKG) mutation in the IP patient. We used the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) reporter gene to assess activation of NF-κB, after transfecting an empty vector, wild-type, or mutant NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO) plasmid into IKBKG-deficient HEK293T cells, respectively. Furthermore, we performed immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting to describe the polyubiquitination of NEMO. Lastly, we detected the interactions between mutant NEMO and I kappa B kinase alpha (IKKα), I kappa B kinase beta (IKKβ), TNF receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6), HOIL-1-interacting protein (HOIP), hemo-oxidized iron regulatory protein 2 ligase 1 (HOIL-1), and SHANK-associated RH domain interactor (SHARPIN). RESULTS A de novo nonsense mutation in IKBKG (c.924C > G; p.Tyr308*) was observed. The Tyr308* mutation inhibited activation of the NF-κB pathway by reducing K63-linked polyubiquitination and linear polyubiquitination. The mutant NEMO was not able to interact with TRAF6, HOIL-1, or SHARPIN. CONCLUSIONS We identified a novel nonsense IKBKG mutation (c.924C > G; p.Tyr308*) in an IP patient with syndromic tooth agenesis. This research enriches the mutation spectrum of the IKBKG gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichen Sun
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Hong Qu
- Center for Bioinformatics, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Sing-Wai Wong
- Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine Curriculum, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Li Zeng
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Hailan Feng
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Haochen Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| | - Dong Han
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, PR China.
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8
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Wang HY, Zhao HM, Wang Y, Liu Y, Lu XY, Liu XK, Chen F, Ge W, Zuo ZY, Liu DY. Sishen Wan ® Ameliorated Trinitrobenzene-Sulfonic-Acid-Induced Chronic Colitis via NEMO/NLK Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:170. [PMID: 30894816 PMCID: PMC6414459 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway plays an important role in the initialization and development phase of inflammatory injuries, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Sishen Wan (SSW) is a classic Chinese patent medicine listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, which is usually used to treat chronic colitis; however, it is unclear whether SSW can treat IBD via the NF-κB signaling pathway. In the present study, the therapeutic effect of SSW was demonstrated by the decreased index of colonic weight, macroscopic and microscopic score, and pathological observation in chronic colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. In colonic mucosa of rats with chronic colitis, SSW reduced the levels of calprotectin and eliminated oxidative lesions; downregulated expression of interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-17; increased expression of IL-4; and suppressed expression of NF-κB p65, and NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO)-like kinase (NLK). Furthermore, SSW inhibited ubiquitinated NEMO, ubiquitin-activated enzyme, and E2i activation, and phosphorylation of downstream proteins (cylindromatosis protein, transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase and P38). These results show that the therapeutic effects of SSW in chronic colitis were mediated by inhibiting the NEMO/NLK signaling pathway to suppress NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Wang
- Party and School Office, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Hai-Mei Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiu-Yun Lu
- Science and Technology College, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xue-Ke Liu
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Zheng-Yun Zuo
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Duan-Yong Liu
- Science and Technology College, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Jiangxi, Nanchang, China
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9
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Hepatitis B e Antigen Inhibits NF-κB Activity by Interrupting K63-Linked Ubiquitination of NEMO. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00667-18. [PMID: 30404796 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00667-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have adopted diverse strategies to suppress antiviral responses. Hepatitis B virus (HBV), a virus that is prevalent worldwide, manipulates the host's innate immune system to evade scavenging. It is reported that the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) can interfere with NF-κB activity, which then leads to high viral loads, while HBV with the G1896A mutation remains infectious without the production of HBeAg but can induce more severe proinflammatory response and liver damage. The aim of current work was to study the molecular mechanism by which HBeAg suppresses interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-stimulated NF-κB activity, which leads to the suppression of the innate immune responses to HBV infection. Our study revealed that HBeAg could interact with NEMO, a regulatory subunit associated with IκB kinase, which regulates the activation of NF-κB. HBeAg suppressed the IL-1β-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-associated factor 6 (TRAF6)-dependent K63-linked ubiquitination of NEMO, thereby downregulating NF-κB activity and promoting virus replication. We further demonstrated the inhibitory effect of HBeAg on the NF-κB signaling pathway using primary human hepatocytes, HBV-infected HepG2-NTCP cells, and clinical liver samples. Our study reveals a molecular mechanism whereby HBeAg suppresses IL-1β-induced NF-κB activation by decreasing the TRAF6-dependent K63-linked ubiquitination of NEMO, which may thereby enhance HBV replication and promote a persistent infection.IMPORTANCE The role of HBeAg in inflammatory responses during the infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is not fully understood, and several previous reports with regard to the NF-κB pathway are controversial. In this study, we showed that HBeAg could suppress both Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)- and IL-1β-induced activation of NF-κB in cells and clinical samples, and we further revealed novel molecular mechanisms. We found that HBeAg can associate with NEMO, the regulatory subunit for IκB kinase (IKK) that controls the NF-κB signaling pathway, and thereby inhibits TRAF6-mediated K63-linked ubiquitination of NEMO, resulting in downregulation of NF-κB activity and promotion of virus replication. In contrast, the HBeAg-negative HBV mutant can induce higher levels of NF-κB activity. These results are important for understanding the HBV-induced pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis and indicate that different clinical measures should be considered to treat HBeAg-positive and HBeAg-negative infections. Our findings represent a conceptual advance in HBV-related suppression of NF-κB signaling.
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10
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Gupta I, Varshney NK, Khan S. Emergence of Members of TRAF and DUB of Ubiquitin Proteasome System in the Regulation of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Front Genet 2018; 9:336. [PMID: 30186311 PMCID: PMC6110912 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) plays an imperative role in many critical cellular processes, frequently by mediating the selective degradation of misfolded and damaged proteins and also by playing a non-degradative role especially important as in many signaling pathways. Over the last three decades, accumulated evidence indicated that UPS proteins are primal modulators of cell cycle progression, DNA replication, and repair, transcription, immune responses, and apoptosis. Comparatively, latest studies have demonstrated a substantial complexity by the UPS regulation in the heart. In addition, various UPS proteins especially ubiquitin ligases and proteasome have been identified to play a significant role in the cardiac development and dynamic physiology of cardiac pathologies such as ischemia/reperfusion injury, hypertrophy, and heart failure. However, our understanding of the contribution of UPS dysfunction in the plausible development of cardiac pathophysiology and the complete list of UPS proteins regulating these afflictions is still in infancy. The recent emergence of the roles of TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAFs) and deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) superfamily in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy has enhanced our knowledge. In this review, we have mainly compiled the TRAF superfamily of E3 ligases and few DUBs proteins with other well-documented E3 ligases such as MDM2, MuRF-1, Atrogin-I, and TRIM 32 that are specific to myocardial hypertrophy. In this review, we also aim to highlight their expression profile following physiological and pathological stimulation leading to the onset of hypertrophic phenotype in the heart that can serve as biomarkers and the opportunity for the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Gupta
- Structural Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.,Drug Discovery Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Nishant K Varshney
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Sameena Khan
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
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11
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Abdullah M, Berthiaume JM, Willis MS. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 as a nuclear factor kappa B-modulating therapeutic target in cardiovascular diseases: at the heart of it all. Transl Res 2018; 195:48-61. [PMID: 29175266 PMCID: PMC5898986 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory and immune signaling has been documented as a root cause of many cardiovascular pathologies. In this review, we explore the emerging role of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6)-nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling axis in atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, pathologic cardiac hypertrophy or heart failure, myocarditis, and sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy. We discuss the current understanding of cardiac inflammation in heart disease, present the TRAF6 signaling axis in the heart, then summarize what is known about TRAF6 in pathophysiology of heart disease including proof-of-concept studies that identify the utility of blocking TRAF6 to attenuate cardiac dysfunction, which suggests that TRAF6 is a novel, druggable target in treating cardiovascular disease incurred by inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abdullah
- Department of Biochemistry, QuaidiAzam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jessica M Berthiaume
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Monte S Willis
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.
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12
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Courtois G, Fauvarque MO. The Many Roles of Ubiquitin in NF-κB Signaling. Biomedicines 2018; 6:E43. [PMID: 29642643 PMCID: PMC6027159 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway ubiquitously controls cell growth and survival in basic conditions as well as rapid resetting of cellular functions following environment changes or pathogenic insults. Moreover, its deregulation is frequently observed during cell transformation, chronic inflammation or autoimmunity. Understanding how it is properly regulated therefore is a prerequisite to managing these adverse situations. Over the last years evidence has accumulated showing that ubiquitination is a key process in NF-κB activation and its resolution. Here, we examine the various functions of ubiquitin in NF-κB signaling and more specifically, how it controls signal transduction at the molecular level and impacts in vivo on NF-κB regulated cellular processes.
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13
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Shi YF, Yu DJ, Jiang CY, Wang XJ, Zhu YP, Zhao RZ, Lv Z, Sun XW. TRAF6 regulates proliferation of stromal cells in the transition and peripheral zones of benign prostatic hyperplasia via Akt/mTOR signaling. Prostate 2018; 78:193-201. [PMID: 29171041 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased prostatic smooth muscle tone and hyperplastic growth contribute to urethral obstruction and voiding symptoms in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It has been suggested that different proliferative potential of stromal cells between transition zone (TZ) and adjoining regions of the prostate plays a significant role in the development of BPH. However, the molecular mechanisms of this hyperplastic process remain unclear. We found tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) highly expressed in TZ stromal cells compared to peripheral zone (PZ) stromal cells by gene array analyzes. Therefore, we aim to study the potential mechanisms of stromal TRAF6 in promoting BPH progression. METHODS Stromal cells obtained from BPH-derived primary cultures. The TRAF6-siRNA vector were constructed and transfected into cultured human BPH primary TZ stromal cells, and TRAF6-overexpressing vector were constructed and transfected into cultured human BPH primary PZ stromal cells. Stromal cells were recombined with BPH-1 cells then subcutaneously inoculated into the kidney capsule of male nude mice. Cell proliferation was evaluated by CCK-8 assay. Multiple proteins in the Akt/mTOR pathway were assessed using western blot. RESULTS TRAF6 levels were increased in TZ stroma compared with PZ stroma of BPH. The in vitro cell culture and in vivo cell recombination revealed that selective downregulation of TRAF6 in TZ stromal cells led to suppression of the proliferation, while upregulation of TRAF6 in PZ stromal cells enhanced the proliferation. We found that the Phosphorylation and Ubiquitination of Akt as well as the Phosphorylation of mTOR, P70S6K were decreased when TRAF6 was downregulated in primary cultured TZ stromal cells of BPH. CONCLUSIONS TRAF6 can promote the proliferation of stromal cells of BPH via Akt/mTOR signaling. Our results may make stromal TRAF6 responsible for zonal characteristic of BPH and as a promising therapeutic strategy for BPH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Feng Shi
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Urology, Wujin Hospital Affiliated Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China
| | - Dian-Jun Yu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Urology, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Eastern Hospiital, Ningbo, China
| | - Chen-Yi Jiang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing-Jie Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Ping Zhu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui-Zhe Zhao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong Lv
- Department of Urology, Wujin Hospital Affiliated Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Sun
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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14
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The Ubiquitin E3 Ligase TRAF6 Exacerbates Ischemic Stroke by Ubiquitinating and Activating Rac1. J Neurosci 2017; 37:12123-12140. [PMID: 29114077 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1751-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and excitotoxicity contribute to neuronal death during ischemic stroke; however, the mechanisms underlying these complicated pathophysiological processes remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we found that the expression of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) was markedly increased after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in mice. TRAF6 ablation in male mice decreased the infarct volume and neurological deficit scores and decreased proinflammatory signaling, oxidative stress, and neuronal death after cerebral I/R, whereas transgenic overexpression of TRAF6 in male mice exhibited the opposite effects. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that TRAF6 induced Rac1 activation and consequently promoted I/R injury by directly binding and ubiquitinating Rac1. Either functionally mutating the TRAF6 ubiquitination site on Rac1 or inactivating Rac1 with a specific inhibitor reversed the deleterious effects of TRAF6 overexpression during I/R injury. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that TRAF6 is a key promoter of ischemic signaling cascades and neuronal death after cerebral I/R injury. Therefore, the TRAF6/Rac1 pathway might be a promising target to attenuate cerebral I/R injury.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Stroke is one of the most severe and devastating neurological diseases globally. The complicated pathophysiological processes restrict the translation of potential therapeutic targets into medicine. Further elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury may open a new window for pharmacological interventions to promote recovery from stroke. Our study revealed that ischemia-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) upregulation binds and ubiquitinates Rac1 directly, which promotes neuron death through neuroinflammation and neuro-oxidative signals. Therefore, precisely targeting the TRAF6-Rac1 axis may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for stroke recovery.
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15
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Medunjanin S, Schleithoff L, Fiegehenn C, Weinert S, Zuschratter W, Braun-Dullaeus RC. GSK-3β controls NF-kappaB activity via IKKγ/NEMO. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38553. [PMID: 27929056 PMCID: PMC5144080 DOI: 10.1038/srep38553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The NF-κB signaling pathway is central for the innate immune response and its deregulation is found in multiple disorders such as autoimmune, chronic inflammatory and metabolic diseases. IKKγ/NEMO is essential for NF-κB activation and NEMO dysfunction in humans has been linked to so-called progeria syndromes, which are characterized by advanced ageing due to age-dependent inflammatory diseases. It has been suggested that glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) participates in NF-κB regulation but the exact mechanism remained incompletely understood. In this study, we identified NEMO as a GSK-3β substrate that is phosphorylated at serine 8, 17, 31 and 43 located within its N-terminal domain. The kinase forms a complex with wild-type NEMO while point mutations of NEMO at the specific serines abrogated GSK-3β binding and subsequent phosphorylation of NEMO resulting in its destabilization. However, K63-linked polyubiquitination was augmented in mutated NEMO explaining an increased binding to IKKα and IKKβ. Even IκBα was found degraded. Still, TNFα-stimulated NF-κB activation was impaired pointing towards an un-controlled signalling process. Our data suggest that GSK-3β is critically important for ordered NF-κB signalling through modulation of NEMO phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senad Medunjanin
- Internal Medicine/Cardiology and Angiology, Magdeburg University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Schleithoff
- Internal Medicine/Cardiology and Angiology, Magdeburg University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christian Fiegehenn
- Internal Medicine/Cardiology and Angiology, Magdeburg University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Soenke Weinert
- Internal Medicine/Cardiology and Angiology, Magdeburg University, Magdeburg, Germany
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16
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Super-resolution microscopy reveals a preformed NEMO lattice structure that is collapsed in incontinentia pigmenti. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12629. [PMID: 27586688 PMCID: PMC5025789 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The NF-κB pathway has critical roles in cancer, immunity and inflammatory responses. Understanding the mechanism(s) by which mutations in genes involved in the pathway cause disease has provided valuable insight into its regulation, yet many aspects remain unexplained. Several lines of evidence have led to the hypothesis that the regulatory/sensor protein NEMO acts as a biological binary switch. This hypothesis depends on the formation of a higher-order structure, which has yet to be identified using traditional molecular techniques. Here we use super-resolution microscopy to reveal the existence of higher-order NEMO lattice structures dependent on the presence of polyubiquitin chains before NF-κB activation. Such structures may permit proximity-based trans-autophosphorylation, leading to cooperative activation of the signalling cascade. We further show that NF-κB activation results in modification of these structures. Finally, we demonstrate that these structures are abrogated in cells derived from incontinentia pigmenti patients. NEMO is a member of the IKK complex that binds ubiquitin, involved in NF-κB signalling and proposed to form higher order structures. Here the authors use super-resolution microscopy to detect the presence of NEMO lattices in cells, that are modified by NF-κB treatment and abrogated by mutations affecting NEMO ubiquitin binding.
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17
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NEMO regulates a cell death switch in TNF signaling by inhibiting recruitment of RIPK3 to the cell death-inducing complex II. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2346. [PMID: 27560715 PMCID: PMC5108330 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Incontinentia Pigmenti (IP) is a rare X-linked disease characterized by early male lethality and multiple abnormalities in heterozygous females. IP is caused by NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO) mutations. The current mechanistic model suggests that NEMO functions as a crucial component mediating the recruitment of the IκB-kinase (IKK) complex to tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNF-R1), thus allowing activation of the pro-survival NF-κB response. However, recent studies have suggested that gene activation and cell death inhibition are two independent activities of NEMO. Here we describe that cells expressing the IP-associated NEMO-A323P mutant had completely abrogated TNF-induced NF-κB activation, but retained partial antiapoptotic activity and exhibited high sensitivity to death by necroptosis. We found that robust caspase activation in NEMO-deficient cells is concomitant with RIPK3 recruitment to the apoptosis-mediating complex. In contrast, cells expressing the ubiquitin-binding mutant NEMO-A323P did not recruit RIPK3 to complex II, an event that prevented caspase activation. Hence NEMO, independently from NF-κB activation, represents per se a key component in the structural and functional dynamics of the different TNF-R1-induced complexes. Alteration of this process may result in differing cellular outcomes and, consequently, also pathological effects in IP patients with different NEMO mutations.
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18
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Ji YX, Zhang P, Zhang XJ, Zhao YC, Deng KQ, Jiang X, Wang PX, Huang Z, Li H. The ubiquitin E3 ligase TRAF6 exacerbates pathological cardiac hypertrophy via TAK1-dependent signalling. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11267. [PMID: 27249171 PMCID: PMC4895385 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) is a ubiquitin E3 ligase that regulates important biological processes. However, the role of TRAF6 in cardiac hypertrophy remains unknown. Here, we show that TRAF6 levels are increased in human and murine hypertrophied hearts, which is regulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Cardiac-specific Traf6 overexpression exacerbates cardiac hypertrophy in response to pressure overload or angiotensin II (Ang II) challenge, whereas Traf6 deficiency causes an alleviated hypertrophic phenotype in mice. Mechanistically, we show that ROS, generated during hypertrophic progression, triggers TRAF6 auto-ubiquitination that facilitates recruitment of TAB2 and its binding to transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), which, in turn, enables the direct TRAF6-TAK1 interaction and promotes TAK1 ubiquitination. The binding of TRAF6 to TAK1 and the induction of TAK1 ubiquitination and activation are indispensable for TRAF6-regulated cardiac remodelling. Taken together, we define TRAF6 as an essential molecular switch leading to cardiac hypertrophy in a TAK1-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xiao Ji
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.,Animal Experiment Center/Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.,Animal Experiment Center/Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.,Animal Experiment Center/Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yi-Chao Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Ke-Qiong Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.,Animal Experiment Center/Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xi Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.,Animal Experiment Center/Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Pi-Xiao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.,Animal Experiment Center/Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zan Huang
- College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.,Animal Experiment Center/Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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19
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Esposito E, Napolitano G, Pescatore A, Calculli G, Incoronato MR, Leonardi A, Ursini MV. COMMD7 as a novel NEMO interacting protein involved in the termination of NF-κB signaling. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:152-61. [PMID: 26060140 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEMO/IKKγ is the regulatory subunit of the IκB Kinase (IKK) complex, required for the activation of the NF-κB pathway, which is involved in a variety of key processes, including immunity, inflammation, differentiation, and cell survival. Termination of NF-κB activity on specific -κB responsive genes, which is crucial for the resolution of inflammatory responses, can be achieved by direct degradation of the chromatin-bound NF-κB subunit RelA/p65, a process mediated by a protein complex that contains Copper Metabolism Murr1 Domain 1 (COMMD1). In this study, we identify COMMD7, another member of the COMMDs protein family, as a novel NEMO-interacting protein. We show that COMMD7 exerts an inhibitory effect on NF-κB activation upon TNFα stimulation. COMMD7 interacts with COMMD1 and together they cooperate to down-regulate NF-κB activity. Accordingly, termination of TNFα-induced NF-κB activity on the -κB responsive gene, Icam1, is defective in cells silenced for COMMD7 expression. Furthermore, this impairment is not greatly increased when we silence the expression of both COMMD7 and COMMD1 indicating that the two proteins participate in the same pathway of termination of TNFα-induced NF-κB activity. Importantly, we have demonstrated that COMMD7's binding to NEMO does not interfere with the binding to the IKKs, and that the disruption of the IKK complex through the use of the NBP competitor impairs the termination of NF-κB activity. We propose that an intact IKK complex is required for the termination of NF-κB-dependent transcription and that COMMD7 acts as a scaffold in the IKK-mediated NF-κB termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elio Esposito
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, 'Adriano Buzzati-Traverso' (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Napolitano
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, 'Adriano Buzzati-Traverso' (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pescatore
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, 'Adriano Buzzati-Traverso' (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Calculli
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, 'Adriano Buzzati-Traverso' (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Leonardi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, "Federico II" University of Naples, via S. Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Matilde Valeria Ursini
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, 'Adriano Buzzati-Traverso' (CNR), Naples, Italy.,IRCCS SDN, Via E. Gianturco 113, Naples, Italy
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20
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USP18 negatively regulates NF-κB signaling by targeting TAK1 and NEMO for deubiquitination through distinct mechanisms. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12738. [PMID: 26240016 PMCID: PMC4523862 DOI: 10.1038/srep12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is a key transcription factor in inflammatory immune responses and cell survival. Multiple types of ubiquitination play critical roles in the activation of NF-κB signaling, yet the molecular mechanisms responsible for their reversible deubiquitination are still poorly understood. In this study, we identified a member of the deubiquitinases family, ubiquitin-specific protease 18 (USP18), as a novel negative regulator in Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated NF-κB activation in human macrophages. USP18 is an interferon inducible gene, which is also upregulated by various TLR ligands in human monocytes and macrophages. Knockdown of USP18 enhanced the phosphorylation of IKK, the degradation of IκB, and augmented the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, USP18 interacted with TAK1-TAB1 complex and IKKα/β-NEMO complex, respectively. USP18 cleaved the K63-linked polyubiquitin chains attached to TAK1 in a protease-dependent manner. Moreover, USP18 targeted the IKK complex through the regulatory subunit NEMO of IKK, and specifically inhibited K63-linked ubiquitination of NEMO. Mutation analysis revealed direct binding of USP18 to the UBAN motif of NEMO. Our study has identified a previously unrecognized role for USP18 in the negative regulation of NF-κB activation by inhibiting K63-linked ubiquitination of TAK1 and NEMO through distinct mechanisms.
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21
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Ramírez-Alejo N, Alcántara-Montiel JC, Yamazaki-Nakashimada M, Duran-McKinster C, Valenzuela-León P, Rivas-Larrauri F, Cedillo-Barrón L, Hernández-Rivas R, Santos-Argumedo L. Novel hypomorphic mutation in IKBKG impairs NEMO-ubiquitylation causing ectodermal dysplasia, immunodeficiency, incontinentia pigmenti, and immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Clin Immunol 2015; 160:163-71. [PMID: 26117626 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO) is a component of the IKK complex, which participates in the activation of the NF-κB pathway. Hypomorphic mutations in the IKBKG gene result in different forms of anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency (EDA-ID) in males without affecting carrier females. Here, we describe a hypomorphic and missense mutation, designated c.916G>A (p.D306N), which affects our patient, his mother, and his sister. This mutation did not affect NEMO expression; however, an immunoprecipitation assay revealed reduced ubiquitylation upon CD40-stimulation in the patient's cells. Functional studies have demonstrated reduced phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα, affecting NF-κB recruitment into the nucleus. The patient presented with clinical features of ectodermal dysplasia, immunodeficiency, and immune thrombocytopenic purpura, the latter of which has not been previously reported in a patient with NEMO deficiency. His mother and sister displayed incontinentia pigmenti indicating that, in addition to amorphic mutations, hypomorphic mutations in NEMO can affect females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noé Ramírez-Alejo
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
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22
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Zhou L, Yeo AT, Ballarano C, Weber U, Allen KN, Gilmore TD, Whitty A. Disulfide-mediated stabilization of the IκB kinase binding domain of NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO). Biochemistry 2014; 53:7929-44. [PMID: 25400026 PMCID: PMC4278678 DOI: 10.1021/bi500920n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Human NEMO (NF-κB
essential modulator) is a 419 residue scaffolding
protein that, together with catalytic subunits IKKα and IKKβ,
forms the IκB kinase (IKK) complex, a key regulator of NF-κB
pathway signaling. NEMO is an elongated homodimer comprising mostly
α-helix. It has been shown that a NEMO fragment spanning residues
44–111, which contains the IKKα/β binding site,
is structurally disordered in the absence of bound IKKβ. Herein
we show that enforcing dimerization of NEMO1–120 or NEMO44–111 constructs through introduction
of one or two interchain disulfide bonds, through oxidation of the
native Cys54 residue and/or at position 107 through a Leu107Cys mutation,
induces a stable α-helical coiled-coil structure that is preorganized
to bind IKKβ with high affinity. Chemical and thermal denaturation
studies showed that, in the context of a covalent dimer, the ordered
structure was stabilized relative to the denatured state by up to
3 kcal/mol. A full-length NEMO-L107C protein formed covalent dimers
upon treatment of mammalian cells with H2O2.
Furthermore, NEMO-L107C bound endogenous IKKβ in A293T cells,
reconstituted TNF-induced NF-κB signaling in NEMO-deficient
cells, and interacted with TRAF6. Our results indicate that the IKKβ
binding domain of NEMO possesses an ordered structure in the unbound
state, provided that it is constrained within a dimer as is the case
in the constitutively dimeric full-length NEMO protein. The stability
of the NEMO coiled coil is maintained by strong interhelix interactions
in the region centered on residue 54. The disulfide-linked constructs
we describe herein may be useful for crystallization of NEMO’s
IKKβ binding domain in the absence of bound IKKβ, thereby
facilitating the structural characterization of small-molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biology, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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23
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Chen C, Meng Y, Wang L, Wang HX, Tian C, Pang GD, Li HH, Du J. Ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1 inhibitor PYR41 attenuates angiotensin II-induced activation of dendritic cells via the IκBa/NF-κB and MKP1/ERK/STAT1 pathways. Immunology 2014; 142:307-19. [PMID: 24456201 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of dendritic cells (DCs) is necessary to initiate immune responses. Angiotensin II (Ang II) can enhance the maturation and activation of DCs, but the mechanisms are still unclear. Ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1/Uba1) is the common first step in ubiquitylation, which decides whether or not the modified protein is ultimately degraded by the proteasome. This study aimed to investigate the role of E1 in Ang II-induced activation of DCs and the underlying mechanisms. First, we showed that Ang II stimulation significantly up-regulated E1 expression in DCs. Moreover, Ang II treatment markedly induced phenotypic maturation, the secretion of cytokines and the immunostimulatory capacity of DCs. In contrast, inhibition of E1 by a small molecule inhibitor, 4 [4-(5-nitro-furan-2-ylmethylene)-3, 5-dioxo-pyrazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid ethyl ester (PYR41), markedly attenuated these effects. Mechanistically, PYR41 treatment markedly decreased K63-linked ubiquitination of tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 and nuclear factor-κB essential modulator, inhibited proteasomal degradation of nuclear factor-κB inhibitor α and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 thereby resulting in activation of nuclear factor-κB, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 signalling pathways in DCs induced by Ang II. Taken together, our results demonstrate a novel role of E1 in Ang II-induced activation of DCs, and inhibition of E1 activity might be a potential therapeutic target for DC-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Remodelling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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24
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Liu J, Han C, Xie B, Wu Y, Liu S, Chen K, Xia M, Zhang Y, Song L, Li Z, Zhang T, Ma F, Wang Q, Wang J, Deng K, Zhuang Y, Wu X, Yu Y, Xu T, Cao X. Rhbdd3 controls autoimmunity by suppressing the production of IL-6 by dendritic cells via K27-linked ubiquitination of the regulator NEMO. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:612-22. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.2898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Ramirez-Alejo N, Santos-Argumedo L. Innate defects of the IL-12/IFN-γ axis in susceptibility to infections by mycobacteria and salmonella. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 34:307-17. [PMID: 24359575 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1996, several studies characterizing the association between primary immunodeficiencies and susceptibility to infections with environmental and non-pathogenic mycobacteria such as the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus of Calmette Guérin strain) as well as disseminated infections by Salmonella spp. have been conducted. These conditions, grouped in the so-called Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases, include a primary immunodeficiency caused by mutations in 7 autosomal genes (IFNGR1, IFNGR2, IL12B, IL12BR1, STAT1, ISG15, and IRF8) and an X-linked gene (NEMO). This syndrome presents a high degree of allelic heterogeneity and variable penetrance. This review focuses on the analysis of the first reported cases of these diseases, as well as on the molecular findings involved in each of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noé Ramirez-Alejo
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, CINVESTAV-IPN , Mexico City, Mexico
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Conte MI, Pescatore A, Paciolla M, Esposito E, Miano MG, Lioi MB, McAleer MA, Giardino G, Pignata C, Irvine AD, Scheuerle AE, Royer G, Hadj-Rabia S, Bodemer C, Bonnefont JP, Munnich A, Smahi A, Steffann J, Fusco F, Ursini MV. Insight intoIKBKG/NEMOLocus: Report of New Mutations and Complex Genomic Rearrangements Leading to Incontinentia Pigmenti Disease. Hum Mutat 2013; 35:165-77. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.22483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandra Pescatore
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’; IGB-CNR; Naples Italy
| | - Mariateresa Paciolla
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’; IGB-CNR; Naples Italy
| | - Elio Esposito
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’; IGB-CNR; Naples Italy
| | | | | | - Maeve A. McAleer
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology; Our Lady's Children's Hospital; Crumlin, Dublin12 Ireland
- National Children's Research Centre; Our Lady's Children's Hospital Dublin; Crumlin, Dublin 12 Ireland
| | - Giuliana Giardino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences; Federico II University; Naples 80131 Italy
| | - Claudio Pignata
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences; Federico II University; Naples 80131 Italy
| | - Alan D. Irvine
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology; Our Lady's Children's Hospital; Crumlin, Dublin12 Ireland
- National Children's Research Centre; Our Lady's Children's Hospital Dublin; Crumlin, Dublin 12 Ireland
- School of Medicine; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | | | - Ghislaine Royer
- Department of Genetics; INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades; Paris France
| | - Smail Hadj-Rabia
- Department of Genetics; INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades; Paris France
| | - Christine Bodemer
- Department of Genetics; INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades; Paris France
| | - Jean-Paul Bonnefont
- Department of Genetics; INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades; Paris France
| | - Arnold Munnich
- Department of Genetics; INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades; Paris France
| | - Asma Smahi
- Department of Genetics; INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades; Paris France
| | - Julie Steffann
- Department of Genetics; INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades; Paris France
| | - Francesca Fusco
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’; IGB-CNR; Naples Italy
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Salem M, Seidelin JB, Rogler G, Nielsen OH. Muramyl dipeptide responsive pathways in Crohn's disease: from NOD2 and beyond. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3391-404. [PMID: 23275943 PMCID: PMC11113952 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1246-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is one of main disease entities under the umbrella term chronic inflammatory bowel disease. The etiology of CD involves alterations in genetic, microbiological, and immunological factors. This review is devoted to the role of the bacterial wall compound muramyl dipeptide (MDP) for the activation of inflammatory pathways involved in the pathogenesis of CD. The importance of this molecule is underscored by the fact that (1) MDP, which is found in most Gram-negative and -positive bacteria, is able to trigger several immunological responses in the intestinal system, and (2) that alterations in several mediators of the MDP response including-but not restricted to-nucleotide oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) are associated with CD. The normalization of MDP signaling is one of several important factors that influence the intestinal inflammatory response, a fact which emphasizes the pathogenic importance of MDP signaling for the pathogenesis of CD. The important aspects of NOD2 and non-NOD2 mediated effects of MDP for the development of CD are highlighted, as well as how alterations in these pathways might translate into the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Salem
- Department of Gastroenterology D, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jakob Benedict Seidelin
- Department of Gastroenterology D, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zürich University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ole Haagen Nielsen
- Department of Gastroenterology D, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
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Minić S, Trpinac D, Obradović M. Blaschko line analogies in the central nervous system: a hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2013; 81:671-4. [PMID: 23932762 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In X-chromosome-linked skin disorders the pattern of involvement follows Blaschko lines. Patterns of changes analogous to cutaneous Blaschko lines in different X-linked diseases existed in other organs. There is no commonly accepted analogy to Blaschko lines in the central nervous system (CNS). The objective of this study was to consider a hypothesis of the existence of Blaschko lines in the CNS in the example of incontinentia pigmenti (IP). Articles were analyzed in which brain imaging methods were used in IP patients with CNS anomalies. In IP patients with neurological signs brain lesions usually were localized and extended radially. Affected areas did not correspond to territories vascularized by any determined artery. Radially distributed brain lesions morphologically match the radial unit model of cortical development. It can be proposed that in IP in CNS Blaschko line analogies, similar to those in the skin, represent the trace of development of the clone of neurons arising from the cell marked with IKBKG mutation. The hypothesis of the existence of Blaschko line analogies in CNS is supported by radially distributed CNS image findings in IP, the radial unit model of CNS development, and the common embryonic origin of skin, CNS, and eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snežana Minić
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Dermatovenerology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Deligradska 34, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R)-associated factor (TRAF) family of intracellular proteins were originally identified as signaling adaptors that bind directly to the cytoplasmic regions of receptors of the TNF-R superfamily. The past decade has witnessed rapid expansion of receptor families identified to employ TRAFs for signaling. These include Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), T cell receptor, IL-1 receptor family, IL-17 receptors, IFN receptors and TGFβ receptors. In addition to their role as adaptor proteins, most TRAFs also act as E3 ubiquitin ligases to activate downstream signaling events. TRAF-dependent signaling pathways typically lead to the activation of nuclear factor-κBs (NF-κBs), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), or interferon-regulatory factors (IRFs). Compelling evidence obtained from germ-line and cell-specific TRAF-deficient mice demonstrates that each TRAF plays indispensable and non-redundant physiological roles, regulating innate and adaptive immunity, embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, stress response, and bone metabolism. Notably, mounting evidence implicates TRAFs in the pathogenesis of human diseases such as cancers and autoimmune diseases, which has sparked new appreciation and interest in TRAF research. This review presents an overview of the current knowledge of TRAFs, with an emphasis on recent findings concerning TRAF molecules in signaling and in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Nelson Labs Room B336, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854.
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EGLN3 inhibition of NF-κB is mediated by prolyl hydroxylase-independent inhibition of IκB kinase γ ubiquitination. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:3050-61. [PMID: 23732909 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00273-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-κB transcription factors are crucial regulators of inflammation, immunity, stress responses, and cell differentiation. Many studies have demonstrated that ubiquitination of IκB kinase γ (IKKγ), a regulatory subunit of IKK, is instrumental in the activation of IKK and NF-κB. We and others previously identified EGLN3, a member of a family of prolyl hydroxylases, as a negative regulator of the NF-κB pathway. Here we report that EGLN3, but not EGLN1 or -2, interacts with and inhibits K63-linked ubiquitination of IKKγ. The effect appears to be related to inhibition of IKKγ ubiquitination mediated by cIAP1 rather than to stimulation of IKKγ deubiquitination by the deubiquitinases A20 and CYLD (cylindromatosis). EGLN3 does not affect the protein levels of cIAP1 or its E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes UbcH5 and Ubc13. EGLN3 hydroxylase activity is not responsible for its effect on IKKγ ubiquitination and NF-κB signaling. Instead, interaction with IKKγ is required for the ability of EGLN3 to inhibit IKKγ ubiquitination and IKK-NF-κB signaling. EGLN3 competes with cIAP1 for IKKγ binding, leading to inhibition of cIAP1-IKKγ interaction, IKKγ ubiquitination, and IKK-NF-κB signaling. This study provides novel insights into EGLN3 function and sheds new light on the regulation of IKKγ ubiquitination and NF-κB.
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Karim R, Tummers B, Meyers C, Biryukov JL, Alam S, Backendorf C, Jha V, Offringa R, van Ommen GJB, Melief CJM, Guardavaccaro D, Boer JM, van der Burg SH. Human papillomavirus (HPV) upregulates the cellular deubiquitinase UCHL1 to suppress the keratinocyte's innate immune response. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003384. [PMID: 23717208 PMCID: PMC3662672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection of basal keratinocytes with high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) may cause cancer. Keratinocytes are equipped with different pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) but hrHPV has developed ways to dampen their signals resulting in minimal inflammation and evasion of host immunity for sustained periods of time. To understand the mechanisms underlying hrHPV's capacity to evade immunity, we studied PRR signaling in non, newly, and persistently hrHPV-infected keratinocytes. We found that active infection with hrHPV hampered the relay of signals downstream of the PRRs to the nucleus, thereby affecting the production of type-I interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. This suppression was shown to depend on hrHPV-induced expression of the cellular protein ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) in keratinocytes. UCHL1 accomplished this by inhibiting tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) K63 poly-ubiquitination which lead to lower levels of TRAF3 bound to TANK-binding kinase 1 and a reduced phosphorylation of interferon regulatory factor 3. Furthermore, UCHL1 mediated the degradation of the NF-kappa-B essential modulator with as result the suppression of p65 phosphorylation and canonical NF-κB signaling. We conclude that hrHPV exploits the cellular protein UCHL1 to evade host innate immunity by suppressing PRR-induced keratinocyte-mediated production of interferons, cytokines and chemokines, which normally results in the attraction and activation of an adaptive immune response. This identifies UCHL1 as a negative regulator of PRR-induced immune responses and consequently its virus-increased expression as a strategy for hrHPV to persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezaul Karim
- Center for Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Tummers
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Craig Meyers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Biryukov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Samina Alam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Claude Backendorf
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Veena Jha
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Offringa
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gert-Jan B. van Ommen
- Center for Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J. M. Melief
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daniele Guardavaccaro
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith M. Boer
- Center for Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H. van der Burg
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Yan R, Farrelly S, McCarthy JV. Presenilins are novel substrates for TRAF6-mediated ubiquitination. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1769-79. [PMID: 23707529 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in presenilins (PS1 and PS2) have been linked to the pathogenesis of early onset familial Alzheimer's disease. Presenilins function as the catalytic component of the γ-secretase protease complexes responsible for the cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), subsequent generation of amyloid-β and associated amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Biochemical and genetic studies have revealed that through interactions with several proteins, the presenilins are functionally involved in a range of cellular processes, including the regulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis. Our group has previously reported an association between presenilins and members of the tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) family of proteins. In this study we further investigated the association between TRAF6, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, and the presenilins. Here we show that the presenilin full-length holoproteins are novel substrates of TRAF6-mediated Lysine-63-linked ubiquitination. Interestingly, co-expression of catalytically active TRAF6 with the presenilins leads to decreased turnover of PS1 full-length holoprotein accompanying elevated presenilin protein levels. Similarly, while overexpression of TRAF6 increases presenilin holoprotein levels and ubiquitination in HEK293 cells, expression of catalytically deficient TRAF6 or TRAF6-deficiency leads to a reduction in presenilin protein levels and reduced PS1 ubiquitination. We also demonstrate that TRAF6 induces PS1 gene transcription in a JNK-dependent manner. Notably, we reveal that TRAF6-mediated ubiquitination of presenilin does not affect γ-secretase enzyme activity, but may regulate presenilin function in calcium signalling. Taken together, we propose that presenilins are novel substrates for TRAF6-mediated K63-linked ubiquitination and that ubiquitination of presenilins by TRAF6 increases presenilin holoprotein levels and in conditions in which TRAF6 ubiquitination of presenilins is reduced results in reduction of calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Yan
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Western Gate Building, Western Road, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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33
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent advances in molecular techniques have enabled a deep view into the structure and function of the host's immune system and the stably associated commensal intestinal flora. This review outlines selected aspects of the interplay of innate immune recognition and effectors that shape the ecological niches for the intestinal microbiota. RECENT FINDINGS Several studies have demonstrated a pivotal role of innate immune receptor pathways (NOD-like receptors and Toll-like receptors) for the maintenance of microbial communities in the gut. Genetic deficiencies in these pathways have been associated with increased susceptibility to inflammation that in animal models can be transmitted via direct contact or by stool transplantation in the absence of abundant pathogens. SUMMARY The genetic architecture of the human host shapes the diversity and function of its stably associated intestinal microflora. Innate immune receptors such as NOD2 or the inflammasome component NOD-like receptor, pyrin-domain containing 6 play a major role in licensing the microbiota under physiological conditions. Understanding the symbiotic interplay in the intestinal tract should help develop procedures and therapeutic interventions aiming at the identification and restoration of disturbed microbiota states. Indeed, these states may be the missing trigger factor for the manifestation of a multitude of civilization disorders including inflammatory bowel disease and gastrointestinal cancer.
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Minić S, Trpinac D, Obradović M. Systematic review of central nervous system anomalies in incontinentia pigmenti. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013; 8:25. [PMID: 23406512 PMCID: PMC3576363 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-8-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to present a systematic review of the central nervous system (CNS) types of anomalies and to consider the possibility to include CNS anomalies in Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) criteria. The analyzed literature data from 1,393 IP cases were from the period 1993–2012. CNS anomalies were diagnosed for 30.44% of the investigated IP patients. The total number of CNS types of anomalies per patient was 1.62. In the present study there was no significantly higher number of anomalies per patient in females than males. The most frequent CNS types of anomalies were seizures, motor impairment, mental retardation, and microcephaly. The most frequently registered CNS lesions found using brain imaging methods were brain infarcts or necrosis, brain atrophies, and corpus callosum lesions. IKBKG exon 4–10 deletion was present in 86.00% of genetically confirmed IP patients. The frequency of CNS anomalies, similar to the frequency of retinal anomalies in IP patients, concurrent with their severity, supports their recognition in the list of IP minor criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snežana Minić
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, and Dermatovenerology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.
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35
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p47 negatively regulates IKK activation by inducing the lysosomal degradation of polyubiquitinated NEMO. Nat Commun 2013; 3:1061. [PMID: 22990857 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistent or excess activation of NF-κB causes various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, but the molecular mechanisms that negatively regulate NF-κB activation are not fully understood. Here we show that p47, an essential factor for Golgi membrane fusion, associates with the NEMO subunit of the IκB kinase (IKK) complex upon TNF-α or IL-1 stimulation, and inhibits IKK activation. p47 binds to Lys63-linked and linear polyubiquitin chains, which are conjugated to NEMO upon such stimulation. The binding of p47 to polyubiquitinated NEMO triggers the lysosomal degradation of NEMO, thereby inhibiting IKK activation. The silencing of p47 results in enhanced TNF-α- or IL-1-induced IKK activation, and an increased expression of genes encoding inflammatory mediators. Taken together, our results suggest that p47 is critical for negatively regulating stimulation-induced IKK activation in a manner that is mechanistically distinct from the previously characterized negative regulators, such as A20 and CYLD.
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36
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Wen C, Yan Z, Yang X, Guan K, Xu C, Song T, Zheng Z, Wang W, Wang Y, Zhao M, Zhang Y, Xu T, Dou J, Liu J, Xu Q, He X, Wei C, Zhong H. Identification of tyrosine-9 of MAVS as critical target for inducible phosphorylation that determines activation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41687. [PMID: 22844514 PMCID: PMC3406013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Innate immunity to viruses involves receptors such as RIG-I, which senses viral RNA and triggers an IFN-β signaling pathway involving the outer mitochondrial membrane protein MAVS. However, the functional status of MAVS phosphorylation remains elusive. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we demonstrate for the first time that MAVS undergoes extensive tyrosine phosphorylation upon viral infection, indicating that MAVS phosphorylation might play an important role in MAVS function. A tyrosine-scanning mutational analysis revealed that MAVS tyrosine-9 (Y9) is a phosphorylation site that is required for IFN-β signaling. Indeed, MAVS Y9F mutation severely impaired TRAF3/TRAF6 recruitment and displayed decreased tyrosine phosphorylation in response to VSV infection compared to wild type MAVS. Functionally, MAVS Y9 phosphorylation contributed to MAVS antiviral function without interfering with its apoptosis property. Conclusions/Significance These experiments identify a novel residue of MAVS that is crucially involved in the recruitment of TRAF3/TRAF6 and in downstream propagation of MAVS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Wen
- Hainan Branch of Chinese PLA General Hospital Sanya City, Hainan, China
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifeng Yan
- Hainan Branch of Chinese PLA General Hospital Sanya City, Hainan, China
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- Hainan Branch of Chinese PLA General Hospital Sanya City, Hainan, China
- The General Hospital of People's Armed Police Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Guan
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Changzhi Xu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Song
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Zirui Zheng
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Man Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | | | - Tao Xu
- Hainan Branch of Chinese PLA General Hospital Sanya City, Hainan, China
| | - Jianping Dou
- Hainan Branch of Chinese PLA General Hospital Sanya City, Hainan, China
| | - Jingmei Liu
- Beijing Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Quanbin Xu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang He
- Beijing Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XH); (C. Wei); (HZ)
| | - Congwen Wei
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XH); (C. Wei); (HZ)
| | - Hui Zhong
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XH); (C. Wei); (HZ)
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Gianfrancesco F, Rendina D, Di Stefano M, Mingione A, Esposito T, Merlotti D, Gallone S, Magliocca S, Goode A, Formicola D, Morello G, Layfield R, Frattini A, De Filippo G, Nuti R, Searle M, Strazzullo P, Isaia G, Mossetti G, Gennari L. A nonsynonymous TNFRSF11A variation increases NFκB activity and the severity of Paget's disease. J Bone Miner Res 2012; 27:443-52. [PMID: 21987421 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the SQSTM1 gene were identified as a common cause of Paget's disease of bone (PDB) but experimental evidence demonstrated that SQSTM1 mutation is not sufficient to induce PDB in vivo. Here, we identified two nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (C421T, H141Y and T575C, V192A) in the TNFRSF11A gene, associated with PDB and with the severity of phenotype in a large population of 654 unrelated patients that were previously screened for SQSTM1 gene mutations. The largest effect was found for the T575C variant, yielding an odds ratio of 1.29 (p = 0.003), with the C allele as the risk allele. Moreover, an even more significant p-value (p = 0.0002) was observed in the subgroup of patients with SQSTM1 mutation, with an odds ratio of 1.71. Interestingly, patients with the C allele also showed an increased prevalence of polyostotic disease (68%, 53%, and 51% in patients with CC, CT, and TT genotypes, respectively; p = 0.01), as well as an increased number of affected skeletal sites (2.9, 2.5, and 2.0 in patients with CC, CT, and TT genotypes, respectively, p = 0.008). These differences increased when analyses were restricted to cases with SQSTM1 mutation. In human cell lines, cotrasfection with mutated SQSTM1 and TNFRSF11A(A192) produced a level of activation of NFκB signaling greater than cotrasfection with wild-type SQSTM1 and TNFRSF11A(V192), confirming genetics and clinical evidences. These results provide the first evidence that genetic variation within the OPG/RANK/RANKL system influences the severity of PBD in synergistic action with SQSTM1 gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gianfrancesco
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics Adriano Buzzati-Traverso, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy.
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Shibata Y, Tanaka Y, Gohda J, Inoue JI. Activation of the IκB kinase complex by HTLV-1 Tax requires cytosolic factors involved in Tax-induced polyubiquitination. J Biochem 2011; 150:679-86. [PMID: 21862596 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvr106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of NF-κB by human T cell leukaemia virus type 1 Tax is thought to be crucial in T-cell transformation and the onset of adult T cell leukaemia. Tax activates NF-κB through activation of the IκB kinase (IKK) complex, similar to cytokine-induced NF-κB activation, which involves active signalling complex formation using polyubiquitin chains as a platform. Although polyubiquitination of Tax was reported to be required for IKK activation, most studies have been performed using intact cells, in which secondary NF-κB activation can be induced by various cytokines that are secreted due to Tax-mediated primary NF-κB activation. Therefore, a cell-free assay system, in which IKK can be activated by adding highly purified recombinant Tax to cytosolic extract, was used to analyse Tax-induced IKK activation. In contrast to the cytosolic extract, the purified IKK complex was not activated by Tax, whereas, it was efficiently activated by MEKK1, that does not require polyubiquitination to activate IKK. Moreover, Tax-induced IKK activation was blocked when the cytosolic extract was mixed with either lysine-free, methylated or K63R ubiquitin. These results obtained through our cell-free assay suggest that K63-linked polyubiquitination is critical, but linear polyubiquitination is dispensable or insufficient for Tax-induced IKK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Shibata
- Department of Cancer Biology, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokane-dai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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Paciolla M, Boni R, Fusco F, Pescatore A, Poeta L, Ursini MV, Lioi MB, Miano MG. Nuclear factor-kappa-B-inhibitor alpha (NFKBIA) is a developmental marker of NF- B/p65 activation during in vitro oocyte maturation and early embryogenesis. Hum Reprod 2011; 26:1191-201. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/der040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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40
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Gautheron J, Courtois G. "Without Ub I am nothing": NEMO as a multifunctional player in ubiquitin-mediated control of NF-kappaB activation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:3101-13. [PMID: 20502939 PMCID: PMC11115954 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0404-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitination has emerged over the years as the most sophisticated way to modify proteins to affect their fate and function. In particular, it has been reported to be instrumental in regulating several steps of the NF-kappaB signalling pathway which controls inflammation, immunity, adhesion and cell survival. Integrating ubiquitination into NF-kappaB activation requires the regulatory subunit of IKK, NEMO, which not only displays affinity for polyubiquitin chains, but is also posttranslationally modified by a complex set of reactions involving ubiquitin. Here, we examine how studies of the NEMO/ubiquitin relationship have provided novel insights into the IKK activation process and have uncovered molecular mechanisms that should represent in the future attractive targets for specifically modulating NF-kappaB function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Gautheron
- INSERM U781, Tour Lavoisier, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris-Descartes, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Gilles Courtois
- INSERM U781, Tour Lavoisier, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris-Descartes, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France
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Gautheron J, Pescatore A, Fusco F, Esposito E, Yamaoka S, Agou F, Ursini MV, Courtois G. Identification of a new NEMO/TRAF6 interface affected in incontinentia pigmenti pathology. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:3138-49. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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42
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The LCR at the IKBKG locus is prone to recombine. Am J Hum Genet 2010; 86:650-2; author reply 652-3. [PMID: 20380930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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43
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Cytosol as battleground: ubiquitin as a weapon for both host and pathogen. Trends Cell Biol 2010; 20:205-13. [PMID: 20129784 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin was first described as a tag allowing cells to degrade and recycle their own proteins. Recent research has shown ubiquitin to be central for immune system recognition of invading bacteria. This review describes a set of complex host-pathogen interactions that are dependent on ubiquitination. From the host perspective, ubiquitin-dependent activation of inflammation and degradation of bacterial effectors is protective. Several pathogens become ubiquitinated in the host cell cytosol, and recent research suggests that this could trigger a form of autophagy, increasingly recognized as an important mechanism for the control of infection by a variety of human pathogens. Meanwhile, bacteria have developed mechanisms to evade or exploit the fundamental processes activated by ubiquitination, producing both ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases that modulate host responses.
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Abstract
The IKK kinase complex is the core element of the NF-κB cascade. It is essentially made of two kinases (IKKα and IKKβ) and a regulatory subunit, NEMO/IKKγ. Additional components may exist, transiently or permanently, but their characterization is still uncertain. In this review, we will focus on the NEMO molecule, and describe the results which have been obtained, and the hypotheses which have been proposed, to explain how NEMO controls the activation of the IKK complex. NEMO is one of the very few non-redundant components of the NF-κB cascade, and the localization of the gene that encodes it on the X chromosome suggests it is likely to be the target of mutations leading to pathologies: this is indeed the case, and we will also present the current status of our knowledge regarding NEMO-associated pathologies.
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45
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IKKα negatively regulates IRF-5 function in a MyD88–TRAF6 pathway. Cell Signal 2010; 22:117-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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46
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Grubisha O, Kaminska M, Duquerroy S, Fontan E, Cordier F, Haouz A, Raynal B, Chiaravalli J, Delepierre M, Israël A, Véron M, Agou F. DARPin-assisted crystallography of the CC2-LZ domain of NEMO reveals a coupling between dimerization and ubiquitin binding. J Mol Biol 2009; 395:89-104. [PMID: 19854204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
NEMO is an integral part of the IkappaB kinase complex and serves as a molecular switch by which the NF-kappaB signaling pathway can be regulated. Oligomerization and polyubiquitin (poly-Ub) binding, mediated through the regulatory CC2-LZ domain, were shown to be key features governing NEMO function, but the relationship between these two activities remains unclear. In this study, we solved the structure of this domain in complex with a designed ankyrin repeat protein, which helps its crystallization. We generated several NEMO mutants in this domain, including those associated with human diseases incontinentia pigmenti and immunodeficiency with or without anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Analytical ultracentrifugation and thermal denaturation experiments were used to evaluate the dimerization properties of these mutants. A fluorescence-based assay was developed, as well, to quantify the interaction to monoubiquitin and poly-Ub chains. Moreover, the effect of these mutations was investigated for the full-length protein. We show that a proper folding of the ubiquitin-binding domain, termed NOA/UBAN/NUB, into a stable coiled-coil dimer is required but not sufficient for efficient interaction with poly-Ub. In addition, we show that binding to poly-Ub and, to a lesser extent, to monoubiquitin increases the stability of the NOA coiled-coil dimer. Collectively, these data provide structural insights into how several pathological mutations within and outside of the CC2-LZ's NOA ubiquitin binding site affect IkappaB kinase activation in the NF-kappaB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivera Grubisha
- Unité de Biochimie Structurale et Cellulaire, Institut Pasteur, CNRS, URA 2185, Paris, France
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Napolitano G, Mirra S, Monfregola J, Lavorgna A, Leonardi A, Ursini MV. NESCA: a new NEMO/IKKgamma and TRAF6 interacting protein. J Cell Physiol 2009; 220:410-7. [PMID: 19365808 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
NEMO/IKKgamma is the essential regulatory subunit of the IkB Kinase (IKK) complex, required for the activation of Nuclear Factor kB (NF-kB) in many physiological processes such as inflammation, immunity, apoptosis, or development. NEMO works at a converging point of the NF-kB pathway as it interacts with upstream signaling molecules to orchestrate its activation. Here we report on the identification of a novel NEMO-interacting protein, NESCA, an adapter molecule previously shown to be involved in the NGF-pathway via the TrkA receptor. We demonstrated that NESCA and NEMO interact by their N-terminal region. Beside to NEMO, we revealed that NESCA directly associates to the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAF6, which in turn catalyzes NESCA polyubiquitination. Finally, we demonstrated that NESCA overexpression strongly inhibits TRAF6-mediated polyubiquitination of NEMO. In summary, our results highlight that NESCA represents a novel missing link in the NEMO-mediated NF-kB activation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Napolitano
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A Buzzati-Traverso, CNR, Naples, Italy
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48
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Ubiquitin-regulated recruitment of IkappaB kinase epsilon to the MAVS interferon signaling adapter. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:3401-12. [PMID: 19380491 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00880-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of the antiviral interferon response is initiated upon recognition of viral RNA structures by the RIG-I or Mda-5 DEX(D/H) helicases. A complex signaling cascade then converges at the mitochondrial adapter MAVS, culminating in the activation of the IRF and NF-kappaB transcription factors and the induction of interferon gene expression. We have previously shown that MAVS recruits IkappaB kinase epsilon (IKKepsilon) but not TBK-1 to the mitochondria following viral infection. Here we map the interaction of MAVS and IKKepsilon to the C-terminal region of MAVS and demonstrate that this interaction is ubiquitin dependent. MAVS is ubiquitinated following Sendai virus infection, and K63-linked ubiquitination of lysine 500 (K500) of MAVS mediates recruitment of IKKepsilon to the mitochondria. Real-time PCR analysis reveals that a K500R mutant of MAVS increases the mRNA level of several interferon-stimulated genes and correlates with increased NF-kappaB activation. Thus, recruitment of IKKepsilon to the mitochondria upon MAVS K500 ubiquitination plays a modulatory role in the cascade leading to NF-kappaB activation and expression of inflammatory and antiviral genes. These results provide further support for the differential role of IKKepsilon and TBK-1 in the RIG-I/Mda5 pathway.
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Jin HS, Lee DH, Kim DH, Chung JH, Lee SJ, Lee TH. cIAP1, cIAP2, and XIAP Act Cooperatively via Nonredundant Pathways to Regulate Genotoxic Stress–Induced Nuclear Factor-κB Activation. Cancer Res 2009; 69:1782-91. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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50
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Lo YC, Lin SC, Rospigliosi CC, Conze DB, Wu CJ, Ashwell JD, Eliezer D, Wu H. Structural basis for recognition of diubiquitins by NEMO. Mol Cell 2009; 33:602-15. [PMID: 19185524 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2009.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
NEMO is the regulatory subunit of the IkappaB kinase (IKK) in NF-kappaB activation, and its CC2-LZ region interacts with Lys63 (K63)-linked polyubiquitin to recruit IKK to receptor signaling complexes. In vitro, CC2-LZ also interacts with tandem diubiquitin. Here we report the crystal structure of CC2-LZ with two dimeric coiled coils representing CC2 and LZ, respectively. Surprisingly, mutagenesis and nuclear magnetic resonance experiments reveal that the binding sites for diubiquitins at LZ are composites of both chains and that each ubiquitin in diubiquitins interacts with symmetrical NEMO asymmetrically. For tandem diubiquitin, the first ubiquitin uses the conserved hydrophobic patch and the C-terminal tail, while the second ubiquitin uses an adjacent surface patch. For K63-linked diubiquitin, the proximal ubiquitin uses its conserved hydrophobic patch, while the distal ubiquitin mostly employs the C-terminal arm including the K63 linkage residue. These studies uncover the energetics and geometry for mutual recognition of NEMO and diubiquitins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chih Lo
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
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